Scribd Logo
Hochladen

Willkommen bei Scribd!

  • Soil Volume Weight Relations

    Hochgeladen von

    Clement Chima
    24 Ansichten67 Seiten
    Soil Volume Weight Relations

    Copyright

    © © All Rights Reserved

    Verfügbare Formate

    PDF oder online auf Scribd lesen

    Stufen Sie dieses Dokument als nützlich ein?

    Sind diese Inhalte unangemessen?

    Dieses Dokument melden
    Soil Volume Weight Relations

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Als PDF herunterladen oder online auf Scribd lesen
    Markieren Sie unangemessene Inhalte
    24 Ansichten67 Seiten

    Soil Volume Weight Relations

    Hochgeladen von

    Clement Chima
    Soil Volume Weight Relations

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Als PDF herunterladen oder online auf Scribd lesen
    Markieren Sie unangemessene Inhalte
    von 67
    United States Department of Agriculture Soll ‘Conservation Service o& Soil Mechanics Training Series Basic Soil Properties Module 4 - Volume - Weight Relations Study Guide ENG - SOIL MECHANICS TRAINING SERIES (BASIC SOIL PROPERTIES) MODULE 4 - VOLUME-WEIGHT RELATIONS National Employee Development Staff Soil Conservation Service United States Department of Agriculture November 1986 Preface The design and development of this training series are the results of concerted efforts by practicing engineers in the SCS. The contributions of many technical and procedural reviews have helped make this training series ane, that will provide basic knowledge and skills to employees in soil mechanics. The training series are designed to be a self study and self paced training program, The training series, or a part of the series, may be used as refresher training. Upon completion of the training series, participants should have reached the ASK Level 3, perform with supervision. The modules for the training series will be released as they are developed. ii ENG - SOTL MECHANICS TRAINING SERIES (BASIC SOIL PROPERTIES) NODULE 4 - VOLUME-WEIGHT RELATIONS CONTENTS Preface. Introduction... Instructions... Activity 1 Objectives. Activity 2 Block Diagram... Activity 3 Examples of Volume Calculations, Activity 4 Unit Weight-Water.. Activity 5 Specific Gravity... Activity 6 Specific Gravity of Soil Solids Activity 7 Water Content. Activity 8 Unit Weight-Soi1 Mass Activity 9 Unit Weight-Water Content Relationships... Activity 10 Supplemental Definitions and Relationships... Activity 11 Basic and Derived Relationships. Activity 12 Four Basic Measurements........ Activity 13 Test. Activity 13 ANSWEPS..6eeee Activity 14 Problems Activity 15 Problem Solutions... APPENDIX Volume Measurement Techniques wee Script... wv INTRODUCTION This training module on Volume-Weight Relations is 1 of 6 modules of the ENG-Soi1 Mechanics Training Series (Basic Soil Properties). Soil Mechanics Level I contains Modules 1 through 3. The modules in the Soil Mechanics Training Series (Basic Soil Properties) are: Module 4 - Volume-Weight Relations Module 5 - Compaction Module 6 - Effective Stress Principal Module 7 - Qualitative Engineering Behavior by USCS Class Module 8 - Estimated Soil Properties Table Module 9 - Qualitative Embankment Design INSTRUCTION During the presentation you will be asked to STOP the machine and do activities in your Study Guide. These activities offer a variety of learning experiences and give you feedback on your ability to accomplish the related module objectives. You will need a calculator to do many of the activities. Module 4 has four objectives to be accomplished. The ability to review and study your material at your desk, while traveling, or in any easy chair makes a self-paced training package beneficial. If you have difficulty with a specific area, study, re-study, and, if necessary, get someone to help you. DO _NOT continue untii you can complete each objective. You should complete this module as follows: 1, Read the objectives. 2. Run the slide/audio cassette, stopping it when you need to work in the Study Guide. 3. Study and review all references. If you have difficulty in a specific area, contact your State Engineering Staff, through your supervisor. CONTENTS OF PACKAGE 1 Slide Tray 1 Audio Cassette 1 Study Guide ENG - SOIL MECHANICS TRAINING SERIES (BASIC SOIL PROPERTIES) MODULE 4 - VOLUME-WEIGHT RELATIONS STUDY GUIDE November 1986 ACTIVITY 1 ~ OBJECTIVES At the completion of this module you will be able to: 1 2 4 Construct a block diagram of a soil mass. From memory, label each of the nine elements with its proper symbol. Define conceptually the most important volume - weight relationships from a list. Select the proper equations from a given reference table to solve for unknown volume-weight terms. List from memory the four commonly measured laboratory parameters of a soil mass. START THE TAPE WHEN YOU HAVE FINISHED 3 ACTIVITY 2 - Block Diagram BLOCK DIAGRAM | v, Fvouwe ‘0 OF AIR VOLUME, ' WB NOibs VOLUME OF Vw Water V_ TOTAL VOLUME OF SAMPLE VOLUME, Vs UP Sbips | Total weight of soil mass Weight of air (assumed = 0) in soil mass Weight of water in soil mass Weight of soil solids in soil mass Total volume of soil mass Volume of air in soil mass Volume of water in soil mass Volume of soil solids in soil mass Volume of voids = VatVy = V-Vs ASSUMED WeIGHTLESS WEIGHT OF WATER “Ww tora Weick OF SAMPLE WEIGHT OF sous” Ws START THE TAPE WHEN YOU HAVE FINISHED 4 w ACTIVITY 3 - Examples of Volume Calculations Volumes of regularly shaped objects may be calculated by the following equations: For a rectangular prism body, V=WxLxH Example A soil block is 12" long, 4" high, and 6" wide. What is its volume, in cubic ‘inches? VeWxb xl = 6" x 12" x 4" 288 cubic inches 2 For a cylindrical specimen V = eS xL, where w= 3.14 Ui CONTINUE TO NEXT PAGE ACTIVITY 3 - Continued Example A cylindrical specimen is 8 cm in diameter and 20 cm long. volume, in cubic centimeters. 