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ASSIGNMENT SOLUTIONS GUIDE (2014-2015)

E.H.D.-1
fgUnh x|
Disclaimer/Special Note: These are just the sample of the Answers/Solutions to some of the Questions given in the
Assignments. These Sample Answers/Solutions are prepared by Private Teacher/Tutors/Authors for the help and guidance
of the student to get an idea of how he/she can answer the Questions of the Assignments. We do not claim 100% Accuracy
of these sample answers as these are based on the knowledge and capability of Private Teacher/Tutor. Sample answers
may be seen as the Guide/Help Book for the reference to prepare the answers of the Questions given in the Assignment.
As these solutions/answers are prepared by the private teacher/tutor so that the chances of error or mistake cannot be
denied. Any Omission or Error is highly regretted though every care has been taken while preparing these Sample Answers/
Solutions. Please consult your own Teacher/Tutor before you prepare a Particular Answer & for uptodate and exact
information, data and solution. Student should must read and is referred the official study material provided by the university.

iz'u 1- fuEufyf[kr x|ka'kksa dh lizalx O;k[;k dhft,%

(d) b/j ns'k dh jktuhfrd n'kk Hk;adj gksrh tk jgh FkhA dEiuh dh iQkStsa y[ku dh rjiQ c<+h pyh vkrh
FkhaA 'kgj esa gypy eph gqbZ FkhA yksx cky&cPpksa dks ysdj nsgkrksa esa Hkkx jgs FksA ij gekjs nksuksa f[kykfM+;ksa dks bldh
tjk Hkh fiQ u FkhA os ?kj ls vkrs rks xfy;ksa esa gksdjA Mj Fkk fd dgha fdlh ckn'kkgh eqykfte dh fuxkg u iM+ tk,]
tks csxkj esa idM+s tk,A gtkjksa #i;s lykuk dh tkxhj eqr gh gte djuk pkgrs FksA
mkjlizlax O;k[;kizLrqr x|ka'k lqizfl dFkkdkj izsepUn th dh jpuk ^'krjat osQ f[kykM+h ls mn~/`r gSA blesa ys[kd
y[ku osQ uokc okftn vyh 'kkg osQ le; dh uktqd 'kklu&O;oLFkk rFkk ns'k dh rRdkyhu ttZj gksrh jktuhfrd fLFkfr dk
o.kZu fd;k x;k gS fd m/j rks fczfV'k bZLV bf.M;k dEiuh dh iQkStsa yxkrkj y[ku dh vksj izLFkku dj jgh Fkha] vkSj gekjh
jktuhfrd n'kk dk D;k c;ku djsa tks fujarj cn ls cnrj gksrh tk jgh FkhaA iwjs 'kgj esa bl ckr dks ysdj ng'kr Hkjk ekgkSy FkkA
yksx lifjokj nsgkrh bykdksa dh vksj owQp dj jgs FksA fetkZ lTtkn vyh vkSj ehj lkgc jks'ku vyh ;s nksuksa 'krjat osQ ,sls f[kykM+h
Fks] ftUgsa fdlh Hkh ckr dh dksbZ fpark gh ugha FkhA os nksuksa vka[ksa cpkdj pksjh&fNis xfy;ksa esa ls gksdj vius vM~Ms ij igqap gh
tkrs FksA mUgsa bl ckr dk Hkh Mj lrkrk Fkk fd dgha gesa vkrs&tkrs dksbZ iz'kklfud vf/dkjh u ns[k ys vkSj ge idM+s tk,axs ftldk
ifj.kke ;g gksxk fd gekjh gtkjksa #i, okf"kZd vk; dgha gjke&ekSr esa gkFk ls u fudy tk,A
fo'ks"k1- 'kSyh o.kZukRed o fo'ys"kukRed gSA
2- Hkk"kk lgt&ljy o vke cksypky dh gSA
3- ns'k dh jktuhfrd 'kkSpuh; n'kk dks lgtrkiwoZd mosQjk x;k gSA
([k) vijk/h tSls n.M dh izrh{kk djrk gS] mlh Hkkfr og fookg dh izrh{kk djrh Fkh] ml fookg dh ftlesa mlosQ
thou dh lkjh vfHkyk"kk, foyhu gks tk,xh_ tc eaMi osQ uhps cus gq, gouoqaQM esa mldh vk'kk, tydj HkLe gks
tk,xhA
mkj
(x) vc eq>s dg ysus nhft, ckcwthA---;s tks egk'k; esjs [kjhnkj cu dj vk, gSa] buls tjk iwfN, fd D;k yM+fd;ksa
osQ fny ugha gksrk\ D;k muosQ pksV ugha yxrh\ D;k os cscl HksM+&cdfj;k gSa ftUgsa dlkbZ vPNh rjg ns[k&Hkky dj
[kjhnrs gSaA
mkjlanHkZizLrqr iafDr;ka txnh'k pU ekFkqj }kjk fyf[kr ,dkadh ^jh<+ dh gM~Mh* ls mn~/k`r gSa A
izlaxyM+ds ds firk ds }kjk iwNs x, cky dh [kky fudkyus okys iz'uksa vkSj ukilUn f;k O;ogkj ls vkgr mek firk ds jksdus ij Hkh /kS;Z
[kksdj xksiky izlkn dh fVIif.k;ksa dk mj nsrs gq, Li"V djuk pkgrh gS fd yM+fd;ksa dks cscl le>uk cUn fd;k tk, os Hkh bUlku gksrh gSa A
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O;k[;kmek vius firk jkeLo:i dks pqi djrs gq, vkxs c<+dj xksiky izlkn ds oDrO; ij fVIi.kh djrh gS vkSj firk dks lEcksf/kr djrs gq,
dgrh gS fd vki bu lTtu ls ;g iwfN, fd ;s egk'k; esjs [kjhnkj cu dj vk, gSaD;k yM+fd;ksa ds n; ugha gksrk \ D;k os bUlku ugha gksrha A D;k
os mUgsa ewd HksM+&cdfj;ka le>rs gSa fd pqipki dlkbZ ds lkeus viuh xnZu dj nsrh A
vk'k; ;g gS fd vc yMfd;ka Hkh i<+&fy[kdj vkRefuHkZjrk dh vkSj c<+ jgh gSa] os vc lekt }kjk viuk 'kks"k.k lgu ugha djsaxh fookg cjkcj
ds Lrj dk thou dk lEcU/k gS lkSnsckth ugha A
fo'ks"k 1. L=h psruk dh Li"V >yd feyrh gS A L=h dks iq#"k ls ghu le>us dh izo`f ij dVk{k fd;k x;k gS A
2. Hkk"kk lgt cksypky dh gS vkSj lksnkgj.k rdZ'khyrk ls ;q gS A
3. mek ds lkgl vkSj n`<+rk dk ifjp; feyrk gS A
(?k) Hk;kud leL;k gSA ew[kks us LokFkZ osQ fy, lkezkT; osQ xkSjo dk loZuk'k djus dk fu'p; dj fy;k gSA lp gS ohjrk
tc Hkkxrh gS rks mlosQ iSjksa ls Ny&Nan dh /wy mM+rh gSA
mkjlUnHkZizLrqr x|ka'k izlkn ds ^/kqzoLokfeuh* ukVd ds izFkekad ls mn~/k`r gS A
izlaxbu iafDr;ksa esa eUnkfduh rkRdkfyd jkT; vkSj jkT; ds O;fDr;ksa ds lanHkZ esa fopkj djrh gqbZ viuh vkxs dh Hkwfedk dk fu'p; djrh gS A
og dqekj pUnzxqIr dks xqIr :i ls jkT; f'kfoj esa iy jgs "kM~;a= ls ifjfpr djkus dks v|r gksrh gS A
O;k[;klezkV~jkexqIr vkSj vekR; f'k[kj Lokeh dh "kM~;a= Hkjh ckrsa lqudj eUnkfduh mudh dk;Z fof/k ij fopkj djrs gq, dgrh gScM+h fodV
leL;k iSnk gks xbZ gS A dk;j o uiqald lezkV~ds lkFk ew[kZ pkVqdkj O;fDr vius LokFkZ esa o'khHkwr vfLrRo dks cuk, j[kus ds fy, jkT; ds xkSjo vkSj
izfr"Bk dks gh nkao ij yxkus esa ladksp ugha dj jgs A lHkh vius izk.kksa dh j{kk esa vkrqj] in yksyqi LokFkZ A og vius xkSjo dks 'k=q dk lkeuk djus
dh txg mlds gkFkksa fxjoh j[kus ij rqys gSa rkfd mudh izk.k j{kk gks lds A
eUnkfduh lksprh gS fd tc vkneh ds eu ls ohjrk dh Hkkouk lekIr gks tkrh gS] rks og lkjs dke Ny ls djus yxrk gS A bl ij og fopkj
djrh gS vkSj bu lHkh ckrksa dks dqekj pUnzxqIr dks crkus dks m|r gksrh gS D;ksafd bl ladVdky esa] og le>rh gS fd pUnzxqIr gh vius cy ds izrki
ls jkT; ds xkSjo dh j{kk dj ldrk gS A
fo'ks"k1. jk"VHkfDr Hkko vkSj dZO;fu"Bk ds dkj.k eUnkfduh ,d izcy ik= ds :i esa mHkjrh gS A
2. jkexqIr ds diVkpkj ls eksg Hkax dh ekufldrk O;fDr dks iyk;uoknh cukrh gS ij eUnkfduh blesa Hkh vius thou dh lkFkZdrk ryk'krh
gS A
3. Hkk"kk&fopkj ,oa fpUru iz/kku rFkk eUnkfduh ds pfj= ds vuqdwy rRle 'kCnkoyh ;qDr gS A
4. Ny&NUn dh /kwy mM+rh] n; dk vkoj.k rfud lkgl] dyqf"kr okrkoj.k tSls iz;ksx dkykRedrk fy, gq, gSa A
() fgyuk vkSj >qduk_ vFkkZr~ ifjfLFkfr;ksa ls le>kSrkA ftl thou esa le>kSrk ugha leUo; ugha] lkeatL; ugha] og thou
dgk gS\ og rks thou dh tM+rk gS_ tSls ;g BwB vkSj tSls ;g igkM+ dk f'k[kjA
mkjizlaxizLrqr x|ka'k Jh dUgS;kyky feJ izHkkdj ds fuca/k ^,d Fkk isM+ vkSj ,d Fkk BwB* ls m)`r gS A ;gk ys[kd gjs&Hkjs isM+ vkSj isM+
ds BwB ds cgkus thou dh xfre;rk vkSj tM+rk dks le>us le>kus dk iz;kl dj jgk gS A ;gk ys[kd nksuksa isM+ksa dks ns[krs gq, thou&lanHkks esa fLFkfr;ksa
dk fu:i.k dj jgk gS A
O;k[;kys[kd o`{kksa dks ns[krs gq, fopkj djrk gS&og ekurk Fkk fd fgyus&Mqyus okyh oLrq izk.koku rFkk fLFkj jgus okyh oLrq tM+ gksrh gS A
blh vFkZ esa og isM+ dks fLFkj tM+ rFkk izkf.k;ksa dks psru izk.koku~ ekurk Fkk A ij ;gka nksuksa isM+ksa dks ns[kdj mls ;g ekuuk iM+k fd fgyus&Mqyus okyh
oLrq lpsru vkSj fLFkj] u fgyus&Mqyus okyh oLrq tM+ fu"izk.k gksrh gSBwB dh Hkkafr gksrh A vr% og fu"d"kZ fudkyrk gS fd ijhfLFkfr;ksa ds vuqlkj
le>kSrk djus okyh thoUr gS vkSj vfMx jgus okyk ohj ugha tM+ gS A
fo'ks"k 1. thoUr isM+ vkSj e`r BwaB dk laosnuk dh n`f"V ls rqyukRed foospuk djrk gqvk ys[kd thou ds fpUgfgyuk&Mqyuk vFkok lpsrurk
dks fl) djrk gqvk O;fDr ds fy, ;g cks ns jgk gS fd thou ogh gS tks lf; gS vkSj izokg ds izfr laosnu'khy gS vU;Fkk og e`r
leku BwaB gh gS tks u fgyrk gS] u Mqyrk gS A
2. thoUrrk vkSj e`r voLFkkvksa ds ladsrd izrhd fgyuk Mqyuk] >qduk ifjfLFkfr lkis{k gksdj O;fDr dks ohj] lkglh ;k e`rd dh mikf/
k fnykrs gSa A

