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S_bbYU^dU U\}SdbYSQ

0W^aP T]caT\^b T] ^ca^ RP\_^ X\_^acP]cT)

5\USdb_Y]Q^Uc

<_c

2dP]S^ [P T[TRcaXRXSPS eXPYP _^a d] R^]SdRc^a VT]TaP d]

RP\_^ \PV]|cXR^ `dT T]edT[eT T[ [PaV^ R^\_[Tc^ ST[
R^]SdRc^a

JBX _T]bP\^b `dT T[ R^QaT ]^ Tb \PV]|cXR^ [P

cT^aP ST[ \^eX\XT]c^ ST [^b T[TRca^]Tb T] aQXcPb bT edT[eT

\ub RaTQ[TL

>QbTaeT d] RPQ[T `dT cXT]T PXb[P\XT]c^ 8\PV]TbT `dT

TbT PXb[P\XT]c^ Tb T[ RP\_^ \PV]|cXR^ VT]TaPS^ _^a [P
T[TRcaXRXSPS ;Pb X[dbcaPRX^]Tb `dT bXVdT] [T SP] d]P
bTRRX] caP]beTabP[ h d]P eXbcP [PcTaP[

Campo Magntico
Conductor

4U^cYTQT
TU\ SQ]`_

<Q SQ^dYTQT TU \^UQc TU V\eZ_ ]QW^}dYS_ bT R^]^RT] R^\^

TU^cYTQT 2dP]c^ \ub UdTacT Tb T[ RP\_^ \PV]|cXR^

cP]cPb \ub []TPb ST U[dY^ \PV]|cXR^ cXT]Th P[RP]iP \ub

[PaV^ \ub [TY^b ST [P UdT]cT ST T]TaVP `dT [^ VT]TaP
Pd]`dT cP\QX|] RdP]c^ \ub [TY^b \ub S|QX[ bT edT[eT cXT]T

]U^_c TU^cYTQT \T]^b []TPb ST U[dY^ \PV]|cXR^

Page 9

Lneas de flujo
magntico

Conductor

DQ]Q_ i VeUbjQ

2^]U^a\T Pd\T]cP T[ P\_TaPYT T] T[ R^]SdRc^a Pb Pd\T]

cP] [P ST]bXSPS h T[ cP\P^ ST[ RP\_^ \PV]|cXR^
J7P cT]XS^ P[Vd]P eTi ^RPbX] ST ]^cPa `dT RdP]S^
P]SP ST _PbT^ T] T[ RP\_^ h [[TeP T[ aPSX^ ST
caP]bXbc^aTb R^] Q^]XcP \bXRP ST aT_T]cT cXT]T
X]cTaUTaT]RXPh P[ \XaPa WPRXP PaaXQP ]^cP `dT bT
T]RdT]caP STQPY^ ST []TPb T[|RcaXRPb ST P[cP cT]bX] ]^
PXb[PSPb. 4b T[ RP\_^ \PV]|cXR^ RaTPS^ _^a [P
T[TRcaXRXSPS eXPYP]S^ T] TbPb []TPb 4b _^a`dT WP
T]caPS^ DS T] d]P i^]P \PV]|cXRP

<Qc \^UQc
]QW^}dYSQc dYU^U^
TYbUSSY^

;Pb []TPb \PV]|cXRPb cXT]T] SXaTRRX] _Ta^ ]^ U[dhT] 4bc^

_PaTRT R^]caPSXRc^aX^

4g_[X`d|\^]^b ;Pb []TPb

\PV]|cXRPb ]^ bT \dTeT] P[aTSTS^a ST[ R^]SdRc^a _Ta^ b bT

_a^hTRcP] R^\^ `dXT] SXRT] P_d]cP] P d]P SXaTRRX]
Tb_TRUXRP Tb R^\^ `dT bd_XTaP] T] `d| SXaTRRX] XaP] bX
eXPYPaP]
5uRX[eTaSPS.

FUQ
Ce`\U]U^d_ "

Page 10

?PaP WPRTa[^ \ub bT]RX[[^ SXVP\^b `dT T[ U[dY^ ST R^aaXT]cT

T[|RcaXRP T] d] R^]SdRc^a STcTa\X]P [P _^[PaXSPS =^acT h
Bda ST[ RP\_^ \PV]|cXR^ `dT bT VT]TaP 4[ Bd_[T\T]c^ !
\dTbcaP R\^ [P SXaTRRX] ST [P R^aaXT]cT PUTRcP [P _^[PaXSPS
ST[ RP\_^ \PV]|cXR^

8Qi QdbQSSY^
cY fQ^ U^ \Q
]Yc]Q TYbUSSY^

7P]b >TabcTS STbRdQaX T]

'! `dT bX WPh S^b RPQ[Tb `dT

[[TeP] R^aaXT]cT T[|RcaXRP T] [P \Xb\P SXaTRRX] [^b RP\_^b

\PV]|cXR^b bT PcaPT] h [^b RPQ[Tb bT Yd]cP] 4bc^ RaTP []TPb
ST U[dY^ \PV]|cXR^ `dT a^STP] P P\Q^b RPQ[Tb _dTbc^ `dT bT
WP] Yd]cPS^ bdb RP\_^b _a^SdRXT]S^ d] RP\_^ \ub UdTacT
Tb_TRXP[\T]cT T]caT [^b S^b RPQ[Tb

En la misma direccin

BU`e\cY^ cY fQ^ U^
TYbUSSY^ _`eUcdQ

>TabcTS cP\QX|] ]^c `dT bX [^b S^b RPQ[Tb Yd]c^b [[TeP]

R^aaXT]cT T] TYbUSSY_^Uc _`eUcdQc

 [^b RP\_^b \PV]|cXR^b bT

aT_T[T] caPcP]S^ ST P_PacPa [^b RPQ[Tb 4bc^ RPdbP cP\QX|]

`dT [^b RP\_^b cT]VP] SXUTaT]cTb ST]bXSPSTb* \ub UdTacT
T]caT [^b RPQ[Tb h \ub S|QX[ T] [^ ST PUdTaP

Direccin
Opuesta

T- 6

4] T[ SXQdY^ P]cTaX^a ST SXaTRRX^]Tb ^_dTbcPb

S]ST Tbcu R^[^RPS^ T[ RP\_^ \PV]|cXR^ \ub
UdTacT.NNNNN

A) 3XaTRcP\T]cT T]caT [^b S^b R^]SdRc^aTb

B) 4] [^ \ub P[TYPS^ ST [^b S^b R^]SdRc^aTb
C) 3^]ST [Pb []TPb ST U[dY^ Tbcu] \ub RTaRP
D) 0\QPb 0 h 2

Page 11

T- 7

@d| _^SaP WPRTabT _PaP bT_PaPa [^b R^]SdRc^aTb

T] T[ SXQdY^ P]cTaX^a ST [P \Xb\P
SXaTRRX].NNNNNNNNN

A) =PSP
B) 0d\T]cPa T[ P\_TaPYT _^a [^b S^b RPQ[Tb
C) 3Xb\X]dXa [P aTbXbcT]RXP ST [^b S^b RPQ[Tb
D) 2P\QXPa [P SXaTRRX] ST [P R^aaXT]cT T] d]^ ST
[^b RPQ[Tb
3_^TeSd_b

;P U^a\P h UdTaiP ST[ RP\_^

U^b_\\QT_

\PV]|cXR^ _dTST] RP\QXPabT

T]a^[[P]S^ T[ R^]SdRc^a

C_\U^_YTU
4UfQ^QT_

Paa^[[P\XT]c^ T\Q^QX]PS^ ^
b^[T]^XST ;^b RP\_^b bT
R^\QX]P] XVdP[ `dT bT R^\QX]P]
T] T[ TYT\_[^ ST [P \Xb\P
SXaTRRX] 4[ ]dTe^ RP\_^ eP
_PaP[T[^ P[ T]a^[[PS^ h T[ RP\_^
\ub UdTacT Tb T] T[ RT]ca^

>?D1
1dbQSSY^
TU e^

_RZUd_ 4U^cYTQT

4b X\_^acP]cT ]^cPa `dT bX d] ^QYTc^ ]^\PV]|cXR^ Tb

PcaPS^ _^a d]P UdT]cT \PV]|cXRP ]^ X\_^acP `d| _^[^ [^
PcaPT 4bcT ^QYTc^ bTau PcaPS^ cP]c^ P[ _^[^ \PV]|cXR^ =^acT
R^\^ P[ Bda ;^ `dT X\_^acP Tb [P
VeUbjQ[P RP]cXSPS ST QdbQSSY^

Page 12

3XaTRRX] ST[ U[dY^

ST R^aaXT]cT

TU^cYTQT ST[ RP\_^\Q

AT_Pb^

T- 8

<PV]TcXb\^ ATbXSdP[ TbNNNNNNN

A)

T[ TUTRc^ aTbXSdP[ ST d] RP\_^ \PV]|cXR^

b^QaT d] X\u] cT\_^aP[

B)
C)

d] RP\_^ \PV]|cXR^ S|QX[

cT\_^aP[* SdaP b[^ d] R^ac^ _Ta^S^ ST
cXT\_^

D)

T- 9

C^S^b [^b P]cTaX^aTb 0 1 h 2

<XT]caPb [P T[TRcaXRXSPS _PbP _^a d]

R^]SdRc^aNNNNNN

A)