2 v= 2 x L, where x is a constant value of 3.14. 4 2 3.14 x 8? y 29 V = 1004.8 cm3 What is its WORK THE TWO PROBLEMS ON THE NEXT PAGE TO COMPLETE THIS ACTIVITY. ACTIVITY 3 Problems 1. A soil sample is obtained in a cylindrical tube. The tube has an inside diameter of 2-7/8 inches. The sample is 17.5 inches long. What is the volume of the sample in cubic inches? 2. What i (Hint ‘the volume of the above sample in cubic centimeters? = 2.54 centimeters) AFTER COMPLETING THE ACTIVITY, CHECK YOUR ANSWERS ON THE FOLLOWING PAGE ACTIVITY 3 Solutions Love we yy 4 Vis 3.14 x 2.8752 y 17.5 4 113.6 cubic inches 2, 1 cubic inch = 2.54 x 2.54 x 2.54 cubic centimeters = 16.387 cubic centimeters (113.6) (16.387) = 1862 cubic centimeters START THE TAPE WHEN YOU HAVE FINISHED ACTIVITY 4 The unit weight of pure water is a constant value for a given temperature, Unit weight is defined as the weight of a substance divided by the volune of the substance. The unit weight of water is usually denoted wy. It may be expressed in equation form. Ww wT The greek letter gamma, y, is used to symbolize unit weight. The unit weight of water in commonly used units is 62.4 pounds per cubic foot or 1.0 grams per cubic centimeter. Since the unit weight of water is a constant, known value, if we weigh a given amount of water, we can determine its volume. Example Given that the unit weight of water is 62.4 pounds per cubic foot and a body of water weighs 28 pounds, find the volume of the water. 1, Rearrange the above equation: Ww Ww 28.0 pounds ‘EA pounds/Ft> = 0,449 ft3 Ww Problem: Given a soil sample weighs 250 grams before drying, 160 grams after arying. What is the volume of water in the sample expressed in cubic centimeters? AFTER COMPLETING THE ACTIVITY, CHECK YOUR ANSWERS ON THE FOLLOWING PAGE ACTIVITY 4 Solution The weight of water in the sample is the difference in weight before drying and after drying. Wy = Wo = Ws = 250 g. - 160 g. Ww w : 90 grams T gram/cubic centimeter Wo = 90 cubic centimeters START THE TAPE WHEN YOU HAVE FINISHED 1o ACTIVITY 5 ~ SPECIFIC GRAVITY The specific gravity of a substance is the ratio of the unit weight of that Substance to the unit weight of water at 20 degrees centigrade. This is expressed in equation form as: g = substance water The specific gravity of a soil's solids is abbreviated Ge. This value is the ratio of the unit weight of the soil solids condensed into a solid mass to the unit weight of water. The equation for specific gravity using terms from the block diagram is: Ws/Vs 6, = SS. Ywater A laboratory test may be performed to determine the specific gravity of the Soil soilds. However, in some field situations, this data may not be available, and an estimate must necessarily be used, The specific gravity of a soil depends on the mineralogy of the soil grains. Most soils are a blend of several basic minerals such as quartz, feldspar, hornblende, biotite, calcite, and others. An estimate of the constituents of a soil is helpful in estimating a value for the soil's specific gravity, The specific gravity of some of the more important soil minerals is shown in the following table: Mineral, Specific Gravit Mineral Specific Gravity Montmorillonite 2.65-2.8 Dolomite 2.87 kaolinite 2.6 Hornblende 3.2-3.5 Nite 28 Magnetite 5.17 Chlorite 2,603.00 Quartz 2.66 Calcite 2.72 Biotite 3.0-3.1 Many sands and gravels are composed primarily of quartz. A value of 2.66 is commonly assumed for specific gravity for these soils. Specific gravities of sands and gravels derived from granites or limestones might be higher. Soils with a high percentage of silt-size particles usually have a specific gravity value of about 2.68, since quartz is usually a major constituent, and small additional amounts of clay minerals slightly increase the value. Clay soils may have specific gravity values ranging from about 2.60 to 2.80. An average value of 2.7 is commonly assumed. Soils which contain a large amount of micaceous flakes and soils with significant amounts of hematite or magnetite may have quite high specific gravities, ranging from 2.75 to 3.3. Test data is usually required to accurately determine specific gravities for these unusual soils. START THE TAPE WHEN YOU HAVE FINISHED ul ACTIVITY 6 From the definition of specific gravity, the equation for the specific gravity of soil solids may be stated as: 6, = Lis/Vs) W If we know values of specific gravity of the solids, Gs, the