Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Physical
Geography
Alan Strahler
Chapter 2
The Earths Global Energy Balance
Return
Chapter 2
Return
to Main
Slide
Chapter Outline
1. Electromagnetic Radiation
Ozone Layer
Click Section
Return
to go to Main
contentSlide
1. Electromagnetic Radiation
RADIATION AND TEMPERATURE
SOLAR RADIATION
to Main
Slide
1. Electromagnetic Radiation
All surfaces emit radiation.
Hot objects - radiation in the form
of light
Cooler objects - emit heat
radiation.
Earth emits exactly as much energy
as it absorbs from the sun - energy
balance
Electromagnetic Radiation collection of waves, wide range of
wavelengths, travel away from the
surface of an object.
Wavelength is the distance separating one
wave crest from the next wave crest
5
Return
to Main
Slide
1. Electromagnetic Radiation
Gamma rays and X rays short wavelength, high energies,
hazardous to health.
Ultraviolet - 10 nm to 0.4 m. Can damage living tissues.
Visible light - 0.4 to 0.7 m. from violet blue, green, yellow,
orange, to red.
Near-infrared - 0.7 to 1.2 m. Similar to visible light. From the
Sun. Cannot be seen because eyes not sensitive to radiation
beyond 0.7 m.
Shortwave infrared - 1.2 and 3.0 m. From the sun
Middle-infrared - 3.0 m to 6 m. From Sun or hot sources on
Earth (forest fires, gas well flames)
Thermal infrared 6 m to 300 m. Given off by bodies at
temperatures found at the Earths surface.
6
Return
to Main
Slide
1. Electromagnetic Radiation
Return
to Main
Slide
RADIATION AND
TEMPERATURE
Hot objects radiate more energy that cool
Hotter object, shorter wavelength
1. Electromagnetic Radiation
Return
to Main
Slide
SOLAR RADIATION
Sun - ball of constantly churning gases
heated by continuous nuclear reactions
(hydrogen to helium at high temperatures
and pressures)
Surface temperature 6000C (11,000F)
Rays of solar radiation spread apart as they
move away from the Sun
Rate of incoming energy, solar constant
about 1367 W/m2
Intensity of received (or emitted) radiation
= power of the radiation and the surface
area being hit by (or giving off) energy
1. Electromagnetic Radiation
Intensity of solar
radiation is greatest in
the visible portion of
the spectrum.
Return
to Main
Slide
CHARACTERISTICS OF
SOLAR ENERGY
Sun emits shortwave
radiation (ultraviolet,
visible and shortwave
infrared)
1. Electromagnetic Radiation
10
Return
to Main
Slide
LONGWAVE RADIATION
FROM THE EARTH
Earth radiates less
energy that the sun
Energy radiated by
Earth is Longwave
Wavelengths are
absorbed by gases in
the atmosphere, such as
water vapor and carbon
dioxide
1. Electromagnetic Radiation
11
Return
to Main
Slide
1. Electromagnetic Radiation
12
Return
to Main
Slide
1. Electromagnetic Radiation
13
Return
to Main
Slide
Absorption of
shortwave radiation by
the Earth and
atmosphere provides
energy that the Earth
atmosphere system
radiates away in all
directions.
1. Electromagnetic Radiation
Return
to Main
Slide
Return
to Main
Slide
16
Return
to Main
Slide
Return
to Main
Slide
DAILY INSOLATION
THROUGH THE YEAR
Daily insolation depends on:
1) Angle that the suns rays
strike
2) How long a place is exposed
to those rays
Midlatitude, mid summer
days are long, suns position is
high maximum heating
18
Return
to Main
Slide
DAILY INSOLATION
THROUGH THE YEAR
19
Return
to Main
Slide
DAILY INSOLATION
THROUGH THE YEAR
Equator - Suns path across the sky varies in position and
height above the horizon. Sun is always in the sky for 12
hours, but its noon angle varies through the year.
20
Return
to Main
Slide
DAILY INSOLATION
THROUGH THE YEAR
North Pole
Sun moves
in a circle in
the sky at an
elevation
that changes
with the
seasons.
21
Return
to Main
Slide
DAILY INSOLATION
THROUGH THE YEAR
Tropic of Capricorn the Sun is in the sky
longest and reaches
its highest elevations
at the December
solstice.
22
Return
to Main
Slide
ANNUAL INSOLATION BY
LATITUDE
Tilted Axis
Annual insolation
varies smoothly from
equator to pole
Insolation greater at
lower latitudes
High latitudes receive
flow of solar Energy
Insolation at poles 40
percent of equator.
Axis Perpendicular
No seasons
Annual insolation high
at the Equator, Sun
directly overhead at
noon every day
throughout year
Annual insolation zero
at the poles,
Suns below horizon.
Tilt redistributes
significant portion of
insolation from equator
to poles.
23
to Main
Slide
24
Return
to Main
Slide
Return
25
to Main
Slide
Return
to Main
Slide
28
to Main
Slide
Return
to Main
Slide
30
Return
to Main
Slide
ALBEDO
Albedo - percentage of solar radiation reflected
Snow and Ice 0.45-0.85 (also expressed as
45 to 85%)
Black Pavement 0.03
Water - 0.02
Fields, forests, bare ground - 0.03 to 0.25.
Earth and atmosphere system - 0.29 and 0.34.
Planet sends back to space slightly less than
one-third
31
Return
to Main
Slide
ALBEDO
Fresh snow has a high albedo,
reflecting most of the sunlight
it receives. Only a small portion
is absorbed
32
Return
to Main
Slide
ALBEDO
Asphalt paving
reflects little light, so
it appears dark or
black and has a low
albedo. It absorbs
nearly all of the solar
radiation it receives.
33
Return
to Main
Slide
ALBEDO
Water absorbs
solar radiation
and has a low
albedo unless the
radiation strikes
the water surface
at a low angle. In
that case, Sun
glint raises the
albedo.
5. The Global Energy System
34
Return
to Main
Slide
Surface emits
longwave radiation
which goes
(A) directly to
space, or,
(B) absorbed by
atmosphere
35
Return
to Main
Slide
36
Return
to Main
Slide
37
Return
to Main
Slide
38
Return
to Main
Slide
Return
to Main
Slide
Ozone Layer
Return
to Main
Slide
Ozone Layer
The Antarctic ozone hole of 2006 was the largest on record 29.5 million square miles.
Low values of ozone purple, ranging through blue, green,
and yellow.
Ozone concentration is measured in Dobson units
41
Return
to Main
Slide
Return
to Main
Slide
Return
to Main
Slide
43
Return
to Main
Slide
44
Chapter Review
1. Water in the Environment
2. Humidity
3. The Adiabatic Process
4. Clouds
Acid
Deposition
5. Precipitation
6. Types of Precipitation
7. Thunderstorms
8. Tornadoes
9. Air Quality
Observing
Clouds from
GOES
45
Return
to Main
Slide