T[ PXb[P\XT]c^ ST[ RPQ[T ]^ STYP `dT bT U^a\T

d] RP\_^ \PV]|cXR^

B)

bT VT]TaP d] RP\_^ \PV]|cXR^ P c^S^ [^ [PaV^

ST[ R^]SdRc^a

C)

bT U^a\P d] RP\_^ \PV]|cXR^ `dT [dTV^

STbP_PaTRT

D)

bT U^a\P d] RP\_^ \PV]|cXR^ _Ta\P]T]cT

`dT ]^ ]TRTbXcP \ub R^aaXT]cT _PaP

\P]cT]TabT

T- 10

;P RP]cXSPS ST []TPb ST U[dY^ \PV]|cXR^ bT R^]^RT

R^\^ NNN

A)
B)
C)
D)

T- 11

_^[PaXSPS
P\_TaPYT
ST]bXSPS
aTbXbcT]RXP

;Pb []TPb ST UdTaiP \PV]|cXRP NNNNNNN

A)
B)
C)
D)

cXT]T] SXaTRRX] _Ta^ ]^ U[dhT] ]^ eXPYP]

bT \dTeT] T] [P SXaTRRX] ST[ aT[^Y
b^] ST[ [PS^ ^bRda^
bT WP] XST]cXUXRPS^ R^\^ ^QYTc^b ^aQXcP]cTb

Page 13




T- 12

D] RPQ[T T]a^[[PS^ bT R^]^RT cP\QX|]

R^\^)NNNNNNNNNNNN

A)
B)
C)
D)


T- 13

d] T]a^bRPS^
d] STeP]PS^
d] b^[T]^XST
P\Q^b 1 h 2

BX d] X\u] PcaPT P d] ^QYTc^ ]^ \PV]TcXiPS^ TbcT eP

P _TVPabT X]SXbcX]cP\T]cT P[ _^[^ \PV]|cXR^ =^acT ^
Bda

3YUbd_OOOOO6Q\c_OOOOO

1e]U^d_ TU \Q
VeUbjQ TU\ SQ]`_

;P UdTaiP ST[ RP\_^ \PV]|cXR^ ST d] STeP]PS^ _dTST

Pd\T]cPabT ST ePaXPb \P]TaPb)
T]a^[[P]S^ T[ P[P\QaT \dh Yd]c^
PVaTVP]S^ \ub edT[cPb ST P[P\QaT
Pd\T]cP]S^ T[ P\_TaPYT `dT eP T] T[ STeP]PS^
PVaTVP]S^ d] ]R[T^ ST WXTaa^ Sd[RT T] T[ RT]ca^
ST[ STeP]PS^

1\Q]RbUc Ze^d_c



T]a^[[P]S^ T[ P[P\QaT \dh Yd]c^

;^b TYT\_[^b ST STeP]PS^ `dT bT dbPa^] P]cTb b^] ST
RPQ[Tb \dh bT_PaPS^b T]caT b _PaP \TY^a
R^\_aT]bX] 4] aTP[XSPS [^b RPQ[Tb ]TRTbXcP] TbcPa
ST]ca^ ST bdb RP\_^b \PV]|cXR^b _PaP `dT Tbc^b bT
bd\T] T]caT b 2dP]c^ \ub RTaRP Tbcu] [^b RPQ[Tb
cP]c^ \ub T[ RP\_^ ST d]^ eP P X]U[dXa b^QaT T[ RP\_^
ST[ ^ca^ 3eQ^d_ ]vc Q`bUdQT_ U\ TUfQ^QT_]vc
VeUbdU U\ SQ]`_

:e^d_c i QYc\QT_c

@Ub_ ]^ _dTST dbPabT P[P\QaT _T[PS^ CXT]T `dT cT]Ta P[

Vd]P U^a\P ST PXb[P\XT]c^ R^\^ QPa]Xi BX ]^ Tbcu PXb[PS^
[^b T[TRca^]Tb bT caP]bUTaXaP] ST d]P Tb_XaP P [P bXVdXT]cT bX]
Xa _^a T[ RPQ[T 4[ aTbd[cPS^ bTaP d] _Pb^ \ub R^ac^ `dT T[
_aT_[P]TPS^ d] S_bd_ SYbSeYd_ 

=^ bT VT]TaPaP RP\_^

\PV]|cXR^ ^ bT VT]TaPaP d]^ \dh S|QX[

Page 14



=vc Uc`YbQc ]vc

feU\dQc

PVaTVP]S^ \ub edT[cPb ST P[P\QaT

4[ RP\_^ \PV]|cXR^ ST d] STeP]PS^ Tb T[ aTbd[cPS^ ST
RP\_^b X]SXeXSdP[Tb `dT bT WP] R^\QX]PS^ _PaP
U^a\Pa d] RP\_^ VaP]ST 1XT] bX d]^ Tb QdT]^ S^b
Tb \TY^a_^a [^ \T]^b T] TbcT RPb^ 2dP]cPb \ub
edT[cPb bT [T PVaTVdT] \ub RP\_^b bT bd\P]

1]`UbY_c
h feU\dQc

-1]`UbY_c
feU\dQ

;P UdTaiP ST[ RP\_^ ST d] STeP]PS^ ^ b^[T]^XST bT \XST T]

Q]`UbY_cfeU\dQ D]P Tb_XaP ST P[P\QaT Tb d]P feU\dQ S^b
Tb_XaPb T_c feU\dQc bTXb Tb_XaPb cUYc feU\dQc SXTi Tb_XaPb
TYUj feU\dQc BX RPSP d]^ ST [^b STeP]PS^b ST PQPY^ [[TeP !
P\_TaX^b \d[cX_[X`dT [^b P\_TaX^b _^a T[ ]\Ta^ ST
edT[cPb

2 vueltas

>_dQ

6 vueltas

$ Q]`UbY_cfeU\dQ b^] \ub S|QX[Tb `dT

10 vueltas

=vc feU\dQc TU

! P\_TaX^bedT[cP

`dT b^] \ub S|QX[Tb `dT ! P\_TaX^bedT[cP

Q\Q]RbU S_^ \_c ]Yc]_c Q]`UbY_c `b_TeSU^ e^ SQ]`_ ]vc

VeUbdU

1e]U^dQb
Q]`UbQZU

Pd\T]cPa

T[ P\_TaPYT `dT eP T] T[ STeP]PS^ [^ RdP[

aT`dXTaT d] RP[XQaT \ub VadTb^ ST[ P[P\QaT _PaP

PR^\^SPa \ub R^aaXT]cT* eTa Bd_[T\T]c^ " 2dP]c^b
\ub T[TRca^]Tb eXPYP] _^a T[ P[P\QaT \ub UdTacT Tb T[
RP\_^ \PV]|cXR^ VT]TaPS^ 4bcT _aX]RX_X^ bT
\P]cXT]T WPbcP [P RP_PRXSPS ST P\_TaPYT ST[ P[P\QaT h
WPbcP bd _d]c^ ST bPcdaPRX] \PV]|cXRP T] `dT T[
P[P\QaT ]^ Tb RP_Pi ST _a^SdRXa \ub \PV]TcXb\^

Page 15

Ncleo de hierro

PVaTVPa d] ]R[T^ ST WXTaa^ Sd[RT T] T[ RT]ca^ ST[ STeP

]PS^
C^SPb TbPb []TPb R^]RT]caPSPb ST U[dY^ \PV]|cXR^ T] T[
RT]ca^ ST[ STeP]PS^ _dTST] dbPabT R^] eT]cPYP BX bT

Un imn dentro de
otro

R^[^RP d] ]R[T^ ST \PcTaXP[

VUbb_]QW^}dYS_ `dT

_dTSP \PV]TcXiPabT R^\^ STRXa d]^ ST WXTaa^ Sd[RT

T] T[ RT]ca^ ST[ STeP]PS^ T[ RP\_^ \PV]|cXR^ `dT PW
TgXbcT eP P WPRTa d] X\u] cT\_^aP[ ST[ WXTaa^ Sd[RT
4bc^ RaTP d] X\u] ST]ca^ ST d] RP\_^ \PV]|cXR^
ATbd[cPS^) \d[cX_[XRPRX]

BU\eSdQ^SYQ
bUTeSYTQ

;Pb []TPb \PV]|cXRPb R^\_[TcP] bd _a^_X^ RXaRdXc^) S^]ST

T\_XTiP] P[[ aTVaTbP] 4[ PXaT T] T[ RT]ca^ ST[ STeP]PS^ Tb
d] \P[ R^]SdRc^a _PaP [Pb []TPb ST U[dY^ \PV]|cXR^ 4bcP

bUcYcdU^SYQ bT [[P\P bU\eSdQ^SYQ

4[ ]R[T^ ST WXTaa^

_a^_^aRX^]P R^]SdRc^a _PaP [Pb []TPb [^ RdP[ aTSdRT [P

bU\eSdQ^SYQ h \TY^aP [P UdTaiP ST[ RP\_^

=eSXQ]vcVeUbjQ

3T_T]SXT]S^ ST[ \PcTaXP[ `dT bT dbT [P UdTaiP ST[

RP\_^ _dTST bTa S^Q[PSP caX_[XRPSP h WPbcP WTRWP
RXT]c^b ^ \X[Tb ST eTRTb \ub UdTacT

Page 16

4UfQ^QT_ S_^
^S\U_

D] STeP]PS^ R^] ]R[T^ ST WXTaa^ Tb T[ \|c^S^ dbPS^ T]

\dRW^b ST [^b SXb_^bXcXe^b \PV]|cXR^b ST [^b RXaRdXc^b
T[|RcaXR^b ST ]dTbca^b RP\X^]Tb 0 R^]cX]dPRX]
\T]RX^]P\^b P[Vd]^b ST T[[^b)