weight of the Solids, We, and the unit weight of water, iy» the ofly unknown term on this $ equation is Vs. Rearranging the equation, Wi Vs = 78 SoS Ww You will recall the source of these measurements as follows: Ws - weight of a soil mass after drying. Gs - specific gravity of the soil solids measured in a laboratory or estinated from a table. Yw > unit weight of water, 62.4 pounds per cubic foot or 1.0 grams per cubic centimeters. Example A soil sample has an oven dry weight of 7.21 pounds. The specific gravity of the soil solids, measured in a laboratory, was 2.70. What is the volume of the soil solids? “2.70 x 62.4 pounds/ft? = .0131 ft? WORK THE PROBLEM ON THE FOLLOWING PAGE TO COMPLETE THIS ACTIVITY 12 ACTIVITY 6 Problem A soil sample has a total volume of 1,587 cubic centimeters. The specific gravity of the soil solids is 2.68. The oven dry sample weight is 2,380 grams. What is the volume of the voids in the sample? AFTER COMPLETING THE ACTIVITY, CHECK YOUR ANSWERS ON THE FOLLOWING PAGE 13 ACTIVITY 6 ~ Solution Given: V = 1587 cubic centimeters Gs = 2.68 Ws = 2,380 grams Solution: Ve = $ oo Ww : 2,380 grams 2.68 x 1.0 grams/cm> 888.1 cubic centimeters Vy = V-Vs 1587 cm3 - 888.1 cm? = 698.9 cm? START THE TAPE WHEN YOU HAVE FINISHED 14 ACTIVITY 7 = WATER CONTENT AND PERCENT SATURATION Water content is the ratio of the weight of water, My, in a soil mass to the weight of soil solids, We, in the mass. It is usually expressed as a percen- tage and is calculated by the equation. Wy w(%) =" x 100 Ws The weight of water is usually determined by first weighing a sample in its moist state, drying the sample, and then weighing the dry sample. The equation could also be stated as: Wells Is w(t) = x 100 Water contents determined on moist soils are usually denoted as wy. Water contents determined on saturated samples, or a theoretical saturated water content calculated as shown later in the Module, are denoted as wcat+ Percent saturation is defined as the ratio of the volume of water in a soil to the volume of voids, expressed as a percentage. In equation form, 5 (x) = TH x 100 Iv A soil which has its void space filled with water has Vw = Vy and S(%) = 100. Another definition of percent saturation is the ratio of a sotl's natural water content to its saturated water content, expressed as a percent. In equation form, s (x) = ol) sat (%) x 100 Example 1, A sample is weighed in a moist condition. It weighs 4.20 pounds. After drying in an oven overnight, the sample weighs 3.65 pounds. Calculate the water content. w(%) Example 2. A moist sample of soil is weighed in a metal container. The soil and con tainer weigh 126.3 grams. The container weighs 13.6 grams. After drying, the sample and container weigh 104.2 grams. Calculate the water content. 4220-3665 y 100 = 15.1% 3.65 CONTINUE TO NEXT PAGE 15 ACTIVITY 7 - Continued The weight of water, ky will be the weight of soil + container before drying minus the weight of the soil + container after drying. The con- tainer weight is not affected by drying. Wy = 126.3 - 104.2 = 22.1 grams The weight of soil solids is equal to the weight of the sample and con tainer after drying minus the container weight. Ws = 104.2 - 13.6 = 90.6 grams Then w(x) = fi x 100 S = 221 « 100. 90.6 = 24.4% CONTINUE TO NEXT PAGE 16 ACTIVITY 7 ~ Continued Problem 1. An air dry sample weighs 269 grams. An amount of water weighing 27.9 grams is added to the dry soil and well mixed. What is the resulting water content of the mixture? Problem 2. A soil sample is obtained in a tube. The tube was previously Weighed and its weight is 1.15 pounds. The weight of the tube and soil sample is 2.07 pounds. The soil sample was pushed from the tube and dried in an oven. The dry sample weight is 0.27 pounds. What is the water content of the sample? If the soil sample's theoretical saturated water content were 262.3%, what is the percent saturation of the sample? AFTER COMPLETING THE ACTIVITY, CHECK YOUR ANSWERS ON THE FOLLOWING PAGE 7 ACTIVITY 7 - Problem Solutions 1, Given: Ws = 269 grams Wy = 27.9 grams w(t) = fa x 100 = 23 x 100 269 = 10.4% 2. Given: Weybe = 1415 pounds Weube + Sample = 2.07 pounds Ws = 0.27 pounds Wsat(%) = 262.3% W = (Meube + sample) = Weube = 2.07 pounds - 1.15 pounds = 0.92 pounds Wy = WoW = 0,92-0.27 = 0,65 pounds w(t) = it x 100 START THE TAPE WHEN YOU HAVE FINISHED 18 ACTIVITY 8 - UNIT WEIGHT - SOIL MASS Unit weight is defined as the weight per unit volume of a soil mass. Several types of unit weight may be defined. Dry Unit Weight Dry unit weight is the weight of soil solids in a soil mass divided by the total volume of the soil mass. Moist unit weight is the total weight of soil mass, divided by its volune. W 1 mov The term is usually applied to soils that are not saturated. Saturated Unit Weight Saturated unit weight is the total weight of a saturated soil mass divided by its volume, Note the definition is the same as the moist unit weight above. This is because air has negligible weight. Ww Ysat =) (where Va = 0) Submerged Unit Weight, or Buoyant Unit Weight Buoyant unit weight is the effective weight of a saturated soil sample below the water