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ASSIGNMENT SOLUTIONS GUIDE (2014-2015)

M.H.D.-4
ukVd ,oa vU; x| fokk,
Disclaimer/Special Note: These are just the sample of the Answers/Solutions to some of the Questions given in the
Assignments. These Sample Answers/Solutions are prepared by Private Teacher/Tutors/Auhtors for the help and Guidance
of the student to get an idea of how he/she can answer the Questions of the Assignments. We do not claim 100% Accuracy
of these sample Answers as these are based on the knowledge and cabability of Private Teacher/Tutor. Sample answers
may be seen as the Guide/Help Book for the reference to prepare the answers of the Question given in the assignment. As
these solutions and answers are prepared by the private teacher/tutor so the chances of error or mistake cannot be denied.
Any Omission or Error is highly regretted though every care has been taken while preparing these Sample Answers/
Solutions. Please consult your own Teacher/Tutor before you prepare a Particular Answer & for uptodate and exact
information, data and solution. Student should must read and refer the official study material provided by the university.

iz'u 1- fuEufyf[kr vorj.kksa dh lanHkZ lfgr O;k[;k dhft,A

(d) Hkkjr lexz fo'o dk gS] vkSj laiw.kZ olqakjk blosQ isze&ik'k esa vkc gSA vukfn dky ls Kku dh] ekuork
dh T;ksfr og fodh.kZ dj jgk gSA olqakjk dk n;&Hkkjr&fdl ew[kZ dks I;kjk ugha gS\ rqe ns[krs ugha fd fo'o dk lcls
apk 'k`x blosQ fljgkus vkSj xaHkhj rFkk fo'kky leqnz blosQ pj.kksa osQ uhps gSa\ ,d&ls&,d lqanj n`'; izfr us vius
bl ?kj esa fpf=kr dj j[kk gSA Hkkjr osQ dY;k.k osQ fy, esjk loZLo vir gSA
mkjlanHkZLrqr iafDr;ka t;'kadj lkn jfpr ukVd ^LdanxqIr* ls m`r gSA bl lax esa ;g mfDr /krqlsu dh gS tks fd uxj kar esa

iFk ij [;kr dhfrZ ls okrkZyki osQ lanHkZ esa cksyh tkrh gSA
t;'kadj lkn us ,sfrgkfld ukVd fy[ks gSa rFkk lakLo`Qfrd ,oa jk"Vh; psruk ls ;qDr muosQ ukVdksa osQ ifjos'k ,oa ik=k Hkys gh iqjkru gksrs
gSa] foaQrq v/qukru ifjn`'; esa Hkh os lkFkZd vkSj leL;kvksa dks lqy>kus dh {kerk j[krs gSaA vr% t;'kadj lkn osQ ukVd laokn ;kstuk dh lkFkZdrk
fl djrs gq, lpsrd ,oa c ikBdksa gsrq KkuoZd rFkk jk"Vh; psruk ls ;qDr gSaA