T\QaPVdT \PV]|cXR^ _PaP T[ R^\_aTb^a ST[ PXaT

PR^]SXRX^]PS^

B^[T]^XST ST[ TbcPc^a X]cTaad_c^a ST[ eT]cX[PS^a ST[

\^c^a

4Yc`_cYdYf_c
]QW^}dYS_c

8]cTaad_c^a \PV]|cXR^ T] T[ RXaRdXc^ ST PaaP]`dT

B^[T]^XST ST[ \^c^a ST PaaP]`dT

ETP\^b PW^aP \ub ST RTaRP [^b [cX\^b caTb \T]RX^]PS^b

PaaXQP) AT[TePS^aTb X]cTaad_c^aTb \PV]|cXR^b h b^[T]^XSTb
ST[ \^c^a ST PaaP]`dT 0d]`dT dbT] T[ \Xb\^ _aX]RX_X^
QubXR^ cXT]T] Ud]RX^]Tb SXUTaT]cTb

?`UbQSY^ TU\
BU\UfQT_b

4[ bU\UfQT_b aT[| bT dbP _PaP SXaXVXa [P R^aaXT]cT P d]^ ST

S^b RXaRdXc^b ;P X[dbcaPRX] ST PQPY^ \dTbcaP d]P bTRRX]
caP]beTabP[ ST d] AT[TePS^a PYdbcPQ[T ST TbcX[^ P]cXVd^

TUfQ^QT_ T[ aTb^acT T\_dYP [P

Qb]QTebQ WPRXP PaaXQP [^ RdP[ Yd]cP T[ S_^dQSd_ S_]^
R^] T[ S_^dQSd_ Y^VUbY_b `dT Tbcu R^]TRcPS^ P[ RXaRdXc^
4bcT R^]cPRc^ Y^VUbY_b Tb T[ R^]cPRc^ ^_b]Q\]U^dU
SUbbQT_ =2* T[ aTb^acT R^\_[TcP T[ RXaRdXc^ R^] T[
BX ]^ WPh R^aaXT]cT T] T[

R^]cPRc^ R^\]

2>=C02C> BD?4A8>A

2>=C02C> 2><D=
08B;03>A
A4B>AC4

2>=C02C>
8=54A8>A
LOW ER
C O N TA C T

0A<03DA0
34E0=03>
2090

C>A=8;;> 09DBC03>A

Page 17

0[ SPa[T R^aaXT]cT P[

TUfQ^QT_

bT _a^SdRT d] RP\_^ \PV

]|cXR^ `dT PcaPT P [P Pa\PSdaP WPRXP PQPY^ P _TbPa ST [P

>3 -!Ub 3YbSeYd_

UdTaiP ST[ aTb^acT 4bc^ PQaT T[ RXaRdXc^ T]caT T[ R^]cPRc^

VUbY_b

h T[

S_]^

h [^ RXTaaP T]caT TbcT [cX\^ h T[

Y^

ce`UbY_b

`dT Tbcu R^]TRcPS^ P d] bTVd]S^ RXaRdXc^ 4bcT Tb T[ R^]cPRc^

>?-" 3YbSeYd_

^_b]Q\]U^dU QRYUbd_ >? 2dP]S^ bT `dXcP [P R^aaXT]cT

ST[ STeP]PS^ T[ aTb^acT STedT[eT [P Pa\PSdaP P[ R^]cPRc^
Y^VUbY_b ]^a\P[\T]cT RTaaPS^ >3

4[ 9^dUbbe`d_b ]QW^}dYS_ ^_TaP _PaTRXS^ P[ aT[TePS^a*

9^dUbbe`d_b

_Ta^ T] eTi ST SXaXVXa [P R^aaXT]cT P d] RXaRdXc^ ^ P[ ^ca^

bX\_[T\T]cT PQaT ^ RXTaaP d] RXaRdXc^ T[ `dT [[TeP
R^aaXT]cT P[ b^[T]^XST ST[ \^c^a ST PaaP]`dT

]QW^}dYS_

4bcP Tb [P bTRRX] caP]beTabP[ ST[ X]cTaad_c^a \PV]|cXR^

4bbTg
0[ ]^ _PbPa R^aaXT]cT _^a T[
TUfQ^QT_ % T[ bUc_bdU TU
bUd_b^_ " \P]cXT]T P[
|\Q^[^ # $ h ' R^\_[TcP
\T]cT WPRXP [P STaTRWP R^\^
_dTST eTabT 2dP]S^ _PbP
R^aaXT]cT _^a T[ TUfQ^QT_ ST[
^S\U_   b[^ bT \dTbcaP
d]P cTa\X]P[   bT RaTP d]
RP\_^ \PV]|cXR^ 4[ RP\_^
PcaPT P[ |\Q^[^ RT]cau]S^[^
T] T[ STeP]PS^ <Q `\QSQ TU
S_^dQSd_ # c^RP [^b T_c
S_^dQSd_c T] [P QPbT ST [Pb dUb]Y^Q\Uc  h ! R^\_[TcP]S^ T[
RXaRdXc^ `dT [T SP R^aaXT]cT P[ b^[T]^XST ST[ \^c^a ST
PaaP]`dT

=> , =^a\P[[h >_T] ,]^a\P[\T]cT PQXTac^

 =2 , =^a\P[[h 2[^bTS , ]^a\P[\T]cT RTaaPS^

Page 18

2dP]S^ [P R^aaXT]cT STYP ST _PbPa _^a T[ STeP]PS^ bT

PRPQP T[ RP\_^ \PV]|cXR^ h T[ aTb^acT ST aTc^a]^

`\QSQ TU S_^dQSd_ h P[ }]R_\_ WPRXP

[P STaTRWP 4[ bUc_bdU WeQ P [P STaTRWP ST [P _[PRP ST
R^]cPRc^ [^ \P]cXT]T c^S^ RT]caPS^ h TeXcP `dT T[
|\Q^[^ _TVdT R^]caP T[ U^]S^ ST [P SeRYUbdQ &
T\_dYP h P[TYP P [P

2QZ_ Q]`UbQZU
`QbQ S_^db_\Qb
Q]`UbQZU Q\d_
C_\U^_YTU TU\
]_d_b TU
QbbQ^aeU

C_XRP\T]cT d] X]cTaad_c^a \PV]|cXR^ bT dbP T] P_[XRPRX^

]Tb S^]ST d] RXaRdXc^ ST QPYP R^aaXT]cT P[ STeP]PS^ R^]ca^
[P P ^ca^ ST P[cP R^aaXT]cT P[ b^[T]^XST ST[ \^c^a ST PaaP]
`dT

4[ cTaRTa^ Tb T[ c_\U^_YTU TU\ ]_d_b TU QbbQ^aeU

;^b

b^[T]^XSTb R^\^ bT dbP QXT] ^ \P[ T[ c|a\X]^

c_XRP\T]cT R^]eXTacT [P T]TaVP T[|RcaXRP T] \^RX]
\TRu]XRP* R^\^ T[ STeP]PS^ T] T[ X]cTaad_c^a
\PV]|cXR^ P]cTaX^a ^ T[ STeP]PS^ T] T[ aT[TePS^a

5^WbQ^Q U\
`Y^ i
S_]`\UdQ U\
SYbSeYd_

4] T[ RPb^ ST[ b^[T]^XST ST[ \^c^a [P T]TaVP T[|RcaXRP bT dbP

_PaP PR^_[Pa \TRu]XRP\T]cT T[ T]VaP]PYT ST[ _X] ST[
\^c^a ST PaaP]`dT h b^bcT]Ta[^ PW T]RPYPS^ R^] T[
T]VaP]PYT ST[ P]X[[^ ST[ e^[P]cT ST[ \^c^a

QTU]vc

ST `dT

cXT]T d]P _[PRP ST R^]cPRc^ R^\^ [P ST[ X]cTaad_c^a

\PV]|cXR^ `dT RXTaaP T[ RXaRdXc^ Su]S^[T R^aaXT]cT P[ \^c^a
ST PaaP]`dT

4bcT Tb d]

Interruptor de Arranque

SXQdY^ bX\_[X
UXRPS^ ST d]

Solenoide

Arrollado de
Sujecin

b^[T]^XST ST
\^c^a ST

Embolo

PaaP]`dT

Contactos
Palanca de
cambio

Arrollado
de atraccin

>_dU

`dT WPh

S^b STeP]PS^b
^

Qbb_\\Q]YU^

d_c T] T[ b^[T
]^XST) D]^ ST

Embrague

Motor de arranque

A la batera

Page 19

QdbQSSY^ RPQ[T ST SQ\YRbU WbeUc_ h _^RPb edT[cPb h T[ ^ca^

T[ ST ceZUSY^ P[P\QaT TU\WQT_ h \dRWPb edT[cPb

?^a

`d| ?^a`dT bT aT`dXTaT \ub T]TaVP _PaP WPRTa `dT P[V^ bT

\dTeP `dT _PaP \P]cT]Ta[^ \^eX|]S^bT [P [Th ST [P
Y^UbSYQ
0\Q^b STeP]PS^b cXT]T] T[ \Xb\^ RPQ[T ST T]TaVP ST [P cTa
\X]P[