table. Because soil solids displace water, they are buoyed upwards according to Archimedes principal. The resultant unit weight is expressed by the forma Yb = Ysat - Ww Unit Weight of Water Pure water at 20°C has a unit weight of 62.4 Pounds per cubic foot or 1.0 grams per cubic centimeter. ‘Ww = 62.4 pounds/cubic foot Yw = 1.0 grams/cubic centimeter CONTINUE TO NEXT PAGE 19 ACTIVITY 8 - Continued Example 1 A soil specimen is measured and its volume is determined to be 0.011 cubic foot. In a moist state, the sample weighs 1.2 pounds. After drying over- night, the sample weight is 1.0 pounds. Determine the moist unit weight and dry unit weight. Problem: A saturated soil sample weighs 184 grams. After oven drying, the sample weighs 126 grams. The volume of the sample was determined to be 105 cubic centimeters. Find The water content, the saturated unit weight, the buoyant unit weight, and the dry unit weight of the sample. AFTER COMPLETING THE ACTIVITY, CHECK YOUR ANSWERS ON PAGE 22 20 ACTIVITY 8 - Problem Solution w(x) = Hit x 100 Ws w(t) = 22. 59 126 (* 58 = =x 100 126 w(t) = 46.0% os Ysat 7) = 184 grams Ysat * 105 cm? Ysat = 14752 g/cm? Ms Wry vg = 426 sams ‘4105 cma = 1,200 g/em$ Yb = Ysat ~ Yw 1,752 g/cm3-1.0 g/cm? 0.752 g/cm? START THE TAPE WHEN YOU HAVE FINISHED 22 ACTIVITY 9 - Unit Weight - Water Content Relationships The following is an example derivation of a useful equation relating water con tent and unit weight: WW (1) water content, w= aa definition is (2) moist unit weight, ym = ¥ definition v 2 Ws . (3) dry unit weight, vq =— definition ery (4) rearrange equation (2) (5) rearrange equation (2) Wis ; it (6) Therefore “ = “S since both quantities equal V Yn Yd (7) Since W = Ws + Wy by definition (8) Ms + hy | Ws substituting for W in (6) Ym id (9) Ws(¥m) = (Ws + Wy) (ya) cross-multiplying equation (8) 2 Ms + Yi) va (10) Ym 7 s dividing both sides by Ws CONTINUED ON NEXT PAGE 23 ACTIVITY 9 - Continued Ki (11) Ym = (« it). simplifying equation (10) s Ww (12) since w = 7H by definition Is (13) Ym = (L4w) ¥q substituting in equation (11) This completes the derived relationship. (Note that w would be expressed in decimal form in this derivation.) This equation may be further re-arranged so that dry unit weight can be calcu lated from known values of moist unit weight and water content. This is the commonly used calculation form: 1m Ya? Cy) It can also be shown in the same manner that: Ysat = Yd (1+Wsat) where Wsat is a decimal. Example: A moist soil sample weighs 10.2 pounds. Its volume is .08 cubic feet. Its water content was calculated to be 21.3%. Calculate the moist unit weight and dry unit weight. _ 10-2 pounds 0.08 ft? = 127.5 pounds/ft3 1m Ya (iw) 21.3% Convert water content in % to decimal: w=" = 0.213 127.5 Ibs/ft3 Ya © (140.213) Ya = 105.1 Ibs/ft3 CONTINUED ON NEXT PAGE 24 ACTIVITY 9 Problem 1, A soil sample weighs 126 grams in its natural condition, has a volume of 62.0 cubic centimeters, and has a water content of 8.62%. What is its dry unit weight? AFTER COMPLETING THE ACTIVITY, CHECK YOUR ANSWERS ON THE FOLLOWING PAGE 25 ACTIVITY 9 Solution Yd 0323 glen’ Yq = 1.871 g/cm? START THE TAPE WHEN YOU HAVE FINISHED 26 ACTIVITY 10 ~ SUPPLEMENTAL DEFINITIONS AND RELATIONSHIPS Void Ratio, e Void ratio, designated e, is the ratio of the volume of air and water, or voids, ina soil mass to the volume occupied by the soil solids. It is usually expressed as a decimal. ew Vs Since volumes are not usually measured, derived relationships are used to calculate e. A useful derived relationship is: e- Ss wy Yd Values of void ratio for soils may vary between perhaps 0.3 to 3.0 or greater. Most commonly, values are between 0.5 and 1.0. As you can see from the equation, low void ratios represent soils with a low void volume compared to soil solid volume. This means the soil particles are closely packed, or the soil is at a high unit weight. High void ratios are typical of soils which have a large void volume, or low unit weight. Example A soil sample weighs 16.2 pounds when moist. Its weight after drying is 13.1 pounds. It's volume is 0.15 cubic feet. Calculate the sample's void ratio. The soil solids’ specific gravity is 2.68. (1) First, determine the sample's water content, w. Wells s x 100 w(%) = 16.2 - 13.1 13.1 x 100 w = 23.7% (As a decimal w = 0.237) (2) Next calculate the moist unit weight, Ym- ms v _ 16.2 pounds 0.15 ft? 108.0 pef CONTINUED ON NEXT PAGE 27 ACTIVITY 10 - Continued (3) Calculate the dry unit weight, Yq. i vas t= Oe 108 pef 1.237 = 87.3 pcf (4) Calculate void ratio, e. e- Ss my v4 Because we are using English system measurements (pounds/cubic feet), yy must be in the same units as yq Or Yw = 62.4 Ibs/ft%, _ (2:68) (62.4) (87.3) 0.916 Porosity, n Porosity, denoted n, is defined as the volume of voids in the soil mass divided by the total volume of the soil mass. It is usually expressed as a percentage. y n(x) =—* x 100 v A derived relationship may be used to calculate porosity. e n(x) = x 100 OY ee CONTINUED ON NEXT PAGE 28 ACTIVITY 10 - Continued Example Using the data from the previous example, calculate the sample's porosity. (1) Given - e = 0,916 (4) = 47.8% Saturated water content, Wsat The saturated water content of a soil mass is the water content if all the void space is filled with water. Even if a sample is not saturated at pre- sent, the water content at saturation can be calculated. It is usually expressed as a percentage. Derived relationships which you may find useful are: Wsat (%) sMeLy 100 Yd Gs Note - units for the unit weight of water, Yy» and dry unit weight, vq, should be compatible. Another useful relationship for calculating saturated water content is: Msat(s) = x 100 s Example Using the data from the previous example, calculate the sample's theoreti- cal saturated water content. (1) Given: e = 0,916 Gs = 2.68 (2) Wsat(#) 1 ® CONTINUED ON NEXT PAGE 29 ACTIVITY 10 Cont inued Problem: A soil sample's measured volume is 30.7 cubic inches. The moist weight is 1.87 pounds. The water content was determined by oven drying to be 22.5%. The specific gravity of the soil solids, Gs, is 2.68, Determine the void ratio, e, the porosity, n, the saturated water content, Wsat» and the percent saturation of the sample. Review the definition of percent saturation in Module 4 if necessary. AFTER COMPLETING THE ACTIVITY, CHECK YOUR ANSWERS ON PAGE 32 30 ACTIVITY 10 ~ Solution V = 30.7 cubic inches W = 1,87 pounds w(%) = 22.5% (.225 as a decimal) G = 2.68 Step 1 - Change volume, V, to cubic feet since 1 cubic foot = 1,728 cubic inches 30.7 cubic inches = .01777 cubic feet Step 2 - m= W/V = 1.87 pounds/.01777 cubic foot = 105.3 pef Step 3 - v4 = ¥q/ (140) = 105.3 pef/(1.225) = 85.9 pef Step 4-e = (Gs tw/yq) - 1 (2.68 x 62.4/85.9) -1 = 0.946 Step 5 - n(%) = [e/(1+e)] x 100 = (0,946/1.946) x 100 = 48.6% Step 6 - Wsat(%) = (e/Gs) x 100 ="t0.946/2.68) x 100 = 35.3% HS = (Wy(4)/weat (2) x 100 = (22,5/35.3) x 100 = 63.7% START THE TAPE AFTER YOU HAVE FINISHED 32 Activity 11 The chart on the next page shows basic and derived relationships for volu- mes and weights of soils. Often, you will have several values from measurements you have made and will need to calculate other parameters. Most of the time, you will find an equation in this chart that will fit your needs. TURN THE PAGE AND REVIEW THE CHART 33 Activity 11 VOLUME AND WEIGHT RELATIONSHIPS. — saturates | unsaturated | orner usotul Equations operty eturared | Unsaturated | orner useful equetl [2 3 a 3 é 7 Vg | Volume of solids VOC VA) Ms x ta | Volume of water x t Volune of air zero | tye W) x : be [eee vs x x 2 |v | tora voime Vevyg | weesures x 5 S [on | porosity x e Yold retio Mw ¥ Ye Tear on ™ ht of sol lds o a | te | vetane oF sorte mH as — & [mw | wotant of worer “, “, x & $B [| tote! weignt eosured 2 B [wear | soturetes wetgne x : sud | submerged weight x Ya | Ory unit volgnt x ? Mee Ya im | Motst unit wetont |x x i Yn | % 3 F THT Be [sar | seturetes utr PE | et tara x YaCl4¥gan) | (Get) Ye H a £ Submerged unit 7 (6-1) Ysut wolgnt Yeat Ww x Xan x Bs a || water content x x 3 & [ese | sorecatga yore . E [ver | Sorvrates. i Fen fe a5 3 Degree of ™ £]s seturetion Wily Var 3 Ta. [emntc over ¥ Tae anes sw a ‘equations given abov 34 10s usually expressed as 8 percentage should be multiplied by 100 trom the Activity 12 Usually, 4 basic measurements are made on a soil mass. They are: Q) (2) (3) (4) Total weight of the sample, W. Volume of the sample, V. Weight of the sample after drying, Ws. Specific gravity of the soil solids, Gs. Many useful terms may be calculated from this data. The data is usually calcu- lated in the following sequence: q) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) Calculate water content of the sample, w %. WH, wh Sx 100 Ws Calculate moist unit weight, ym (saturated unit weight if the sample is saturated). Ww Ym Calculate the dry unit weight, vq. mm ‘d" Try Where w is a decimal, not a percentage. w = w(%)/100. Calculate the void ratio, e. e= Ss wel Yd Calculate saturated water content, wsat (%), and percent saturation, S(%). e sath = Ex 100 - we 0 S(%) = Weatt 10 Calculate saturated unit weight, Ysat~ Ysat = Yd (1#sat)+ Where Wsat is a decimal, not a percentage. Other terms such as porosity and values from the block diagram may be calculated from equations in Activity 11. AFTER COMPLETING THE ACTIVITY, TURN THE PAGE AND COMPLETE ACTIVITY 13 35 Activity 13 1, Draw a block diagram of a soil mass and label each element's weight and volume and the total weight and volume. Use the symbols you have learned. 2. Unit weight is equal to the of a mass divided by its 3. Write one equation for water content. 4, Water content is usually expressed as a (decimal/percentage). [Cross out the incorrect one.] 5. Specific gravity is the ratio of the 6. A saturated soil has a small volume of air. (T/F) 7. Voids are space in a soil sample occupied only by air. (T/F) 8. List the 4 conmon soil measurements. a be c a 9. A soil mass can contain more water than it takes to fill up its void volume. (T/F). 10. A soil's void ratio cannot exceed 1.0. (T/F). 11. The weight of soil solids in a sample is determined by 12. A range of values for specific gravity of soil solids of a clay soil is AFTER COMPLETING THE ACTIVITY, CHECK YOUR ANSWERS ON THE FOLLOWING PAGE 7 ACTIVITY 13 - Answers 1. Refer to Activity 2 for completed Block Diagram. 