O;k[;kbl ukVd esa ns'k se] R;kx] cfynku vkSj L=kh dh mis{kk ,oa L=kh osQ jkS :i dks fn[kk;k x;k gSA /krqlsu dk uke oqQekjnkl Hkh gS]
tks flagy dk jktoqQekj gS vkSj [;kr dhfrZ] yadk jktoqQy dk Je.k jgrk gSA ckS fHk{kq }kjk ;g loky djus ij fd ^^f; O;L;! vkt rqEgsa
vk, rhu fnu gq,] D;k flagy dk jkT; rqEgsa Hkkjr i;ZVu osQ lkeus rqPN rhr gksrk gS\** /krqlsu us Hkkjr dh efgek dk xkSjoxku fd;kA ,d fons'kh
i;ZVd ls Hkkjr dk xkSjoxku lkn dh fo'ks"krk gSA dgus dk rkRi;Z fd Hkkjro"kZ fo'o dk n; gSA ;g i`Foh dk n; gS tksfd viuh jk"Vh;rk
,oa lkaLo`Qfrd fojklr osQ fy, fl gSA Hkkjr dh izkfrd NVk dk vuqie o.kZu ;gk fd;k x;k gSA i`Foh ij Hkkjr dk lkSan;Z ,d fons'kh }kjk
o.kr fd;k x;k gSHkkjr vuar dky ls ekuork dk lans'k ns jgk gSA blosQ rhu rjiQ leq gSa tks blosQ pj.k i[kkj jgs gSaA bl Hkkjr osQ dY;k.k
osQ fy, esa viuk loZLo vir dj ldrk gwA
fo'ks"kbl x|ka'k esa laokn ;kstuk dk iw.kZ ifjikd gksrk gS rFkk Hkk"kk rRle /ku ,oa yk{kf.kd gSA jkspdrk osQ lkFk 'kkar Hkko xaHkhjrk dk
ifjpk;d gSA

([k) eSa nks cM+s ifg;ksa osQ chp yxk gqvk

,d NksVk fujFkZd 'kksHkk&p gw
tks cM+s ifg;ksa osQ lkFk ?kwerk gS
ij jFk dks vkxs ugha c<+krk
vkSj u kjrh gh Nw ikrk gSA
vkSj ftlosQ thou dk lcls cM+k nqHkkZX; ;g gS
fd og kqjh ls mrj Hkh ugha ldrkA
mkjizlaxizLrqr iafDr;k] keZohj Hkkjrh osQ ^vakk ;qx* ls yh xbZ gSaA ^vakk;qx* dh dFkk egkHkkjr osQ ;q osQ vafre fnu dh
'kke vkSj ".k dh e`R;q osQ {k.kksa dks chp dh i`"BHkwfe esa jfpr gSaA bl feFkdh; vk[;ku }kjk ;g fn[kk;k x;k gS fd u, ;qxcksk esa
lR; vkSj vlR; ij dksbZ fujis{k fu.kZ; ysuk vlaHko gSA VwVrs ewY;ksa dh vkRegR;k ;gh Li"V djrh gSA fd lR; vkSj vlR; nksuksa osQ
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ekxZ ihM+k Hkjs gSaA ;q;qRlq dks lR; dh jkg ij Hkh viuksa ls vieku feykA lat; dh ihM+k ;g gS fd og ;q esa lfEefyr rks gS ij
mldh dksbZ lf; Hkwfedk ugha gS og ifg, esa yxs 'kksHkk p dh Hkkfr gSA
O;k[;klat; viuh bl fuf";rk dks viuk nqHkkZX; gh ekurk gS fd u rks og ;q esa Hkkx ysdj mldh xfr dks c<+k ldrk
gS vkSj u gh mls NksM+ ldrk gSA nks cM+s ifg, dkSjoksa vkSj ik.Moksa osQ izrhd gSaA lat; ;q dh fofHkf"kdk ns[k rks ldrk gS ij mls
ifjorr ugha dj ldrkA og muls izHkkfor gksrk gS muosQ lkFk ?kwerk gS ij mudh fn'kk ifjorr ugha dj ldrkA og rks ifg;ksa osQ