C `dT eXT]T ST[ X]cTaad_c^a \PV]|cXR^ _^a \TSX^ ST

[P CTa\X]P[

2

ST[ \^c^a

>_dU

`dT T[ Paa^[[P\XT]c^ ST

bdYTRX] cXT]T bd _a^_X^ _^[^ P cXTaaP \XT]caPb `dT T[ ST

PcaPRRX] [^ cXT]T P caPe|b ST[ RPQ[TPS^ ST[ \^c^a ST
PaaP]`dT* cTa\X]P[

?`UbQSY^

=

8VdP[ `dT R^] T[ X]cTaad_c^a \PV]|cXR^ T[ |\Q^[^ cXT]T d]P

_[PRP SXbR^ ST R^]cPRc^ T] T[ UX]P[ WPRXP [P STaTRWP `dT eP P
c^RPa P\Q^b R^]cPRc^b 1 h < ST [P cTa\X]P[ P[ \^eTabT P [P
STaTRWP 3|\^b[T R^aaXT]cT

2dP]S^ bT

8]cTaad_c^a ST 0aaP]`dT

RXTaaP T[
X]cTaad_c^a
ST[ \^c^a ST

Solenoide

PaaP]`dT [P

Arrollado de
Sujecin

R^aaXT]cT
eXPYP P [P

Embolo

cTa\X]P[ B

Contactos
Arrollado
de Atraccin

Palanca de
Cambio

ST PW P [P
cTa\X]P[ 

P caPe|b ST[

Paa^[[P\XT]
c^ ST PcaPR
RX] PRcXeu]
S^[^[dTV^

Embrague

Motor de Arranque

A la batera

_PbP _^a T[
\^c^a h [[TVP
P cXTaaP

Page 20

CP\QX|] ST [P B _PbP R^aaXT]cT P[ Paa^[[P\XT]c^ ST bdYTRX]

h [dTV^ P cXTaaP PRcXeu]S^[^ cP\QX|] P TbcT 0\Q^b
Paa^[[P\XT]c^b _a^SdRT] RP\_^b \PV]|cXR^b `dT
R^\QX]PS^b bT edT[eT] d] RP\_^ UdTacT \ub UdTacT `dT T[
aTb^acT ST [P _P[P]RP ST RP\QX^ h bT \dTeT T[ |\Q^[^
4[ |\Q^[^ bT \dTeT P [P STaTRWP h RPdbP `dT)

[P _[PRP ST R^]cPRc^ c^`dT [^b R^]cPRc^b 1 h <

[P _P[P]RP ST RP\QX^ T]VaP]T T[ T\QaPVdT ST[ _X]

R^] T[ TYT ST[ \^c^a h

T]RPYT] T[ T]VaP]PYT ST[ _X] R^] T[ ST[ P]X[[^ ST[

e^[P]cT ST[ \^c^a

;P R^aaXT]cT ST [P QPcTaP eXPYP STbST T[ R^]cPRc^ ST [P

cTa\X]P[ 1 _^a [P _[PRP P[ R^]cPRc^ ST [P cTa\X]P[ < h P[
RPQ[TPS^ ST[ \^c^a) 4[ \^c^a PaaP]RP

! VeU^dU TU
U^UbWQ
" SQ]Y^_c

0`d Tbcu [^ QdT]^) CP] _a^]c^ R^\^ [P _[PRP ST R^]cPRc^

c^RP [^b R^]cPRc^b 1 h < [P R^aaXT]cT _PaP T[ Paa^[[P\XT]c^ ST
PcaPRRX] cXT]T T_c SQ]Y^_c Q UcS_WUb `QbQ \\UWQb Q\ S_^dQSd_
=*

!

 ?^a T[ RPQ[T ST[ X]cTaad_c^a ST PaaP]`dT P caPe|b ST[

X]cTaad_c^a WPRXP [PB _^a T[ Paa^[[P\XT]c^ h [dTV^

"

<Q ]U^_b
bUcYcdU^SYQ

P [P < ^ QXT]
! ?^a [P _[PRP ST R^]cPRc^ P[ R^]cPRc^ <

@d| RP\X]^ eP P TbR^VTa [P R^aaXT]cT. 4[ ST [P \T]^a

aTbXbcT]RXP4[ !

S_bd_  SYbSeYd_

?dTbc^ `dT T[ |\Q^[^ hP bT PcaPY^ hP ]^ bT ]TRTbXcP T[

_ `_b U\ SYbSeYd_

Paa^[[P\XT]c^ ST PcaPRRX] [P R^aaXT]cT bT \P]SP T]

]vc S_bd_

S_bd_ SYbSeYd_

P[ \^c^a T] eTi ST _PbPa _^a T[

Paa^[[P\XT]c^ STeP]PS^

Page 21

4[ Paa^[[P\XT]c^ ST bdYTRX] \P]cXT]T T[ |\Q^[^ P [P

STaTRWP h P [P _[PRP ST R^]cPRc^ c^RP]S^ [^b R^]cPRc^b 1
h < WPbcP `dT bT bdT[cP T[ X]cTaad_c^a RXaRdXc^ PQXTac^

;^b caTb TYT\_[^b P]cTaX^aTb R^]eXacXTa^] T]TaVP T[|RcaXRP P

UdTaiP \PV]|cXRP [P RdP[ RPdb \^RX] \TRu]XRP

ETP\^b 

T- 14

2\^ _dTST aTU^aiPabT d] RP\_^ \PV]|cXR^.

! OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO
" OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO
# OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO
$ OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO






T- 15

2^]U^a\T T[ RP[^a Pd\T]cP [P aT[dRcP]RXP h [P

aTbXbcT]RXP T[|RcaXRPNNNNNNNNNNNNNN \XT]caPb `dT [P
ST]bXSPS ST[ RP\_^ \PV]|cXR^NNNNNNNNN

T- 16

D] R^]cPRc^ ]^a\P[\T]cT PQXTac^ ]TRTbXcP `dT _PbT

P[V^ _PaP R^\_[TcPa T[ RXaRdXc^

3YUbd_OOOOOO6Q\c_OOOOOO

T- 17

D] R^]cPRc^ ]^a\P[\T]cT RTaaPS^ ]TRTbXcP `dT _PbT

P[V^ _PaP R^\_[TcPa T[ RXaRdXc^

3YUbd_OOOOOO6Q\c_OOOOOO

T- 18

4[ b^[T]^XST ST[ \^c^a ST PaaP]`dT bT b^\TcT P

R^ac^ RXaRdXc^ \XT]caPb T[ \^c^a PaaP]RP

3YUbd_OOOOOO6Q\c_OOOOOO

Corriente
"Generada"

Nota

Page 22

ETP\^b P[V^ X]cTaTbP]cT)

BPQT\^b `dT bX WPh R^aaXT]cT `dT _PbP _^a d] RPQ[T bT
VT]TaP d] RP\_^ \PV]|cXR^ P[aTSTS^a ST TbcT ;P SX
aTRRX] ST [P R^aaXT]cT STcTa\X]P [P _^[PaXSPS ^ SXaTR
RX] ST[ RP\_^

<Ui TU
9^TeSSY^ TU
6QbQTQi
>_dQ

BX _^]T\^b d] bTVd]S^ R^]SdRc^a ST]ca^ ST[ RP\_^ \PV]|

cXR^ ST \^S^ `dT Tbc|] _PaP[T[^b ]^ RadiPS^b R^]U^a\T
TbcT bTVd]S^ R^]SdRc^a eP RadiP]S^ [Pb []TPb ST U[dY^ \PV
]|cXR^ [^b T[TRca^]Tb R^\XT]iP] P \^eTabT cP\QX|] ST]ca^

ST TbcT bTVd]S^ R^]SdRc^a

lneas de flujo

Conductor

Voltaje
inducido

4[ RP\_^ \PV]|cXR^ T\_dYP P [^b T[TRca^]Tb WPRXP d] UX]P[

ST[ R^]SdRc^a

9^TeSSY^

4bc^ RPdbP STbT`dX[XQaX^ ST RPaVP ST]ca^ ST[ e^[cPYT ST[

R^]SdRc^a ]TVPcXe^ T] d]P _d]cP _^bXcXe^ T] [P ^caP
4bcT_a^RTb^ bT R^]^RT R^\^ X]SdRRX]

9^TeSSY^

U\USdb_]QW^}dYSQ

F_\dQZU i
1]`UbQZU

BX T[ R^]SdRc^a Tb _PacT ST d] RP\X]^ RXaRdXc^

R^\_[Tc^ bT eP P VT]TaPa ST]ca^ ST |[ e^[cPYT h
R^aaXT]cT P\_TaPYT \XT]caPb _PbP _^a TbT RP\_^

>_dQ
4YbUSSY^
_`eUcdQ
6\eZ_ _`eUcd_

\PV]|cXR^

BX T[ R^]SdRc^a bT bPRP ST TbT RP\_^ \PV]|cXR^ [Pb []TPb ST

U[dY^ eP] P _PbPa ^caP eTi b^QaT |[ 4bcP eTi [^b T[TRca^]Tb eP]
P \^eTabT T] SXaTRRX] ^_dTbcP _^a`dT T[ R^]SdRc^a bT
\^eX T] SXaTRRX] ^_dTbcP

