TestBank#1

Chapter2
StudyingBehaviorScientifically
MultipleChoiceQuestions
1.

Aresearcherwhoisalwayswillingtoconsidercriticismsofhistheoryandtomaketheoreticalrevisions
andadjustmentswhentheevidencesupportsitisdemonstratingbehaviormostconsistentwithwhichkey
scientificattitude?
a. skepticism
b. curiosity
c. rationality
d. openmindedness
Answer:d
Book:Passer
Difficulty:Low
Page:33
Style:Application
Topic:ResearchMethods
APAGoal:2.1

2.

Thefirststepinthescientificprocessisto:
a. createahypothesis.
b. formaquestionaboutsomethinginteresting.
c. createaprediction.
d. testahypothesis.
Answer:b
Book:Passer
Difficulty:Low
Page:33
Style:Knowledge
Topic:ResearchMethods
APAGoal:2.1

3.

Whichofthefollowingliststhestepsofthescientificprocessintheproperorder?
a. conductresearch,askquestion,createhypothesis,analyzedata,buildtheory
b. askquestion,createhypothesis,conductresearch,analyzedata,buildtheory
c. askquestion,conductresearch,createhypothesis,buildtheory,analyzedata
d. askquestion,conductresearch,analyzedata,createhypothesis,buildtheory
Answer:b
Book:Passer
Difficulty:Medium
Page:3334
Style:Knowledge
Topic:ResearchMethods
APAGoal:2.1

4.

IfJohnDarleyandBibbLatanweretomakethestatement,Ifanemergencyoccurs,thenthegreaterthe
numberofbystanders,thelesslikelyanyonebystanderwillbetointervene,itwouldbeconsideredan
exampleofa(n):

a. hypothesis.
b. theory.
c. correlation.
d. initialresearchquestion.
Answer:a
Book:Passer
Difficulty:Low
Page:33
Style:Application
Topic:ResearchMethods
APAGoal:2.4
5.

Aspartoftheirresearchonbystanderapathy,JohnDarleyandBibbLatancreatedfakeemergenciesin
theirexperimentallaboratoryandobservedpeoplesresponses.Whenmakingtheseobservations,whatstep
ofthescientificprocessweretheyengagedin?
a. creatingahypothesis
b. creatingaprediction
c. generatingatheory
d. conductingresearch
Answer:d
Book:Passer
Difficulty:Low
Page:33
Style:Application
Topic:ResearchMethods
APAGoal:2.4

6.

Ahypothesisisbestconsideredasa(n):
a. tentativeexplanationorpredictionaboutsomephenomenon.
b. attempttoexplainsomethingafterithasalreadyoccurred.
c. setofformalstatementsthatexplainhowcertaineventsarerelatedtooneanother.
d. particulartypeofexperimenterexpectancy.
Answer:a
Book:Passer
Difficulty:Low
Page:33
Style:Knowledge
Topic:ResearchMethods
APAGoal:2.1

7.

JohnDarleyandBibbLatanmadethefollowingassumption:diffusionofresponsibilityreducesthe
likelihoodofanysinglebystanderfeelingresponsibletointerveneinanemergency.Thisassumptionisan
exampleofa(n):
a. dependentvariable.
b. operationaldefinition.
c. independentvariable.
d. hypothesis.
Answer:d
Book:Passer
Difficulty:Low
Page:33
Style:Application
Topic:ResearchMethods

APAGoal:2.4
8.

Apsychodynamicpsychologistassumesthatpeoplewithunresolvedchildhoodissuesaremoresusceptible
tostressandanxiety.Thispsychologistsassumptionisbestviewedasanexampleof:
a. ahypothesis.
b. anexperiment.
c. correlationalresearch.
d. adependentvariable.
Answer:a
Book:Passer
Difficulty:Low
Page:33
Style:Application
Topic:ResearchMethods
APAGoal:2.4

9.

Ahumanisticpsychologistbelievesthatpeoplewhodonthaveaclearsenseofmeaningintheirlivesare
morevulnerabletodepressionandphysicalillness.Thispsychologistsbeliefsarebestviewedasan
exampleof:
a. scientificskepticism.
b. ahypothesis.
c. acontrolgroup.
d. conductingresearch.
Answer:b
Book:Passer
Difficulty:Low
Page:33
Style:Application
Topic:ResearchMethods
APAGoal:2.4

10.

A(n)______________isaformalsetofstatementsthatexplainswhyandhowcertaineventsarerelatedto
oneanother.
a. hypothesis
b. specificprediction
c. theory
d. operationaldefinition
Answer:c
Book:Passer
Difficulty:Low
Page:35
Style:Knowledge
Topic:ResearchMethods
APAGoal:2.1

11.

Atheoryisbestdefinedas:
a. atentativeexplanationorpredictionaboutsomephenomenon.
b. aspecificprediction,oftenintheformofanifthenstatement.
c. conductingresearchtotestaprediction.
d. asetofstatementsthatexplainstherelationshipbetweenvariousevents.
Answer:d
Book:Passer
Difficulty:Low

Page:35
Style:Knowledge
Topic:ResearchMethods
APAGoal:2.1
12.

Oneofthemaindifferencesbetweentheoriesandhypothesesisthat:
a. theoriestendtobebroaderthanhypotheses.
b. hypothesestendtobebroaderthantheories.
c. theoriestendtobeexternallyvalid,whereashypothesestendtobeinternallyvalid.
d. theoriesuseoperationaldefinitions,whereashypothesesdonot.
Answer:a
Book:Passer
Difficulty:Medium
Page:35
Style:Knowledge
Topic:ResearchMethods
APAGoal:2.1

13.

WhichofthefollowingstatementsregardingtheoriesandhypothesesisTRUE?
a. Hypothesesuseindependentvariables,whereastheoriesusedependentvariables.
b. Hypothesesspecifylawfulrelationsbetweenbehaviorsandtheircauses,whereastheoriesdonot.
c. Hypothesesarederivedfromtheories.
d. Theoriesuseoperationaldefinitions,whereashypothesesdonot.
Answer:c
Book:Passer
Difficulty:Low
Page:35
Style:Knowledge
Topic:ResearchMethods
APAGoal:2.1

14.

Whichofthefollowingisamajorproblemofafterthefactorhindsightexplanations?
a. Therearemanywaysofexplainingpasteventsandthereisusuallynowaytoknowwhichofthese
explanationsiscorrect.
b. Hindsightexplanationsfailtoprovideafoundationonwhichfurtherscientificstudycanoccur.
c. Sciencerequiresthattheoriesbetestableandhindsightexplanationsareusuallytootheoretically
complexandsophisticatedtobetestable.
d. Hindsightexplanationsoveremphasizetheimportanceofexternalvalidity.
Answer:a
Book:Passer
Difficulty:Medium
Page:3536
Style:Comprehension
Topic:ResearchMethods
APAGoal:3.1

15.

Whenpresentedwiththefindingsofpsychologicalresearch,itisnotuncommonforpeopletocomment
thattheresultsaretrivial,obvious,andthattheyknewthatallalong.Thistendencyisreferredtoas:
a. thelawofparsimony.
b. hindsightbias.
c. thebystandereffect.
d. anunobtrusivemeasure.
Answer:b

Book:Passer
Difficulty:Low
Page:3536
Style:Knowledge
Topic:ResearchMethods
APAGoal:3.1
16.

IfaresearchstudyfoundthatcareermotivationwashigheramongrecentimmigrantstoAmericathan
amongAmericans,mostpeoplecouldreadilyofferseveralreasonableexplanationsforthisfinding.
However,ifthestudyfoundthatcareermotivationwashigheramongAmericansthanrecentimmigrantsto
America,mostpeoplecouldgenerateanequallyconvincingsetofexplanations.Thisexampledemonstrates
theproblemsassociatedwith:
a. operationaldefinitions.
b. hypotheses.
c. afterthefactexplanations.
d. theoreticalpredictions.
Answer:c
Book:Passer
Difficulty:Medium
Page:35
Style:Comprehension
Topic:ResearchMethods
APAGoal:3.1

17.

Afriendofyoursistellingyouabouttheresultsofamultimilliondollargovernmentfundedstudyshe
heardaboutonthenewslastnight.Shecomplainsthatshecouldhavepredictedtheresultsofthestudy
beforeitwasdoneandthathereisyetanotherinstanceofthegovernmentwastingthetaxpayershard
earnedmoney.Whichofthefollowingissueswouldhavethemostrelevancetothepotentialaccuracyof
yourfriendscomplaints?
a. thelimitationsofhindsightexplanations
b. theproblemofdemandcharacteristics
c. thelimitationsofcorrelationalresearch
d. theproblemofexperimenterexpectancyeffects
Answer:a
Book:Passer
Difficulty:Medium
Page:3536
Style:Comprehension
Topic:ResearchMethods
APAGoal:3.1

18.

Scientiststypicallytesttheirunderstandingthrough:
a. predictionandcontrol.
b. hindsightunderstanding.
c. afterthefactunderstanding.
d. theuseofsurveyresearch.
Answer:a
Book:Passer
Difficulty:Low
Page:36
Style:Knowledge
Topic:ResearchMethods
APAGoal:2.2

19.

Whichofthefollowingisacharacteristicofagoodtheory?
a. Agoodtheoryiscomplexandsophisticated.
b. Agoodtheoryisdifficulttotest.
c. Agoodtheoryorganizesinformationinameaningfulway.
d. Agoodtheoryusesoperationaldefinitions.
Answer:c
Book:Passer
Difficulty:Low
Page:36
Style:Knowledge
Topic:ResearchMethods
APAGoal:2.1

20.

Onecommoncharacteristicofagoodtheoryisthat:
a. allthingsbeingequal,agoodtheoryissimple.
b. allthingsbeingequal,agoodtheoryiscomplex.
c. ittendsNOTtogeneratenewhypotheses.
d. itfocusesexclusivelyonindependentvariables.
Answer:a
Book:Passer
Difficulty:Medium
Page:36
Style:Knowledge
Topic:ResearchMethods
APAGoal:2.1

21.

The________________referstothenotionthatiftwotheoriescanequallyexplainandpredictthesame
phenomenon,thenthesimpleroneisthepreferredtheory.
a. lawofleastcomplexity
b. lawofparsimony
c. lawofconsistency
d. lawofsimplicity
Answer:b
Book:Passer
Difficulty:Low
Page:36
Style:Knowledge
Topic:ResearchMethods
APAGoal:1.1

22.

Imaginearesearchareainpsychologyinwhichthereareseveralseeminglyconflictingfindingsand
theories.Youdevelopanewtheorythatresolvestheseconflictsandexplainsthefindingsofthisarea
withinasinglebroadframework.Yourtheorybestdemonstrateswhichcharacteristicofagoodtheory?
a. Yourtheoryconformstothelawofparsimony.
b. Yourtheoryspredictionsaresupportedbynewresearch.
c. Yourtheoryistestable.
d. Yourtheoryorganizesinformationinameaningfulway.
Answer:d
Book:Passer
Difficulty:Medium
Page:36
Style:Comprehension

Topic:ResearchMethods
APAGoal:2.2
23.

ApsychologistduringthetimeofFreudcreatesanewanddifferenttheorydesignedtoexplainhuman
behavior.Usingthisnewtheory,itisrelativelyeasytodesignstudiesandexperimentstoevaluateits
validity.ThisisincontrasttotheconceptsofFreudstheory,whichwereverydifficulttomeasure.This
newtheorybestillustrateswhichcharacteristicofgoodtheory?
a. Thetheoryistestable.
b. Thetheoryisparsimonious.
c. Thetheoryspredictionsareconsistentwiththefindingsofnewresearch.
d. Thetheoryorganizesinformationinameaningfulway.
Answer:a
Book:Passer
Difficulty:Medium
Page:36
Style:Comprehension
Topic:ResearchMethods
APAGoal:2.2

24.

A(n)_______________definesavariableintermsofthespecificproceduresusedtomeasureit.
a. dependentvariable
b. independentvariable
c. operationaldefinition
d. archivalmeasure
Answer:c
Book:Passer
Difficulty:Low
Page:37
Style:Knowledge
Topic:ResearchMethods
APAGoal:2.4

25.

A(n)______________referstoanycharacteristicthatcanvary.
a. operationaldefinition
b. hypothesis
c. variable
d. theory
Answer:c
Book:Passer
Difficulty:Low
Page:37
Style:Knowledge
Topic:ResearchMethods
APAGoal:2.4

26.