e; yxk 'kksHkk p gSA lcls cM+h foMEcuk rks ;g gS fd og pkg dj Hkh kqjh ls mrj dj tk Hkh ugha ldrkA ;gh mldk izkjCk
gSA ^vakk ;qx* dh ;gh foo'krk mlosQ gj ik=k esa fn[kkbZ nsrh gSA
fo'ks"k&(1) Hkk"kk cksypky dh ljy] lqcksk rFkk lgt gSA
(2) vuqHkwfe dh rhozrk] Hkkokos'k] rFkk euksosxksa dks m}sfyr djrh gSA vkarfjd la?k"kZ dks O;Dr djus esa l{ke gSA
(3) izrhdkRed o fcac izkku 'kSyh gSA
(4) kqjh&thou&jFk dks pykus dk vkkkj] thou&ewY;] vkn'kZ vFkok vkLFkk Hkys gh og lR; ij vkkkfjr gks ;k vlR; ijA
(5) ifg,&thou&xfr dks igu djus okyk izk.kh ftudh xfr dk vkkkj kqjh gSA
(x) oqQVt D;k osQoy th jgk gS\ og nwljs osQ }kj ij Hkh[k ekaxus ugha tkrk] dksbZ fudV vk x;k rks Hk; osQ ekjs
vkejk ugha gks tkrk] uhfr vkSj keZ dk mins'k ugha nsrk fiQjrk] viuh mUufr osQ fy, viQljksa dk twrk ugha pkVrk
fiQjrk] nwljksa dks viekfur djus osQ fy, xzgksa dh [kq'kken ugha djrkA vkReksfr gsrq uhye ugha kkj.k djrk] vaxwfB;ksa
dh yM+h ugha igurk] nkr ugha fuiksjrk] cxysa ugha >kadrkA thrk gS vkSj 'kku ls thrk gSA
mkjlanHkZizLrqr iafDr;ka ^oqQVt* fucak ls yh xbZ gSaA ;g fucak vkpk;Z gtkjhizlkn f}osnh }kjk fy[kk x;k gSA bl fucak
esa mUgksaus fgeky; dh futZu igkfM+;ksa esa mxus okys NksVs ls ikSks oqQVt dk o.kZu fd;k gS tks viuh ftthfo"kk osQ dkj.k fo"ke
ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa Hkh thrk gSA oqQVt osQ }kjk f}osnh th us vkt LokfHkeku jfgr nwljksa dh [kq'kken djus okys] <ksax djus okys yksxksa
ij O;aX; fd;k gS vkSj flj mBkdj thus dh izsj.kk nh gSA
O;k[;koqQVt 'kku ls thrk gS og dM+h kwi vkSj ikuh u feyus ij ?kcjkrk ;k VwVrk ugha gSA og deh gksus ij mu yksxksa
dh rjg ugha gS tks nwljksa ls ekaxus yxrs gSaA u gh oqQVt Mjus okyk gS tks viuh deh osQ dkj.k nwljksa dks vius lkeus ns[kdj
Mjrs gSaA og lalkj ls Hkkxs gq, vdeZ.; yksxksa dh rjg uhfr vkSj keZ dk mins'k ugha nsrkA og mu yksxksa esa ls Hkh ugha gS tks
vius LokFkZ vkSj nwljksa dks gkfu igqapkus osQ fy, viQljksa dh vkSj izHkko'kkyh yksxksa dh [kq'kken djrs gSaA u gh oqQVt <ksaxh gS tks
Mjdj Hkxoku dh 'kj.k esa pyk tk,A
oqQVt u <ksaxh gS tks <ksaxh yksxksa dh rjg vaxwfB;ka vkSj iRFkj kkj.k dj ysrs gSaA og [kq'kkenh vkSj Mjiksd Hkh ugha gSA og