Page 23

4[ \^eX\XT]c^ WPRXP ST]ca^ ST[ RP\_^ \PV]|cXR^ RPdb

X]SdRRX] T] d]P SXaTRRX]h T[ \^eX\XT]c^ WPRXP PUdTaP ST[
RP\_^ RPdb X]SdRRX] T] [P SXaTRRX] ^_dTbcP

lneas de flujo
magntico
Conductor

FUb ce`\U]U^d_
$

3Q]`_ ]fY\
fUbcec
3_^TeSd_b
]_fY\

Voltaje
inducido

ETa Bd_[T\T]c^ # 4[ TYTaRXRX^ ST\dTbcaP T[ _aX]RX_X^

ST [P X]SdRRX]
D] R^]SdRc^a `dT bT \dTeT Tb TgRT[T]cT _Ta^ Tb _^R^
_auRcXR^ RdP]S^ bT caPcP ST _a^SdRXa VaP]STb RP]cXSPSTb ST
R^aaXT]cT <^eTa d] R^]SdRc^a R^]cX]dP\T]cT WPRXP PST]ca^
h WPRXP PUdTaP ST d] RP\_^ \PV]|cXR^ bTaP R^\^ PRTaRPa h
P[TYPa [P \TbP ST[ R^\TS^a T] eTi ST [P bX[[P Ud]RX^]P _Ta^
]^ Tb _auRcXR^ 3T[ \Xb\^ \^S^ _dTST _a^SdRXabT T[ \Xb\^
TUTRc^ bX bT cXT]T d] SQ]`_ ]QW^}dYS_ ]_fYR\U

T] eTi ST d]

S_^TeSd_b ]_fYR\U

3Q]`_
]QW^}dYS_
aeU WYbQ
3_^TeSd_b
UcdQSY_^QbY_

7T P`d R^\^ [^ WPaT\^b)

?^]VP\^b d] TYT R^] d]P \P]XeT[P T] T[ UX]P[ P (
PcaPeTbP]S^ TgPRcP\T]cT T] T[ RT]ca^ d] X\u]
_Ta\P]T]cT eTacXRP[ h [^ a^STP\^b R^] d] R^]SdRc^a
TbcPRX^]PaX^ T[ R^]SdRc^a STQT `dTSPa cP] RTaRP R^\^
bTP _^bXQ[T ST[ X\u] bX] [[TVPa P c^RPa[^ ;dTV^
R^]TRcT\^b [^b S^b UX]P[Tb ST[ R^]SdRc^a P d]
Q^\QX[[^

Page 24

<Qc \^UQc TU
V\eZ_ ]QW^}dYS_
QbbQcdbQ^ Q \_c
U\USdb_^Uc
4U Ceb Q >_bdU
e^Q TYbUSSY^
i TU >_bdU Q
Ceb \Q TYbUSSY^
_`eUcdQ

0[ VXaPa [P \P]XeT[P [Pb []TPb ST U[dY^ \PV]|cXR^ _PbP] _^a

T[ R^]SdRc^a RPdbP]S^ `dT [^b T[TRca^]Tb bT \dTeP] _^a T[
RPQ[T P caPe|b ST[ Q^\QX[[^ h ST aTVaTb^ P[ ^ca^ [PS^ ST[
RXaRdXc^h ?aTbc^ bT _a^SdRT [di T] T[ Q^\QX[[^

ETP\^b T[ \^ST[Xc^ d] _^R^ \ub ST RTaRP

2dP]S^ [Pb []TPb ST U[dY^ ST[ _^[^ \PV]|cXR^ Bda

_PbP] _^a T[ R^]SdRc^a ST PaaXQP Tbc^ T\_dYP P [^b
T[TRca^]Tb T] d]P SXaTRRX] _^bXcXeP 2dP]S^ [Pb
[]TPb ST U[dY^ ST[ _^[^ \PV]|cXR^ =^acT _PbP _^a T[
R^]SdRc^a ST PQPY^ T\_dYP P [^b T[TRca^]Tb T]
SXaTRRX] ^_dTbcP ]TVPcXe^ _Ta^ TbcP\^b dbP]S^ d]
RXaRdXc^ R^\_[Tc^ ST \^S^ `dT ]^ X\_^acP

0aaXQP Bda [^b

T[TRca^]Tb bT \dTeT]
P [P Xi`dXTaSP* PQPY^
=^acT bT \dTeT] P
[P STaTRWP BX
bTVdX\^b T[ RXaRdXc^
eT\^b `dT eP T] [P
\Xb\P SXaTRRX]

3Q]RY_ TU
@_\QbYTQT

?Ta^`d| _PbP RdP]S^ T[ _^[^ Bda ST[ X\u] _PbP _^a T[

R^]SdRc^a ST PQPY^ h T[ =^acT _^a T[ ST PaaXQP.ETP\^b ^caP
eTi T[ RXaRdXc^ bXVdXT]cT h eTaT\^b `dT ePNNNNNNNNNNN.

Page 25

BX bT^a Q\ bUf}c 4[ \^ST[^ _a^SdRT U[dY^ T] d]P SXaTRRX]

h [dTV^ T] [P ^_dTbcP TbcP\^b _a^SdRXT]S^ S_bbYU^dU
Q\dUb^Q CT]T\^b d] Q\dUb^QT_b

3]_ S_^cUWeYb

C^S^ [^ P]cTaX^a Tbcu \dh QXT] bX `dTaT\^b R^aaXT]cT P[cTa]P

43  S_bbYU^dU

_Ta^ bX `dTaT\^b R^aaXT]cT SXaTRcP cXT]T] `dT WPRTabT

TYbUSdQ

P[Vd]^b RP\QX^b 7T P`d [P SXUXRd[cPSBT_PaPa T[ U[dY^ T]

d]P SXaTRRX] ST[ ST [P ^caP

7Ph ePaXPb \P]TaPb _PaP R^]bTVdXa [P R^aaXT]cT SXaTRcP

7U^UbQT_b TU
43

 ?^ST\^b aTSXbTPa T[ \^ST[^ _PaP `dT T[ RP\_^

\PV]|cXR^ bTP TbcPRX^]PaX^ h T[ RXaRdXc^ R^]SdRc^a
[P Pa\PSdaP VXaT
BT _^]T] P]X[[^b SXeX
SXS^b P [^b UX]P[Tb ST[
R^]SdRc^a h 

UcS_RY\\Qc

P [^b R^]cPRc^b ST[

RXaRdXc^ 3T TbcT \^S^
T[ bT\XRaRd[^ ST RdP[
`dXTaP ST [^b [PS^b ST
]dTbca^ RXaRdXc^ `dT bT
PRTa`dT P[ _^[^ BDA

Direccin de
Rotacin

Tbcu c^RP]S^ [P TbR^QX[[P

ST ]dTbca^ [PS^ eXe^
_^bXcXe^ ST[ RXaRdXc^ 4[
bT\XRaRd[^ ST[ [PS^ `dT

bT PRTaRP P[ _^[^ =>AC4 Tbcu c^RP]S^ [P TbR^QX[[P `dT c^RP

]dTbca^ [PS^ ]TVPcXe^ cXTaaP ST[ RXaRdXc^ BX bT^a 
5dT]cT ST T]TaVP T] d]P b^[P SXaTRRX]) D]

WU^UbQT_b TU

S_bbYU^dU TYbUSdQ

" ?`SY^
4Y_T_* fUb
ce`\U]U^d_ &

Page 26

! > QXT] _^ST\^b \P]cT]Ta T[ \^ST[^ ^aXVX]P[ h PVaT

VPa[T d]P _XTiP T[|RcaXRP `dT _Ta\XcT `dT [P
R^aaXT]cT U[dhP T] d]P SXaTRRX] b^[P\T]cT) d]
SX^S^ Bd_[T\T]c^ %

2dP]S^ T[ BDA Tbc| PaaXQP ST[ RXaRdXc^ T[ SX^S^ bT PRcXeP h

_Ta\XcT `dT _PbT [P R^aaXT]cT) bT T]RXT]ST T[ Q^\QX[[^
2dP]S^ T[ =>AC4 Tbcu PaaXQP ST[ RXaRdXc^ [P R^aaXT]cT eP P[
aTe|b h T[ SX^S^ bT STbPRcXeP h T[ Q^\QX[[^ bT P_PVP 4[
_a^Q[T\P Tb `dT T]c^]RTb T[ Q^\QX[[^ b^[P\T]cT Tbcu
T]RT]SXS^ [P \XcPS ST[ cXT\_^ bX [T SP\^b \dh au_XS^ P
[P \P]XeT[P `dXiu ]PSXT [^ ]^cT

# ?`SY^

" > _^ST\^b PVaTVPa d] _Pa ST

feU\dQc///

RPSP d]P

R^] bd SX^S^ST TbT \^S^ d]P ST [Pb edT[cPb bXT\

_aT TbcPau bd\X]XbcaP]S^ R^aaXT]cT P[ RXaRdXc^

$ ?`SY^

# > _^ST\^b \P]cT]Ta T[ \^ST[^ QubXR^ h _^]Ta[T d]

PaaTV[^ ST # SX^S^b h Pb dbPa T[ U[dY^ ST [P R^aaXT]cT
T] P\QPb SXaTRRX^]Tb
EP\^b P R^]TRcPa RPSP d]P ST [Pb S^b _d]cPb ST[ R^]SdRc^a
T] TbcT RPb^ d] STeP]PS^ T]caT d] SX^S^ _^bXcXe^ h d]^
]TVPcXe^
;dTV^ eP\^b P R^]TRcPa [Pb S^b _d]cPb ST[ R^]SdRc^a ST[
RXaRdXc^ T]caT [^b _PaTb ST SX^S^b) d]P _d]cP T]caT [^b SX^S^b
_^bXcXe^b h [P ^caP T]caT [^b ]TVPcXe^b

@QbUc TU 4Y_T_c
Q\YQc @eU^dUc

Aparato
consumidor

Los diodos 1 y 2 son positivos

Los diodos 3 y 4 son negativos

Page 27

2dP]S^ T[ RP\_^ bda bT PRTaRP P[ STeP]PS^ _PbP _^a T[

SX^S^   _PbP _^a T[ P_PaPc^ R^]bd\XS^a h edT[eT _^a T[
SX^S^ # P [^ ST PQPY^ ST[ STeP]PS^ R^\_[TcP]S^ T[ RXaRdXc^

