2.4.2.

The Instrumentation Amplifier

Rid = v Id / ii = 2R1
R2
vo
v Id
R1

Drawback of a difference amplifier

Low input impedance
Higher input impedance Lower Ad
How to improve?
Place two buffers at the input terminals, amplifiers which
transmit the voltage level but draw minimal current.

2.4.2. The Instrumentation Amplifier

vo

R4
R
(1 2 )(v I 2 v I 1 )
R13
R1

Ad

advantages
High input resistance
Zero output resistance
high differential gain
symmetric gain (assuming that A1 and A2 are matched)
disadvantages of instrumentation amp
need for matching A1 and A2

vo
R
R
4 (1 2 )
v I 2 v I 1 R3
R1

2.5.2. The Inverting Integrator

1 t
1 t
vc (t ) iC (t )dt VC v I (t )dt VC
C 0
C 0

1
vO (t ) vC (t )
RC

v
0

(t )dt VC

VO ( j )
Z
1
2
Vi ( j )
Z1
jRC
VO ( j )
1

Vi ( j ) RC

Miller Integrator
Gain = 1/RC
The capacitor is open for any dc signal infinite gain saturated output
How can we prevent saturated output for dc signal ?

2.5.2. The Inverting Integrator

Closed loop gain
RF
VO ( j )
Z2
R

Vi ( j )
Z1
1 jRF C

The Miller integrator with a large resistance RF in parallel with C

: finite gain at dc.

Closed loop gain ( << 1/RFC) : - RF /R

Closed loop gain ( >> 1/RFC) : - 1 / jRC
Corner Frequency : 1/RFC

2.5.3. The Differentiator

iC (t ) C

dv I (t )
dt

; iC (t ) i R (t )

vO (t ) iR (t ) R iC (t ) R

dv I (t )
RC
dt
VO ( j )
Z
2 jRC
Vi ( j )
Z1

VO ( j )
RC
Vi ( j )
Gain becomes infinite @ high frequency
High frequency noise is magnified

2.5.3. The Differentiator

What is the problem with differentiator?
A: Differentiator acts as noise amplifier, exhibiting large changes in output
from small (but fast) changes in input.

VO ( j )
Z
jRC
2
Vi ( j )
Z1
1 jRF C

Closed loop gain ( << 1/RFC) : - jRC

Closed loop gain ( >> 1/RFC) : - R /RF
Corner Frequency : 1/RFC