iz'u 2-^fe=krk* fuca/ osQ vk/kj ij fe=krk osQ fofHkUu i{kksa dk mYys[k dhft,A
mkjfgUnh fucU/k lkfgR; ds {ks= esa uohu ;qx ds izorZd vkpk;Z jkepU 'kqDy us fgUnh fucU/k fo/kk dks f}osnh ;qx esa gh le`) djuk izkjEHk
dj fn;k Fkk A muds izfl) fucU/k laxzg ^^fpUrkef.k** esa mudh fucU/k dyk dk mRd"kZ fn[kykbZ iM+rk gS A ^^fe=rk** mudk ,d mYys[kuh; fucU/k gS A
blesa ys[kd us fe=rk ds vusd Lrjksa dks fopkjijd n`f"V ls mn~?kkfVr fd;k gS A
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'kqDy th dk dguk gS fd ?kj ls ckgj fudydj ckgjh lalkj ds lkFk lEidZ LFkkfir djuk euq"; dh lkekftdrk dk ,d fgLlk gS A izkjEHk esa
ifjp; ls vkxs c<+dj gsy&esy gksrk gS vkSj ;gh ckn esa fe=rk ds :i esa cny tkrk gS A fe=rk ds lanHkZ esa mudk ekuuk gS fd laxfr dk gekjs vkpj.k
ij cgqr izHkko iM+rk gS blfy, gesa fe=rk esa lko/kku jguk pkfg, A ckY;koLFkk esa O;fDr dPph feh ds leku gksrk gS A og laxfr ds vuq:i <y tkrk
gS A blesa 'kqDyk th nks ckrsa Li"V djrs gSa,sls yksxksa dk lkFk djuk cqjk gS] tks gekjs ls n`<+ ladYi ds gSa D;ksafd rc mUgsa mudh gj ckr fcuk fojksk
ds eku ysuh iM+rh gS A ysfdu mudk lkFk vkSj Hkh cqjk gS] tks gekjh Hkh ckr dks ij j[krs gSa blfy, Li"V gS fd fe=rk vius leku fopkj okys yksxksa
ds chp gksuh pkfg, A
ge ,d ?kksM+k [kjhnrs gSa rks mlds xq.k&nks"k dks ij[krs gSa A fe= ds ckjs esa Hkh gesa ,slh iM+rky dj ysuh pkfg, D;ksafd eS=h dk viuk ,d ms';
Hkh gksrk gS vkSj thou ds O;ogkj esa mldk ewY; Hkh gS A fo'oklik= fe= ls cM+h j{kk gksrh gS D;ksafd og gekjs ladYiksa esa n`<+rk iznku djrk gS] =qfV;ksa
ls cprk gS] lR;&ifo=rk vkSj e;kZnk ekxZ ij mRlkfgr djrk gS A lPps fe= dh rqyuk me oS| ls dh tk ldrh gS A
'kqDy th ckyiu dh fe=rk dks lgt ekurs gSa A ckn esa ;qokoLFkk esa vFkok izkS<+koLFkk esa gksus okyh fe=rk esa laca/k dh vis{kk lehdj.k dk Hkko
vf/kd gksrk gS A lgikBh dh fe=rk dk viuk Lo:i gS ysfdu ;g vo'; gS fd lqUnj izfrHkk] LoPNUn izd`fr vkfn ckrksa ds vfrfjDr fe= esa dqN vkSj
xq.k Hkh gksus pkfg, A blesa ,d&nwljs ds gkfu&ykHk dk Hkko Hkh fufgr gS A izd`fr vkSj vkpj.k dh lekurk bruh vko';d ugha ftruk ,d&nwljs dk iwjd
gksuk A ,d MDVj nwljk odhy vPNk fe= gks ldrk gS A
'kqDy th us fe= dk dZO; crkrs gq, dgk gS fd mPp vkSj egku~dk;ks esa bl izdkj lgk;rk nsuk] eu c<+kuk vkSj lkgl fnykuk fd rqe viuh
fut dh lkeF;Z ls ckgj dke dj tkvks blfy, os dgrs gSa fd ,sls fe= gksa ftuesa gels vf/kd vkRecy gks A izfrf"Br gks] iq#"kkFkhZ gks] f'k"V vkSj lR;fu"B
gks ftlesa ge vius dks mlds Hkjksls NksM+ ldsa A ftlesa fdlh izdj dk /kks[kk u gks A ,sls vusd mnkgj.k gSa tgka fe=ksa us O;fDr ds n; ds mPp Hkkoksa
dks lgkjk fn;k gS A fe= dks ew[kZrk vkSj dqekxZ ds xrZ ls fudkydj lkfRodrk ds f'k[kj rd igqapk;k gS A fe= lqUnj ea=.kk gh ugha nsrs cfYd foosd
dks tkxzr djus vkSj dZO;cqf) dks msftr djus esa Hkh lgk;d gksrs gSa blhfy, le; iM+us ij fe= dh igpku gksrh gS A
'kqDy th vusd mnkgj.kksa ls fe= dk oSf'k"V~; crkrs gq, thou esa mldh egk izfrikfnr djrs gq, dgrs gSa fd okLro esa lewg dk uke laxfr ugha
gS cfYd izse;qDr lewg dk uke laxfr gS A vkids lq[k ds lkFk tqM+s yksx vkids lgh fe= Hkh gSa ;g vko';d ugha vkSj thou dks dqekxZ ij ys tkus
okys Hkh mrus gh gSa A lPpk fe= rks cqjkb;ksa ls cpkdj vPNkb;ksa dh vksj izsj.kk nsus okyk gksrk gS vkSj fQj ;fn gekjh laxfr [kjkc gS rks fQj fdruk
Hkh dksbZ l;kuk D;ksa u gks] laxr dh Nwr ls cpuk dfBu gS A blfy, ;fn vPNk lekt feys rks mldk vPNk izHkko iM+rk gS vkSj ,d vPNk fe= vPNs
lekt dk fuekZ.k djrk gS A blfy, vPNs lekt esa lfEefyr gksus ls O;fDr dh le> c<+rh gS] foosd cqf) rhoz gksrh gS] O;fDr;ksa ds laca/k esa kj.kk
fodflr gksrh gS] viuh 'kfDr;ksa ds mi;ksx dk vH;kl gksrk gS lekt esa ge nwljksa dk /;ku j[kuk lh[krs gSa] LokFkZ R;kx djuk lh[krs gSa] lqUnj vkpj.k
djuk lh[krs gSa A
bl izdkj 'kqDy th O;fDrRoxr vPNkb;ksa dks ,d fe= esa izfrf"Br djokrs gq, mls O;fDr thou dk ,d cM+k fgLlk ekurs gSa A bl n`f"V ls fdrkcsa
Hkh O;fDr dh cgqr vPNh fe= gksrh gSa A