3
4

1
2
Aparato
Consumidor

Page 28

3
4

1
2
Aparato
Consumidor

<Q _dbQ
TYbUSSY^ 

2dP]S^ T[ RP\_^ =^acT bT PRTaRP P[ STeP]PS^ [P R^aaXT]cT

eP T] SXaTRRX] ^_dTbcP BP[T ST [^ ST PQPY^ _PbP _^a T[ SX^
S^ ! [dTV^ _^a T[ P_PaPc^ R^]bd\XS^a [dTV^ edT[eT _^a T[
SX^S^ " WPbcP [^ ST PaaXQP ST[ STeP]PS^ 2XaRdXc^ R^\_[Tc^
0] RdP]S^ [P R^aaXT]cT X]SdRXSP RP\QX ST SXaTRRX]
P[cTa]P]S^ [P R^aaXT]cT `dT bT [T SX^ P[ RXaRdXc^ UdT
bXT\_aT T] e^Q c_\Q TYbUSSY^ TYbUSdQ

BUSdYVYSQSY^
>_dQ 
3_bbYU^dU
4YbUSdQ TU
3_bbYU^dU
1\dUb^Q

4[ WTRW^ ST bT_PaPa [Pb R^aaXT]cTb X]SdRXSPb =^acT h Bda

bT [[P\P bUSdYVYSQSY^ ^ R^aaTRRX] ST [Pb R^aaXT]cTb ST
bP[XSP ;^b SX^S^b b^] [^b

bUSdYVYSQT_bUc `dT _Ta\XcT] T[

U[dY^ ST R^aaXT]cT b[^ T] d]P SXaTRRX] 4bcT Tb T[ \^S^

R\^ _dTST _a^SdRXabT R^aaXT]cT

Q\dUb^Q

TYbUSdQ ST [P R^aaXT]cT

Page 29

BU`Qc_




T- 19

T- 20

?aPRcX`dT\^b [^ P_aT]SXS^

Q
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T- 21

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D)


T- 22

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T- 23

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Page 30




T- 24

;Pb Tb_XaPb ST d] STeP]PS^ ]^ Tbcu] PXb[PSPb h bT

c^RP]

395BD?OOOOOO61<C?OOOOOO

T- 25

;P SXaTRRX] ST [P R^aaXT]cT X]SdRXSP ST_T]ST ST[

_^[^ \PV]|cXR^ `dT Tbcu _PbP]S^ RTaRP ST[
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T- 26

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A)
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T- 27

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R^]SdRc^a \Ph^a Tb NNNNNNNNNNNNNNN `dT bT
X]SdRT

A)
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T- 28

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395BD?OOOOOO61<C?OOOOOO

T- 29

D] ]R[T^ ST WXTaa^ Sd[RT ST]ca^ ST d] RP\_^

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A)
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[^b S^b P]cTaX^aTb 0 h 1

Page 31

T- 30

D] SX^S^)

A)

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SXaTRRX]

B)

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C)

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D)

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Page 32

<ej

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Un estator
con 7 bobinas

Page 33

@eU^dU TU 4Y_T_c

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Page 34

Devanado de campo
magntico o
Masa Polar

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h S^b

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Page 35

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Page 36

TU]Q
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BU`Qc_

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T- 31

;Pb Q^QX]Pb ST[ TbcPc^a)

A)
B)
C)

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BX bT \^]cP] T] T[ a^c^a VXaP] R^] [P
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D)


T- 32

;^b S^b 1 h 2

4[ STeP]PS^ ST RP\_^)

A)
B)
C)

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D)


T- 33

;^b S^b 1 h 2

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A)
B)
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0caPeXTbP T[ a^ 0\Pi^]Pb
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Page 37




T- 34

T- 35

4[ aTVd[PS^a ST e^[cPYT)

A)
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2^]ca^[P T[ ca^ ST SX^S^b
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A)

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WXTaa^

B)
C)
D)


T- 36

B^] ST [^b \PaTb _PRUXR^ h Pc[u]cXR^

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C)
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T- 37

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Page 38

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Page 39

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XQSYQ U\ TYU^dU

2^]U^a\T [Pb []TPb ST U[dY^ bT \dTeT] R^] T[ SXT]cT

cP\QX|] RP\QXP] bd _^bXRX] R^]caP [Pb Tb_XaPb ST[ STeP

`b_TeSU f_\dQZU ?dTbc^ `dT T[

RXaRdXc^ ST[ STeP]PS^ Tb R^\_[Tc^ dQ]RY}^ cU `b_TeSU
S_bbYU^dU @d| R[PbT ST R^aaXT]cT.

]PS^ 0[ bdRTSTa Tbc^ bT

13

2^\^ [Pb []TPb ST U[dY^ bT \dTeT] WPRXP T[ SXT]cT d]P

3_bbYU^dU

SXaTRRX] h [dTV^ edT[eT] P bd _^bXRX] ]^a\P[

1\dUb^Q

6bUSeU^SYQ*
 TU SYS\_c
`_b cUWe^T_
FUb
Ce`\U]U^d_ %

SXaTRRX] ^_dTbcP3_bbYU^dU 1\dUb^Q 

4[ ]\Ta^ ST SXT]cTb `dT _PbP] UaT]cT P[ bT]b^a _^a bTVd]
S^ Tb [^ `dT STcTa\X]P `d| cP] UaTRdT]cT\T]cT d] RXR[^ ST
R^aaXT]cT P[cTa]P VbUSeU^SYQ TU SYS\_c `_b cUWe^T_

4[ bXbcT\P T[|RcaXR^ ST 2^aaXT]cT 3XaTRcP ST[ RP\X] bT dbP

T] T[ cPR\Tca^ _PaP X]cTa_aTcPa T] d] ]\Ta^ `dT P_PaTRT
T] [P RPaucd[P ^ Rdu]c^ bT \dTeT [P PVdYP X]SXRPS^aP [P
UaTRdT]RXP ST [P

3^aaXT]cT 1[cTa]P ET[^RXSPS ST[ \^c^a ^

eT[^RXSPS ST[ eTWRd[^

>?D1*

JATRdTaST 2dP]c^ \ub [TY^b _PbP] [^b SXT]cTb ST[ T]VaP

]PYT ST[ _^[^ ST[ X\u] \T]^a Tb T[ TUTRc^ `dT cXT]T] b^QaT [Pb
[]TPb ST U[dY^ 2dP]c^ \T]^b TUTRc^ \T]^b \^eX\XT]c^ ST[
U[dY^ \T]^a e^[cPYT

;P TYcdQ^SYQ QZecdQR\U T]caT T[ UX]P[ ST[ bT]b^a h [P _d]cP ST

[^b SXT]cTb Tb ]ei Y]`_bdQ^dU L

5\ SQ]`_ SQU*

2dP]S^ [Pb []TPb ST U[dY^ e^[eXTa^] P bd _^bXRX] ]^a\P[

3_bbYU^dU

RadiPa^] T[ STeP]PS^ T] [P SXaTRRX] ^_dTbcP _a^SdRXT]S^

Y^fUbcQ/

[P \XcPS ST d] RXR[^ ST

3

R^aaXT]cT P[cTa]P

4bcP R^]SXRX] ST aTc^a]^ Tb _PaTRXSP P [^ `dT _PbP

R^] T[ RP\_^ ST d] T[TRca^X\u] RdP]S^ bd STeP]PS^
bT P_PVP T[ RP\_^ RPT ST aTVaTb^ T] T[ STeP]PS^
_a^SdRXT]S^

S_bbYU^dU Y^fUbcQ

?Ta^ _PaP d]

T[TRca^X\u]  Tb aTP[\T]cT R^aaXT]cT X]eTabP.

Page 40

<Ui TU <U^j
4YbUSSY_^Uc
?`eUcdQc

ETu\^b[^ d] _^R^ \ub ST RTaRP

2dP]S^ [P R^aaXT]cT bT \dTeT _^a d] P[P\QaT T[
RP\_^ \PV]|cXR^ bT U^a\P ST PST]ca^ _PaP PUdTaP

4] [P _uVX]P ! _aTbT]cP\^b T[ _aX]RX_X^ ST X]SdRXa

R^aaXT]cT T] d] R^]SdRc^a ;P SXaTRRX] ST [P R^aaXT]cT
Y^TeSYTQ

Tb _`eUcdQ P [P TYbUSSY^ ST [P R^aaXT]cT aeU

\Q Y^TeSU

Direccin
del
flujo de
corriente

Lneas de flujo que se expanden

Inductivo
Inducido

1ed_Y^TeSdQ^SYQ
3_^dbQf_\dQZU

4] T[ RPb^ ST d] STeP]PS^ R^]U^a\T T[ RP\_^ bT Tg_P]ST h

RadiP [P bXVdXT]cT edT[cP ST P[P\QaT X]SdRT e^[cPYT h
R^aaXT]cT T] SXaTRRX] ^_dTbcP P [P bd_[XSP _^a [P QPcTaP `dT
Tbcu _a^SdRXT]S^ T[ RP\_^ 4bc^ Tb Qed_Y^TeSdQ^SYQ Tbcu
X]SdRXT]S^ e^[cPYT h R^aaXT]cT T] b \Xb\^ _Ta^ T] SXaTRRX]
^_dTbcP P[ e^[cPYT h R^aaXT]cT bd_[XS^ R^\^ `dXT] SXRT
_T[TP]S^ R^]caP b \Xb\^\^aSXT]S^ [P \P]^ `dT [^
P[X\T]cP