'kku ls thrk gS] D;ksafd mls LokFkZ ugha gSA og Hkh"e firkeg dh rjg gS tks gj lq[k&nq[k] vPNh&cqjh fLFkfr esa rVLFk gksdj
viuk dkZO; fuHkkrs jgsA og gkj ekuus okyk ugha cfYd fLFkfr;ksa ls yM+dj mYykl ls Hkjdj 'kku ls thus okyk gSA
fo'ks"k1- ys[kd osQ Hkk"kk Kku ,oa fo}kk dk ifjp; feyrk gSA
2- eqgkojksa osQ iz;ksx ls Hkk"kk esa pqVhykiu gSA
3- Hkk"kk ljl ,oa O;aX;kRed gSA
4- HkkokRed ,oa O;fDr&O;atd 'kSyh gSA
5- miek,a lVhd gSaA
(?k) lksprk gw&eq>s gks D;k x;k gS\ bruk vfu'p; bruk vfo'okl! D;k vktknh osQ iPphl o"kks us ;gh vfu'p; vkSj
fo'okl dh ekufldrk nh gS gekjh ih<+h dks\ vkSj ;gh ge vkxkeh ih<+h dks fojklr esa ns jgs gSa\
mkjizlaxgfj'kadj ijlkbZ dh igpku O;aX;dkj ds :i esa gSA mUgksaus /eZ] Hkz"Vkpkj] viQlj'kkgh] tkfr&ikfr] cqfthoh oxZ]
lkaiznkf;drk vkfn lHkh ij O;aX; fd;k gS rFkk lekt dh Toyar leL;kvksa dks mBk;k] ftuls lk/kj.ktu =kLr gSA mudk ms'; turk
ds 'kks"k.k] va/fo'oklksa] thou&la?k"kZ] folaxfr vkfn dks lcds lkeus izLrqr djosQ ekufldrk dks f>a>ksM+uk gSA mUgksaus orZeku thou
dh laosnuk] ik[kaM] Ny] voljokfnrk lHkh ij pksV dh gSA ijlkbZ th ml nkSj ds jpukdkj gSa] tc Hkkjr Lora=k gqvk Fkk vkSj yksxksa
esa lqugjs Hkfo"; dh mEehn Fkh] ijarq /hjs&/hjs ;s mEehnsa VwVus yxha vkSj 'kks"k.k] vR;kpkj] lkaiznkf;drk vkfn ds dkj.k vke vkneh
volkn ls Hkj x;k] ftlls lekt esa folaxfr;k iSnk gksus yxhaA ijlkbZ th us bUgha folaxfr;ksa vkSj dfe;ksa dks vius ys[ku esa LFkku fn;k
rFkk O;aX; dks izLrqfr dk ek;e cuk;kA
^rhljs ntsZ dk Js;* ijlkbZ th ds O;aX; laxzg ^oS".ko dh fiQlyu* esa ladfyr gSA blesa mUgksaus e;oxhZ; cqfthoh ekufldrk
dks viuk fu'kkuk cuk;k gSA vkt ds cqfthoh lekt esa ekuoh; ewY; lekIr gks x, gSaA ;g oxZ vius lekt&nkf;Ro ls Hkkx jgk gSA

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mls txkuk vkSj vke turk ls tksM+uk gh bl fuca/ dk ms'; gSA ^rhljs ntsZ ds Js;* fuca/ dk jpukf'kYi izrhdkRed gSA ijlkbZ
th us ;FkkFkZ dks n`'; esa <kydj izLrqr fd;k gS] tks dgkuh dk&lk vkHkkl nsrk gSA izlax vkSj fLFkfr ds vuqlkj
O;k[;kijlkbZ th ns'k dh orZeku n'kk ls pfrr gSaA mUgksaus dkWyst esa^vktknh osQ iPphl o"kZ* ij Hkk"k.k fn;k FkkA ftlesa mUgksaus
cqfthfo;ksa dh LokFkZijrk] mudh dFkuh&djuh esa varj] lekt vkSj ns'k osQ izfr vius mkjnkf;Ro dks u fuHkkdj in&izfr"Bk ku osQ