2 Unit weight is equal to the weight of a mass divided by its volume. |W. 3. wot) = Mx 100 or w(x) = #5 x 100 s 4, percentage 5. Specific gravity is the ratio of the unit weight of a substance to the unit weight of water x Bey 6. False, A saturated soil has no air. 7, False. Void space in a soil is space occupied by air and water. 8. The four common soil measurements are: a. Total weight of sample, W b. Dry weight of sample (weight of solids), Ws ¢. Total volume of sample, V d. Specific gravity of soil solids, Ge 9. False. 10. False. 11, Weighing the sample after oven-drying at 105°, 12, 2,60-2.80 AFTER YOU HAVE CHECKED YOUR ANSWERS COMPLETE ACTIVITY 14 ON THE NEXT PAGE 38 ACTIVITY 14 - Solve the two following problems. Equations in Activity 11 and methods Tearned in Activity 12 may be useful. 1, A sample of soil is taken from an earth fill. The size of hole left after taking the sample is measured to be 0.26 cubic feet. The soil sample weighs 32.4 pounds before drying and weighs 28.8 pounds after drying. The G, value is 2.68, Calculate: (a) The moist unit weight of the sample. (b) The water content of the sample. (c) The dry unit weight of the sample. (4) The percent saturation for the sample. 2, A block of soil is carefully measured, It is 26.0 centimeters high 22,0 centimeters long, and 19.7 centimeters wide. It weighs 19,500 grams, and was found to weigh 15,300 grams after drying. The soil's specific gravity is 2.70. Find: The sample's (a) void ratio, (b) porosity, and (c) percent saturation. AFTER COMPLETING THE ACTIVITY, CHECK YOUR ANSWERS ON THE FOLLOWING PAGE 39 ACTIVITY 14 = Problem 1, Solution Given V = 0.26 ft? (d) Wsat(#) = W = 32.4 Ibs. Ws = 28.8 Ibs. Ge = 2.68 (a) _ 32.4 Ibs. S(8) "0.26 ft? = 124.6 Ibs/ft? (bd) w(%) = 12.5% Ms (c) Yd v _ 28.8 Ibs © 0.26 ft? = 110.8 Ibs/ft? 40 ACTIVITY 14 - Problem 2, Solution Given: (c) w(4) x 100 Height = 26.0 centimeters Length = 22.0 centimeters . Sree Width = 19.7 centimeters = 27.45% W = 19,500 grams Ws = 15,300 grams Wsat(%) = - x 100 Ss G, = 2.70 100 (a) V = LengthxWidthxHei ght = 26x22x19.7 = 11,268 cm? w(t) Ws S(%) = x 100 Wt Wsat (*) Vv 27.45 15,300 grams * 36.6 * 100 Yd = . 11,268 cm? = 75.0% = 1,36 g/cm? 6. eo Yd 2.70 x 1.0 1.36 e = 0.988 (b) n(x) = x 100 Te 0.989 =—— x 100 nts) 1.989 * n(%) = 49.7% START THE PLAYER WHEN YOU HAVE FINISHED 41 APPENDIX 1 Volume Measurement Techniques Clod Test - p. 4-29, 4-62 to 4-65, Soil Conservation Service, National Engineering Handbook, Section 19, Construction Inspection, p. 4-117 Sand Cone Test - American Society for Testing Materials, Section 4, Vol. 04.08, 01556 Rubber Balloon Test - American Society for Testing Materials, Section 4, Vol. 04.08, D2167 Drive-Cylinder Test - American Society for Testing Materials, Section 4, Vol. 04.08, 02937 42 ENG - SOIL MECHANICS TRAINING SERIES (BASIC SOIL PROPERTIES) MODULE 4 - VOLUME-WEIGHT RELATIONS SLIDE ~ NARRATION November 1986 2. Module 4 VOLUME-WEIGHTS RELATIONSHIPS, Construct and label a block diagram of a soil mass. Define conceptually from memory a list of ‘important volume weight relationships. 4 Select the proper equations to solve for unknown terms. SCS Logo This module covers the relationships that exist between a soil mass and the volume it occupies. It also discusses the definitions and equations used to express these relationships mathematically. These volume-weight relations provide the basis for most soil mechanics calculations. ‘At the completion of this module you will be able to complete the following objectives: 1, Construct and label a block diagram of a soil mass. 2. Define conceptually from memory a list of important volume - weight relations. 3. Select the proper equations from a given reference table to solve for unknown volume-weight terms. 44 4, List the 4 commonly measured laboratory Parameters. 6 ACTIVITY 1 7 Idealized soil 8 air water soil solids Block Diagram 10 4. List from memory the four commonly measured laboratory parameters of a soil mass. These objectives are listed in Activity 1 of your Study Guide. Stop the tape and review these objectives before continuing. A soil mass consists of a mixture of solid soil particles, water, and air. If one could separate and condense each of these components and arrange them into three distinct parts, the soil mass could be represented by this hypothetical block diagram. ‘An illustration such as this will be very helpful in explaining the terminology associated with a oil's volume- weight relation. Light blue represents the air. Dark blue represents the water and brown represents the soil solids. The volume and weights of each of the 3 soil components may be measured by methods covered later in this module. 