Theessentialfunctionofanoperationaldefinitionisthatittranslates:
a. somethingmeasurableintosomethingobservable.
b. somethingmeasurableintosomethingabstract.
c. somethingobservableintosomethingabstract.
d. somethingabstractintosomethingobservableandmeasurable.
Answer:d
Book:Passer
Difficulty:Low

Page:37
Style:Comprehension
Topic:ResearchMethods
APAGoal:2.4
27.

Apsychologistisinterestedinstudyingstress.Becausestresscanmeandifferentthingstodifferentpeople,
shedecidesthatshewouldliketoassessstressbymeasuringpeoplesbloodpressure.Thispsychologist
hasjustcreated:
a. acontrolgroup.
b. anoperationaldefinition.
c. apopulation.
d. acasestudy.
Answer:b
Book:Passer
Difficulty:Low
Page:37
Style:Application
Topic:ResearchMethods
APAGoal:2.4

28.

Supposethataclinicianiswillingtodiagnoseapersonashavingdepressionif,andonlyif,theyhavehad
persistentsymptomsofdepressionformorethan6months.Creatingaspecificcriterionsuchasthisin
ordertodiagnosedepressionwouldbeanexampleofwhichofthefollowing?
a. correlationalstudy
b. hypothesis
c. casestudy
d. operationaldefinition
Answer:d
Book:Passer
Difficulty:Medium
Page:37
Style:Application
Topic:ResearchMethods
APAGoal:4.1

29.

Anadvantageofusingoperationaldefinitionsisthat:
a. otherresearcherswillusuallyalwaysagreewiththesedefinitions.
b. theyletotherresearchersknowexactlyhowvariableshavebeenmanipulatedormeasured.
c. theyautomaticallygeneratetherelevantdependentandindependentvariables.
d. theyareconsistentwiththelawofparsimony.
Answer:b
Book:Passer
Difficulty:Low
Page:37
Style:Comprehension
Topic:ResearchMethods
APAGoal:2.4

30.

Thesocialdesirabilitybiaswasdiscussedasalimitationofwhichofthemajorwaysofmeasuring
behavior?
a. physiologicalmeasures
b. behavioralobservations
c. reportsbyothers

d. selfreportmeasures
Answer:d
Book:Passer
Difficulty:Low
Page:38
Style:Knowledge
Topic:ResearchMethods
APAGoal:2.2
31.

____________referstothetendencytorespondinwhatisbelievedtobeasociallyappropriatemanner
ratherthanaccordingtohowapersonactuallythinks,feels,orbehaves.
a. Reactivity
b. Thesocialdesirabilitybias
c. Confounding
d. Theplaceboeffect
Answer:b
Book:Passer
Difficulty:Low
Page:38
Style:Knowledge
Topic:ResearchMethods
APAGoal:2.2

32.

Stressfulsituationsassociatedwithtakingafinalexamcanimpacthowwellapersondoesontheexam.
Identifyingexcessivenoiseintheroomduringtheexamasapotentialstressfactorrepresentstheuseof
examiningwhichofthefollowinglevelsofanalysis?
a.biological
b.environmental
c.psychological
d.genetic
Answer:b
Book:Passer
Difficulty:Low
Page:38
Style:Comprehension
Topic:ResearchMethods
APAGoal:2.4

33.

Aresearcherisinterestedintheamountofsweatproducedbystudentswhiletakingafinalexaminorderto
measuretheirlevelofstress.Whichofthefollowinglevelsofanalysisistheresearcherfocusingon?
a.biological
b.environmental
c.psychological
d.genetic
Answer:a
Book:Passer
Difficulty:Low
Page:38
Style:Comprehension
Topic:ResearchMethods
APAGoal:2.4

34.

Imagineyouareabouttotakeafinalexam.Youhavenoticedyourselfbecomingincreasinglyworried
abouttheexamasitapproaches.Examinationofyourapparentamountofstressunderthesecircumstances
wouldentailwhichofthefollowinglevelofanalysis?
a.biological
b.environmental
c.psychological
d.genetic
Answer:c
Book:Passer
Difficulty:Low
Page:38
Style:Comprehension
Topic:ResearchMethods
APAGoal:2.4

35.

AchildpsychologistisworkingwithayounggirlnamedSally.Inordertogetmoreinformation,the
psychologistinterviewsSallysparentsandasksthemaboutSallyschildhoodexperiences.Thiswouldbest
beconsideredanexampleofwhichofthemajorwaysofmeasuringbehavior?
a. selfreportmeasures
b. physiologicalmeasures
c. reportsbyothers
d. behavioralobservations
Answer:c
Book:Passer
Difficulty:Low
Page:39
Style:Application
Topic:ResearchMethods
APAGoal:2.2

36.

Ifaresearcherconductinganobservationalstudyofpeopleatashoppingmallismakinguseofan
unobtrusivemeasure,whichofthefollowingwillheNOThavetoworryabout?
a. Hewonthavetoworryaboutpotentialexperimenterexpectancyeffectscontaminatinghis
observations.
b. Hewonthavetobotherusingoperationaldefinitionstodefinethevariablesinwhichheisinterested.
c. Hewonthavetoworryaboutthegeneralizabilityofthefindingsfromhisstudy.
d. Hewonthavetoworryaboutthepeopleinthemallchangingtheirbehaviorbecausetheyknowthey
arebeingwatched.
Answer:d
Book:Passer
Difficulty:Medium
Page:39
Style:Comprehension
Topic:ResearchMethods
APAGoal:2.2

37.

Whichofthefollowingwouldbeconsideredanexampleofanarchivalmeasureofbehavior?
a. measuringdrivingpatternsbycountingthenumberofroadrageincidentsreportedinthenewspaper
b. measuringstressbytakingsomeonesbloodpressureandmonitoringthelevelsofstresshormonesin
theblood
c. measuringdepressionbyaskingapersontoindicatehowdepressedtheyareonaquestionnaire
d. measuringacademicbehaviorbyaskingaparenttodescribethestudyhabitsofherson
Answer:a

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Book:Passer
Difficulty:Medium
Page:39
Style:Application
Topic:ResearchMethods
APAGoal:2.2
38.

Asocialpsychologistisinterestedinstudyingaggressioninsportsfans.Hegoestovarioussportingevents
andkeepstrackofthenumberofaggressiveactsthatoccurbetweenfansusingawelldefinedcoding
system.Thispsychologistisusingwhichofthefollowingwaysofmeasuringbehavior?
a. selfreportmeasures
b. psychologicaltests
c. behavioralobservations
d. reportsbyothers
Answer:c
Book:Passer
Difficulty:Medium
Page:39
Style:Application
Topic:ResearchMethods
APAGoal:2.2

39.

Ayoungmanisinterestedinmakingagoodimpressionontheparentsofthepersonheiscurrentlydating.
Becauseofthis,whenhemeetsthemheoveremphasizeshisgoodqualitiesandignoresmanyofhis
shortcomings.Thismansbehaviorismostrelevanttowhichofthefollowingconcepts?
a. experimenterexpectancyeffects
b. thesocialdesirabilitybias
c. confoundingvariables
d. demandcharacteristics
Answer:b
Book:Passer
Difficulty:Medium
Page:3839
Style:Comprehension
Topic:ResearchMethods
APAGoal:2.2

40.

Imagineyouhavecreatedanewpersonalityquestionnaireandyouareworriedaboutsocialdesirability
influencingpeoplesresponses.Whichofthefollowingwouldminimizetheimpactofthispotential
problem?
a. makesurethatthesampleofpeoplecompletingthequestionnaireisrepresentative
b. userandomassignment
c. usethedoubleblindprocedure
d. havethepeoplecompletethequestionnaireanonymously
Answer:d
Book:Passer
Difficulty:Low
Page:39
Style:Application
Topic:ResearchMethods
APAGoal:2.2

11

41.

Ifyouareconductingresearchthatinvolvesmakingobservationsofpeoplesbehavior,onemajorissuethat
youwouldneedtobeconcernedaboutis:
a. thatpeoplemaybehavedifferentlywhentheyknowtheyarebeingwatched.
b. thatifyoudonothavearepresentativesample,thenyourobservationswillbeconfounded.
c. thatpeoplesbehaviorsoftendonothavegoodinternalvalidity.
d. thatyoumustconsideratleasttwodifferentvariablesinordertodrawcauseandeffectconclusions.
Answer:a
Book:Passer
Difficulty:Medium
Page:39
Style:Comprehension
Topic:ResearchMethods
APAGoal:2.2

42.

Researcherssometimesgatherinformationaboutpeoplesovertbehaviorsbyusing_____________,which
arepreexistingrecordsordocuments.
a. archivalrecords
b. physiologicalresponses
c. selfreportmeasures
d. randomsamples
Answer:a
Book:Passer
Difficulty:Low
Page:39
Style:Knowledge
Topic:ResearchMethods
APAGoal:2.2

43.

Inordertoassesstheeffectivenessofanewstatewideseatbeltlaw,researcherscollecteddatafromthe
DepartmentofTransportationregardingthenumberoftrafficfatalitiesinthelastyear.Thistypeof
measurementofbehavioriscalleda(n):
a. casestudy.
b. archivalrecord.
c. sample.
d. metaanalysis.
Answer:b
Book:Passer
Difficulty:Low
Page:39
Style:Application
Topic:ResearchMethods
APAGoal:2.2

44.

Whentheyknowthattheyarebeingobserved,peoplesometimeschangetheirbehavior.Tocounterthis
problem,psychologistswilloftenusewhatarecalled_______________,whichmonitorbehaviorsinaway
thatpeopleareunawarethattheyarebeingobserved.
a. hiddenmeasures
b. unintentionalmeasures
c. unobtrusivemeasures
d. subtlemeasures
Answer:c
Book:Passer
Difficulty:Medium

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Page:39
Style:Knowledge
Topic:ResearchMethods
APAGoal:2.2
45.

AcollegeadvisorinadormwantstoknowhowmuchTVstudentsinherdormarewatching,butshehas
noticedthatstudentstendtoleavetheTVroomwhenshecomesintoseewhoiswatching.Togetaround
thisproblem,shedecidestomeasurewearandtearontheTVremotecontrolasameasureofhowmuch
TVisbeingwatched.Likemanypsychologists,thisadvisorisusinga(n):
a. unobtrusivemeasure.
b. hypothesis.
c. doubleblindprocedure.
d. placebocontrolgroup.
Answer:a
Book:Passer
Difficulty:Medium
Page:39
Style:Application
Topic:ResearchMethods
APAGoal:2.2

46.

Amuseumisinterestedindeterminingwhichparticularpiecesofartarethemostpopularbutdoesntwant
todirectlyaskitspatrons.Instead,theheadofthemuseumdecidestokeeptrackofthewearonthecarpet
infrontofeachofthepieces,assumingthatthemorepopularpieceswillhavemoreworncarpetinfrontof
them.Thisparticularwayofmeasuringartpopularityismakinguseofa(n):
a. confoundingvariable.
b. placebo.
c. representativesample.
d. unobtrusivemeasure.
Answer:d
Book:Passer
Difficulty:Medium
Page:39
Style:Application
Topic:ResearchMethods
APAGoal:2.2

47.

WhichoneofthefollowingisNOToneofthefiveprinciplesoftheAPAethicscode?
a. responsibility
b. righttoprivacy
c. integrity
d. justice
Answer:b
Book:Passer
Difficulty:Low
Page:40
Style:Knowledge
Topic:ResearchMethods
APAGoal:2.5

48.

Theethicalstandardof___________referstohowparticipantsshouldbegivenfulldescriptionsaboutthe
proceduresinvolvedinastudyandtoldthattheyarefreetowithdrawfromastudyatanytime.
a. informedconsent

13

b. righttoprivacy
c. psychologicalrisk
d. socialrisk
Answer:a
Book:Passer
Difficulty:Low
Page:40
Style:Knowledge
Topic:ResearchMethods
APAGoal:2.5
49.

Theethicalguidelineofinformedconsentspecificallyassertsthat:
a. participantscanbedeceivedwhenitisethicallyjustifiedandnootheralternativesarefeasible.
b. participantsshouldbetoldofthekeyproceduresinastudyandtoldaboutanyrisksthatmaybe
involved.
c. deceptionisalwaysethicallyjustifiedandisapartofmostexperiments.
d. experimentersneedtobeinformedaboutsignificantresearchthathasalreadybeendoneintheir
researchareas.
Answer:b
Book:Passer
Difficulty:Low
Page:40
Style:Knowledge
Topic:ResearchMethods
APAGoal:2.5

50.

Considerationsaboutwhetherthesettingofanexperimentispublicorprivateandthemannerinwhich
informationgainedinanexperimentwillberecordedanddistributedaremostrelevanttowhichethical
area?
a. psychologicalrisk
b. socialrisk
c. therighttoprivacy
d. deception
Answer:c
Book:Passer
Difficulty:Low
Page:40
Style:Comprehension
Topic:ResearchMethods
APAGoal:2.5

51.