5\ 3Q]`_
cU `b_TeSU
TUc`QSY_

4b _^a Tbc^ `dT T[ RP\_^ \PV]|cXR^ bT _a^SdRT STb_PRX^

\dh aT[PcXeP\T]cT WPQ[P]S^ ]^ Tbcu PW T] T[ \Xb\^

]Y\}cY]Qc TU cUWe^T_ _PaP

4[ e^[cPYT h R^aaXT]cT _`eUcd_c ]^ eP] P XVdP[Pa P [P

X]bcP]cTc^\P d]Pb _^RPb

U^a\PabT

R^aaXT]cT h e^[cPYT `dT [^b X]SdRT h TeT]cdP[\T]cT RPT P RTa^

 RdP]S^ [^b P\_TaX^b X]SdRc^aTb STYP] ST Pd\T]cPa

0W^aP [P ^caP RPaP ST [P \^]TSP

CY U\ Y^TeSd_b
cU Q`QWQ
U\ SQ]`_ cU
S_\Q`cQ

2dP]S^ T[ RXaRdXc^ `dT [T SPQP R^aaXT]cT P[ STeP]PS^ bT

P_PVP T[ RP\_^ \PV]|cXR^ bT R^[P_bP ST aTVaTb^ P[
\Xb\^ STeP]PS^ T X]SdRT e^[cPYT h R^aaXT]cT T] [P
\Xb\P SXaTRRX] `dT [P PQPbcTRXSP ^aXVX]P[\T]cT CaPcP
ST \P]cT]Ta T[ RP\_^ PRcXe^

Page 41

Direccin del flujo

de corriente

Inducido

Inductivo

Lneas de flujo que se colapsan

>_ Uc

3T \^S^ `dT _PaP R^]cTbcPa P [P _aTVd]cP ^aXVX]P[) =^ Tb

S_bbYU^dU

R^aaXT]cT X]eTabP bX]^ `dT eP T] [P \Xb\P SXaTRRX] `dT [P

Y^fUbcQ 

^aXVX]P[ `dT _a^SdY^ T[ RP\_^ \PV]|cXR^ 

4b \ub Tb TbcP R^aaXT]cT Pdc^X]SdRXSP [P `dT U^a\P [P

5\ QbS_

RWXb_P PaR^ RdP]S^ T[ RXaRdXc^ X]SdRc^a bT P_PVP 4bcP

Tb cP\QX|] [P aPi] ST _^a `d| P[Vd]^b STeP]PS^b
VaP]STb cXT]T] SX^S^b R^]TRcPS^b T[ SX^S^
_a^_^aRX^]P d] RP\X]^ P [P R^aaXT]cT X]SdRXSP RdP]S^
T[ RP\_^ bT R^[P_bP 

1 \Q Qed_

;P Pdc^X]SdRcP]RXP T[|RcaXRP Tb R^\^ [P X]TaRXP \TRu]XRP

Y^TeSdQ^SYQ

caPcP ST \P]cT]Ta [Pb R^bPb R^\^ TbcPQP]bT ^_^]T P[

^_ \U WecdQ
U\ SQ]RY_

RP\QX^

BX ]^ WPQP P\_TaX^b _PbP]S^ _^a d]P Q^QX]P h ST

aT_T]cT [^b WPh RP\_^ `dT bT Tg_P]ST [P Pdc^
X]SdRcP]RXP caPcP ST \P]cT]Ta [Pb R^bPb R^\^
TbcPQP]bX] P\_TaX^b

BX WPQP P\_TaX^b _PbP]S^ _^a d]P Q^QX]P h ST

aT_T]cT _PaPa^][P Pdc^X]SdRcP]RXP caPcP ST
\P]cT]Ta [P Q^QX]P R^\^ TbcPQP R^] [^b
P\_TaX^b U[dh|]S^[T 

Y^TeSdQ^SYQ ]deQ bT dbP

9^TeSdQ^SYQ =deQ

D] _aX]RX_X^ bX\X[Pa `dT bT [[P\P

=e\dY`\YSQT_bUc

_PaP _a^SdRXa d] e^[cPYT \Ph^a ST[ SXb_^]XQ[T

TU F_\dQZU

Page 42

3Q^dYTQT TU
f_\dQZU
`b_TeSYT_

;P RP]cXSPS ST e^[cPYT _a^SdRXS^ ST_T]ST ST

;P RP]cXSPS ST []TPb ST U[dY^ `dT RadiP] T[

R^]SdRc^a

T[ \PaVT] ST RP\QX^ ST U[dY^

RP]cXSPS ST bd_TaUXRXT `dT [Pb []TPb ST U[dY^ _dTST]

PUTRcPa T[ ]\Ta^ ST edT[cPb T] [P Q^QX]P aTRdTaSP

[Pb edT[cPbP\_TaX^.
?PaP ST\^bcaPa eP\^b P ]TRTbXcPa S^b RXaRdXc^b STbd]XS^b

CUSe^TQbY_

 D] RXaRdXc^ R^\_[Tc^ [[P\PS^ bTRd]SPaX^ `dT R^]

bXbcT ST d] STeP]PS^ WTRW^ ST \dRWPb edT[cPb ST
P[P\QaT ST[VPS^ P[aTSTS^a ST d] ]R[T^ ST WXTaa^ h
d] P_PaPc^ R^]bd\XS^a R^]TRcPS^ P [^b UX]P[Tb ST[
STeP]PS^*

@bY]QbYQ

! D]P Q^QX]P [[P\PSP _aX\PaXP PQPbcTRXSP STbST d]P

QPcTaP `dT R^]bXbcT ST P[P\QaT \ub VadTb^ h
\T]^b edT[cPb a^STP]S^ P[ STeP]PS^ bTRd]SPaX^

Aparato consumidor
Devanado
secundario
con ncleo

2^] T[ X]cTaad_
c^a RTaaPS^ T[
STeP]PS^ _aX
\PaX^ _a^SdRT
bd RP\_^ \PV
]|cXR^ 4[ STeP

Devanado
primario

]PS^ bTRd]SP
aX^ _^a [P
X]SdRRX] caP
cPau ST _aTeT]Xa

Batera

Interruptor

`dT bT U^a\T T[
RP\_^ ST[

_aX\Ta STeP]PS^ e^[cPYT ^_dTbc^ 2dP]S^ T[ P\_TaPYT ST[

_aX\Ta RXaRdXc^ STYP ST Pd\T]cPa [Pb []TPb ST U[dY^ ST[
_aX\PaX^ STYP] ST RadiPa [Pb bTRd]SPaXPb [^ RdP[ RPdbP `dT T[
e^[cPYT X]SdRXS^ QPYT P RTa^

4] TbcT _d]c^ T[ RXaRdXc^ _aX\PaX^ Tbcu P _[T]^ P\_TaPYT h T[

RP\_^ P _[T]P UdTaiP 4bcu [Xbc^

Page 43

3YbSeYd_

`bY]QbY_
QRYUbd_

2dP]S^ bT PQaT T[ X]cTaad_c^a T[ RP\_^ \PV]|cXR^ R^[P_bP

_^a [^b STeP]PS^b _aX\PaX^ h bTRd]SPaX^ R^] VaP]
X]cT]bXSPS 4bc^ RPdbP d] e^[cPYT Pdc^X]SdRXS^ P[c^ T] T[
STeP]PS^ _aX\PaX^ T[ RdP[ Tb \d[cX_[XRPS^ cP]cPb eTRTb
RdP]cPb edT[cPb cT]VP T[ bTRd]SPaX^

4bc^ _a^SdRT d] e^[cPYT

P] \ub P[c^ T] T[ RXa
RdXc^ bTRd]SPaX^
=^a\P[\T]cT TbcT
RXaRdXc^ VT]TaP
P\_TaPYT \dh QPY^ Tb
STRXa \X[XP\_TaX^b
\X[|bX\Pb ST P\_TaX^
_Ta^ Tb^b T[TRca^]Tb
bPQT] S]ST `dXTaT] Xa
h `dXTaT] [[TVPa H0
<8B<> 0b Tb R\^ d] RXaRdXc^ ST

! e^[cX^b _dTST

_a^SdRXa d]^ ST !$

4UfQ^QT_ TU
QbbQ^aeU

4] T[ RPb^ ST [^b \^c^aTb ST VPb^[X]P T[ STeP]PS^

ST[ PaaP]`dT _dTST _a^SdRXa !$ e^[cX^b `dT SP]
[P RWXb_P T] [Pb QdYPb

9^iUSd_bUc TU
c_\U^_YTU

> T] [^b \^c^aTb ST SXTbT[ T[TRca]XRP\T]cT

R^]ca^[PS^b R^] X]hTRc^aTb PRcXePS^b _^a b^[T]^XST
Tbc^b _dTST] VT]TaPa PaaXQP ST

 e^[cX^b

9^TeSdQ^SYQ ]edeQ* S^b RXaRdXc^b X]ST_T]SXT]cTb `dT bT

PUTRcP] T[ d]^ P[ ^ca^

Page 44




?Ta^ `d| _PbP.<ub _aTVd]cPb.3T Tb^ bT caPcP



T- 38

4[ cX_^ ST R^aaXT]cT _a^SdRXSP T] [^b RXaRdXc^b ST[

bT]b^a ST[ eT[^R\Tca^ h ST[ cPR\Tca^)NNNNNNNNNN

A)
B)
C)
D)