45 Block Diagram (Highlight V and W) rv Block Diagram (Highlight Vas Vws Vs» Vy) 12 Block Diagram (Highlight Wa, Wys Ws, Wy) 13 Block Diagram Highlight Volume 14 Block Diagram Highlight Wei ght 15 Dimension lines will be used to identify the volumes and weights of each of the three components. Volumes are shown on the left side and weights on the right side of the block diagram, The total volume will have the symbol, V, and the total weight, the symbol W. The volume occupied by air is labeled Vee sub a, water is Vee sub w and the solids as Vee sub s. The volume occupied by the air and water is called the volume of the voids or Vee sub vee. The weight of the air is labeled W sub a, weight of water is W sub w, and the weight of the solids is W sub s. The weight of air, W sub a, is assumed to be zero. Note that the symbol Tor Weights is a capital W. A lower case w is a symbol used for another quantity covered later in the module. If dimension lines are used, one can easily see that cer- tain volume relation can be established. The total volume is equal to the volume of the solids plus the volume of the water plus the volume of the air. The total volume is also equal to the volume of the voids plus the volume of the solids. In addition, several weight relationships can be established. The total weight of the soil mass is equal to ‘the weight of the solids plus the weight of the water plus the weight of the air. However, we have already stated that the weight of the air is negligible. Therefore, the total weight is equal to the weight of water plus the weight of the solids. 46 Activity 2 16 Direct Soil Measurements Block Diagram with VW, and Ws highlighted. Vv "x6"x6"=216 cubic inches. 18 Photo 19 ACTIVITY 3 a. Activity 2 in your Study Guide shows a detailed block diagram with lables and definitions of all elements. You should be able to reproduce this diagram from memory. Stop the tape and carefully study Activity 2. Three of the quantities on this diagram can be neasured directly. These measurements are frequently made in laboratories and in the field. The three block diagram quantities commonly directly measured are covered in the following slides. The first directly measured block diagram quantity is the total volume, V, of a soil mass. It may be measured in Several ways. The simplest way is to carve a sample of known volume from a larger soil mass. For instance, if you carve a cube of soil exactly 6" on a side, the volume would be 216 cubic inches. Volumes are conmonly expressed in units of cubic inches, cubic feet, cubic yards, cubic meters, or cubic centimeters. Frequently, cylindrical samples of soil are usec. The volume of a cylindrical specimen may be calculated if its diameter/ pause/and length/pause/are known. The volume of a cylindrical sample is calculated from this equation using measured values of diameter, D, and length, L. Activity 3 in the Study Guide covers the calculation of specimen volumes. Stop and complete this Activity before continuing. 47 OTHER VOLUME MEASUREMENT PROCEDURES 22 Photo 23 Photo Photo 25 Photo 26 Photo 27 Photo Photo 29 We Ws + hy 30 A number of other procedures are available for indirectly determining the volume of an irregularly shaped soil mass. The clod test is a means of indirectly measuring an irregular soil mass. A soil clod is first weighed in air. The clod is then coated with wax/pause/and reweighed to determine the volume of wax added to the soil volume. The clod and wax are then weighed submersed in water. According to Archimedes principal, the difference of the weight in air and the submersed weight of the object is equal to the weight of the volume of water displaced. Since water has a known weight, the volume of the clod may be accurately determined by this method. Another common method of measuring a soil mass's volume is the sand cone test. A soil mass is first removed from an area to be tested, leaving a uniform hole. The weight of sand required to fill the hole left by the removed soil is carefully determined, Using calibrated sand, the weight of sand can be converted to volume, thereby indirectly determining the volume of the soil mass removed from the hole. Details for performing these tests are shown in an Appendix in your Study Guide. The second block diagram quantity commonly measured is the total weight, W, of a soil mass. 48 Photo 31 Weight Solids = W. Dry Weight 32 Photo 33 Weight water = Total weight - Dry weight Wy = Wo Ws 34 Unit Weight v4 35 It is determined simply by weighing the mass. Units of measurement may be in ounces, pounds, grams, kilograms, or others. Note that both the weight of the soil solids and any water in the soil are included. Air weight is negligible. The third measured block diagram quantity is the weight of, solids, W subs, It is the oven-dry weight of a soil sample. Oven drying for most soils is accomplished at a temperature of 105 degrees centigrade. Samples are dried until no further weight loss occurs. Soils are dried in an oven with precise temperature control using containers not affected by the temperatures used. Samples are usually dried overnight. The weight of water, W sub w, in a soil mass is the dif- ference in the weight of the sample before drying and that after drying, Relationships between individual weights and volumes in the block diagram will now be discussed. The first term to be defined is unit weight. Unit weight of a substance is the weight of the object divided by the volume of the object. It is usually designated with the Greek letter ganma. 