Whenparticipantsaremisledaboutthenatureofanexperiment,researchersrefertothisas:
a. adoubleblindprocedure.
b. anexpectancyeffect.
c. concealment.
d. deception.
Answer:d
Book:Passer
Difficulty:Low
Page:40
Style:Knowledge
Topic:ResearchMethods
APAGoal:2.5

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52.

Theprimaryreasonforusingdeceptioninpsychologicalresearchisthatsometimesitistheonlywayto
obtain:
a. arepresentativesample.
b. arandomsample.
c. naturalresponsesfromparticipants.
d. randomassignment.
Answer:c
Book:Passer
Difficulty:Low
Page:40
Style:Comprehension
Topic:ResearchMethods
APAGoal:2.5

53.

Deceptionisjustifiedinpsychologicalresearch:
a. wheneveraresearcherwouldliketouseit.
b. onlyiftherearenootheralternativesavailable.
c. onlyifthestudyhasbenefitsthatclearlyoutweighthecostsofusingdeception.
d. whentherearenootheralternativesavailableandthebenefitsofastudyusingdeceptionclearly
outweighthepotentialcostsassociatedwiththeuseofdeception.
Answer:d
Book:Passer
Difficulty:Low
Page:40
Style:Knowledge
Topic:ResearchMethods
APAGoal:2.5

54.

Aresearcherisdesigningastudyandisdebatingthepotentialuseofdeception.Afterdiscussingtheissue
withhercolleagues,itisdecidedthattherereallyisnoalternativemethodologythatshecouldusetotest
heridea.Inaddition,allofhercolleaguesagreethatthecostofusingdeceptioninherstudywouldstrongly
outweighanypositivebenefitsthatwouldbegainedfromthestudy.Giventhisinformation,whichofthe
followingstatementsisTRUE?
a. Theuseofdeceptioninthisstudyisnotethicallyjustified.
b. Theuseofdeceptioninthisstudyisethicallyjustified.
c. Theuseofdeceptioninthisstudyisethicallyjustifiedonlyifshedoesnottellherparticipantsabout
thedeceptionafterthestudyisover.
d. Theuseofdeceptioninthisstudyisethicallyjustifiedonlyifsheusesthedoubleblindprocedure.
Answer:a
Book:Passer
Difficulty:High
Page:40
Style:Application
Topic:ResearchMethods
APAGoal:2.5

55.

Ethicalguidelinesforthetreatmentofanimalsinaresearchstatethatifthereareexperimentalrisksfor
animals,theserisksneedtobejustifiedbytheimportanceoftheresearch.However,aproblemassociated
withthisguidelineisthat:
a. themajorityofpsychologistsfeelthatanimalresearchisunethicalandunnecessary.
b. thereareadditionalpsychologicalethicalguidelineswhichprohibitallanimalresearch.
c. itisoftendifficulttomakethedeterminationofwhatisjustified.

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d. themajorityofresearchdonewithanimalshasnobenefitforhumans.
Answer:c
Book:Passer
Difficulty:Low
Page:41
Style:Comprehension
Topic:ResearchMethods
APAGoal:2.5
56.

WhichofthefollowingstatementsregardinganimalresearchisTRUE?
a. Animalresearchhassignificantlyincreasedinrecentyears.
b. Animalresearchhasdeclinedslightlyinrecentyears.
c. AccordingtoAmericanPsychologicalAssociationstandards,allanimalresearchisunethical.
d. Mostpsychologistsandcollegepsychologymajorsopposeanimalresearch.
Answer:b
Book:Passer
Difficulty:Low
Page:41
Style:Knowledge
Topic:ResearchMethods
APAGoal:2.5

57.

Thecasestudyisanexampleofwhichkindofresearchmethod?
a. descriptiveresearch
b. correlationalresearch
c. experimentalresearch
d. hypotheticalresearch
Answer:a
Book:Passer
Difficulty:Low
Page:42
Style:Knowledge
Topic:ResearchMethods
APAGoal:2.2

58.

A________________isanindepthstudyofanindividual,group,orevent.
a. naturalisticobservation
b. survey
c. casestudy
d. correlationalstudy
Answer:c
Book:Passer
Difficulty:Low
Page:42
Style:Knowledge
Topic:ResearchMethods
APAGoal:2

59.

Whichofthefollowingwouldspecificallybeanadvantageofthecasestudymethodofresearch?
a. Casestudiesgenerallyarenotsusceptibletoexperimenterexpectancyeffects.
b. Casestudiesareagoodmethodforstudyingrareevents.
c. Casestudiesareveryusefulfordeterminingcauseeffectrelationships.
d. Casestudiesgenerallyarenotvulnerabletoexperimentalconfounds.

16

Answer:b
Book:Passer
Difficulty:Medium
Page:4243
Style:Comprehension
Topic:ResearchMethods
APAGoal:2.2
60.

Animportantlimitationofthecasestudyresearchmethodisthatit:
a. isapoormethodfordeterminingcauseeffectrelationships.
b. tendstobeapoorsourcefornewideasandhypotheses.
c. isapoormethodforstudyingrareeventsorpeople.
d. tendstohavehighexternalvalidity.
Answer:a
Book:Passer
Difficulty:Low
Page:4243
Style:Comprehension
Topic:ResearchMethods
APAGoal:2.2

61.

Whichofthefollowingisadisadvantageofthecasestudyresearchmethod?
a. Asinglecasestudycannotbeusedtorefuteorchallengeatheory.
b. Casestudiesoftenhavehighinternalvalidity.
c. Casestudiesoftenhavequestionablegeneralizability.
d. Acasestudyisapoormethodforstudyingrareeventsorpeople.
Answer:c
Book:Passer
Difficulty:Low
Page:43
Style:Knowledge
Topic:ResearchMethods
APAGoal:2.2

62.

In________________,theresearcherobservesbehaviorasitoccursinanormalortypicalsetting.
a. surveyresearch
b. acasestudy
c. correlationalresearch
d. naturalisticobservation
Answer:d
Book:Passer
Difficulty:Low
Page:45
Style:Knowledge
Topic:ResearchMethods
APAGoal:2.2

63.

Aspartofaclassonanimallearning,studentsaresenttoalocalparkandareaskedtowatchandrecordthe
feedingbehaviorofthecrowsthere.Thesestudentsareengagedinwhichmethodofresearch?
a. acasestudy
b. naturalisticobservation
c. asurvey
d. anexperiment

17

Answer:b
Book:Passer
Difficulty:Low
Page:43
Style:Application
Topic:ResearchMethods
APAGoal:2.4
64.

Inordertolearnaboutthesocialbehaviorofchildren,adevelopmentalpsychologistgoestoanelementary
school,findsaseatnearoneofthewindowsinaclassroom,andwatchesthechildrenplayingonthe
playgroundoutsideduringrecess.Thispsychologistisengagedinwhichmethodofresearch?
a. naturalisticobservation
b. correlationalresearch
c. acasestudy
d. experimentresearch
Answer:a
Book:Passer
Difficulty:Low
Page:43
Style:Application
Topic:ResearchMethods
APAGoal:2.4

65.

Animportantadvantageofnaturalisticobservationisthat:
a. itcanprovideimportantinformationoncauseeffectrelationships.
b. itcanmoreeasilybeincorporatedintometaanalyses.
c. itcanprovidedetailedinformationonnaturallyoccurringbehavior.
d. ittendstohavelowexternalvalidity.
Answer:c
Book:Passer
Difficulty:Low
Page:43
Style:Comprehension
Topic:ResearchMethods
APAGoal:2.2

66.

Casestudiesandnaturalisticobservationsaresimilarresearchmethodologiesinthat:
a. theyarebothspecifictypesofexperimentalresearch.
b. theybothfrequentlymakeuseofunobtrusivemeasurement.
c. neitherofthemaresusceptibletoexperimenterexpectancyeffects.
d. neitherofthemiswellsuitedformakingcauseandeffectinterpretations.
Answer:d
Book:Passer
Difficulty:Medium
Page:4344
Style:Comprehension
Topic:ResearchMethods
APAGoal:2.2

67.

WhichofthefollowingstatementsaboutnaturalisticobservationsisTRUE?
a. Naturalisticobservationsoftenmakeuseofthedoubleblindprocedure.
b. Itisdifficulttomakecausalconclusionsbasedonnaturalisticobservations.
c. Naturalisticobservationstendtohavelowexternalvalidity.

18

d. Naturalisticobservationstendtohavemoreindependentthandependentvariables.
Answer:b
Book:Passer
Difficulty:Low
Page:43
Style:Comprehension
Topic:ResearchMethods
APAGoal:2.2
68.

Initially,peopleoranimalsmaybehavedifferentlyiftheyarebeingwatched,but,overtime,theybecome
acclimatedtothepresenceofanobserverandtheirbehaviorreturnstonormal.Thisprocessisspecifically
referredtoas:
a. adaptation.
b. naturalization.
c. adjustment.
d. habituation.
Answer:d
Book:Passer
Difficulty:Low
Page:44
Style:Comprehension
Topic:ResearchMethods
APAGoal:2.4

69.

Whichofthefollowingwouldbeapotentiallimitationofnaturalisticobservation?
a. Theobserverspresencemaydisruptorinfluencethebehaviorofthepersonoranimaltheyare
watching.
b. Naturalisticobservationmakesimproperuseofrandomassignment.
c. Thesettingsinwhichnaturalisticobservationstypicallyoccurtendtohavelowexternalvalidity.
d. Naturalisticobservationreliestooheavilyontheuseofarchivalmeasures.
Answer:a
Book:Passer
Difficulty:Medium
Page:4344
Style:Comprehension
Topic:ResearchMethods
APAGoal:2.2

70.

In_______________,informationaboutanareaofinterestisgainedbyadministeringquestionnairesor
interviewstomanypeople.
a. casestudies
b. naturalisticobservations
c. surveyresearch
d. experimentalresearch
Answer:c
Book:Passer
Difficulty:Low
Page:44
Style:Knowledge
Topic:ResearchMethods
APAGoal:2.2

19

71.

Inordertoestimatetheresultsinalocalelection,apollstercontactsaselectgroupofpeopleandasksthem
howtheyvoted.Thepollsterisusingwhichofthefollowingresearchmethods?
a. correlationalresearch
b. surveyresearch
c. thecasestudymethod
d. naturalisticobservation
Answer:b
Book:Passer
Difficulty:Low
Page:44
Style:Application
Topic:ResearchMethods
APAGoal:2.4

72.

Insurveyresearch,apopulationisdefinedas:
a. thenumberofpeopleweselecttobeinasurvey.
b. thenumberofpeoplewhoactuallycompleteasurvey.
c. anindividualparticipantinasample.
d. allindividualsthatweareinterestedindrawingconclusionsabout.
Answer:d
Book:Passer
Difficulty:Low
Page:44
Style:Knowledge
Topic:ResearchMethods
APAGoal:2.2

73.

Whichofthefollowingcorrectlydefinesthetermsample,asitisusedinsurveyresearch?
a. asubsetofindividualsdrawnfromtheentiregroupinwhichweareinterested
b. alltheindividualsweareinterestedindrawingconclusionsabout
c. allthemembersofanyexperimentalorcontrolgroup
d. apreliminarysurveydesignedtodeterminewhetherthereareanyproblemswithit
Answer:a
Book:Passer
Difficulty:Low
Page:44
Style:Knowledge
Topic:ResearchMethods
APAGoal:2.2

74.

Anadvantageofsurveyresearchisthatit:
a. allowsustomakeinferencesregardingcauseeffectrelations.
b. isanefficientwaytogatherinformationaboutpeoplesopinionsandlifestyles.
c. isusuallyconductedwithoutpeopleknowingthattheyarebeingobserved.
d. isunusuallyeffectiveatreducingtheplaceboeffect.
Answer:b
Book:Passer
Difficulty:Low
Page:45
Style:Comprehension
Topic:ResearchMethods
APAGoal:2.2

20

75.

Whileconductingasurveyinterview,aparticipantbecomesslightlyembarrassedanddecidestoanswerthe
questionsinsuchawayastomakehimselflookmorefriendlyandacceptabletotheinterviewer.The
participantdoesthisonhisownandisNOTrespondingtoanycuestheinterviewerisproviding.This
examplemostclearlydemonstrateswhichlimitationofsurveyresearch?
a. experimentereffects
b. demandcharacteristics
c. thesocialdesirabilitybias
d. randomsampling
Answer:c
Book:Passer
Difficulty:Medium
Page:45
Style:Application
Topic:ResearchMethods
APAGoal:2.2

76.