ihNs nkSM+us dh izo`fk dk inkZiQk'k fd;k gSA lkFk gh blosQ ifj.kkeLo:i lekt esa vfo'okl vkSj vfuf'prrk dh ekufldrk iuius
yxrh gSA O;fDr nwljs ij rks D;k Lo;a ij Hkh fo'okl ugha dj ikrkA ijlkbZ th blh ls fpafrr gSa fd ;gh vfo'okl dh ekufldrk
ge vxkeh ih<+h dks Hkh lkSai jgs gSaA bl vfo'okl dh ekufldrk dks os ,d m}j.k }kjk O;Dr djrs gSa fd uk;d dks jsyos osQ VkbZe
Vscy ij fo'okl ugha gSA tc ckcw mls fpiosQ gq, VkbZe Vscy dks ns[kus osQ fy, dgrk gS rks og dgrk gS fd fpiosQ ij Hkjkslk ugha
gSA lafokku osQ flkar] xkkh th osQ vkn'kZ lc fpiosQ gSaA ijUrq mu ij vey ugha gks jgk gSA vkt dh fuf"; O;oLFkk esa turk dks
fdlh dk Hkjkslk ugha gSA Lo;a ij Hkh ughaA fucak dk uk;d dgrk gS fd ^vc eq>s le; dh fpark yx xbZ gSA jsyos dh ?kM+h dk Hkjkslk
ughaA eghuksa can iM+h jgrh gSa ;s ?kfM+;k viuh ?kM+h ns[krk gw] ml ij Hkh eq>s Hkjkslk ughaA irk ugha dc pkch nh] ;g vfo'okl vkSj
lud lekt dh fxjrh vO;oLFkk dh vksj laosQr djrk gSA
ys[kd dh ;gh fpark gS fd ge ;gh ekufldrk vxkeh ih<+h dks Hkh lkSai jgs gSaA
fo'ks"kHkk"kk rRle&rn~Hko 'kCnksa dk iz;ksx gS rFkk Hkk"kk esa vke cksypky dk iqV gSA bl fuca/ dh lcls cM+h fo'ks"krk ^eSa* 'kSyh
gSA lekt esa 'kkld&'kks"kdksa ds xBca/u dh pkyckft;ksa rFkk pkykfd;ksa dks le>us esa enn feyh vkSj mUgksaus lgh txg ij pksV dj
bu yksxksa dh ekufldrk dks f>a>ksM+ fn;kA
iz'u 2- ^vaksj uxjh* ukVd osQ O;Dr lkekftd ;FkkFkZ dh izklafxdrk ij izdk'k Mkfy,A
mkjHkkjrsUnq dk tUe lu 1850 esa gqvk Fkk vkSj lu~ lkou ds izFke LorU=krk vkanksyu ds le; mudh mez lkr o"kZ dh FkhA Qyr%
vaxzsth 'kklu dh ccZjrk ds fdLls rks mUgksaus lqus gh Fks] Lo;a Hkh mls dqN gn rd ns[kk FkkA viuh rhoz cqf)] fpUru vkSj tufgr dh fpUrk
ds dkj.k og le> x, Fks fd ns'k ds fgr] ns'k dh turk ds dY;k.k ds fy, vko';d gS fd ijEijkxr lkaLd`frd ekU;rkvksa] fo'oklksa rFkk
jhfr&fjoktksa esa ;qxkuq:i ifjorZu yk;k tk, vkSj blds fy, nks dk;Z djus gksaxsturk dks vius lkekftd nks"kksa rFkk pkfjf=d nqcZyrkvksa ls
ifjfpr djuk&djkuk gksxk rFkk vaxzsth jkT; }kjk jktuhfrd&vkfFkZd 'kks"k.k lekIr djuk gksxkA viuh ;k=kvksa ds vuqHko ls Hkh mUgsa ns'k dh
jktuhfrd] lkekftd] lkaLd`frd fLFkfr dk ifjp; izkIr gqvk vkSj mUgksaus yksd&tkx`fr dks vko';d ekudj vius lkfgR; }kjk lkekU; turk