49 Unit Weight of water - pounds Yw = 6204 cubic foot or 1.0 grams/cubic centimeter 36 Since yy = th zz Then Vy = Me Ww 37 Activity 4 38 39 Specific gravity of Solids 6, = HsMVs. Ww 40 Water is a very uniform substance. The unit weight of pure water, gamma sub w, at 20 degrees centigrade is 62.4 pounds per cubic foot in English units. In Metric units, it is 1.0 grams per cubic centimeter, The concept of unit weight provides a valuable tool for indirectly determining the volume of a substance. From the definition, you can see that the volume of water may be calculated if the measured weight of the water and the unit weight of the water are known. Activity 4 in your Study Guide illustrates this concept. Stop the tape and complete this Activity. The fourth commonly measured parameter used in volune weight relations is specific gravity. Specific gravity nay be defined as the ratio of the unit weight of a substance to the unit weight of water. For instance, if a substance has a specific gravity of 3, its unit weight is 3 times that of water. Specific gravity of soil solids then may be visualized as the ratio of the unit weight of a solid mass of condensed soil solids to the unit weight of distilled water. The specific gravity of the soil solids is appreviated as Gee-sub-ess. A laboratory test is used to measure this value for soils. 50 Common Values of Gs for Soils 2.64 2.85 41 g-— ww W/V) water 42 43 Activity 6 44 Four Basic Measurements Wy Ws, Vs Gs 45 Activity 5 covers in detail the definition of specific gra~ vity. It also lists a range of commonly measured specific gravity values for various soils. Pure quartz, for instance, has a specific gravity of 2.66. This means a solid chunk of quartz weighs 2.66 times as much as an equal volume of water. Stop and carefully study this Activity. Specific gravity provides a very convenient way of indirectly determining the volume of a substance from its weight. Usually, a mass can be weighed easier than its volume deter- mined, especially if the mass is irregularly shaped. Using this equation, we can determine the volume of a mass after weighing the substance since volume is the only unknown term in the equation, if we know the specific gravity of the substance. Extending this concept, it may be seen from the given equation that you can determine the volume of soil solids in a mass if you know their weight, the value of their specific gravity, and the unit weight of water. Remember that the value of G sub s, the soil solids' specific gravity, can either be measured in a laboratory, or estimated. Activity 6 in your Study Guide has examples and problems illustrating this concept. Stop and complete this activity. You now have procedures for obtaining all of the terms in a block diagram using 4 basic measurements. The 4 basic measurements are: (1) Total weight, W (2) Dry weight, W sub ess. (3) Total volume, V, and (4) specific gravity, of the soil solids, Gee sub ess, There are some additional relationships and definitions derived from these basic terms that are also important. 51 Water Content = Mw x 100 w(%) ag 46 Activity 7 47 Block Diagram showing Vy 48 Water Contents Wp ~ natural water content Wsat - Saturated water content 49 Mw % Sat = yy x 100 50 a sat = "2% x 100 Wat ® 51 Water content is defined as the ratio of the weight of water in a soil mass divided by the weight of the soil solids in the mass, expressed as a percentage. The calculated value for water content may exceed 100% in some soils. Values as high as 300%-400% are possible. Note that the synbol for water content is a lower case w. You should recall that a capital letter W is used for total weight of a soil sample. Activity 7 in the Study Guide details the measurements and calculations needed to determine water content. Stop and complete this Activity You may also want to refer to Activity 9; contained in the Study Guide for Module 1, Part A, Soil Mechanics Level I, for a detailed discussion of this term. Remember, the volume of the voids in a soil mass may contain both air and water. If water has replaced all of the air, then the volume of voids is equal to the volume of water. When this occurs, the soil is completely saturated. The natural water content of a soil is denoted w sub n. Water contents measured from saturated samples are denoted w sub sat. This may also be a theoretical value as covered later in the module. Percent saturation is the volume of the water in a soil mass divided by the volume of the voids. It is expressed as a per- centage. Percent saturation may not exceed 100 percent, because when the void space is filled with water, any addi- tional water would be free water outside the sample. Percent saturation may also be defined as the ratio of the natural water content measured to the theoretical saturated water content. It is expressed as a percent. A soil mass is 100% saturated if its measured water content equals its theoretical saturated water content. 52 Unit Height ria 52 Types of Unit Weight Dry Moist Saturated 53 Dry Unit Weight Yd = Ws/V 54 Moist Unit Weight =H v Ym 55 Saturated Unit Weight Ysat = 56

    Das könnte Ihnen auch gefallen