Ifasampleinasurveyaccuratelyreflectstheimportantcharacteristicsofthepopulationfromwhichitis
drawn(e.g.,thesamplehas53%womenandthepopulationhas53%women),thesampleissaidtobe:
a. arandomsample.
b. arepresentativesample.
c. randomlyassigned.
d. internallyvalid.
Answer:b
Book:Passer
Difficulty:Medium
Page:44
Style:Knowledge
Topic:ResearchMethods
APAGoal:2.4

77.

Withregardtosurveyresearchitcanbesaidthat:
a. itisbettertohaveasmallersamplethanalargersample.
b. itisbettertohavealargerunrepresentativesamplethanasmallerrepresentativesample.
c. itisbettertohaveasmallerrepresentativesamplethanalargerunrepresentativesample.
d. itisbettertohaveaninternallyvalidsamplethananexternallyvalidsample.
Answer:c
Book:Passer
Difficulty:Low
Page:44
Style:Comprehension
Topic:ResearchMethods
APAGoal:2.4

78.

Dr.Jonesisinterestedinconductingasurveyofallthecollegestudentsatheruniversity.Sheiscareful
whenconductingherresearchtomakesurethateachstudentoncampushasanequalchanceof
participatinginhersurvey.Tocreatehersurveysample,Dr.Jonesisusing:
a. randomsampling.
b. metaanalysis.
c. randomassignment.
d. anoperationaldefinition.
Answer:a
Book:Passer
Difficulty:Medium

21

Page:45
Style:Application
Topic:ResearchMethods
APAGoal:2.4
79.

Assumethatyouarearesearcherconductingasurvey.Whichofthefollowingstepswouldbemost
importantifyouwantedtoensurethatthesampleinyoursurveyisrepresentative?
a. Userandomassignmenttocreateyoursample.
b. Useunobtrusivemeasuresofbehavior.
c. Userandomsamplingtocreateyoursample.
d. Useaplacebocontrolgroupinyoursurvey.
Answer:c
Book:Passer
Difficulty:Low
Page:45
Style:Comprehension
Topic:ResearchMethods
APAGoal:2.4

80.

Aresearcherisexaminingtherelationbetweentwovariables:variableXandvariableY.Ifsheis
conductingacorrelationalstudy,theresearcher____________variableXand____________variableY.
a. manipulates;manipulates
b. manipulates;measures
c. measures;manipulates
d. measures;measures
Answer:d
Book:Passer
Difficulty:Medium
Page:45
Style:Knowledge
Topic:ResearchMethods
APAGoal:2.2

81.

Whichofthefollowinggoalsisbestsuitedtocorrelationalresearch?
a. todeterminecauseeffectrelations
b. togatherdetailedinformationaboutasinglevariable
c. toexamineassociationsbetweenseveralvariables
d. toobservebehaviorinnaturalsettings
Answer:c
Book:Passer
Difficulty:Low
Page:45
Style:Comprehension
Topic:ResearchMethods
APAGoal:2.2

82.

Dr.Littlehasheardthatpeopletendtobecomemorepoliticallyconservativeastheygetolder.Shedecides
toconductastudytoseeifthisistrue.Sheconductsatelephonesurveyinwhichsheasksparticipantstheir
ageandpoliticalidentification.Shethenusesstatisticstodeterminewhetherthereisarelationbetween
thesetwovariables.WhichofthefollowingresearchdesignsbestdescribesDr.Littlesresearch?
a. experimentalresearch
b. correlationalresearch
c. naturalisticobservation

22

d. behavioralobservation
Answer:b
Book:Passer
Difficulty:Medium
Page:45
Style:Application
Topic:ResearchMethods
APAGoal:2.4
83.

Itisdifficulttodrawcausalinferencesincorrelationalresearchbecause:
a. incorrelationalresearchweonlymanipulatethevariables.
b. placeboeffectsactasconfoundingvariables.
c. thesocialdesirabilitybiasinvalidatesanycausalconclusions.
d. weoftencanttellwhichvariablecausestheother.
Answer:d
Book:Passer
Difficulty:Low
Page:47
Style:Comprehension
Topic:ResearchMethods
APAGoal:2.3

84.

Apsychologistnotesthatthereisacorrelationbetweenphysicalhealthandthenumberofvacationsthata
persontakes.Peoplewhotakemorevacationstendtohavebetterphysicalhealth.Thepsychologist
suggeststhatpeopleshouldtakemorevacationstoimprovetheirphysicalhealth.Afterthinkingaboutthis
result,yourealizethatthisassociationmaybearesultofathirdfactor:income.Peoplewithmoreincome
canaffordmorevacationsandcanaffordbetterhealthcare.Thisexplanationbestillustrateswhich
limitationofcorrelationalresearch?
a. thebidirectionalcausalityproblem
b. thethirdvariableproblem
c. theplaceboeffect
d. experimenterexpectancyeffects
Answer:b
Book:Passer
Difficulty:High
Page:47
Style:Comprehension
Topic:ResearchMethods
APAGoal:2.3

85.

Dr.Gonzalezhasjustcompletedacorrelationalstudyinwhichhefoundastrongassociationbetween
parentalexpectationsandchildacademicachievement.Inotherwords,childrenwhoperformwellinschool
tendtohaveparentswhohavehighexpectationsofthem.However,Dr.Gonzalezcanttellwhichvariable
causestheother.Itmaybethathighexpectationscausechildrentoperformbetter,butitmaybethat
childrenwhoperformbetterinschoolcausetheirparentstohavehigherexpectations.Thisparticular
problemisknownas:
a. thebidirectionalcausalityproblem.
b. thethirdvariableproblem.
c. poorexternalvalidity.
d. theexperimenterexpectancyeffect.
Answer:a
Book:Passer
Difficulty:High

23

Page:47
Style:Application
Topic:ResearchMethods
APAGoal:2.3
86.

Youstudy100childrenforamonth,measuringhowmuchTVtheywatchandhowmanyaggressiveacts
theyperform.YoufindthatTVwatchingandaggressionarehighlyandpositivelycorrelated.Basedonthis
study,you:
a. canconcludethatwatchingTVcausedchildrentobehavemoreaggressively.
b. canconcludethatanaggressivepersonalitycauseschildrentowatchmoreTV.
c. canconcludethatTVwatchingandaggressionarecausallyrelated,althoughyoucanttellwhich
causeswhich.
d. cannotdrawanycausalconclusionsabouttherelationbetweenTVwatchingandaggression.
Answer:d
Book:Passer
Difficulty:Medium
Page:47
Style:Comprehension
Topic:ResearchMethods
APAGoal:2.3

87.

A(n)_____________isastatisticthatindicatesthestrengthanddirectionofarelationbetweentwo
variables.
a. relationcoefficient
b. associationcoefficient
c. correlationcoefficient
d. causalitycoefficient
Answer:c
Book:Passer
Difficulty:Low
Page:47
Style:Knowledge
Topic:ResearchMethods
APAGoal:2.3

88.

Whichofthefollowingwouldbemostusefulinhelpingyoudetermineiftwovariablesareassociatedwith
oneanother?
a. anunobtrusivemeasureofbehavior
b. agoodoperationaldefinition
c. arepresentativesample
d. ascatterplot
Answer:d
Book:Passer
Difficulty:Low
Page:48
Style:Comprehension
Topic:ResearchMethods
APAGoal:2.3

89.

Inanegativecorrelation,___________scoresononevariableareassociatedwith____________scoreson
asecondvariable.
a. lower;lower
b. higher;lower

24

c. lower;random
d. higher;higher
Answer:b
Book:Passer
Difficulty:Low
Page:4748
Style:Comprehension
Topic:ResearchMethods
APAGoal:2.3
90.

Dr.Lahoreisapsychologistwhoisinvestigatingtherelationbetweenstressandillness.Inherresearch,
shehasobservedthatasstressincreases,theoccurrenceofphysicalillnessalsotendstoincrease.The
associationbetweenthesetwovariablesisanexampleof:
a. apositivecorrelation.
b. anegativecorrelation.
c. zerocorrelation.
d. randomcorrelation.
Answer:a
Book:Passer
Difficulty:Medium
Page:47
Style:Application
Topic:ResearchMethods
APAGoal:2.3

91.

Aclinicalpsychologisthasobservedthatthereappearstobeanassociationbetweenparentalangerand
childhoodselfesteem.Inparticular,parentswhoscorehigheronratingsofangerandhostilitytendtohave
childrenwhohavelowerselfesteem.Ifthispsychologistsimpressionsarecorrect,therelationbetween
parentalangerandchildhoodselfesteemwouldbeanexampleof:
a. apositivecorrelation.
b. zerocorrelation.
c. anegativecorrelation.
d. randomcorrelation.
Answer:c
Book:Passer
Difficulty:Medium
Page:47
Style:Application
Topic:ResearchMethods
APAGoal:2.3

92.

Theplusorminussign(+/)onthecorrelationcoefficientreflects:
a. thestrengthoftheassociation.
b. thedirectionoftheassociation.
c. themagnitudeoftheassociation.
d. thevalidityoftheassociation.
Answer:b
Book:Passer
Difficulty:Low
Page:47
Style:Knowledge
Topic:ResearchMethods
APAGoal:2.3

25

93.

Thesizeorabsolutevalueofthecorrelationcoefficienttellsus:
a. thestrengthoftheassociation.
b. themeaningfulnessoftheassociation.
c. thedirectionoftheassociation.
d. therandomnessoftheassociation.
Answer:a
Book:Passer
Difficulty:Low
Page:4748
Style:Knowledge
Topic:ResearchMethods
APAGoal:2.3

94.

WhichofthefollowingstatementsregardingcorrelationcoefficientsisFALSE?
a. Acorrelationof.75indicatesastrongerassociationthanacorrelationof.50.
b. Acorrelationof.75indicatesastrongerassociationthanacorrelationof.50.
c. Acorrelationof.75indicatesastrongerassociationthanacorrelationof.50.
d. Acorrelationof.50indicatesastrongerassociationthanacorrelationof.75.
Answer:d
Book:Passer
Difficulty:Medium
Page:4748
Style:Comprehension
Topic:ResearchMethods
APAGoal:2.3

95.

A(n)___________isagraphusedtographicallyrepresentacorrelationbetweentwovariables.
a. scattergram
b. scatterplot
c. correlationmap
d. associationchart
Answer:b
Book:Passer
Difficulty:Low
Page:48
Style:Knowledge
Topic:ResearchMethods
APAGoal:2.3

96.

Oneoftheimportantadvantagesofcorrelationalresearchisthat:
a. itcanbeusedtoinfercausalrelations.
b. itisnotsusceptibletothesocialdesirabilitybias.
c. itcanbeusedtomakepredictions.
d. ittendstohavehigherinternalvaliditythandootherresearchmethods.
Answer:c
Book:Passer
Difficulty:Low
Page:48
Style:Comprehension
Topic:ResearchMethods
APAGoal:2.2

26

97.

Assumethatthereisastrongnegativecorrelationbetweentwovariables:variable1andvariable2.Ifyou
knowthatapersonsscoreonvariable1islow,whatwouldbeyourbestpredictionforthepersonsscore
onvariable2?
a. Thepersonsscoreonvariable2shouldalsobelow.
b. Thepersonsscoreonvariable2shouldbehigh.
c. Thepersonsscoreonvariable2shouldbeaverage.
d. Thepersonsscoreonvariable2shouldbezero.
Answer:b
Book:Passer
Difficulty:Medium
Page:48
Style:Application
Topic:ResearchMethods
APAGoal:2.2

98.

Assumethatthereisastrongpositivecorrelationbetweentwovariables:variableAandvariableB.Ifyou
knowthatapersonsscoreonvariableAislow,whatwouldbeyourbestpredictionforthepersonsscore
onvariableB?
a. ThepersonsscoreonvariableBshouldalsobelow.
b. ThepersonsscoreonvariableBshouldbehigh.
c. ThepersonsscoreonvariableBshouldbeaverage.
d. WecantaccuratelypredictwhatthescoreonvariableBshouldbe.
Answer:a
Book:Passer
Difficulty:Medium
Page:48
Style:Application
Topic:ResearchMethods
APAGoal:2.2

99.

Inexperimentalresearch,theresearcher______________theindependentvariableand
_________________thedependentvariable.
a. manipulates;manipulates
b. manipulates;measures
c. measures;manipulates
d. measures;measures
Answer:b
Book:Passer
Difficulty:Low
Page:49
Style:Knowledge
Topic:ResearchMethods
APAGoal:2.2

100.

