Anio Di Con

ns l.
c.
H2S H2S
O4
O4
Conc Cl- N Whit
.
o
e
H2S
Rx Gas
O4
n. Evol
Gro
ves
up

Confirmatory Test

(1) Silver
Nitrate Test
i.
ii.

H2O
Conc.HNO
3

iii.

AgNO3
White
ppt.
Ammonia
Soln
Soluble

iv.

Br-

I-

N
o
Rx
n.

N
o
Rx
n.

Red
dish
Bro
wn
Gas
Evol
ves

Viol
et
Gas
Evol
ves

(1) Silver
Nitrate
Test
i.
ii.

H2O
Conc.HN
O3
iii.
AgNO3
Light
Yellow
ppt.
iv.
Ammoni
a Soln
Partiall
y
Soluble
(1) Silver
Nitrate Test
i.
ii.

H2O
Conc.HNO
3

iii.

iv.

C2
O4-

N Colou
o
rless
Rx Gas
i.
n. Evol
ii.
ves
iii.

N
O3-

N
o
Rx
n.

Red
dish
Bro
wn
Gas
Evol

i.
ii.
iii.

(2)
Manganese
Dioxide Test
i.
MnO2
ii.
Conc.H
2SO4
iii.
Heat
Green
ish
Yellow
Gas

(2) Mangan
ese
Dioxide
Test
i.
MnO2
ii.
Conc.H
2SO4
iii.
Heat
Brown
Gas

(2)
Manganes
e Dioxide
Test
i.
MnO2
ii.
Conc.H
2SO4
iii.
Heat
Violet Gas

(3) Chromyl Chloride

Test
i.
ii.
iii.

K2Cr2O7
Heat
Conc.H2SO4
Orange Vapours
iv.
Vapours to NaOH
Soln
Yellow Soln
v.
Dil.Ch3COOH
vi.
Lead Acetate
{(CH3COO)2Pb}
Yellow ppt.
(3) Organic Layer
Test
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.

H2O
Conc.HNO3
CCl4
Chlorine Water
Orange
Layer

(3) Organic Layer

Test
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.

H2O
Conc.HNO3
CCl4
Chlorine Water
Violet
Layer

AgNO3
Deep
Yellow
ppt.
Ammonia
Soln
Insoluble
(1) Potassium
(2) Calcium Chloride Test
Permanganate Test
KMnO4
i.
H 2O
Dil.H2SO4
ii.
Conc. HNO3
Heat at 60-70 C
iii.
Dil.CH3COOH
Pink Colour
iv.
Heat
Decolourises
CO2 is Boiled OFF
CO2 Evolves
v.
CaCl2 Soln
White ppt.
vi.
Dil.HNO3
Dissolves
(1)
Conc.H2SO4
Fe Turnings
Heat
Gas Becomes
More Reddish

i.
ii.
iii.

(2)
H 2O
FeSO4
Conc.H2SO4
Dark Ring
b/w layers

Grou
p

Anio
ns

Dil.
H2SO4

Dil.
H2SO

S2-

Colorles
s
Gas
With
Rotten
Egg
Smell
Colorles
s
Gas
With
Burning
Sulphur
Smell

Grou
p

SO3
2-

Conc
.
H2S
O4
No
Rxn.

No
Rxn.

Reddish
Brown
Gas
With
Pungent
Smell

No
Rxn.

CH3C
OO-

Colourle
ss
Gas
With
Vinegar
Smell
Colourle
ss
Gas
With
Brisk
efferves
cence

No
Rxn.

2-

i.
ii.
iii.

No
Rxn.

(1)
H2O
CH3COOH
(CH3COO)Pb2
Black ppt.

Confirmatory Test

i.
ii.

(2)
H 2O
Sodium
Nitroprusside

Violet Coloured Soln

(1)
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.

NO2-

CO3

Confirmatory Test

i.
ii.
iii.

i.
ii.

iii.
iv.

H2O
CH3COOH
BaCl2
White ppt.
Dil.HCl
Ppt.
Dissolves
(1)
H2O
Dil.CH3COOH
FeSO4
Dark Brown
Soln
(1)
H2O
Neutral Ferric
Chloride
Red Soln

(2)
i.
ii.
iii.

H 2O
Dil.H2SO4
K2CrO4
Green Soln

i.
ii.
iii.
iv.

(2)
H 2O
Dil.H2SO4
KI
Starch Soln
Blue Soln

i.
ii.
iii.

(2)
H2SO4
Ethyl Alcohol
Heat
Fruity Smell

(1)
Dil.H2SO4
Pass Gas to Lime Water
Turns Milky

Group

Anion
s

Indepen
dent
Anion
Group

PO4

Conc
.
H2S
O4
No
No Rxn.
Rxn.

SO4

No
No Rxn.
Rxn.

3-

2-

Dil.
H2SO4

Confirmatory Test

i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
v.
i.
ii.

(1)
H2O
HNO3
Heat
Ammonium Molybdate Soln
Heat
Deep Yellow ppt.
(1)
(2)
H2O
i.
H 2O
BaCl2
ii.
(CH3COO)2Pb
White
White ppt.
ppt.

Salt Analysis
Cations
Group

Group Reagent

Radicals

Zero Group

O.S. + NaOH + Heat

NH4+

I Group

O.S. + HCl

Pb2+

II Group

O.S. + HCI + H2S

Cu2+

III Group

O.S. +NH4Cl + NH4OH

AI2+ ,Fe3+

IV Group

O.S. + NH4CI + NH4OH +H2S

Ni2+ ,Mn2+ , Zn2+ ,Co2+

V Group

O.S. + NH4CI + NH4OH +(NH4)2CO3

Ba2+, Ca3+, Sr2+

VI Group

O.S + NH4CI + NH4OH + NaH2PO4

Mg2+

Group

Group Reagent

Radicals

I Group

Salt + dil. H2SO4

CO32-, SO32-, S2-, NO2-

II Group

Salt + conc. H2SO4

Cl-, Br-, I-, CH3COO-

Add Cu piece and heat

NO-

Add KMnO4 soln.

C2O42-

III Group

O.S. + BaC!2

SO42-

IV Group

O.S + Conc.HNO3 + Heat + (NH4)24MoO

PO43-

Anions

Preliminary Tests
Test

Observation

Inference

Physical Appearance
Colour

White

NH4+, Pb2+, Al3+ , Zn2+, Ba2+, Ca2+ , Sr2+

and Mg2+

Blue

Cu2+

Odour

Dry Heating

Flame Test

Green

Ni2+

Brown

Fe3+

Red

Co2+

Light pink

Mn2+

Smell of NH3

NH4+

Smell of vinegar

CH3COO-

Smell of rotten eggs

H2 -

Colourless gas evolved

CO32- , SO32-, S2- and Cl-

Blown gas evolved

Br-, NO3-

Violet gas evolved

I-

Crackling sound

Pb(NO3)2 and Ba(NO3)2

Brown residue

Cu2+

Greenish blue

Cu2+

Light green

Ba2+

Brick red

Ca2+

Crimson red

Sr2+