T- 39

3XaTRcP
8]SXaTRcP
0[cTa]P
=X]Vd]P ST [Pb caTb P]cTaX^aTb

;^b P[P\QaTb `dT bP[T] ST[ bT]b^a ST[ cPR\Tca^

b^]) NNN

A)

B^] _PacT ST[ bXbcT\P ST 2^aaXT]cT 3XaTRcP ST[

RP\X]

B)

2^]TRcPS^b P _^[^ P cXTaaP _^a [P RPYP ST [P

RP\_P]P




C)
D)


T- 40

Bdb _a^_X^b RXaRdXc^b X]ST_T]SXT]cTb ST ^ca^b

0[X\T]cPS^b _^a R^aaXT]cT ST [P QPcTaP

2dP]S^ \ub RTaRP _PbP] [^b SXT]cTb ST[ T]VaP]PYT

\ub S|QX[ \ub QPY^ T[ e^[cPYT _a^SdRXS^

A)
B)


T- 41

2XTac^
5P[b^

;P R^aaXT]cT Pdc^X]SdRXSP )NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN

A)

BT \dTeT T] [P SXaTRRX] ^_dTbcP ST [P

R^aaXT]cT `dT _a^SdY^ T[ RP\_^ \PV]|cXR^

B)

BT \dTeT T] [P \Xb\P SXaTRRX] ST [P

R^aaXT]cT `dT _a^SdY^ T[ RP\_^ \PV]|cXR^

C)
D)


T- 42

CaPcP ST TeXcPa T[ RP\QX^

C^SPb [Pb caTb P]cTaX^aTb

0[Vd]^b P_PaPc^b R^] STeP]PS^b VaP]STb dbP] d]

SX^S^ _PaP) NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN

A)

3XaXVXa [P R^aaXT]cT Pdc^X]SdRXSP STbST d]

RP\_^ \PV]|cXR^

B)
C)

0RcXePa STb_PRX^ P[ b^[T]^XST

2^]Ud]SXa P [^b c|R]XR^b R^] \ub
R^\_^]T]cTb

D)

3Pa d] db^ P[ _a^QPS^a ST RXaRdXc^b ST SX^S^

Page 45

=_d_bUc

0W^aP eP\^b P[ [cX\^ cT\P X\_^acP]cT9^dUbQSSY^

SQ]`_c

TU

\^c^aTb

4[ _aX]RX_X^ `dT ]TRTbXcP\^b PW^aP) R\^ aTPRRX^]P]

T]caT b [^b RP\_^b \PV]|cXR^b hP [^ RdQaX\^b SdaP]
cT T[ TbcdSX^ ST [^b X\P]Tb
;^b _^[^b ^_dTbc^b bT PcaPT] Bda PcaPT P =^acT h [^b XVdP[Tb
bT aT_T[T] Bda aT_T[T P Bda h =^acT aT_T[T P =^acT 4bc^ Tb
eu[XS^ cP]c^ _PaP X\P]Tb _Ta\P]T]cTb R^\^ _PaP
cT\_^aP[Tb 4bcT Tb T[ _aX]RX_X^ T] `dT bT QPbP] [^b \^c^aTb
T[|RcaXR^b

7T P`d [P XSTP QubXRP)

4[ \^c^a VXaP _^a d]Pb UdTaiPb \PV]|cXRPb `dT bT
PcaPT] h ^caPb `dT bT aT_T[T] ;^b T[TRca^X\P]Tb
UXY^b Tbcu] \^]cPS^b T] [P RPaRPiP RdQXTacP ST
WXTaa^ Sd[RT ;^b STeP]PS^b ST P[P\QaT `dT
[[TeP R^aaXT]cT eP] \^]cPS^b T] d] TYT ;^b
RP\_^b \PV]|cXR^b ST [^b STeP]PS^b X]cTaPRcP]
R^] [^b RP\_^b UXY^b h WPRT] `dT T[ TYT VXaT

@YUjQc TU\ ]_d_b

4bR^QX[[P

CP_P _^[Pa

Colector

=QcQc `_\QbUc

Bobina de campo

Inducido

;^b T[TRca^X\P]Tb \^]cPS^b T] [P RPaRPiP ST WXTaa^ Sd[RT ST[

R_RY^Qc TU
SQ]`_

\^c^a b^] [Pb

9^TeSYT_ Q\Q]RbU

4[ Y^TeSYT_ Tb d] R^]SdRc^a VaP]ST WbeUc_ T]a^[[PS^ T]

TU e^Q c_\Q feU\dQ

SQTQ fUj

R^] bdb

R_RY^Qc TU SQ]`_

edT[cPb P [^ [PaV^ h P[aTSTS^a ST d] ]R[T^ [P\X]PS^ 2PSP

d]P ST T[[Pb c^RP d] _d]c^ ST R^]cPRc^ T] T[
ST[ \^c^a

Page 46

]QcQc `_\QbUc

S_\USd_b T] T[ TYT

J4[ R^]SdRc^a c^RP _aX\Ta^ T[ R^]cPRc^   [dTV^ bXVdT

T] d]P b^[P edT[cP WPbcP c^RPa T[ ! [dTV^ ^caP edT[cP
WPbcP T[ " h Pb bdRTbXeP\T]cT WPbcP e^[eTa P[  L
3_bbYU^dU XQSYQ*

4] d] \^c^a c_XR^ ST TUfQ^QT_c TU SQ]`_ T] bTaXT [P

TUfQ^QT_c TU

R^aaXT]cT bT bd_[T cP]c^ P [^b STeP]PS^b ST RP\_^ R^\^ P [Pb

SQ]`_

UcS_RY\\Qc \^]cPSPb R^] aTb^acT R^]caP T[ S_\USd_b ST [P

Qb]QTebQ

i 1b]QTebQ

;P R^aaXT]cT STYP [P

Qb]QTebQ _^a ^ca^ YdTV^ ST TbR^QX[[Pb

cP\QX|] \^]cPSPb R^] aTb^acT R^]caP T[ R^[TRc^a ;P R^aaXT]cT

`dT STYP [^b STeP]PS^b ST RP\_^ bT d]T P [P R^aaXT]cT ST[
X]SdRXS^ h eP P cXTaaP

5ZU]`\_*

1b]QTebQ

EP\^b P dbPa R^\^ TYT\_[^ d] \^c^a bX\_[T R^\_dTbc^ ST)

3_\USd_b

D]P Qb]QTebQ
R^]

! TU\WQc
_ Uc`YbQc
! S_^dQSd_c

RX[]SaXRP [P\X]PSP \^]cPSP T] TYT

 R^]cPRc^b T] T[ R^[TRc^a 4[ X]SdRXS^ Tb d]

R^]SdRc^a R^]cX]d^ T]a^[[PS^ T]

 ST[VPb 2PSP

d]P ST TbcPb c^RP d] R^]cPRc^ T] T[ R^[TRc^a h R^]

PXb[P\XT]c^ T]caT RPSP R^]cPRc^

5cS_RY\\Qc !
UcS_RY\\Q "
S_^dQSd_c

3^b

UcS_RY\\Qc \^]cPSPb R^] aTb^acT SXP\TcaP[

\T]cT ^_dTbcPb  ' P[X]TPSP R^] [P []TP RT]caP[

ST d]P \PbP _^[Pa D]P TbR^QX[[P Tbcu R^]TRcPSP R^]
[P R^aaXT]cT _^bXcXeP h [P ^caP Tbcu R^]TRcPSP P
cXTaaP ]TVPcXeP 3TQXS^ P bd cP\P^ RPSP TbR^QX[[P
d_SQ cYU]`bU T_c S_^dQSd_c TU\ S_^USd_b Q\ ]Yc]_
dYU]`_

=QcQc `_\QbUc

3^b

]QcQc `_\QbUc

UTaa^\PV]|cXRPb \^]cPSPb

SXP\TcaP[\T]cT ^_dTbcPb  ' T] d]P RdQXTacP ST

WXTaa^ RX[]SaXRP RPaRPiP ST[ \^c^a ;P T[TRcaXRXSPS
_^bXcXeP Tbcu T]a^[[PSP T] d]P ST [Pb \PbPb _^[PaTb
XQSYQ \Q TUbUSXQ

_^[Pa

R^] T[ aT[^Y [dTV^ T] [P ^caP \PbP

U^ TYbUSSY^ _`eUcdQ

WPRXP [P Xi`dXTaSP

R^]caP T[ aT[^Y h [dTV^ R^]TRcPSP P cXTaaP

Page 47

4UfQ^QT_ TU
SQ]`_

;Pb \PbPb _^[PaTb b^] T[TRca^X\P]Tb 4[ R^]SdRc^a

T]a^[[PS^ bT [[P\P

TUfQ^QT_ TU SQ]`_

3TQXS^ P `dT

T[ R^]SdRc^a Tbcu STeP]PS^ T] [Pb \PbPb T] SXaTRRX^]Tb

^_dTbcPb [Pb \PbPb _a^SdRT] _^[^b ^_dTbc^b) d]^
=^acT h d]^ Bda

5\ 9^TeSYT_

7T P`d R^\^ T[ X]SdRXS^ RaTP S^b RP\_^b \PV]|cXR^b

SQ]RYQ \_c

^_dTbc^b `dT X]cTaPRcP] R^] [^b STeP]PS^b ST RP\_^

SQ]`_c
]QW^}dYS_c
 Q 

JATRdTaST[^b T[TRca^]Tb QdbRP] Xa ST [P TbR^QX[[P

_^bXcXeP P [P ]TVPcXeP h eP] P c^\Pa c^S^b [^b
RP\X]^b _^bXQ[Tb _PaP [[TVPa P T[[PL

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