Phylum Ctenophora (comb jellies, sea gooseberries, sea walnuts, or Venus's girdles)

marine waters 150 species 8 "comb rows" of fused cilia arranged along the sides
wide range of body form jelly-like body consisting of 2 layers that are 2-cells deep
some bioluminescent no nematocysts but with colloblasts voracious predators rely
on water flow through the body cavity for both digestion and respiration can regenerate
destroyed tissues hermaphrodites wide range of body form nerve net instead of
brain
Phylum Porifera 15,000 known species simplest living multicellular group mainly
marine, some freshwater (F. Spongillidae) free-swimming larvae and sessile adult
various forms: thin flat (Clione) , vase-like (Poterion), branched (Haliclona), globular
(Spongia), tubular (Scypha) radial symmetry or asymmetrical multicellular, but no
true tissues or organs porous body, with many surface openings 2 cell layers: pinacoderm (pinacocyte) - choanoderm (choanocyte) mesohyl=
mesoglea=mesenchyme
Cells in the mesohyl: 1. Amoebocyte- Wandering cells; Carry nutrients; Gather wastes

2. Scleroblasts (spicules)- form the skeletal elements 3. Arecheocyte- Source of germ

cells; Important in regeneration
nervous, digestive and circulatory systems absent mainly feed on bacteria, some

carnivorous - Action of flagella of choanocytes bring nutrients into sponge body - Food
captured and ingested at the base of the choanocyte collars - Food passed to
amoebocytes for further digestion - Delivers nutrients to other cells of the body Captured and ingested by other cell types lining the passageway of water
internal skeleton made up of spicules or spongin or both Types of sponges: 1.

calcareous 2. siliceous Reproduction: 1. budding or gemmules 2. sexual

Sponge body plan: 1. Asconoid simplest body plan single large spongocoel lined with
choanocytes 2. Syconoid folding of the ascon type results in infoldings that produce
incurrent and excurrent canals 3. Leuconoid resulted from continued complex folding
choanocytes confined in numerous small flagellated cavities or chambers no welldefined spongocoel
Classes: 1. CALCAREA - CaCO3 spicule (calcite or aragonite; mostly 3-rayed, some 2or 4-rayed - Marine, shallow waters - Asconoid, synconoid - <15 cm - dull, few brightcolored - sexual and asexual reproduction
2. HEXACTINELLIDA - SiO2 spicule; Triaxon, 6-rayed - marine, deep waters Synconoid - Up to 90cm - Bight colored - Sexual reproduction 3. DEMOSPONGIAE Silicon spicule, spongin, or both; 1- or 4-rayed - Shallow or deep - Leuconoid - Varied
sizes and colors - Sexual and asexual reproduction