dks txkus dk iz;kl fd;kA
Hkkjr ds bfrgkl esa e/;;qx ,d izdkj ls vU/kdkjkPNUu ;qx FkkA ,d vksj gtkjksa jkT;ksa&fj;klrksa esa caVk gksus ds dkj.k rFkk dsUnz
esa LFkk;h] lcy lk u gksus ds QyLo:i ns'k dh jkT;&O;oLFkk fok`a[kfyr gks xbZ FkhA ns'k tM+ :f<+;ksa] lM+h&xyh ekU;rkvksa vkSj dqizFkkvksa
esa tdM+k gqvk FkkA tkfr&ikafr] NqvkNwr] lkEiznkf;d oSeuL;] ap&uhp ds dkj.k vk;s fnu >xM+s gksrs jgrs FksA vaxzstksa ds vkxeu ij tc
ge if'pe dh lH;rk] fopkjksa] jgu&lgu] lkfgR; vkfn ls ifjfpr gq,] rks gesa viuh lH;rk] jgu&lgu] lkfgR;] fopkj] jhfr&fjokt]
ekufldrk] ckSf)d Lrj lc&dqN gs; yxus yxk vkSj gekjs vUnj ghu Hkkouk ?kj djus yxhA geesa if'pe dh udy djus dh gksM+ yx
xbZA gekjk /;ku viuh xfr&vojks/kd lM+h&xyh :f<+;ksa] /kkfeZd vU/kfo'oklksa] lkekftd dqjhfr;ksa] ik[k.M] vkMEcj vkfn dh vksj x;k vkSj
gesa muds nq"ifj.kkeksa dh Hkh tkudkjh feyh A mUgsa fNUu&fHkUu dj] muls eqDr gks] izxfr ds ekxZ ij pyus dh psruk Hkh tkxhA bl
lkaLd`frd&lkekftd psruk dk mn; igyh ckj HkkjrsUnqdkyhu fgUnh lkfgR; esa feyrk gS vkSj bl psruk dks Loj nsus okys igys oSrkfyd
Lo;a HkkjrsUnq FksA muds iz;Ruksa ls] mudh vuojr lkfgR;&lk/kuk ls] mudh izxfr'khy n`f"V ls ds dkj.k lkfgR; vkSj lekt dk lEcU/k
lekt ds izfr lkfgR; vkSj lkfgR;dkj dk nkf;Ro] lkfgR; dh mi;ksfxrk vkfn uohu n`f"V;ksa ls lkfgR; ij fopkj fd;k tkus yxkA lkfgR;
dks vf/kd oLrqfu"B] ;FkkFkZoknh] ;qxcks/k ls lEiUu ,oa uohu psruk dk okgd cukus dk iz;kl fd;k tkus yxkA HkkjrsUnq dk Lo;a viuk
O;fDrRo izkphu vkSj e;dky ds lkfgR;dkjksa ls furkUr fHkUu FkkA mUgksaus u vkfndky ds dfo;ksa ds leku jktkvksa ds 'kkS;Z&ijke]
oSHko&foykl pkj.k&HkkVksa dh rjg iz'kfLrxku fd;k] u HkfDrdky ds dfo;ksa dh rjg O;fDrxr eks{k vkSj LoxZ ikus ds fy, Hkxoku ls
fou;&izkFkZuk ds in fy[ks vkSj u k`axkj dky ds dfo;ksa dh rjg ^jk/kk dUgkbZ lqfeju dks cgkuh gS* ds vk/kkj ij k`axkj jl ds dfo&loS;s
fy[ksA mUgksaus vius fy, ugha] ns'k dh eqfDr ds fy, Hkxoku dh xqgkj yxkbZ
dgka d#.kkfuf/ ds lc lks,A
mUgksaus vius pkjksa vksj ds lekt dks] lekt esa O;kIr dqjhfr;ksa vkSj pkfjf=d nqcZyrkvksa dks vka[ksa [kksydj ns[kk] mu ij xEHkhjrk
ls fopkj fd;k] mudk ;FkkFkZ fp=.k fd;k vkSj mudk fuokj.k djus ds fy, fn'kk dk la/kku djrs gq, dqN fn'kk&funsZ'k Hkh fn;sA vr% mUgsa