Thelogicbehindmostexperimentalresearchcontainsthreeessentialsteps:manipulateonevariable,
measurewhetherthismanipulationaffectsanothervariable,and:
a. interpretthecorrelationbetweenthetwovariables.
b. attempttomanipulateotherfactors.
c. attempttocontrolorholdconstantotherfactors.
d. userandomsampling.
Answer:c
Book:Passer
Difficulty:Medium

27

Page:49
Style:Knowledge
Topic:ResearchMethods
APAGoal:2.2
101.

Whatarethethreeessentialcharacteristicsofexperimentation?
a. measureonevariable,measureanothervariable,examinecorrelationbetweenthetwovariables
b. manipulateonevariable,measureanothervariable,attempttocontrolotherfactors
c. manipulateonevariable,manipulateanothervariable,examinecorrelationbetweenthetwovariables
d. manipulateonevariable,manipulateanothervariable,attempttocontrolotherfactors
Answer:b
Book:Passer
Difficulty:Medium
Page:49
Style:Knowledge
Topic:ResearchMethods
APAGoal:2.2

102.

Oneoftheessentialfeaturesoftrueexperimentsisthat:
a. participantsinallconditionsaretreatedexactlythesame.
b. exceptforthemeasurementofthedependentvariable,participantsinallconditionsaretreatedthe
same.
c. exceptforthemanipulationoftheindependentvariable,participantsinallconditionsaretreatedthe
same.
d. exceptfortheuseofrandomselection,participantsinallconditionsaretreatedthesame.
Answer:c
Book:Passer
Difficulty:Low
Page:49
Style:Comprehension
Topic:ResearchMethods
APAGoal:2.2

103.

Oneoftheessentialdifferencesbetweenexperimentalresearchandcorrelationalresearchisthat:
a. inexperimentalresearchallvariablesaremeasured,whereasincorrelationalresearchatleastone
variableismanipulated.
b. incorrelationalresearchallvariablesaremeasured,whereasinexperimentalresearchatleastone
variableismanipulated.
c. experimentalresearchtendstouserandomsampling,whereascorrelationalresearchtendstouse
randomassignment.
d. experimentalresearchtendstohavehigherexternalvaliditythancorrelationalresearch.
Answer:b
Book:Passer
Difficulty:Medium
Page:49
Style:Comprehension
Topic:ResearchMethods
APAGoal:2.4

104.

Whichofthefollowingstatementsregardingthedifferencesbetweenexperimentalandcorrelational
researchisTRUE?
a. Correlationalresearchtendstotakeplaceinthelaboratory,whereasexperimentalresearchusually
studiesbehaviorsinmorenaturalcontexts.

28

b. Correlationalresearchisbettersuitedforexaminingcauseeffectrelationsthanisexperimental
research.
c. Experimentalresearchusesrandomassignment,whereascorrelationalresearchdoesnot.
d. Experimentalresearchonlymeasuresvariables,whereascorrelationalresearchmanipulatesatleastone
variable.
Answer:c
Book:Passer
Difficulty:Low
Page:49
Style:Comprehension
Topic:ResearchMethods
APAGoal:2.4
105.

Whichofthefollowingstatementsregardingthedifferencesbetweenexperimentalandcorrelational
researchisFALSE?
a. Correlationalresearchmakesmoreuseofrandomassignmentthandoesexperimentalresearch.
b. Causalexplanationscanbemadewithappropriateexperimentalresearch,butnotwithcorrelational
research.
c. Inexperimentalresearch,atleastonevariableismeasured,whereasincorrelationalresearch,all
variablesaremeasured.
d. Correlationalresearchersarenotabletokeepextraneousfactorsconstantthewaythatexperimental
researcherscan.
Answer:a
Book:Passer
Difficulty:Medium
Page:49
Style:Comprehension
Topic:ResearchMethods
APAGoal:2.4

106.

Inexperimentalresearch,the_______________variableisthevariablethatismanipulatedbythe
experimenter.
a. independent
b. dependent
c. operational
d. random
Answer:a
Book:Passer
Difficulty:Low
Page:49
Style:Knowledge
Topic:ResearchMethods
APAGoal:2.2

107.

Whichoffollowingmostaccuratelydescribesthedistinctionbetweenindependentanddependent
variables?
a. Researcherslookfortheeffectofthedependentvariableontheindependentvariable.
b. Researcherslookforthecorrelationbetweentheindependentanddependentvariables.
c. Thedependentvariabledependsupontheindependentvariable.
d. Theindependentvariabledependsuponthedependentvariable.
Answer:c
Book:Passer
Difficulty:Medium

29

Page:4950
Style:Comprehension
Topic:ResearchMethods
APAGoal:2.2
108.

AneducationalpsychologistwantstostudytheeffectivenessofusingtheInternetasawayoftaking
academicclasses.Shedesignsastudyinwhichonegroupofstudentsisassignedtotakeacourseina
standardclassroomwithaliveinstructor.Anothergroupofstudentsisassignedtotakethesamecourse
overtheInternet.Thepsychologistthencomparesthecoursegradesforstudentsineachofthetwogroups.
Inthiscase,theinstructiongroup(regularclassvs.Internetclass)wouldbeconsideredthe:
a. dependentvariable.
b. correlationalvariable.
c. confoundingvariable.
d. independentvariable.
Answer:d
Book:Passer
Difficulty:Medium
Page:49
Style:Application
Topic:ResearchMethods
APAGoal:2.4

109.

Dr.Whitewantstolookattheimpactoffailureonselfesteem.Hedesignsanexperimentinwhichhalfof
theparticipantsareledtobelievethattheyhavefailedonanambiguoustask,whereastheotherhalfofthe
participantsaretoldthattheyhavesucceeded.Dr.Whitethenhasthepeopleinhisstudycompletea
questionnairemeasuringselfesteemandhelookstoseeifthereareanydifferencesbetweenthesuccess
andfailuregroups.Inthisexample,selfesteemwouldbeconsideredthe:
a. dependentvariable.
b. independentvariable.
c. placebovariable.
d. confoundingvariable.
Answer:a
Book:Passer
Difficulty:Medium
Page:50
Style:Application
Topic:ResearchMethods
APAGoal:2.4

110.

Astressresearcherwantstolookattheeffectofmeditationonanxiety.Todothis,shecreatestwogroups
ofsubjects:onegroupreceivesinstructioninmeditation,whereastheotherreceivesnotrainingatall.One
monthlater,shehassubjectscompleteaquestionnairedesignedtomeasureanxietyandshelookstosee
whetherthereareanydifferencesinanxietybetweenthetwogroups.Inthisexperiment,themeditation
condition(meditationvs.nomeditation)wouldbethe_____________variableandanxietywouldbethe
_____________variable.
a. dependent;dependent
b. independent;dependent
c. dependent;independent
d. independent;independent
Answer:b
Book:Passer
Difficulty:Medium
Page:4950

30

Style:Application
Topic:ResearchMethods
APAGoal:2.4
111.

Aresearcherisinterestedininterpersonalattractionandthefactorsthataffectit.Shedesignsastudyin
whichshelooksattheeffectofsimilarityandsocialwarmthoninterpersonalattraction.Participantsinher
studymeetatargetpersonwhoeitherisorisnotsimilartotheparticipant(thesimilarityvariable)andwho
iseitherfriendlyorisaloof(thesocialwarmthvariable).Afterinteractingwiththetargetpersonunder
theseconditions,participantsarethenaskedtoratehowattractivetheythinkthetargetpersonis.Inthis
study,similarityandsocialwarmtharethe___________variablesandinterpersonalattractionisthe
___________variable.
a. independent;dependent
b. dependent;independent
c. confounding;dependent
d. independent;confounding
Answer:a
Book:Passer
Difficulty:High
Page:4950
Style:Application
Topic:ResearchMethods
APAGoal:2.4

112.

Inanexperiment,a______________isdefinedasagroupthatisnotexposedtothetreatmentorthat
receivesazeroleveloftheindependentvariable.
a. contrastgroup
b. experimentalgroup
c. checkgroup
d. controlgroup
Answer:d
Book:Passer
Difficulty:Medium
Page:50
Style:Knowledge
Topic:ResearchMethods
APAGoal:2.2

113.

Controlgroupsareimportantinexperimentsbecause:
a. theymakecalculationsofthecorrelationcoefficientpossible.
b. theyprovideastandardofcomparisonfortheexperimentalgroup.
c. theyprovideneededconfoundingvariables.
d. theydecreaseinternalvalidityandexternalvalidity.
Answer:b
Book:Passer
Difficulty:Low
Page:50
Style:Comprehension
Topic:ResearchMethods
APAGoal:2.2

114.

Ananimalresearcherisstudyingtheeffectofanewdrugonthememoryofmice.Onegroupofmice
receivesthedrug,whereasasecondgroupdoesnot.Thememoryofthemiceisthentestedbyhowquickly

31

theycannegotiateamaze.Inthisexample,thegroupofmicethatdoesNOTreceivethedrugwouldbe
consideredthe:
a. experimentalgroup.
b. correlationalgroup.
c. controlgroup.
d. confoundinggroup.
Answer:c
Book:Passer
Difficulty:Medium
Page:50
Style:Application
Topic:ResearchMethods
APAGoal:2.4
115.

Aclinicalpsychologisthasdevelopedanewformofpsychotherapytotreataparticularpersonality
disorder.Inordertotestitseffectiveness,agroupofpeoplewiththepersonalitydisorderisselectedto
receivethetherapyfor8weeks.Asecondgroupofpeoplewiththedisorderisalsocreated,butthisgroup
receivesnotherapyatall.Attheendofthe8weeks,thementalhealthofpeopleinbothgroupsisassessed
toevaluatethenewpsychotherapy.Inthisstudy,thepeoplewhodidNOTreceiveanytherapywouldbein
the:
a. experimentalgroup.
b. controlgroup.
c. randomgroup.
d. samplegroup.
Answer:b
Book:Passer
Difficulty:High
Page:50
Style:Application
Topic:ResearchMethods
APAGoal:2.4

116.

Intrueexperiments,____________isimportantbecauseitallowsapropercomparisonbetweengroupsto
bemade.
a. acontrolgroup
b. randomselection
c. arepresentativesample
d. aconfoundingvariable
Answer:a
Book:Passer
Difficulty:Low
Page:50
Style:Comprehension
Topic:ResearchMethods
APAGoal:2.2

117.

Ifyouareaparticipantinanexperimentalstudy,theprocedurethatensuresthatyouhaveanequalchance
ofbeinginanygrouporconditionwithintheexperimentiscalled:
a. randomsampling.
b. randomchoice.
c. randomassortment.
d. randomassignment.
Answer:d

32

Book:Passer
Difficulty:Low
Page:50
Style:Knowledge
Topic:ResearchMethods
APAGoal:2.2
118.

Insurveyresearch,_____________istypicallyusedtoensurethatasampleisrepresentative,whereasin
experiments,_____________isusedtobalancedifferencesbetweensubjectsacrossthevarious
experimentalgroups.
a. randomsampling;randomassignment
b. randomassignment;randomsampling
c. randomsampling;randomappointment
d. randomappointment;randomassignment
Answer:a
Book:Passer
Difficulty:Medium
Page:50
Style:Comprehension
Topic:ResearchMethods
APAGoal:2.4

119.

Dr.Junisconductinganexperimentthathastwoexperimentalgroups.Inordertocontrolfordifferences
betweenhersubjects,sheflipsacoinanduseschancetodeterminewhichsubjectsbelonginwhichgroup.
TheprocedurethatDr.Junisusingtoplaceparticipantsinthevariousgroupsiscalled:
a. randomsampling.
b. randomassignment.
c. randomgrouping.
d. randomchoice.
Answer:b
Book:Passer
Difficulty:Medium
Page:50
Style:Application
Topic:ResearchMethods
APAGoal:2.4

120.

Randomassignmentisimportantinexperimentsbecause:
a. iteliminatesexperimenterexpectancyeffects.
b. itensuresthatthesamplesarerepresentativeofthepopulation.
c. itmagnifiesthevalidityoftheoperationaldefinitionsusedinthestudy.
d. itbalancesdifferencesbetweenparticipantsacrossexperimentalgroups.
Answer:d
Book:Passer
Difficulty:Low
Page:50
Style:Comprehension
Topic:ResearchMethods
APAGoal:2.2

121.

Inexperiments,researchersoftenuserandomassignmenttoassignparticipantstothevariousgroupsor
conditionsintheirexperiments.Analternativetorandomassignmentistodesignthestudyinsuchaway
thateachparticipant:

33

a. isexposedtoallconditionsintheexperiment.
b. isequallylikelytoendupinanyoneoftheexperimentalconditions.
c. israndomlysampled.
d. isabletoprovidethisorherownindependentanddependentvariables.
Answer:a
Book:Passer
Difficulty:Medium
Page:51
Style:Comprehension
Topic:ResearchMethods
APAGoal:2.4
122.

Dr.Williamsisconductinganexperimentanddecidestouseadesignwhereeachparticipantwillbe
exposedtoalloftheconditionsinherstudy.Indesigningherstudy,Dr.Williamsis:
a. makinguseofrandomassignment.
b. makinguseofanalternativetorandomassignment.
c. usingthedoubleblindprocedure.
d. controllingtheplaceboeffect.
Answer:b
Book:Passer
Difficulty:Low
Page:5051
Style:Application
Topic:ResearchMethods
APAGoal:2.4

123.

Asanalternativetorandomassignment,researcherswillsometimesdesignexperimentswhereeach
participantisexposedtoallconditionsorgroupsinanexperiment.Thissecondprocedurecontrolsfor
differencesbetweenindividualparticipantsby:
a. balancingthesedifferencesbetweentheconditionsorgroups.
b. holdingthesedifferencesconstant.
c. makinguseofthedoubleblindprocedure.
d. increasingexternalvalidity.
Answer:b
Book:Passer
Difficulty:Medium
Page:5051
Style:Comprehension
Topic:ResearchMethods
APAGoal:2.2

124.

Randomassignmentcontrolsforimportantdifferencesbetweenindividualparticipantsby____________.
Thisisincontrasttodesignsinwhicheachparticipantisexposedtoeachconditionorgroupinan
experiment.Theselatterdesignscontrolforindividualdifferencesby___________.
a. balancingthem;randomlysamplingthem
b. holdingthemconstant;balancingthem
c. balancingthem;holdingthemconstant
d. randomlysamplingthem;holdingthemconstant
Answer:c
Book:Passer
Difficulty:Medium
Page:5051
Style:Comprehension

34

Topic:ResearchMethods
APAGoal:2.2
125.

Often,psychologicalresearcherswillmanipulatemorethanonevariableinanexperiment.Themainreason
forthisisthat:
a. itreducesdemandcharacteristics.
b. itbettercapturesthecomplexityofhumanbehavior.
c. itallowsvariablestobebothindependentvariablesanddependentvariablesatthesametime.
d. itreducesexperimenterexpectancyeffects.
Answer:b
Book:Passer
Difficulty:Low
Page:51
Style:Comprehension
Topic:ResearchMethods
APAGoal:2.2

126.

Aresearcherconductedanexperimentassessingtheeffectofalcoholandexpectationonsexualarousal.
Howmanyindependentvariablesarethereinthisexperiment?
a. 1
b. 2
c. 3
d. itcantbedeterminedfromtheinformationgiven
Answer:b
Book:Passer
Difficulty:Low
Page:51
Style:Application
Topic:ResearchMethods
APAGoal:2.2

127.

Ifyouwerearesearcherwhowascuriousastowhetherornotyourlatestresearchfindingwillextendto
realworldsituations,whichofthefollowingdesignswouldbemostuseful?
a. acasestudy
b. atrueexperiment
c. acorrelationalstudy
d. adoubleblindstudy.
Answer:c
Book:Passer
Difficulty:Low
Page:52
Style:Comprehension
Topic:ResearchMethods
APAGoal:2.2

128.

Casestudies,naturalisticobservations,andcorrelationalstudiesareallsimilarinthat:
a. noneofthemneedtobeconcernedwiththeproblemofsocialdesirability.
b. theexperimenterhasahighdegreeofcontrolovertheresearchsetting.
c. noneofthemneedtobeconcernedwiththeproblemofreactivity.
d. theyareallpoorlysuitedfordrawingcauseeffectconclusions.
Answer:d
Book:Passer
Difficulty:Low

35

Page:52
Style:Comprehension
Topic:ResearchMethods
APAGoal:2.2
129.

Alloftheresearchmethodologiespresentedinthetextsharethecommonfeaturethat:
a. theyallinvolvethemanipulationofatleastonevariable.
b. theyareallusedtotesthypothesesandbuildtheories.
c. theyallhavehighexternalvalidity.
d. theyareallarewellsuitedfordrawingcauseandeffectconclusions.
Answer:b
Book:Passer
Difficulty:Medium
Page:52
Style:Comprehension
Topic:ResearchMethods
APAGoal:2.2

130.

Internalvalidityrepresentsthedegreetowhich:
a. theresultsfromanexperimentaregeneralizabletoothersituations.
b. anexperimentsupportsclearcausalconclusions.
c. asampleisrepresentativeofthepopulationfromwhichitisdrawn.
d. iteffectivelyutilizesrandomsampling.
Answer:b
Book:Passer
Difficulty:Low
Page:53
Style:Knowledge
Topic:ResearchMethods
APAGoal:2.6

131.

Ifanexperimentallowsforclearcausalconclusionstobedrawn,itissaidtohavestrong:
a. operationaldefinitions.
b. externalvalidity.
c. internalvalidity.
d. hypotheses.
Answer:c
Book:Passer
Difficulty:Low
Page:53
Style:Knowledge
Topic:ResearchMethods
APAGoal:2.6

132.

Allofthefollowingdecreaseinternalvalidity,EXCEPT:
a. randomassignment.
b. confoundingvariables.
c. demandcharacteristics.
d. theplaceboeffect.
Answer:a
Book:Passer
Difficulty:Medium
Page:53

36

Style:Comprehension
Topic:ResearchMethods
APAGoal:2.6
133.

Apsychologistisinterestedinlookingattheeffectivenessofanewcomputerprograminhelpingstudents
learnmath.Shedecidestotestthisnewprogramwithagroupofmiddleschoolstudents.Atthisparticular
school,theboysandgirlstendtobedisruptivewhentheyareinthesameclassroom,soshedecidestorun
themseparatelyintheexperiment.Shecreatesagroupofboyswhousethecomputerprogramfourtimes
perweek.Shecreatesagroupofgirlswhodonotusethecomputerprogramtoserveasacomparison
group.Thisexperimentaldesignisflawedbecausegenderisa______________andasaresult,theinternal
validityofthestudyhasbeen__________.
a. confoundingvariable;lowered
b. dependentvariable;lowered
c. confoundingvariable;raised
d. dependentvariable;raised
Answer:a
Book:Passer
Difficulty:High
Page:53
Style:Application
Topic:ResearchMethods
APAGoal:2.6

134.

Theplaceboeffectrefersto:
a. whenanunintendedtripleblinddesignoccurs.
b. howpeoplesbehaviorcanchangebecauseoftheirexpectationsratherthanthetreatmentsthey
receive.
c. theproblemsassociatedwithdrawingcausalconclusionsincorrelationalresearch.
d. howresearcherscanaccidentallyorunintentionallymanipulateotherdependentvariables.
Answer:b
Book:Passer
Difficulty:Low
Page:54
Style:Knowledge
Topic:ResearchMethods
APAGoal:2.6

135.

Aresearcherconductingastudyontheeffectivenessofanewprescriptionmedicationgivestheactual
medicationtoagroupofpeople.Asecondgroupofparticipantsaretoldtheyarereceivingthemedication
butinsteadaregivenaninertsugarpill.Althoughthedrugisfoundtobeeffectiveforthepeoplewho
actuallytookit,asizeablepercentageofthepeoplegiventhesugarpillalsoimprove.Theimprovementof
thissecondgroupismostlikelydueto:
a. experimenterexpectancyeffects.
b. theplaceboeffect.
c. thehighinternalvalidityofthestudy.
d. thehighexternalvalidityofthestudy.
Answer:b
Book:Passer
Difficulty:Medium
Page:54
Style:Application
Topic:ResearchMethods
APAGoal:2.6

37

136.

Sallyhasbeensufferingfromdepressionandfinallydecidestoseekhelpfromaclinicalpsychologist.
Afteracoupleofmonthsoftherapy,Sallysdepressionstartstodecrease.However,herimprovement
reallyisntduetoanyofthetherapyshehasreceivedfromhertherapistbutinsteadisaproductofSallys
expectationthatpsychotherapyissupposedtobeeffectiveandthereforesheshouldbegettingbetter.This
exampleisbestconsideredasanexampleof:
a. anexperimenterexpectancyeffect.
b. thedoubleblindeffect.
c. theplaceboeffect.
d. astudywithhighexternalvalidity.
Answer:c
Book:Passer
Difficulty:Medium
Page:54
Style:Application
Topic:ResearchMethods
APAGoal:2.6

137.

Placeboeffectsmakeitdifficulttodrawcausalconclusionsbecausewecanttellwhether:
a. itisthetreatmentortheparticipantsexpectationsthatareresponsiblefortheresults.
b. itisthetreatmentortheexperimentersexpectationsthatareresponsiblefortheresults.
c. randomsamplingorrandomassignmentistheappropriateproceduretouse.
d. itistheindependentvariableorthedependentvariablethatisresponsiblefortheresults.
Answer:a
Book:Passer
Difficulty:Medium
Page:54
Style:Comprehension
Topic:ResearchMethods
APAGoal:2.6

138.

Experimenterexpectancyeffectsare:
a. subtlecuesthatparticipantspickupaboutthehypothesesofanexperiment.
b. subtleandunintentionalwaysthatexperimenterscaninfluencetheirparticipantstorespondinways
consistentwithexperimentalhypotheses.
c. instancesinwhichparticipantsimprovebecauseoftheirexpectationsratherthantheactualtreatments
theyreceive.
d. instancesinwhichexperimentersmistakenlyuserandomselectioninsteadofrandomassignment.
Answer:b
Book:Passer
Difficulty:Medium
Page:54
Style:Knowledge
Topic:ResearchMethods
APAGoal:2.6

139.

Theinternalvalidityofanexperimentisloweredbyexperimenterexpectancyeffectsbecause:
a. thebehavioroftheexperimentermayhavecausedtheparticipantstorespondthewaytheydid.
b. thereisconfoundingandwecanttellwhethertheindependentvariableorthedependentvariable
causedtheresults.
c. theresultsoftheexperimentmayhavebeenduetoparticipantsexpectationsaboutthetreatmentthey
thoughttheywerereceiving.
d. theparticipantsmayhaveusedcuesintheexperimenttofigureouttheresearchershypothesis.

38

Answer:a
Book:Passer
Difficulty:Medium
Page:5354
Style:Comprehension
Topic:ResearchMethods
APAGoal:2.6
140.

Dr.Treadwellisdesigningastudytotesttheeffectivenessofanewmemoryenhancementtechnique.He
hastworesearchassistantswhowillbecarryingouttheresearchforhimandbecauseheiscurious,hetells
oneoftheresearchassistantstoexpectthetechniquetosignificantlyimprovememory,whereashetellsthe
otherassistanttoexpectonlyamoderateimprovement.Neitherresearchassistantmentionstheir
expectationstotheparticipants.Afterthestudyhasbeencompleted,Dr.Treadwellnoticesthateach
researchassistantobtainedresultsconsistentwithwhattheyhadbeenledtoexpect.Participantswhohad
thefirstresearchassistantactuallyshowedasignificantimprovementinmemory,whereasparticipantswho
hadthesecondresearchassistantonlyshowedamoderateimprovement.Thisresultismostlikelyan
exampleof:
a. theplaceboeffect.
b. demandcharacteristics.
c. experimenterexpectancyeffects.
d. thedoubleblindprocedure.
Answer:c
Book:Passer
Difficulty:High
Page:54
Style:Application
Topic:ResearchMethods
APAGoal:2.6

141.

InafamousexperimentbyRobertRosenthalandLenoreJacobson(1966),teachersatanelementaryschool
weretoldatthebeginningoftheyearthatcertainstudentswerelatebloomersandmostlikelythese
particularstudentsweregoingtobecomestrongstudentsduringtheschoolyearahead.Sureenough,bythe
endoftheyear,theidentifiedstudentsweredoingmuchbetterinschool.Interestingly,theresearchershad
selectedthesechildrenrandomlyatthebeginningoftheyear.Thefindingsinthisstudyaremostrelevant
totheproblemof:
a. demandcharacteristics.
b. experimenterexpectancyeffects.
c. theplaceboeffect.
d. randomsampling.
Answer:b
Book:Passer
Difficulty:High
Page:54
Style:Comprehension
Topic:ResearchMethods
APAGoal:2.6

142.

Theproblemofparticipantplaceboeffectsandexperimenterexpectancyeffectsarebothminimizedby:
a. unobtrusivemeasurement.
b. randomassignment.
c. randomsampling.
d. thedoubleblindprocedure.
Answer:d

39

Book:Passer
Difficulty:Low
Page:54
Style:Knowledge
Topic:ResearchMethods
APAGoal:2.6
143.

Aresearcherisconcernedthathisexpectationsabouttheeffectivenessofanewdrugareinfluencingthe
reportsofparticipantsinhisstudies.Specifically,hebelievesthatthisnewdrugiseffectiveandhasshared
thisinformationwithparticipantsinhisresearch.Nowheiswonderingifthismightbeaffectingpeople.In
ordertobettercontroltheeffectofhisownexpectationsonparticipants,thisresearchershould:
a. operationallydefinehisindependentvariable.
b. usethedoubleblindprocedure.
c. collectunobtrusivemeasuresofparticipantimprovement.
d. userandomsampling.
Answer:b
Book:Passer
Difficulty:Medium
Page:54
Style:Comprehension
Topic:ResearchMethods
APAGoal:2.6

144.

Dr.Kielisdesigningastudytotesttheeffectivenessofanewanxietymedication.Thestudyincludesa
placebocontrolgroupandneithertheparticipantsnortheresearchassistantswhogiveoutthemedications
knowwhethertheparticipantisreceivingtheactualdrugoraplacebo.Thisstudyisagoodexampleof:
a. theplaceboprocedure.
b. operationaldefinitions.
c. randomsampling.
d. thedoubleblindprocedure.
Answer:d
Book:Passer
Difficulty:Medium
Page:54
Style:Application
Topic:ResearchMethods
APAGoal:2.6

145.

Thedoubleblindprocedurestrengthenstheinternalvalidityofastudybecause:
a. itminimizestheeffectofexperimenterorparticipantexpectationsontheoutcomeofanexperiment.
b. itcreatesmoreconfoundingvariablesintheexperiment.
c. iteliminatestheproblemofthesocialdesirabilitybias.
d. itensuresthatagivensampleisrepresentativeofthepopulationfromwhichitisdrawn.
Answer:a
Book:Passer
Difficulty:Medium
Page:54
Style:Comprehension
Topic:ResearchMethods
APAGoal:2.6

146.

_______________referstotheprocessofrepeatinganexperimenttodeterminewhetherthesameresults
canbeobtained.

40

a. Replication
b. Metaanalysis
c. Randomsampling
d. Programevaluation
Answer:a
Book:Passer
Difficulty:Low
Page:55
Style:Knowledge
Topic:ResearchMethods
APAGoal:2.6
147.

Dr.Davisisplanningastudyontheeffectofrewardsontheacademicachievementofyoungchildren.For
hisstudy,Dr.Davisdecidestousewhitemalechildrenfromanupperclassneighborhood.Havingtakenan
introductorypsychologycourse,youcanseethatDr.Davisisgoingtohavesomeproblemsbecausehe
wontnecessarilybeabletoapplyhisresultstogirlsortostudentsofotherracesandethnicities.This
particularproblemsubstantiallyweakensthe___________ofDr.Davissstudy.
a. externalvalidity
b. controlvalidity
c. internalvalidity
d. surveyvalidity
Answer:a
Book:Passer
Difficulty:Medium
Page:55
Style:Application
Topic:ResearchMethods
APAGoal:2.6

148.

Theconceptofreplicationismostcloselyassociatedwithwhichofthefollowing?
a. internalvalidity
b. reliability
c. randomselection
d. theplaceboeffect
Answer:b
Book:Passer
Difficulty:Low
Page:55
Style:Comprehension
Topic:ResearchMethods
APAGoal:2.6

149.

Whendiscussingtheconceptofreplication,thetextpresentsresearchrelatedtoextrasensoryperception
(ESP).Whichofthefollowingbestsummarizesthecurrentstateofthisresearchandtheattitudethat
scienceshouldhavetowardit?
a. Asresearchtechniqueshavegottenmoresophisticated,thereareagrowingnumberofESPabilities
thathavebeenshowntobereliableandvalidandscienceshouldcontinuetoinvestigatethese
phenomena.
b. ThescientificresearchonESPhasntproducedsolidevidencethatsupportstheexistenceofthis
superabilitysoscienceshouldntbothertocontinuestudyingthissupposedphenomenon.
c. ThescientificresearchonESPhasntproducedsolidevidencethatsupportstheexistenceofthis
supposedabilitybutscienceshouldcontinuetoexaminephenomenasuchasthiswithanopenminded
butskepticalattitude.

41

d. ResearchershaveconsistentlydemonstratedvalidandreliableESPabilitiesinscientificsettingsbut
conservativecriticshaveunfairlyrejectedtheseresults.
Answer:c
Book:Passer
Difficulty:Medium
Page:55
Style:Knowledge
Topic:ResearchMethods
APAGoal:3.3
150.

IntheMythorRealitysectionofthischapter,youreadaboutparapsychologicalphenomenasuchas
extrasensoryperception(ESP).Accordingtoyourtext,whichofthefollowingproceduresiscommonly
usedtoexaminetelepathy?
a. ganzanigaprocedure
b.goldsteinprocedure
c.ganzfeldprocedure
d.doubleblindprocedure
Answer:c
Book:Passer
Difficulty:Low
Page:56
Style:Comprehension
Topic:ResearchMethods
APAGoal:2.2

151.

Inanexperiment,themaindifferencebetweeninternalvalidityandexternalvalidityisthat:
a. externalvalidityconcernsthedegreetowhichtheexperimentsupportsclearcausalconclusions,
whereasinternalvalidityconcernsthegeneralizabilityoftheresults.
b. internalvalidityconcernsthedegreetowhichanexperimentsupportsclearcausalconclusions,
whereasexternalvalidityconcernsthegeneralizabilityoftheresults.
c. internalvalidityisbasedonrandomsampling,whereasexternalvalidityisbasedonrandomselection.
d. internalvalidityisbasedonrandomselection,whereasexternalvalidityisbasedonrandomsampling.
Answer:b
Book:Passer
Difficulty:Medium
Page:55
Style:Comprehension
Topic:ResearchMethods
APAGoal:2.6

152.

Dr.Sussmanconductsastudyontheeffectofvariousmotivationalfactorsonjobperformance.Inher
study,shedoesanexcellentjobofcontrollingextraneousfactorsandasaresult,wecanhavehigh
confidenceinthecausalconclusionsshedraws.However,theparticipantsinherstudywerefromaselect
groupofthepopulationand,therefore,Dr.Sussmanwillberatherlimitedintermsofherabilitytoapply
herresultstootherpeopleandsituations.Takenasawhole,thisstudywouldbesaidtohave________
internalvalidityand__________externalvalidity.
a. good;good
b. poor;good
c. good;poor
d. poor;poor
Answer:c
Book:Passer
Difficulty:High

42

Page:55
Style:Application
Topic:ResearchMethods
APAGoal:2.6
153.

Which of the following is NOT a descriptive statistic?

a. mean
b. range
c. standarddeviation
d. statisticalsignificance
Answer:d
Book:Passer
Difficulty:Low
Page:57
Style:Application
Topic:ResearchMethods
APAGoal:2.3

154.

A measure of variability that takes into account how much each score in a distribution differs from the
mean is called the:
a. range.
b. mode.
c. standarddeviation.
d. statisticalsignificance.
Answer:c
Book:Passer
Difficulty:Low
Page:58
Style:Knowledge
Topic:ResearchMethods
APAGoal:2.3

155.

Whichofthefollowingareallmeasuresofcentraltendency?
a. mean,standarddeviation,range
b. mode,statisticalsignificance,range
c. standarddeviation,mean,mode
d. mean,Mediumian,mode
Answer:d
Book:Passer
Difficulty:Low
Page:5758
Style:Comprehension
Topic:ResearchMethods
APAGoal:2.3

156.

Measuresofvariability:
a. capturethedegreeofvariationinadistributionofscores.
b. addressthequestion,Whatsthetypicalscore?
c. tellushowlikelyitisourfindingsoccurredsimplyduetochance.
d. isthemostfrequentlyoccurringscoreinadistribution.
Answer:a
Book:Passer
Difficulty:Medium

43

Page:58
Style:Knowledge
Topic:ResearchMethods
APAGoal:2.3
157.

The point that divides a distribution of scores in half when those scores are arranged in order from lowest to
highest is called the:
a. median.
b. mode.
c. mean.
d. standarddeviation.
Answer:a
Book:Passer
Difficulty:Low
Page:58
Style:Knowledge
Topic:ResearchMethods
APAGoal:2.3

158.

Dr. Jones has recently measured depression in a sample of people. The lowest score in the sample is a 2 and
the highest score is a 40. Based on this information, we can conclude that:
a. themeanscoreis19.
b. themodescoreis2.
c. therangeis38.
d. theresultsarestatisticallysignificant.
Answer:c
Book:Passer
Difficulty:Medium
Page:58
Style:Application
Topic:ResearchMethods
APAGoal:2.3

159.

A researcher concludes that the results in her most recent study likely occurred by chance. Thus, the results
in her study:
a. havenostandarddeviation.
b. havemorethanonemode.
c. cannotbedescribedusingdescriptivestatistics.
d. lackstatisticalsignificance.
Answer:d
Book:Passer
Difficulty:Low
Page:59
Style:Knowledge
Topic:ResearchMethods
APAGoal:2.3

160.

Theprocedureof_______________isusedtocombinetheresultsofdifferentstudiesthatfocusonthe
sametopic.
a. metaanalysis
b. randomsampling
c. randomassignment
d. confounding

44

Answer:a
Book:Passer
Difficulty:Low
Page:59
Style:Knowledge
Topic:ResearchMethods
APAGoal:2.3
161.

Metaanalysisisusedto:
a. ensurethatasampleisrepresentativeofthepopulationfromwhichitisdrawn.
b. evaluatetheinternalvalidityofaparticularstudy.
c. evaluatetheexternalvalidityofaparticularstudy.
d. combinetheresultsfromdifferentstudiesexaminingthesametopic.
Answer:d
Book:Passer
Difficulty:Medium
Page:59
Style:Knowledge
Topic:ResearchMethods
APAGoal:2.3

162.

Thetextdiscussedresearchaddressingwhetherexercisingduringthedayhelpspeopletosleepbetterat
night.InareviewbyShawnYoungstedtandcolleagues(1997),theyconcludedthattheassociation
betweenthesetwovariableswasweakinthe38studiesthattheyexamined.Thisreviewillustratesa(n):
a. operationaldefinition.
b. metaanalysis.
c. representativesample.
d. negativecorrelation.
Answer:b
Book:Passer
Difficulty:Medium
Page:59
Style:Application
Topic:ResearchMethods
APAGoal:2.3

163.

Apsychologistspecializesinaresearchareainwhichthereisanongoingdebateabouttheeffectivenessof
aparticulartreatment.Inordertogainmoreinformation,thispsychologistreviewsapproximately50
studiesthathaveutilizedthisparticulartreatment,andusingthisinformation,thepsychologistfindsthat
thevastmajorityofthestudiesfoundthetreatmenttobeeffective.Thispsychologisthasjustcompleted
whatisbestdescribedasa(n):
a. experimentalstudy.
b. correlationalstudy.
c. metaanalysis.
d. operationaldefinition.
Answer:c
Book:Passer
Difficulty:Medium
Page:59
Style:Application
Topic:ResearchMethods
APAGoal:2.3

45

164.

Ametaanalysishasthestrongestassociationwithwhichofthefollowingterms?
a. placeboeffect
b. representativesample
c. randomselection
d. replication
Answer:d
Book:Passer
Difficulty:Low
Page:59
Style:Comprehension
Topic:ResearchMethods
APAGoal:2.4

165.

WhichofthefollowingwasNOTlistedasaquestionthatoneshouldasktofacilitatecriticalthinking?
a. Dothestudieshavestrongexternalvalidity?
b. Arethereotherplausibleexplanationsfortheconclusionsbeingdrawn?
c. Whatisthemostreasonableconclusiontodraw?
d. Whatevidenceispresented?Howgoodisit?
Answer:a
Book:Passer
Difficulty:Medium
Page:6061
Style:Knowledge
Topic:ResearchMethods
APAGoal:3.1

True/FalseQuestions
166.

Withregardtothesevenstepsinvolvedinthescientificprocess,forminghypothesestypicallyoccursafter
theorybuilding.
Answer:false
Book:Passer
Difficulty:Low
Page:3334
Style:Knowledge
Topic:ResearchMethods
APAGoal:2.1

167.

Ahypothesisisatentativeexplanationorpredictionaboutsomephenomenon.
Answer:true
Book:Passer
Difficulty:Low
Page:33
Style:Knowledge
Topic:ResearchMethods
APAGoal:2.1

168.

Hypothesestypicallyspecifylawfulrelationsbetweencertainbehaviorsandtheircauses,andtendtobe
broaderthantheories.
Answer:false
Book:Passer
Difficulty:Low

46

Page:33
Style:Knowledge
Topic:ResearchMethods
APAGoal:2.1
169.

Allotherthingsbeingequal,asimplertheoryisconsideredtobebetterthanamorecomplextheory.
Answer:true
Book:Passer
Difficulty:Low
Page:35
Style:Knowledge
Topic:ResearchMethods
APAGoal:2.1

170.

Anoperationaldefinitiondefinesavariableintermsofthespecificproceduresusedtoproduceormeasure
it.
Answer:true
Book:Passer
Difficulty:Low
Page:37
Style:Knowledge
Topic:ResearchMethods
APAGoal:2.1

171.

Oneofthemainlimitationsofarchivalmeasuresofbehavioristhattheyarevulnerabletothesocial
desirabilitybias.
Answer:false
Book:Passer
Difficulty:Low
Page:38
Style:Knowledge
Topic:ResearchMethods
APAGoal:2.2

172.

Anunobtrusivemeasureassessesbehaviorwithoutparticipantsbeingawarethattheyarebeingobserved.
Answer:true
Book:Passer
Difficulty:Low
Page:39
Style:Knowledge
Topic:ResearchMethods
APAGoal:2.2

173.

Accordingtoethicalguidelines,deceptionisjustifiedwhentherearenootheralternativesandthestudyhas
potentialsignificantbenefitsthatoutweightherisksofdeceivingparticipants.
Answer:true
Book:Passer
Difficulty:Medium
Page:40
Style:Knowledge
Topic:ResearchMethods
APAGoal:2.5

47

174.

Theresearchmethodinwhichtheresearcherobservesbehavioroccurringinanaturalsettingiscalleda
casestudy.
Answer:false
Book:Passer
Difficulty:Low
Page:42
Style:Knowledge
Topic:ResearchMethods
APAGoal:2.5

175.

Randomsamplingoccurswheneverymemberofatargetpopulationhasanequalchanceofbeingina
survey.
Answer:true
Book:Passer
Difficulty:Low
Page:45
Style:Knowledge
Topic:ResearchMethods
APAGoal:2.2

176.

Incorrelationalresearch,theexperimentermeasuresallofthevariablesandstatisticallydetermines
whetherthereisanassociationbetweenthem.
Answer:true
Book:Passer
Difficulty:Low
Page:45
Style:Knowledge
Topic:ResearchMethods
APAGoal:2.2

177.

Theprobleminwhichwecanttellwhichoftwovariablescausestheother(i.e.,doesAcauseBordoesB
causeA)iscalledthethirdvariableproblem.
Answer:false
Book:Passer
Difficulty:Medium
Page:47
Style:Knowledge
Topic:ResearchMethods
APAGoal:2.6

178.

Acorrelationof.53isconsideredtobestrongerthanacorrelationof.78.
Answer:false
Book:Passer
Difficulty:Medium
Page:48
Style:Knowledge
Topic:ResearchMethods
APAGoal:2.3

179.

Inanexperiment,theindependentvariableistheonethatismanipulatedbytheresearcher.
Answer:true
Book:Passer
Difficulty:Low

48

Page:49
Style:Knowledge
Topic:ResearchMethods
APAGoal:2.2
180.

Randomassignmentisusedtoensurethatasampleisrepresentativeofthepopulationfromwhichitis
drawn.
Answer:false
Book:Passer
Difficulty:Low
Page:50
Style:Knowledge
Topic:ResearchMethods
APAGoal:2.2

181.

Researchersoftenmanipulatemorethanoneindependentvariableinexperimentsbecauseitbettercaptures
thecomplexityofhumanbehavior.
Answer:true
Book:Passer
Difficulty:Low
Page:51
Style:Knowledge
Topic:ResearchMethods
APAGoal:2.4

182.

Ifanexperimenthasaconfoundingvariable,thissignificantlylowersitsinternalvalidity.
Answer:true
Book:Passer
Difficulty:Low
Page:53
Style:Knowledge
Topic:ResearchMethods
APAGoal:2.6

183.

Oneoftheprimarytechniquesforreducingboththeplaceboeffectandexperimenterexpectancyeffectsis
randomselection.
Answer:false
Book:Passer
Difficulty:Low
Page:54
Style:Knowledge
Topic:ResearchMethods
APAGoal:2.6

184.

Externalvalidityisconcernedwithhowgeneralizabletheresultsofastudyaretootherpeopleandsettings.
Answer:true
Book:Passer
Difficulty:Low
Page:55
Style:Knowledge
Topic:ResearchMethods
APAGoal:2.6

49

185.

Mean,median,andmodeareallmeasuresofvariability.
Answer:false
Book:Passer
Difficulty:Low
Page:5758
Style:Knowledge
Topic:ResearchMethods
APAGoal:2.3

186.

Inferentialstatisticsareusedtodeterminewhetherasetoffindingsismerelyachanceoccurrence.
Answer:true
Book:Passer
Difficulty:Low
Page:59
Style:Knowledge
Topic:ResearchMethods
APAGoal:2.3

187.

Statisticalsignificancemeansthatasetofresearchfindingsissociallysignificant.
Answer:false
Book:Passer
Difficulty:Low
Page:59
Style:Knowledge
Topic:ResearchMethods
APAGoal:2.3

FillintheBlankQuestions
188.

JohnDarleyandBibbLatanmadetheassumptionthatadiffusionofresponsibilityreducesthelikelihood
thatanyonebystanderwouldfeelresponsibleforhelpinginanemergency.Thisassumptionisanexample
ofa(n)____________.
Answer:hypothesis
Book:Passer
Difficulty:Medium
Page:33
Style:Knowledge
Topic:ResearchMethods
APAGoal:2.1

189.

Themajordrawbackof____________understandingisthattherearemanydifferentwaystoexplainthe
causesofeventsandwecanneverbesurewhichexplanationiscorrect.
Answer:hindsight
Book:Passer
Difficulty:Low
Page:36
Style:Knowledge
Topic:ResearchMethods
APAGoal:3.1

190.

Insteadofhindsightunderstanding,scientistsprefertouse____________,____________,andtheory
buildinginordertogainknowledge.
Answer:prediction;control
Book:Passer

50

Difficulty:Medium
Page:36
Style:Knowledge
Topic:ResearchMethods
APAGoal:2.1
191.

Conceptssuchasintelligenceandmemorymeandifferentthingstodifferentpeople.Thisiswhy
scientificresearchersuse________________inordertodefinevariablesspecificallyintermsofhowthey
areproducedormeasured.
Answer:operationaldefinitions
Book:Passer
Difficulty:Low
Page:37
Style:Knowledge
Topic:ResearchMethods
APAGoal:2.4

192.

Researcherswhomakeuseof_____________measurestoassessbehaviormustbeparticularlyawareof
theproblemofsocialdesirability.
Answer:selfreport
Book:Passer
Difficulty:Low
Page:38
Style:Knowledge
Topic:ResearchMethods
APAGoal:2.4

193.

Becausepeopleoranimalssometimeschangetheirbehaviorwhentheyknowtheyarebeingwatched,
researchersoftenmakeuseof____________measuresofbehaviorinordertoavoidthisproblem.
Answer:unobtrusive
Book:Passer
Difficulty:Low
Page:39
Style:Knowledge
Topic:ResearchMethods
APAGoal:2.2

194.

The ethical guideline of ____________ recommends that participants be given a full description of the
procedures and risks involved in an experiment and should be told that they are free to quit the experiment
at any time.
Answer: informed consent
Book:Passer
Difficulty:Low
Page:40
Style:Knowledge
Topic:ResearchMethods
APAGoal:2.5

195.

A______________isanindepthexaminationoranalysisofasingleperson,group,orevent.
Answer:casestudy
Book:Passer
Difficulty:Low
Page:42

51

Style:Knowledge
Topic:ResearchMethods
APAGoal:2.2
196.

Whenasampleaccuratelyreflectstheimportantcharacteristicsofthepopulationfromwhichitisdrawn,it
issaidtobea(n)______________sample.
Answer:representative
Book:Passer
Difficulty:Low
Page:44
Style:Knowledge
Topic:ResearchMethods
APAGoal:2.2

197.

Amajordrawbackofthe____________researchmethodisthatunrepresentativesamplescanleadto
inaccurateprojectionsabouthowanentirepopulationofpeoplewouldrespond.
Answer:survey
Book:Passer
Difficulty:Low
Page:44
Style:Knowledge
Topic:ResearchMethods
APAGoal:2.2

198.

Theprimarygoalof_____________researchistoexaminetheassociationsbetweennaturallyoccurring
eventsorvariables.
Answer:correlational
Book:Passer
Difficulty:Low
Page:45
Style:Knowledge
Topic:ResearchMethods
APAGoal:2.2

199.

Ina_____________correlation,asthescoresononevariableincrease,thescoresonthesecondvariable
decrease.
Answer:negative
Book:Passer
Difficulty:Low
Page:47
Style:Knowledge
Topic:ResearchMethods
APAGoal:2.2

200.

In______________research,theexperimentermeasureswhetherthemanipulationofonevariablecausesa
changeinasecondvariable.
Answer:experimental
Book:Passer
Difficulty:Low
Page:49
Style:Knowledge
Topic:ResearchMethods
APAGoal:2.2

52

201.

Inanexperiment,thevariablethatismeasuredbytheexperimenteriscalledthe___________variable.
Answer:dependent
Book:Passer
Difficulty:Low
Page:50
Style:Knowledge
Topic:ResearchMethods
APAGoal:2.2

202.

A___________isagroupthatisexposedtoazeroleveloftheindependentvariableorisnotexposedtoa
treatment.
Answer:controlgroup
Book:Passer
Difficulty:Low
Page:50
Style:Knowledge
Topic:ResearchMethods
APAGoal:2.2

203.

____________isthetechniquetypicallyusedinexperimentalresearchtobalanceoutdifferencesbetween
participants.
Answer:Randomassignment
Book:Passer
Difficulty:Low
Page:50
Style:Knowledge
Topic:ResearchMethods
APAGoal:2.2

204.

Incontrasttorandomassignment,inwhichparticipantsareassignedtooneoftheexperimentalgroupsor
conditions,itisalsopossibletodesignanexperimentinwhichparticipantsareexposedto______ofthe
groupsorconditionsintheexperiment.
Answer:all
Book:Passer
Difficulty:Medium
Page:51
Style:Comprehension
Topic:ResearchMethods
APAGoal:2.2

205.

Whentwovariablesare______________itmeansthattheyhavebeencombinedinsuchawaythatwe
cantdeterminewhichonehadaneffectonthedependentvariable.
Answer:confounded
Book:Passer
Difficulty:Low
Page:53
Style:Knowledge
Topic:ResearchMethods
APAGoal:2.6

206.

The____________referstowhenparticipantsinastudyshowachangeinbehaviornotbecauseofthe
treatmenttheyhavereceivedbutbecauseoftheirexpectationsaboutthattreatment.

53

Answer:placeboeffect
Book:Passer
Difficulty:Low
Page:54
Style:Knowledge
Topic:ResearchMethods
APAGoal:2.6
207.

____________________refertotheunintentionalandsubtlewaysthatexperimenterscaninfluenceand
affecttheirparticipantstobehaveinamannerconsistentwiththeexperimentalhypotheses.
Answer:Experimenterexpectancyeffects
Book:Passer
Difficulty:Medium
Page:54
Style:Knowledge
Topic:ResearchMethods
APAGoal:2.6

208.

Inexperimentalresearch,the_______________procedureisdesignedtominimizeexperimenter
expectancyeffectsandtheplaceboeffect.
Answer:doubleblind
Book:Passer
Difficulty:Low
Page:54
Style:Knowledge
Topic:ResearchMethods
APAGoal:2.2

209.

_______________statistics allow one to summarize and describe a set of data, whereas _______________
statistics tell us how likely it is that our findings are merely a chance occurrence.
Answer: Descriptive; inferential
Book:Passer
Difficulty:Medium
Page:57
Style:Knowledge
Topic:ResearchMethods
APAGoal:2.3

210.

The _________ is the most frequently occurring score in a distribution.

Answer: mode
Book:Passer
Difficulty:Low
Page:57
Style:Knowledge
Topic:ResearchMethods
APAGoal:2.3

211.

Thestatisticalprocedureinwhichtheresultsfrommanydifferentstudiesonthesametopicarecombinedis
calleda(n)___________.
Answer:metaanalysis
Book:Passer
Difficulty:Low
Page:54

54

Style:Knowledge
Topic:ResearchMethods
APAGoal:2.6

55