iz'u 3- /zqaoLokfeuh* ukVd dh ukf;dk dk pfj=k&fp=k.k dhft,A

mkjik=k vkSj pfj=k fp=k.k/kqzoLokfeuh izlkn th dk ukVd /kqzo Lokfeuh ukf;dk iz/kku ukVd gS vr% pfj=&fp=.k dh n`f"V loZizFke n`f"V
ukf;dk /kqzoLokfeuh ij gh tkrh gS A izlkn th us bfrgkl vkSj dYiuk ds lg;ksx ls bl ik= ds O;fDrRo vkSj pfj= vuq:i gh ukVd ds f=dks.kkRed
la?k"kZ dks cquk gS A
xqIr dqy esa jkexqIr ls fookg iwoZ ;g 'kdjkt dh eaxsrj cu pqdh Fkh A /kqzoLokfeuh pUnzxqIr ds 'kkS;Z ls izHkkfor mlls izse djrh gS fdUrq jkT;
"kM~;a= ds dkj.k mlls fookg ugha gks ikrk A laf/k dh 'krZ ds vuqlkj mldk fookg lezkV jkexqIr ls gksrk gS ij jkexqIr ds }kjk u mls viuh iRuh
dk ntkZ izkIr gksrk gS u egknsoh dk vf/kdkj A 'kdjkt ds laf/ki= ds vuq:i jkexqIr tc mls 'kd f'kfoj esa Hkstus dk izLrko Lohdkj dj ysrk gS rc
igyh ckj og jkexqIr ls laokn dk volj ikrh gS A
u pkgrs gq, Hkh /kqzo Lokfeuh dks jktk vkSj ifr jkexqIr dh vkKk ls pUnzxqIr ds lkFk 'kd f'kfoj esa tkus dks ck/; gksuk iM+rk gS A ogk igqp
dj igys pUnzxqIr }kjk 'kdjkt ds o vkSj fQj jkt iqjksfgr ,oa ifj"kn~ds lkgfld fu.kZ; ls vupkgh fLFkfr ls j{kk gksrh gS bl izdkj ukVd dk ms';
vkSj ukjh eqfDr dh leL;k dk dsUnz /kqzo Lokfeuh gh fl) gksrh gS A og ijEijk ds lR; dks Lohdkj djus okyh] LoRokf/kdkj ds izfr tkxzr] fonzksfg.kh]
lkglh] cqf)eku vkSj lQy izsfedk ds :i esa mHkjrh gS A

iz'u 4- ,dkadh ukVd osQ roksa osQ vk/kj ij ^fxjrh nhokjsa dh fo'ks"krk, crkb,A
mkjHkk"kk,dkadh ^fxjrh fnokjsa* esa Hkth us o.kZukRed Hkk"kk dk iz;ksx fd;k gSo.kZu esa Hkk"kk :i lh/kk vkSj Li"V gS A blesa lkearh eukso`fr;ksa
ij O;aX; fd;k x;k gS A O;aX; dks mHkkjus ds fy, Hkth us vfe/k {kf=; dk iz;ksx fd;k gS A muds ik=ksa us ftl Hkk"kk dk iz;ksx fd;k gS mldk lh/kk
vFkZ fudyrk gS A bl ,dkadh dk O;aX; Hkk"kk ds iSusiu esa u gksdj iwjh fLFkfr esa QSyk gS A
^eq>s ;kn gS iqjkus Lokeh dHkh Hkh ckgj ugha fudys A ,d ckj ckgj ds yksxksa us muds n'kZuksa dh bPNk izdV dh rc os ikydh esa cSBdj
x, A dsoy ,d ckj A ogka Hkh xkao ds yksxksa us muds n'kZu ins ls fd, A ml le; xkao ds yksxksa dks ,slh izlUurk gqbZ tSls Hkxoku mrj vk, gksaA*
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;gk eqa'kh dk dFku lkearh n`f"Vdks.k mHkkjrk gS ftlesa ijEijk dh tM+c)rk dh fujFkZdrk trkrs gq, ml ij vizR;{k :i ls O;aX; fd;k x;k gS A
tks fd lgt gksrs gq, Hkh izHkkfor djrk gS A ys[kd vius vk'k; dks izdV djus esa lQy gqvk gS A
lokanksa dh Hkk"kk vke cksy&pky dh gS rRle o rn~Hko 'kCn iz;ksxksa ds lkFk&lkFk dgha&dgha mnwZ 'kCnksa dk iz;ksx Hkh gqvk gS tSls vnc&dk;ns]
uDdklhnkj] nhoku[kkus] pkSrjsa] jkaM] islckt] dpgjh vkfn A fel lkfgck ds dFku esa vkaXy Hkk"kk ds 'kCnksa dk iz;ksx Hkh gqvk gS tSls csch] LVsat Msl]
gkm vkDoMZ bV yqDl lokanksa esa okD; NksVs] Li"V] O;ofLFkr rFkk izHkko iSnk djrs gSa A Hkk"kk xq.k] LoHkko vkSj eu%fLFkfr dh n`f"V ls ik=kuqdwy gS A fot;
eksgu firk ds lkearh; <kaps esa <dk gS vkSj iz|qUu dqekj ubZ jks'kuh dh f'k{kk izkIr dj rglhynkj gks x;k gSnksuksa dh Hkk"kk esa mudk ;g oS;fDrd foHksn
Li"V >ydrk gS A
bl izdkj Li"V gS fd ,dkadh dh Hkk"kk ns'kdky o ifjfLFkfr dk fuokZg djrh gqbZ ik=kuqdwy ,oa lqfo/kkijd gS A
fot; eksgurks rqEgkjs fopkj esa iqjkuh ckrsa cqjh gksrh gSa A rqEgkjk 'kjhj Hkh pkyhl lky iqjkuk gks x;k gS mls D;ksa ugha NksM+ nsrs A
iz|qEu dqekjvki yksx ?kj esa jgrs gSa eq>s ckgj vkuk&tkuk gksrk gS] yksxksa ls feyuk&tqyuk iM+rk gS A eq>s le; ds lkFk pyuk gksxkA
eSa iSny Hkh pyrk gw A xkM+h esa Hkh pyrk gw A
bu nksuksa HkkbZ;ksa ds dFku vius&vius ifjos'k dh Hkk"kk dyk gS A ,d esa tM+rk nwljs esa izxfr'khyrk dh >yd Li"V gS A
'kSyh^fxjrh nhokjsa* ,dkadh esa ys[kd mn;'kadj Hk us lkearh; :f<+oknh vkSj feF;k Js"Brk dh Hkkouk dks vius O;aX; dk fo"k; cuk;k gS blfy,
;gka 'kSyh o.kZukRedrk esa O;aX;kRed gks xbZ gS A dk;Z O;kikj dh n`f"V ls rks jko lkgc dh fpUrk] ?kcjkgV vkSj blls izHkkfor muds eaq'kh o T;s"B iq=
fot; eksgu dh pkVqdkjrk vkSj va/k leFkZu dk Hkko gh mHkjk gS A
vkSj vUr esa ijEijkxr ewY;ksa ds izfr ubZ ih<+h dh vJ)k ls fujk'k jko lkgc dh e`R;q tM+ ijEijk dh e`R;q ds izrhdkRed :i ls O;Dr djrh
gS blhfy, ;gka ?kVukRedrk ds LFkku ij o.kZukRedrk dk gh vkf/kD; gS A ys[kd us izkjEHk esa i`"BHkwfe esa Hkh yEck&pkSM+k fooj.k fn;k gS A blls ,dkadh
dh dsUnzh; laosnuk ds mHkkjus esa okrkoj.k dh l`f"V lgk;d gqbZ gS A blesa dbZ LFkku ij ys[kd us izrhdksa dk Hkh lgkjk fy;k gS blfy, dgha&dgha
izrhdkRedrk 'kSyh dh >yd feyrh gS A
laoknlaokn ns'kdky ifjfLFkfr o ik=kuqdwy gS ;gka fcuk fdlh dkj.k ds lh/ks&lh/ks ckr dgus dh izo`f viukbZ xbZ gS A blls ik=ksa dh euksHkwfedk
Li"V gksrh gS A
jko lkgcMj ds ekjs vk[ksa can dj ysrk gS A dkirk gqvk yM+dh vk xbZ \ D;k og yM+dh Fkh eqa'kh cSBdj vc D;k gksxk] xtc
gks x;k A vuFkZ gks x;k A fp=kksa dh vksj >idrh gqbZ vk[kksa ls ns[krk gqvk e;kZnk Hkax gks xbZ A Mj ds ekjs nwljh ckj dVksjk ctk nsrk
gS gSa] ;g D;k gqvk ! nwljh ckj dVksjk D;ksa ct mBk \ ,slk dHkh ugha gqvk] ;g vugksuh ckr gS eqa'kh A**
blesa vfrfjDr vkLFkk vkSj Hk; ds dkj.k jko lkgc ds laokn dgha&dgha Hkkoqdrk izku gSa A iz|qEu dqekj vkSj fot; eksgu ds laoknksa ls fLFkfr
esa ruko mHkjrk gS A eqa'kh ds laoknksa esa ik=kuqdwy pkVqdkfjrk gS A og gj ckr esa ;k rks gk esa gk feykrk gS ;k ekfyd dh Js"Brk dks c<+k&p<+kdj O;Dr
djrk gS A
bl izdkj ^fxjrh nhokjsa* ,dkadh ds vf/kdrj laokn fooj.k iz/kku gSa A fo'ks"kdj jko lkgc ;k fot; eksgu ds laokn rks fdlh fiNyh lkearh i`Fkk
ds ekgkSy dh gh >yd nsrs gSa vkSj :f<+;ksa ds izfr va/kfo'okl xr tM+rk esa cnyrh gqbZ fLFkfr ls ?kcjkgV O;Dr djrs gSa A fooj.kkRedrk ds dkj.k ;s
laokn dgha&dgha yacs gks x, gSa A NksVs laokn ;k rks lwpuk ds :i esa ;k fQj fdlh ik= ds dFku dh iqf"V ds :i esa tSls jko lkgc ;k fot; eksgu dh
ckr dk eqa'kh }kjk leFkZu A pqVhykiu bu laoknksa esa ugha gS A rdZ&fordZ dk iSukiu Hkh ugha gS A iz|qEu dqekj vius jgu&lgu esa ifjorZu ds tks rdZ
nsrk gS muds fojks/k esa fot; eksgu ds rdZ dkQh likV] csrqds vkSj dwieaMwdrk dk ifjp; nsrs gSa A
fot; eksgurqeus oa'k dh e;kZnk u"V dj nh iz|qEu ! rqe firk ds lkeus bl os'k esa vk, ! vkus ds igys rqEgsa nks ckj lksp ysuk pkfg,
Fkk A vPNk gksrk ;fn rqe u vkrs A
iz|qEu dqekjvk'p;Z ls lquks HkS;k eSa D;ksa u vkrk \ ;g esjk ?kj gS esjh tk;nkn gS A eSa D;ksa u vkrk \ eSa jafM;ksa tSlh iks'kkd igudj
dpgjh ugha tk ldrk A flj ij O;FkZ dk xj ugha j[k ldrk A le; cny x;k gS] gedks Hkh cnyuk pkfg, A D;k j[kk gS bu iqjkuh ckrksa esa A
fot; eksgurks rqEgkjs fopkj esa iqjkuh ckrsa cqjh gksrh gSa] rqEgkjk 'kjhj Hkh rks pkyhl lky iqjkuk gks x;k gS] mls D;ksa ugha NksM+ nsrs \
[firk vkSj eqa'kh bl rdZ ij izlUu gksrs gSa A]
iz|qEu dqekj;g Hkh fofp=k rdZ gS A D;k 'kjhj NksM+uk u NksM+uk esjs gkFk esa gS \ ml bZ'oj us 'kjhj fn;k gS] tc pkgsxk ys ysxk A tc
mls ysuk gksrk gS rks og ;g FkksM+s gh ns[krk gS fd 'kjhj u;k gS ;k iqjkuk A [nksuksa mnkl gks tkrs gSa]
fot; eksgurc ;g dSls dg ldrs gks fd iqjkuh ckr cqjh gSa A ge Hkh] firk th Hkh rks euq"; gSa] gesa ;g ckrsa cqjh fn[kkbZ ugha nsrha A
iz|qEu dqekjvki yksx ?kj jgrs gSa A eq>s ckgj vkuk&tkuk gksrk gS yksxksa ls feyuk&tqyuk iM+rk gS A eq>s le; ds lkFk pyuk gksxk A eSa
iSny Hkh pyrk gw] xkM+h esa Hkh pyrk gw A
bl izdkj lajpuk f'kYi dh n`f"V ls ,dkadh ijEijk vkSj vk/kqfudrk ds chp dh VdjkgV dks fujLr gksrh tM+ ijEijk ds volku ds :i esa ubZ
lksp dh] ubZ jks'kuh dh fdj.ksa fc[ksjrk vius lhfer ms'; esa lQy gS A

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iz'u 5- ^fueZyk* miU;kl osQ izfrikn~; ij izdk'k Mkfy,A

mkjlkfgR; dk ,d fuf'pr ms'; gksrk gS A Hkkjrh; dkO;'kkL=h; 'kCnkoyh esa bls dkO; iz;kstu dk uke fn;k x;k gS vkSj vkuUn izkfIr rFkk
dkark lEefr mins'k izeq[k dkO; iz;kstu ds :i esa Lohdkj fd, x;s gSa A ik'pkR; n`f"V ls blh yksdeaxy vkSj vkuUnoknh ms'; dks Lohdkjk x;k gS A
okLro esa dyk thou ls dVdj dksbZ vFkZ ugha j[krh blhfy, lkfgR; dks lekt dk niZ.k Hkh dgk x;k gS A ,d rjg ls lkfgR; esa lekt dk] lekt
ds ek/;e ls O;fDr dk vFkok O;fDr ds ek/;e ls lekt dk iw.kZ vFkok vkaf'kd fp=.k gksrk gS vkSj bl rjg lkfgR; tgk ,d vksj thou ds ;FkkFkZ dks
izLrqr djrk gS ogha ,d vkn'kZ thou dh ladYiuk dks Hkh izLFkkfir djrk gS A vkSj ;fn bl ifjdYiuk dks izsepan ds dFkk lkfgR; dh dlkSVh ds :i
esa ns[kk tk, rks izsepUn us vius dFkk lkfgR; esa euksjatu ds i{k dks lkFk ysdj Hkh lekt esa O;kIr vusd dqjhfr;ksa] folaxfr;ksa vkSj O;oLFkkijd tM+rk
dks rksM+us dk jpukRed iz;kl fd;k gS A izsepan ds dFkk lkfgR; dk ,d egoiw.kZ i{k ;g gS fd mUgksaus vius le; dh lkekftd fLFkfr ds lkFk tw>us
dh vkSj vfHkO;fDr ds Lrj ij foosdiw.kZ rjhds ls viuh ckr j[kus dh izo`f dks fodkl nsus dk iz;kl fd;k gS A mUgksaus vius ik=ksa dh mu detksfj;ksa
dks Li"V js[kkafdr fd;k gS tks lekt ds ltho ik= ds :i esa jgdj viuh gh detksjh dk f'kdkj gksrs gSa A muds miU;kl ys[ku esa blhfy, ,d egoiw.kZ
ms'; vo'; fNik jgrk gS A
;fn bl vkif ds vk/kkj ij ^fueZyk* ds ms'; dh foospuk djsa rks nks ckrsa lkQ mHkjdj vkrh gSa fd bl miU;kl dh ewy laosnuk ngst&izFkk
ds vfHk'kki dks O;Dr djus vkSj vuesy fookg dh Hk;kud ifj.kfr dks fpf=r djus esa gS A blds lkFk&lkFk ,d rhljh ckr Li"V gh mHkjdj lkeus
vk tkrh gS vkSj og ml e/;oxZ dk pfj=&fp=.k] :i&fp=.k gS ftldh vkFkd leL;kvksa us lqyHk n`f"V] lqfokHkksxh izo`f] ijEijk vkSj ekU;rkxr tM+rk]
fn[kkos dh izo`f vkfn ds lkFk muds va/kfo'oklksa ds pyrs mldh n;uh; fLFkfr cuk nh gS vkSj blhfy, ;gk Hkkjrh; lekt viuh detksfj;ksa ds lkFk
fpf=r gksdj lkeus vkrk gS A izsepan dks blesa iw.kZ lQyrk feyh gS A
ngst&izFkk ,d vfHk'kki gS;g miU;kl gh ngst&izFkk dh dqfRlr ijEijk dh leL;k ls xzLr ,d ifjokj ds fparu dks ysdj izkjaHk gksrk gS A
;g izFkk dc vkSj dSls 'kq: gqbZ mlds ckjs esa dqN Li"V ugha dgk tk ldrk ysfdu ;g vo'; gS fd mlds dkj.k ,d lkekU; ifjokj esa iSnk gqbZ yM+dh
dh n'kk fpUruh; cu xbZ A fueZyk ds firk mn;Hkkuqyky ,d izfrf"Br odhy gksus ds ukrs Hkys gh viuh mnkj izo`f ds dkj.k vkFkd :i ls detksj
gSa ysfdu viuh lkekftd izfr"Bk dks cuk, j[kus ds fy, os fLFkfr u gksus ij Hkh i;kZIr [kpZ djus dk izca/k djrs gSa ij mudh vlkef;d e`R;q us lkjk
ifjn`'; cny fn;k A tgk fueZyk dk fookg r; gqvk mu yksxksa us ;g dYiuk djds fd vc 'kk;n mudks i;kZIr ngst u feys] fookg ls iwoZ gh gks tkus
okys veaxy dks vk/kkj cukdj nksuksa dqy dh HkykbZ dk cgkuk djds fookg ls vLohdkj dj fn;k A vly esa blds ckn lkjk miU;kl ngst u ns ikus
dh ykpkjh esa fueZyk dk fookg mldh vk;q ls dgha vf/kd cM+s firk leku O;fDr ls dj nsus ds ifj.kke ds bnZ&fxnZ ?kwerk gS A cw<+s] rksrkjke ls fookg
gksrk gS] fueZyk dk tks rhu larkuksa ds gksus ij gh viuh nSfgd vko';drk ds fy, dgus dks pkyhl lky ysfdu okLro esa blls dgha vf/kd mez ds gksdj
Hkh iUg o"kZ dh fueZyk ls fookg dj ysrs gSa A fueZyk dh ek ds fy, ;g ,d lqvolj gS yM+dh ds nkf;Ro ls eqDr gksus dk ysfdu tc lkjs lekt esa
gh ngst dk dks<+ QSyk gqvk gS rks ,d fueZyk D;k u tkus fdruh lqanj] 'khy vkSj xq.koku dU;kvksa ds lkFk ;gh gksrk gS A ngst ;gk ,d lkekftd cqjkbZ
ds :i esa mHkjdj lkeus vkrh gS A
ml le; Lo;a yM+dk Hkh ngst ds ykyp esa cqjk&Hkyk dqN ugha lksprk A mlds fopkj esa rks ^^cl ,d yk[k udn gks ;k fQj dksbZ ,slh tk;nkn
okyh csok feys ftlds ,d yM+dh gks A** og ekurk gS fd /kj lkjs ,scksa dks fNik nsxk vkSj fQj nq/kk: xk; dh ykr fdls cqjh ekywe gksrh gS A tc
yM+ds dk gh lksp ,slk gS rks ekrk ;k firk dks D;k nks"k fn;k tk ldrk gS vkSj ;g izsepan dk le; Fkk vkt rks miHkksDrkoknh laLd`fr us bls vkSj c<+kok
Hkh fn;k gS A izsepan ;FkkFkZ fp=.k djus ds ckotwn folaxfr;ksa dk ncko vuqHko djrs gq, ,d vkn'kZ ladYiuk dks pfjrkFkZ djus ds izfr rRij Fks A blfy,
mUgksaus fLFkfr dks ,slk eksM+ fn;k fd fueZyk ds ckn mlds igys laca/k okys O;fDr Hkqou dh iRuh lq/kk ls fe=rk ds izHkko esa mldh NksVh cgu dh 'kknh
Hkqoueksgu ds NksVs HkkbZ ds'ko ls djk nh tks vkn'kZoknh Hkh gS vkSj Lora=rk laxzke dk ,d lsukuh Hkh A izo`f ls og iDdk xka/khoknh gS vkSj bl rjg
,d izdkj ls izsepUn us ;g Li"V dj fn;k gS fd ngst izFkk dk var uo;qodksa ds }kjk lkgl rFkk R;kx ds vkpj.k ls gh laHko gks ldrk gS A
vuesy fookg dk ifj.kkengst u ns ikus dh fLFkfr esa vkSj yM+dh dks dqokjh u j[kus dh etcwjh esa tc fookg ,d ikfjokfjd gh ugha]
lkekftd ykpkjh gks tk, rks ,sls esa tks fLFkfr;ksa ds vuq:i ik= feyrk gS mlh ls fookg dj fn;k tkrk gS A fueZyk dk fookg Hkh eqa'kh rksrkjke ls ,slh
gh ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa gqvk A ;kSou dk feyu nks mn~nke 'kjhjksa dk feyu gksrk gS A tSls thou nks ifg;ksa dh ,d xkM+h gS] ifg, leku gksa rks vuqdwy jrkj
pyrh gS ysfdu ;fn ,d ifg;k LdwVj dk gks vkSj nwljk VSDVj dk ;k ,d ifg, esa gok iwjh Hkjh gks vkSj nwljk iapj gks rks ,sls vlarqyu esa xkM+h dSls
py ldrh gS \ fueZyk iUy lky dh meaxe;h ,d vYgM+ vkSj papy fd'kksjh Fkh] rksrkjke dgus dks pkyhl cjl dk ysfdu nes dk ejht] rhu cPpksa
dk cki ftlus iRuh dks dsoy dkeokluk dk gh ik= le>k vkSj mls fj>kus ds fy, u tkus fdrus gFkdaMs viuk, vkSj viuh bl meax esa og fueZyk
ds n; dh ihM+k dks dHkh ugha le> ik;k A fueZyk mlds izfr J)k j[k ldrh Fkh] mldh lsok dj ldrh Fkh ysfdu iz.k; ds Lrj ij mlds izfr rknkRE;
dj ikuk fueZyk ds cl dh ckr ugha Fkh A Hkyk voLFkk Hksn feVkuk mlds cl dk dgk Fkk vkSj bu vuesy fookg dh ihM+k ftruh vf/kd fueZyk us Hkksxh
gS] og ;kruk dh ijkdk"Bk gS A
ckr ;fn ;gha rd lhfer gks ikrh rks Hkh dqN ckr Fkh A leir efgyk ds :i esa ,dfu"B vkSj Hkkoe;h iRuh ds :i esa fueZyk us viuh ;kSusPNk
dks dZO; dh cfyosnh ij p<+kdj firk leku vk;q ds O;fDr dks viuk ifr Lohdkj djds mlds cPpksa esa vius vkidks [kks nsus] vkRelkr dj ysus dh

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bPNk ls og thou laxzke esa fu;fr ds Lohdkj ds lkFk dwn iM+rh gS] ysfdu viuh ladh.kZrkvksa ls f?kjk eqa'kh rksrkjke vius cM+s csVs vkSj fueZyk ds chp
eerke;h laca/k dh txg dkelaca/k dh xyrQgeh dk f'kdkj gksdj fueZyk dh n`f"V ls gh ugha fxjrk] cfYd vius csVs ls Hkh gkFk /kks cSBrk gS vkSj bl
rjg og vius ifjokj ds lq[k esa vkx yxkus dk [kqn ftEesnkj gksrk gS A
rksrkjke fueZyk ij izHkko tekus ds fy, u tkus fdrus uqL[ks vktekrk] cgq:fi;k curk] larku dh mis{kk djrk ysfdu blds ckotwn mls ftl
lq[k dh vk'kk Fkh] ogh ugha feyk A fueZyk vkSj mldh vk;q dk varj gh mldk nq'eu cu x;k vkSj bl ikfjokfjd tfVyrk] foMacuk ds ihNs og [kqn
vkSj mldh ladh.kZ eukso`f gh nks"kh gS A ;g vuesy fookg Fkk] vuesy jgk] fueZyk us mls Hkjld lgt cukus dk iz;kl fd;k ysfdu eqa'kh rksrkjke dh
xyrQgfe;k vkSj ghurkcks/k us muesa cnyko ugha vkus fn;k ftlds dkj.k ,d vPNk&[kklk ifjokj u"V gks x;k A fueZyk dh e`R;q Hkh blh ckr dh okpd
gS fd tks pht ugha feyh mlds gksus dh lkFkZdrk gh tc fujFkZdrk esa cny xbZ rks e`R;q vuiksf{kr ugha vkSj bl rjg vuesy fookg dk nq[kn var vuesy
fookg dh izo`f ij ,d cM+k iz'ufpUg cu tkrk gS A ;gh ms'; Fkk izsepan dk A
e/;oxZ dk fp=kfueZyk vkSj rksrkjke dh dFkk ds ek/;e ls izsepan us e/;oxhZ; vkfFkZd ddfoo'krk] egodka{kk vkSj ikus dh ykylk dks
n'kkZrs gq, mu tM+ksa ij vk?kkr djus dk iz;kl fd;k gS ftuls ;s fod`fr;k mRiUu gksrh gSa A ,sls esa izsepan us va/kfo'okl dk Hkh ekfeZd <ax ls fp=.k
fd;k gS A lq/kk dk csVk va?kfo'okl dh gh HksaV p<+ tkrk gS A eq[; ckr ;g gS fd vkfFkZd n`f"V ls foo'k e/;oxhZ; ukjh fdruh vlgk; gSa vkSj ;fn
mldk ifr mls NksM+dj pyk tk, rc rks mldh gkyr vkSj Hkh vf/kd 'kkspuh; gks tkrh gS A ;g lc nks ik=ksa ds chp mHkjs okrkoj.k ls Li"V gksrk pyk
tkrk gS A
vr% fu"d"kZ :i esa dgk tk ldrk gS fd Hkkjrh; lekt dh detksfj;ksa dks n'kkZrk gqvk ;g miU;kl mldk izfrn'kZu cudj lkeus vkrk gS A ;FkkFkZ
ds fp=.k ds lkFk ,d vkn'kZ dh dYiuk dks lkdkj djus dh vkdka{kk ds lkFk ;g miU;kl fueZyk ds :i esa ikBdh; lgkuqHkwfr izkIr djus okys ik= dh
ltZuk djds leL;kvksa ij lkspus ds fy, n`f"V nsrk gS vkSj blhfy, y?kq miU;kl gksdj Hkh izsepUn ds mYys[kuh; miU;klksa esa bldh x.kuk gksrh gS A vius
ms'; esa fu'p; gh ;g ,d lQy miU;kl gS A

iz'u 6- ^vosQyh* dgkuh osQ izeq[k ik=k dk pfj=k&fp=k.k dhft,A

mkjew HkaMkjh dh dgkuh ^vdsyh* dk eq[; ms'; vdsysiu dk nq[k O; djuk jgk gS ftls ysf[kdk us ^lksek cqvk* ds ek/;e ls vdsysiu
ds vfHk'kki ds :i esa n'kkZ;k gS A ;g ,d ,slh nq[kh ukjh dh dgkuh gS tks viuh ihM+k vius ikl&iM+ksl dh [kqf'k;ksa esa ckVdj Hkwyuk pkgrh gS A blhfy,
cqvk lw>cw> okyh fl) gksrh gS A ;g lUns'k Hkh nsrh gS dgkuh fd nq%[k ekudj cSB tkus ls dke ugha pyrk] cfYd Lo;a dks O;Lr j[kdj nwljksa ds nq%[k&nnZ
esa] [kq'kh esa lfEefyr gksdj vki vius nq[k dks Hkqyk ldrs gSa] vdsysiu dks nwj dj ldrs gSa A jksus ls thou ugha dVrk thou deZ dk gh nwljk uke
gS A ;gh ;g dgkuh efgyk ik= ds ek/;e ls lUns'k nsrh gS A ;g lkjh dgkuh euksoSKkfud jkry ij dk;Z djrh gS A
okLro esa ysf[kdk us lksek cqvk dh ifjokfjd fLFkfr dks dsUnz esa j[kdj mlds thou esa ifr dh mis{kk vkSj iq= fo;ksx ds dkj.k vk, vdsysiu
dks vkkj cuk;k gS D;ksafd euq"; lkekftd izk.kh gS A vdsykiu vfHk'kki gS A thou esa vkbZ fujk'kk pkgs iq=&'kksd ls vkbZ gks ;k ifr ds }kjk lU;kl
ysus ls mRiUu [kkyhiu ls] ij gS rks vdsykiu gh] ftls >syus ds fy, ^lksek* pfj= :i esa vfHk'kIr gS A ij ;g mls fu;fr ekudj Hkqykus dk iz;kl
djrh gS ij ifr dk O;aX;&O;ogkj] iM+ksfl;ksa dk mis{kkiw.kZ O;ogkj] ,slh dbZ ckrsa gSa tks jg&jgdj mls Vhlrh gSa A mldh #ykbZ QwV iM+rh gS vkSj lkjs
iz;klksa ds ckn Hkh mldk vdsykiu dksbZ ugha Hkj ikrk A ;g euksoSKkfud n`f"V ls euq"; dh dk;Ziz.kkyh dk foospu gS ftlds ek/;e ls fj'rksa ds chp
nwfj;ka vkSj lkehI; dks ldkj.k fo'ysf"kr fd;k tk ldrk gS A D;ksafd lhek cqvk ds ifr lU;klh gksdj iyk;uoknh eukso`f dk ifjp; nsrs gSa A ;w dgus
dks os ohrjkxh gSa ij vgadkj vkSj vfdkj ds izfr lpsr viuh bPNk ds foijhr vkpj.k djus ij {kksHk dk mRiUu gksuk] LokFkZ esa iRuh ds ikl vkuk
ij mlds Hkj.k&iks"k.k ls foeq[k,d detksj ekufldrk ds O;f dk ifjpk;d gSlksek cqvk mlls dgha vfd lkekftd vkSj lkFkZd ik= gSa A

iz'u 7- fuEufyf[kr esa ls fdUgha nks ij fVIif.k;k fyf[k,%

(d) miU;kl vkSj dgkuh
mkjdgkuh vkSj miU;kl esa varjmiU;kl vkSj dgkuh dks fgUnh x| dh dFkk fok ds nks :iksa esa Li"V gh ,d :i miU;kl gS A ;g vius
foLrkj esa egkdkO;kRed xfjek fy, gq, gksrk gS tcfd dgkuh ,d xeys esa mxk gqvk ,d NksVk&lk ikSk gS ftlesa tM+] ruk] if;k] Qwy lHkh dqN fo|eku
gksrs gq, Hkh og Lora= :i ls ,d bdkbZ gS A blh rjg dgkuh Hkh rkfRod n`f"V ls dFkkud] ik=] dFkksidFku] ns'kdky] ifjfLFkfr] Hkk"kk&'kSyh vkSj ms';
vkfn ds :i esa fo'ysf"kr dh tkrh gS] ysfdu og vius vfLrRo dks ,d NksVs vk;ke esa gh fl) djus dh {kerk j[krh gS vkSj miU;kl vkSj dgkuh dk
viuk lkfgfR;d n`f"V ls vyx&vyx vfLrRo gksrk gS A
1. dgkuh vkSj miU;kl nksuksa esa gh dFkkud gksrk gS A miU;kl egkdkO; ds leku thou ds lexz igyw ds dsU esa j[kdj ik=ksa ds pfj=xr fp=.k]
muds fodkl] LFkkuh; okrkoj.k] Hkkoukvksa ds vk?kkr&izfr?kkr] eq[; dFkk ds lkFk lg;ksxh dFkk izlaxksa dks ysdj pyrs gq, vius y{; rd igaqprk gS A
bl n`f"V ls mls ,d yach ;k=k r; djuh gksrh gS A tcfd dgkuh dk izsjd dksbZ ,d eked fopkj gksrk gS vkSj bl fopkj dk fodkl gh dsfUr gksdj
var esa ms'; :i esa ifj.kr gksrk gS A blesa dgkuhdkj dks viuh n`f"V lhfer djuh gksrh gS A blls ge ;g dg ldrs gSa fd dgkuh vkSj miU;kl ds
dFkkud esa ekSfyd varj gS A dgkuh Li"Vr;k thou ;k txr~ds fdlh ,d va'k dk jgL;ksn~?kkVu djrh gS A blesa thou dks iw.kZrk ls ns[kus dk iz;kl
ugha fd;k tk ldrk] tcfd miU;kl esa ik=ksa ds lEiw.kZ thou dh >yd feyrh gS A
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dFkkud dh lhek ds dkj.k gh miU;kl vkSj dgkuh ds vkdkj esa Hkh varj gksrk gS A dgkuh vkB&nl i`"B ls nl&iUg i`"B rd dh gks ldrh
gS vkSj vklkuh ls vks ?kaVs esa i<+h tk ldrh gS] ij miU;kl ds fy, i`"B vFkok le; dk ,slk dksbZ cau ugha gksrk A dgkuh dk :i NksVk gksrk gS
vkSj miU;kl dk :i cM+k A
3. dgkuh vkSj miU;kl ds chp varj dks Li"V dkus okyk ,d ro izHkkokfUofr Hkh gS A dgkuh esa ;g izf;k Li"V :i ls ns[kh tk ldrh gS A
dgkuhdkj dgkuh esa fo"k; dks izHkkoksa dh ,drk ds e esa la;qDr djrk pyrk gS vkSj mldk ;g lfEefyr izHkko&O;wg gh dgkuh dh 'kfDr curk gS A
miU;kl esa ;g thou ds fofo {ks=ksa dh >kadh nsrs gq, oLrqfLFkfr;ksa ds chp ls fopj.k djrs gq, ik= dks ,d yach ;k=k r; djkrh gS vkSj vUrrksxRok
lexzrk esa ,d laosnuk fcanq rd igqapkrh gS A bldk izHkkeaMy cM+k gh O;kid gksrk gS A
4. dgkuh vkSj miU;kl dh dYiuk esa Hkh foLrkj vkSj la{ksi dk ekSfyd Hksn gksrk gS vkSj lcls cM+h ckr ;g gksrh gS fd miU;kl esa jpukdkj
viuh izfrNk;k (focus) esa ,d cM+s o` dks ?ksjrh gS] tcfd dgkuh esa utnhd ls ml o` ds ,d va'k dks vfd ckjhdh ls 'kksrk gS A
5. fopkjksa vkSj Hkkoksa dh vfHkO;fDr dk Lrj Hkh miU;kl vkSj dgkuh ds chp ,d varj LFkkfir djrk gS A miU;kldkj dh vis{kk dgkuhdkj dk
dk;Z vfd foosdiw.kZ gksrk gS A blesa Le`fr ls vfd foLe`fr dh lgk;rk ysuk iM+rh gS A miU;kl ds leku fdlh eukoSKkfud vUr}ZU} ds fp=.k ds
fy, vodk'k de gksrk gS A laHkor% bldk ,d dkj.k ;g Hkh gS fd miU;kl esa pfj= ds fodkl dh lEiw.kZ laHkkouk,a gksrh gSa] tcfd dgkuh esa pfj=
dk ek= mn~?kkVu gksrk gS A
6. 'kSyh dh n`f"V ls dgkuh dh 'kSyh esa izk.k O;atdrk vkSj /oU;kRedrk gksrh gS] tcfd miU;kl esa fo'ys"k.k 'kSyh dk ego gksrk gS A
iwoksZDr foospu ds vkkj ij dgk tk ldrk gS fd dgkuh vius vfLrRo esa miU;kl ls vyx vkSj ,d Lora= x| fok gS A
2.

([k) eaq'kh rksrkjke dk pfj=k&fp=k.k

mkjeqa'kh rksrkjke is'ks ls odhy gSa A v/ksM+ vk;q esa gh mudh iRuh dk nsgkUr gks tkrk gS vkSj ealkjke] ft;kjke vkSj fl;kjke muds rhu csVs

fcu eka ds gks tkrs gSa A ?kj esa ,d fook cgu gS tks muds lkFk gh jgrh gS A bl vk;q esa Hkh eqa'khth dh dkesPNk mUgsa vR;f/kd lrkrh gS rks og v/
ksM+koLFkk esa Hkh ,d iUnzg o"khZ;k yM+dh fueZyk ls fookg dj ysrs gSa A eqa'khth vsM+ gh ughsa] cfYd nes ds jksxh Hkh gSa blfy, tYnh gh cq<+kis us mUgsa vk
?ksjk A ubZ C;kgrk iRuh ds lkFk lq[kn ;kSu&laca/k LFkkfir djus ds fy, os vusd izdkj ls izR;u'khy gksrs gSa A iwjk nEifr&foKku Nku ekjrs gSa A u,&u,
izdkj ds rjhds viukrs gSa rkfd og viuh C;kgrk iRuh ij vius ikS#"k dk flDdk tek ldsa ij mudh gj pky mYVh iM+rh gS A ;g 'kknh vUrrksxRok
muds thou dh lcls cM+h Hkwy fl) gksrh gS A ftldk ladsr ys[kd muds fookg ds dqN gh fnuksa ckn dj nsrk gS tc og vius fe= u;ulq[kjke ls
dgrs gSa^^ge&rqe vc ml dke ds ugha jgs A** muds pfj= dh dqN fo'ks"krk,a Li"V ns[kh tk ldrh gSa %
1. jksxh vkSj ikS#"kghu O;fDreqa'kh rksrkjke nes ds dkj.k vk;q ls igys gh cw<+s fn[kkbZ iM+us yxrs gSa A muds O;fDrRo dk js[kkadu djrs gq,
izsepan us fy[kk gS
^^odhy lkgc dk uke Fkk eqa'kh rksrkjke A mez rks vHkh pkyhl ls vf/kd u Fkh ij odkyr ds dfBu ifjJe us flj ds lkjs cky idk
fn, Fks A O;k;ke djus dk mUgsa vodk'k u feyrk Fkk A ;gka rd fd dHkh dgha ?kweus Hkh u tkrs blfy, rksan fudy vkbZ Fkh A eankfXu vkSj coklhj
ls mudk fpj laca/k Fkk A**
,sls vkd"kZd :i&lTtk okys v/ksM+ iq#"k dk iUnzg o"kZ dh yM+dh fueZyk ls fookg ftl mRlkg ls gksrk gS] dqN gh le; ckn mUgsa ;g Li"V gks
tkrk gS fd muesa vc og ikS#"k ugha gS tks ubZ mez dh yM+fd;ksa dks pkfg, A blfy, os Hkhrj&gh&Hkhrj ghurkcks/k ls xzLr gks tkrs gSa A
2. cgu vkSj cPpksa dh mis{kkrksrkjke dh dke&Hkkouk vr`Ir jgrh Fkh] D;ksafd og fueZyk dks ftruk viuh vksj vkdf"kZr djus dk iz;kl
djrs mruk gh og muls nwj tkrh A fueZyk dh Hkh lhek Fkh A og eqa'khth dh lsok rks dj ldrh Fkh ysfdu muds izfr iz.k;&Hkkouk n'kkZuk mldh 'kfDr
ls ckgj Fkk D;ksafd muesa u jl Fkk] u mYykl] u mUekn Fkk] dsoy cukoV Fkh] /kks[kk Fkk vkSj 'kq"d vkSj uhjl 'kCnkMacj A fueZyk dks b= vkSj rsy cqjk
u yxrk] lSj&rek'ks cqjs u yxrs A og vius :i vkSj ;kSou mUgsa u fn[kkuk pkgrh Fkh D;ksafd ogka ns[kus okyh vka[ksa u Fkha A
eqa'kh rksrkjke us viuk izHkko tekus ds fy, fueZyk dks viuk [ktkaph cuk fy;k A ;g ns[kdj #fDe.kh dks cqjk yxk A vc og ckr&ckr ij rkusd'kh
djus yxh^^vc rks ekyfdu gqbZ gSa] yM+ds dkgs dks ft;saxs] fcuk eka ds cPpksa dks dkSu iwNs A**
#fDe.kh bUgha ckrksa dks ysdj fueZyk ij [kqfQ;k flikgh dh rjg utj j[krh blfy, ,d fnu fueZyk us eqa'khth ls dgk^^vki tjk thth dks
le>k nhft, A D;ksa esjs ihNs iM+h jgrh gSa \**
eqa'khtheSa vkt gh mudh [kcj ywaxk A lkQ&lkQ dg nwaxk] vxj eqag can djds jguk gks rks jgks ugha rks viuh jkg yks---eSaus lkspk] fo/kok]
vukFk gS] iko Hkj vkVk [kk;sxh iM+h jgsaxh A tc vkSj ukSdj&pkdj [kk jgs gksa rks og viuh cgu gh gSa A
vkSj ;gh lkspdj eqa'kh rksrkjke us cgu ls lkQ dg fn;k^^vxj jguk gS rks 'kkar gksdj jgks A** #fDe.kh le> xbZ] ;s lc cgw dk djk&/kjk
gS A og cPpksa dks Hkh fueZyk ds f[kykQ HkM+dkrh A rksrkjke lc dqN lg ldrs Fks ysfdu og fueZyk dh f[kykQr lgu ugha dj ikrs Fks A mUgksaus yM+dksa
dks Hkh vkM+s gkFkksa ysuk 'kq: dj fn;k A fueZyk vius cpko esa dqN dgrh rks eqa'khth dk ;gh tokc Fkk^^eSa [kqn gh bu ykSaMksa dh 'kjkjr ns[kk djrk
gwa A va/kk FkksM+s gh gwa \ rhuksa ftn~nh vkSj 'kjkjrh gks x, gSa A cM+s fe;ka dks rks vkt gh gksLVy Hkstrk gwa A**
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bl izdkj fueZyk ij viuk flDdk tekus vkSj iz.k; dk lcy izek.k nsus ds pDdj esa eqa'khth cgu vkSj cPpksa dh mis{kk djus yxs A
3. nEifk&foKku esa izo`krksrkjke viuh vk;q ds jgL; dks Lo;a tkurs Fks blfy, mls fNikus ds fy, rjg&rjg ds iz;kl djrs A vius fe=ksa
ij gh viuh cgknqjh dk jkSc ugha >kM+rs] cfYd le;&le; ij lykg Hkh nsrs A iRuh dks fj>kus ds fy, vusd izdkj ds iz;kl djrs A rksan dks fipdkus
ds fy, isVh dluk] vk/kqfud igukos dks Lohdkj djuk] cky jaxuk ;s mudh blh izo`f dk ifjpk;d gS ysfdu bruk gksus ij Hkh os cw<+s ls toku ugha
cu ik, A dHkh ckgj ls vkrs rks dgrs^^vkt eq>s rhu xqaMs fey x, A muds gkFk esa ryokjsa Fkha] esjs gkFk esa dsoy csar A eSaus csar ls gh muds okj
jksds vkSj bl rjg mUgsa Ndk;k fd os Hkkx [kM+s gq, A** fueZyk mudh ;s ckrsa lqudj gal iM+rh A mldk eu cPpksa ds ljy Lusg ls izlUu gks mBrk
Fkk A ealkjke rks mlds ikl vkdj dHkh mldks i<+krk vkSj dHkh mlls ckr djrk A og yTtk'khy ckyd Fkk tcfd rksrkjke fo"k;h tho Fks A og vius
fe= u;ulq[k jke ls vius eu dh ckr dgrs A tc fe= us muls dgk^^vc rks ubZ choh dk vkuUn vkrk gksxk** rks mudk ;gh tokc Fkk^^eSa 'kknh
djds iNrk jgk gwa A rqe ,slh fgekdr er dj cSBuk A ge&rqe vc ml dke ds ugha jgs A**
u;ulq[k jke ds Qwad nsus ij gh eqa'khth us viuk pky&<ky cny fy;k vkSj vc og dksbZ&u&dksbZ tokaenhZ dk izlax NsM+ nsrs A fueZyk ds fy, eqa'khth
n;k ds ik= Fks D;ksafd os u tkus dgka&dgka ls ifr&iRuh ds chp lq[kh laca/k dk jgL; tkuus ds fy, nkSM+&/kwi djrs A og [kqn dkQh ikjaxr Fks A ckgj
ohj cuus okys rksrkjke dks tc mudh cgu us vkdj crk;k fd mlds dejs esa lkai vk x;k gS rks rksrkjke ds psgjs dk jax ns[kus yk;d Fkk A ;g lc
mudh ekufld xzafFk dk ifj.kke Fkk ftldk bykt ?kj esa viuh iRuh ls lgt ckrphr ls laHko dj ldrs Fks ysfdu os rks jkSc xkaBus ls gh viuk dke
pykuk pkgrs Fks A og ml feV~Vh ds gh cus Fks tgka vkReLohdkj dk Hkko tkxrk gS] cfYd og rks vlQy gksdj iNrkus] >qa>ykus vkSj xyrQgeh dk
f'kdkj gksus dh vksj izo` gksus yxs A
4. lansg'khy LoHkkoifr&iRuh dk laca/k cM+k uktqd gksrk gS A blesa ;fn ,d i{k fdlh Hkh dkj.k ls ;kSu rqf"V esa deh dk vuqHko djrk gS
vFkok nwljs i{k dks leku :i ls lgHkkxh ugha ikrk rks nks izHkko iM+rs gSa A ,d rks mlesa ghurkcks/k tkxrh gS vkSj nwljk vius lkFkh ds izfr vfo'okl
iSnk gksrk gS A ;g vfo'okl okLrfod ugha gksrk] cfYd ghurkcks/k dh izfrf;k ls tUek gksrk gS vkSj eqa'khth esa Hkh blhfy, lansg dk cht vadqfjr gks
mBk A
ekuo LoHkko dh igpku muesa fcYdqy ugha Fkh A og rks dsoy vius utfj, ls ns[krs Fks] vius utfj, ls lksprs Fks blhfy, tc mUgsa fueZyk dk
vkpj.k vius izfr BaMk vuqHko gqvk] mlds psgjs ij og mRQqYyrk ugha fn[kh tks dHkh mUgksaus viuh igyh iRuh ds psgjs ij izkjafHkd fnuksa esa ikbZ Fkh
rks os 'kadkyq gks mBs vkSj bldk lw= Hkh mUgsa ?kj gh fey x;k A mudk viuk gh csVk ealkjke tc fueZyk ds lkFk gksrk rks eqa'khth dks fueZyk ds psgjs
ij ,d fo'ks"k lq[k dk Hkko fn[kkbZ nsrk A fueZyk ds fy, ;g vius drZO; dk vuqHko djrs gq, eerk dk vkpj.k Fkk A eqa'khth bls xyr vFkZ esa tksM+dj
vusd 'kadkvksa ls xzLr gks mBs A og vius vkSj fueZyk ds chp esa vius csVs dks gh ck/kk eku cSBs A ;gka rd fd tc ealkjke vLirky esa e`R;q ds dxkj
ij vafre ?kfM+;ka fxu jgk gksrk gS vkSj mls [kwu dh t:jr gS] ;g lekpkj ikdj tc fueZyk vLirky igqaprh gS rks eqa'khth NwVrs gh mlls dgrs gSa^^rqe
;gka D;ksa vkbZ \** fueZyk fu%'kad Hkko ls tokc nsrh gS^^vki ;gka D;k djus vk, gSa \** >Yyk, gq, eqa'khth us fueZyk dk gkFk idM+dj dgk^^rqEgsa
;gka vkus dh dksbZ t:jr ugha] tc eSa cqyka rc ;gka vkuk A le> xbZ \** ysfdu tc fueZyk viuk [kwu nsus dks rS;kj gks tkrh gS vkSj dgrh gS^^esjs
izk.k vkSj fdl fnu dke vk;saxs A** rc rd le>us ds fy, cgqr nsj gks pqdh gksrh gS A MkWDVj fueZyk dh nsg ls jDr fudkyus dk lk/ku tqVk gh jgs
gksrs gSa fd ealkjke dh e`R;q gks tkrh gS A ekuks og fueZyk ds vkus dh izrh{kk dj jgk gks A og mls ns[kdj dgrk Hkh gS^^vEekath ! eSa vkidk Lusg
dHkh ugha Hkwywaxk A bZ'oj tkurk gS] eSa vkidks viuh ekrk le>rk jgk A lnSo mlh n`f"V ls ns[kk A**
eqa'kh rksrkjke us vdkj.k vius gksugkj csVs ij 'kd djds vius ifjokj ds lq[k dks [kqn gh vkx yxk nh A ;g muds lansg'khy LoHkko dk gh
ifj.kke Fkk A
5. vkReXykfu ls ihfM+realkjke dh e`R;q ds ckn eqa'khth dks fueZyk ds funksZ"k gksus dk fo'okl gks x;k Fkk vkSj rc gkFk ls rhj fudy pqdk
Fkk A bldk ifj.kke ;g gqvk fd ealkjke dh e`R;q dk og Lo;a dks dkj.k ekuus yxs A igys 'kadk ds f'kdkj Fks] vc vkReXykfu ds f'kdkj gks x, A mUgksaus
fookg djds Bhd ugha fd;k] ysfdu L=h&iq#"k fookg rks djrs gSa] lSdM+ksa vknfe;ksa us nwljh] rhljh] pkSFkh ;gka rd fd lkroha rd 'kknh dh gS ysfdu muds
fy, rks ;g nwljh Hkh cgqr Hkkjh iM+ jgh gS A
bldk dkj.k Li"V gS] nwljs yksx nwljk fookg djus ij vius lq[k dk rks /;ku j[krs gSa ysfdu lkFk esa lq[kh ifjokj ds fy, ,d larqyu Hkh cuk,
j[krs gSa ij eqa'khth us ctk, viuh detksjh Lohdkj djds] mez ds lR; dks Lohdkj djds fueZyk ds n`f"Vdks.k ls le; dks ns[kdj thou&i)fr dks ugha
viuk;k] cfYd dsoy dke dks lkeus j[kk A viuh dke r`fIr ds fy, mUgsa fueZyk esa fueZyk ds vykok cgu ;k cPps dHkh ugha lqgk;s A larqyu ds vHkko
esa gh muds eu ds vuq:i izfrfnu u feyus ij lansg dk cht iSnk gqvk A blhfy, ealkjke dh e`R;q gh ugha tc ft;kjke Hkh ea>yk iq= igys maM
gksrk gS vkSj fQj ?kj ds tsoj pqjkus ds vijk/kcks/k ls xzLr gksdj vkRegR;k dj ysrk gS rks eqa'khth dh vka[ksa [kqy xb A dej rks mudh ealkjke ds ejus
ij gh VwV xbZ Fkh A ft;kjke dh vkRegR;k ds ckn rks mudk dke /ka/kk Hkh BIi gks x;k A Hkkjh ladV vk x;k A edku uhyke gks x;k A vFkZ ds vHkko
esa rks vPNs&ls&vPNs ifjokj esa dyg dk lkezkT; gks tkrk gS A mUgsa yxus yxk^^eSaus ;s 'kknh dh ;k cyk eksy ys yh \** vkSj bl rjg os Hkhrj&gh&Hkhrj
i'pkki dh vkx esa >qylus yxs vkSj vc n'kk ;g gks xbZ fd u NksM+s curk Fkk vkSj u fuokZg gksrk Fkk A

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6. iyk;uoknhtc

O;fDr thou dh dM+oh lPpkbZ;ksa dk lkeuk ugha dj ikrk A vius gh Hkzeksa esa thrk gqvk vlQyrkvksa ds dxkj ij igqap
tkrk gS rc mls thou dh dBksj lPpkbZ ls eqdkcyk djuk iM+rk gS ysfdu mlus lnk lPpkbZ dks >qByk;k A bldk ,d Lrj ealkjke dh e`R;q ds ckn
eqa'khth vkSj ft;kjke ds chp fodflr ruko laca/k esa ns[kk tk ldrk gS A ft;kjke le>rk gS fd HkkbZ dh e`R;q dk dkj.k firkth gSa] mudk nwljk fookg
gS A u os fookg djrs] u ;g leL;k vkrh tcfd eqa'khth dks gj izdkj dh fujk'kk ds ckotwn vtZqu dh rjg fpfM+;k dh ,d vka[k ds leku dsoy viuh
dke&okluk gh fn[kykbZ iM+rh gS A og ft;kjke dks gj izdkj ls yrkM+rs] nqRdkjrs vkSj tc og mYVs&lh/ks tokc nsrk rks mls ekjus dks nkSM+rs A ft;kjke
ds bl izdkj cko`f gksus esa Lo;a eqa'khth dk gkFk Fkk A vly esa mUgksaus dHkh ;FkkFkZ dk lkeuk djrs gq, fLFkfr dk lek/kku djus ds fy, lgh ifjizs{;
esa leL;kvksa dk fo'ys"k.k gh ugha fd;k A mUgsa ;g gh Li"V ugha gks ldk fd os pkgrs D;k gSa vkSj tc fl;kjke Hkh eka dh jkstkuk dh fp[kfp[k ls ijs'kku
gksdj ?kj ls Hkkx [kM+k gksrk gS rks eqa'khth mls <wa<us ds cgkus ?kj&ckj NksM+dj fudy tkrs gSa A ,d izdkj ls og vius drZO; ls gh ugha] fueZyk ls Hkh
NqVdkjk ikuk pkgrs gSa A mudh ;g iyk;uoknh izo`f ?kj NksM+us ds :i esa lkeus vkbZ ysfdu vly esa iyk;uoknh os izkjaHk ls gh jgs A lR; dks lR;
u Lohdkj djuk] ml ij inkZ Mkys j[kuk vFkok >wBs Hkze esa thuk Hkh thou ;FkkFkZ ls iyk;u gh dgk tk,xk vkSj bl rjg dqy feykdj eqa'kh rksrkjke
,d iyk;uoknh O;fDrRo ds :i esa lkeus vkrs gSa A
mUgksaus rhu cPpksa ds firk gksus ij fookg fd;k A ;g mudk vijk/k ugha Fkk] vijk/k Fkk] ftlls fookg fd;k] og mudh iq=h ds leku Fkh vkSj
os vius reke iz;Ruksa ls ;g varj ugha feVk lds A bl varj dks feVkus dk ,d gh jkLrk Fkk] oSpkfjd n`f"V ls fueZyk dks vfHkHkkod dk Lusg nsrs gq,
mlesa lqj{kk dk Hkko Hkjuk A lgt mUeqDr thou dk volj iznku djuk A tcfd mUgksaus blds foijhr igys fueZyk ij lansg fd;k vkSj mlesa mith
vlqj{kk dh Hkkouk dh mis{kk dh vkSj vuesy fookg dks iwjh rjg ls vuesy fl) fd;k A eqa'kh rksrkjke ds O;fDrRo dk dksbZ Hkh i{k fueZyk ls esy ugha
[kkrk Fkk] u mldh oSpkfjdrk ls] u mldh Hkkouk ls blfy, tgka fueZyk fu;fr ds p esa Qalh vlgk; ukjh ds :i esa e`R;q dk oj.k djus dks vfHk'kIr
gksrh gS ogha eqa'kh rksrkjke gj n`f"V ls ,d vlQy O;fDr ds :i esa lkeus vkrs gSa vkSj bldh ijkdk"Bk ;g gS fd var esa fLFkfr;ksa dk lkeuk u dj
ikus dh n'kk esa Hkkx [kM+s gksrs gSa A

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