;qxn`"Vk gh ugha] ;qxl`"Vk Hkh dgk tkrk gSA lkfgR; ds vkuUnoknh n`f"Vdks.k dks lkekftd mi;ksfxrk ds n`f"Vdks.k ls tksM+us okys og
vkkqfuddky ds igys lkfgR;dkj FksA

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^vU/ksj uxjh* N% n`';ksa okyk NksVs vkdkj dk izglu gS A vr% lekt dk lexz fp= iwjs C;kSjksa ds lkFk izLrqr djus ds fy, vodk'k
ugha FkkA fQj Hkh izglu ds igys rhu n`'; vkSj lcls vf/kd cktkj dk n`'; rRdkyhu lekt dk ;FkkFkZ c[kwch izLrqr djrk gSA mlls
,d vksj gesa cktkj dk] cktkj ds ifjos'k dk] cktkj esa viuk eky cspus okyksa dk] xzkgdksa dk] mudh Hkk"kk ,oa ygts dk irk pyrk
gS rks nwljh vksj 'kklu] lekt rFkk vkfFkZd {ks= esa QSyh folaxfr;ksa dk ifjp; izkIr gksrk gSA vU;= Hkh ladsr feyrs gSa lekt dh dqjhfr;ksa
ds] vkfFkZd nqnZ'kk vkSj 'kks"k.k ds] keZ ds {ks= esa O;kIr ik[k.M] fuBYysiu vkSj tM+rk dsA ;s ladsr brus l'kDr gSa ,oa O;aX; bruk rh[kk
gS fd dchj dh rjg pksV djrk gS] fryfeyk nsrk gSA ;g fryfeykgV ikB~;&izs{kd dks lkspus rFkk tkxus dh izsj.kk nsrh gS A ftl tkfrokn
vkSj NqvkNwr us] HksnHkko us ns'k dks iru ds xrZ esa <dsy fn;k Fkk] mldk ladsr gyokbZ djrk gS,slh tkr gyokbZ ftlds Nhl dkSe
gSaA czk.kksa vkSj oS';ksa ds pkfjf=d nks"kksa dh Hkh vPNh [kcj yh xbZ gSA tkrokyk czk.k czk.kksa ds Vdk /keZ dh cf[k;k m/ksM+dj j[k nsrk
gStkr ys tkr] Vds lsj tkrA ,d Vdk nks] ge vHkh viuh tkr csprs gSaA Vds ds okLrs czk.k ls /kksch gks tk,a( vkSj /kksch dks czk.k
dj nsaA Vds ds okLrs tSlk dgks O;oLFkk nsaA Vds ds okLrs >wB dks lp djsaA Vds ds okLrs czk.k ls eqlyeku] Vds ds okLrs fgUnw ls fLrkuA
Vds ds okLrs /keZ vkSj izfr"Bk nksuksa cspsa] Vds ds okLrs >wBh xokgh nsaA ^^Vds ds okLrs iki dks iq.; ekusaA Vds ds okLrs uhp dks Hkh firkeg
cukosaA osn] /keZ] ejtknk] lpkbZ] cM+kbZ lc Vds lsj A** blls irk pyrk gS fd ml ;qx esa cqf) vkSj Kku dh izrhd le>h tkus okyh
czk.k tkfr dk fdruk vk%iru gks x;k Fkk( og iSls ds izyksHku eas iM+dj vius vkn'kZ] fl)kar] e;kZnk] ijEijkxr mnk thou&ewY;]
eku&izfr"Bk lc cspus dks rS;kj FkhA bl izdkj tkr okys czk.k ds ek/;e ls HkkjrsUnq us vius ;qx ds dVq ;FkkFkZ dks :ikf;r fd;k gSA
cfu;ksa] egktuksa ds nks"kksa dks mtkxj djrk gqvk pwju okyk dgrk gS fd
pwju lHkh egktu [kkrsA ftlls tek gte dj tkrsA
