Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Patient Position
o
For parasternal and apical views have the patient lie in the left lateral decubitus
(LLD) position with left arm raised above the head. Obtain an adequate ECG which
includes visualization of the P wave, QRS complex, and T wave.
For subcostal view have the patient lay on their back and bend their knees to soften
the abdominal muscles.
For suprasternal notch view have the patient lay on their back with a pillow under
their shoulders to allow for the probe to be rotated correctly
Capture 2 cardiac heart beats per cine loop unless an abnormal rhythm is present
Change the number of cardiac heart beats captured from 2 to 4-5 for patients with
the following abnormalities: atrial fibrillation, significant arrhythmias, rapid heart
rate (with a R wave to R wave greater than 500 m/sec on the ECG)
Color Doppler
o
Adjust overall gain and TGC so that the ventricular and atrial cavities are anechoic
Adjust color gain until Doppler noise is seen, then decrease the gain down just
enough to eliminate the noise.
Too
Correct
Keep your color box narrow for better resolution
wide
Spectral Doppler
o
Perform continuous wave Doppler tracing on all valves with a velocity greater than
2m/sec
Perform continuous wave Doppler tracing on all valve replacements and repairs
Image Stored
Left
Ventricle
(LV)
Left
Ventricle
(LV)
Acquire cine loop 2D image at a reduced depth so image fills field of view
Aortic Valve
(AV)
M-mode sweep of aortic valve freeze and acquire DO NOT UNFREEZE THIS
IMAGE
Aortic Valve
(AV)
Measure the vertical distance from the outer edge of the anterior
aortic root to the inner edge (leading edge to leading edge) of the
posterior aortic wall at end-diastole.
Measure the maximal opening of the aortic valve cusps during the
initial part of ventricular systole, using the internal borders of the
aortic cusps.
Mitral Valve
(MV)
Mitral Valve
(MV)
Image Stored
Left
Ventricle
(LV)
M-mode sweep of left ventricle freeze and acquire DO NOT UNFREEZE THIS
IMAGE
Left
Ventricle
(LV)
Left
Ventricle
(LV)
Aortic Valve
Zoomed
Aortic Valve
Zoomed
Mitral Valve
Zoomed
Aortic and
Measure the vertical distance from the RV side of the IVS to the LV
side of the IVS at end-diastole.
Image Stored
Right ventricular inflow track (RVIT)
Acquire cine loop of 2D image of right ventricular inflow track (RVIT)
Acquire cine loop of color Doppler across the tricuspid valve(TV)
Acquire continuous wave Doppler across the tricuspid valve IF tricuspid
regurgitation present
Right ventricular outflow track (RVOT)
Acquire cine loop of 2D image of right ventricular outflow track (RVOT)
Acquire cine loop of color Doppler across the pulmonary valve (PV)
Acquire pulsed wave Doppler across the pulmonary valve and measure peak
velocity
Acquire continuous wave Doppler across the pulmonary valve IF pulmonary
regurgitation present
Parasternal Window from the Short Axis Scan Plane
Structure
AV, TV, PV
Pulmonary
Valve
Image Stored
Acquire cine loop of 2D image of aortic valve, tricuspid valve, and pulmonary
valve
Acquire cine loop of color Doppler across the Pulmonary artery/valve
Pulmonary
Valve
Acquire pulse wave at pulmonary leaflet tips & measure maximum velocity.
Normal range 0.6-1.0 m/s
Pulmonary
Valve
Acquire continuous wave through pulmonary valve for pulmonary valve flow and
pulmonary insufficiency with measurements
Aortic Valve
Zoomed
Aortic Valve
not Zoomed
Tricuspid
Valve
Acquire cine loop of color Doppler across the tricuspid valve for tricuspid
regurgitation
Left
Ventricle &
Mitral Valve
Acquire cine loop of 2D image of left ventricle at level of the mitral valve
Left
Ventricle &
Mitral Valve
Acquire cine loop of color Doppler of left ventricle at level of the mitral valve
across the septal wall & mitral valve
Left
Ventricle &
Papillary
muscles
Apex of LV
Acquire cine loop of 2D image of left ventricle at level of the papillary muscles
Image Stored
4 Chamber
4 Chamber
Acquire cine loop of color Doppler of flow across mitral valve & left atrium for
mitral regurgitation
Acquire pulse wave Doppler at the tips of the mitral valve leaflets and freeze
image:
Measure E to A & descending slope
Acquire image with measurement
Acquire continuous wave Doppler across mitral valve and freeze image:
Measure peak velocity of mitral regurgitation if present
Acquire image with measurement
Acquire pulse wave Doppler at the opening of the pulmonary vein and freeze
image:
Documenting the systolic and diastolic forward flow
Acquire 2D image with a decreased depth demonstrating the left ventricle and
1/3 of the left atrium
4 Chamber
4 Chamber
4 Chamber
Left
Ventricle &
Left Atrium
Left
Ventricle &
Left Atrium
Acquire cine tissue Doppler imaging (TDI) of left ventricle and 1/3 of the left
atrium:
Left
Ventricle &
Left Atrium
Structure
5 Chamber
5 Chamber
5 Chamber
5 Chamber
Image Stored
Acquire cine loop 2D image of left atrium, left ventricle, aorta, right atrium, &
right ventricle
Acquire cine loop color Doppler across the aortic valve
Acquire continuous wave Doppler across the aortic valve:
Measure peak velocity (If continuous wave Doppler gradient is over 2
m/sec trace the spectral envelope)
Normal range is 1.0 1.7 m/s
Acquire image with measurement
Acquire pulse wave Doppler of left ventricle outflow track:
Measure peak velocity of the left ventricle outflow track.
Normal range is 0.7 - 1.1 m/s
Acquire image with measurement
Image Stored
RV, TV, RA
RV, TV, RA
4 Chamber
2 Chamber
LV, MV, LA
2 Chamber
Acquire cine loop of 2D image of the left atrium & left ventricle
2 Chamber
2 Chamber
3 Chamber
Acquire cine loop of 2D image decreasing depth to demonstrate the left ventricle
& 1/3 of the left atrium
Acquire cine loop of 2D image of the left atrium, left ventricle, & aortic valve
3 Chamber
Acquire cine loop of color Doppler across the mitral valve & aortic valve
3 Chamber
Acquire cine loop of 2D image decreasing depth to demonstrate the left ventricle
& 1/3 of the left atrium
Acquire cine loop of 2D image of 4 chamber demonstrating the left ventricle on
the LEFT side of the SCREEN & the right ventricle on the RIGHT side of the
SCREEN (Mayo Clinic)
4 Chamber
Image Stored
4 Chamber
4 Chamber
Acquire cine loop color Doppler across the Interatrial septum (IAS)
4 Chamber
4 Chamber
Acquire cine loop color Doppler across the mitral valve & tricuspid valve
IVC
Aorta
Acquire cine loop 2D image of inferior vena cava for collapse (change EKG to 5
beats)
Acquire cine loop 2D image of the aorta
Aorta
Image Stored
IVC
Image Stored
Aortic arch
and
Descending
aorta
Acquire cine loop 2D image of the aortic arch and descending aorta
Aortic arch
and
Descending
aorta
Aortic arch
and
Descending
aorta
Tips
Pharmaceutical Contrast
o
Interrogate the aortic outflow with non-imaging pedoff probe from the suprasternal
notch window.
Biplane Simpsons Method of Discs: Uses the summation of the areas from the diameters of 20
cylinders or discs of equal height is used to calculate the end- diastolic volume, end-systolic
volume, stroke volume, cardiac output, cardiac index, and ejection fraction.
Labs: