LITERATURE REVIEW:

VARIABLES IN EXCESSIVE FORCE

Variable

Citation (in APA format) Methods used in study

Findings

The study examines

Lee, H., Jang,H., Yun,
police use of force using
I., Lim, H., &
individual, contextual
Tushaus, D.W.
and police training
(2010). An
factors, expanding prior
examination of
research by including
police use of force
multiple police agencies
utilizing police
in the sample, thus
training and
producing research
neighborhood
findings that can be
contextual factors:
more easily generalized.
A multilevel
analysis.
International
Journal of Police
Strategies &
Management,
33(4), 681-702.
doi:10.1108/136395
11011085088

The data for the current

study were derived from
several primary sources:
the Interuniversity
Consortium for Political
and Social Research
(ICPSR). Census
Uniform Crime Reports
(UCR), Bureau of Labor
Statistics (BLS), and
1997 Law Enforcement
Management and
Administrative Statistics
(LEMAS).

The results show that

among individual level
variables, age and
arrestees resistance
were significant
explanatory factors.
Violent crime rate and
unemployment rate
were significant factors
as the neighborhood
contextual variables.
Finally, in-service
training was a
significant was a
significant
organizational-level
explanatory factor for
levels of police use of
force.

The study addresses the Gul, Z., Hekim, H., &

issue of police abuse of
Terkesli, R. (2013).
power, particularly
Controlling police
police use of excessive
(excessive) force:
force. Since the misuse
The American case.
of force by police is
International
considered a problem,
Journal of Human
some entity must
Sciences, 10(2),
discover a way to
285-304.
control and prevent the
illegal use of coercive
power.

The study uses a path

analysis. A national
(secondary) data,
collected from the law
enforcement agencies in
the United States are
used to explore the
research questions.

The findings indicate

that training may be a
useful tool in terms of
decreasing the use of
excessive force, thereby
reducing civilians
injuries and citizens
complaints. The results
show that ethics training
in the academy is
significantly related to
the use of excessive
force. It was found that
community-oriented
policing training in the
academy was associated
with citizens
complaints.

The study examined

implicit race biases in
the decision to shoot

This study used models Results showed that

from social psychology; college-aged
numerous dimensions
participants and police

Sadler, M., Correll, J.,

Park, B., & Judd,
C. (2012). The

potentially hostile
targets in a multiethnic
context.

world is not black

and white: racial
bias in the decision
to shoot in a
multiethnic context.
Journal of Social
Issues, 68(2), 286313.

regarding complaints of
police brutality and the
investigation of those
complaints are tested to
determine their impact
on complaint
disposition. Two
variables evidence and
duty status have
widespread significance
in theses models.

officers showed antiBlack racial bias in their

response times: they
were quicker to
correctly shoot armed
Black targets and to
indicate dont shoot
for unarmed Latino,
Asian, and White
targets.