pwju [kkrs ykyk yksxA ftudh vfdy vthju jksxA
Li"V gS fd egktu aph C;kt nj ij _.k nsdj rFkk csbZekuh djds xjhcksa dk jDr pwlrs Fks vkSj ykyk yksx vf'kf{kr] vui<+]
ew[kZ gksrs gq, Hkh iSls ds cy ij ekSt mM+krs FksA ;g lkjh ckr dsoy nks iafDr;ksa esa dgdj ys[kd oLrqfLFkfr dk n'kZu djkrk gSA gkfde
lc tks [kkrs] lc ij nwuk VSDl yxkrs&Li"V gS fd HkkjrsUnq vaxzstksa dh VSDl&uhfr dh vksj ladsr dj jgs gSa ftlds dkj.k Hkkjr ds
m|ksx&kUks<kdk dh eyey] pVxkao ds tgkt] ukfld ds crZu] vkfn rFkk uhy dh [ksrh mtM+ jgs FksA Hkkjrh; eky ij VSDl vkSj eSupsLVj
rFkk yadk'kk;j ds dkj[kkus Qy&Qwy jgs FksA blh vkfFkZd 'kks"k.k dks ns[kdj vaxzst bfrgkl&ys[kd tkWu czkbV us vaxzsth jkT; ds nks lkS o"kksZa
dks 'kks"k.k ds nks lkS o"kZ uke fn;k gS A ljdkjh vf/kdkjh] iqfyl] dpgjh ds veys fj'or ys&ysdj] rks egktu vkSj cfu;s _.k ij Hkkjh
lwn ysdj nksuksa gkFkksa ls turk dks ywV jgs Fks] viuh frtksfj;ka Hkj jgs FksA egktu yksx fn[kkos dks viuk fnokyk fudkydj yksxksa dh
tek&iwath gte djus esa yxs FksA ^va/ksj uxjh* esa gh ugha] viuh eqdfj;ksa rFkk ^Hkkjr nqnZ'kk* ukVd esa Hkh HkkjrsUnq us vaxzstksa dh 'kks"k.k
uhfr dk inkZQk'k dj turk dks txkus dk iz;kl fd;k gS A eqdjh esa og dgrs gSa
Hkhrj Hkhrj lc jl pwlSA gafl gafl ds ru eu /u ewlSAA
tkfgj ckru eas vfr rstA D;ksa lf[k lktu] ufga vaxzstAA
HkkjrsUnq ;qx esa ikjLifjd oSeuL;] tkfrHksn] }s"k vkSj ladh.kZ ckrksa dks ysdj dyg ns'k dks [kf.Mr dj jgs FksA buds dkj.k u ns'k
HkkSfrd n`f"V ls mUufr dj ik jgk Fkk vkSj u LorU= gks ldrk FkkA ,sls okrkoj.k esa lkekftd] lkaLd`frd psruk dk mn; gksuk Hkh dfBu
Fkk] ijUrq HkkjrsUnq us bu lcdk ;FkkFkZ fp= turk ds lkeus j[kk vkSj ukjk;.knkl ds vkpj.k vkSj ckrphr ls crk fn;k gS fd ;s yksx
fHk{kko`f dks viuk vf/kdkj vkSj iq.; dk dk;Z ekurs gSaA
ml le; lkekU; turk gh ugha] cfYd Lo;a dks apk] vkfHktkR; rFkk cqf)eku le>us okys yksx Hkh vU/kfo'oklksa eas Qals Fks] ;g
ukVd ds vfUre n`'; ls izdV gksrk gSA egUr ds ;g dgus ij fd bl lkbr 'kqHk ?kM+h esa tks ejsxk] lks oSdq.B tk;sxk] eU=h] dksroky
vkSj jktk lHkh Qkalh ij p<+us ds fy, gksM+ djrs fn[kk;s x;s gSaA
HkkjrsUnq u rks fujk'kkoknh Fks vkSj u gh vukLFkkoknh dykdkj FksA og Hkfo"; ds izfr vk'kkoknh Fks rFkk mUgsa vius ns'kokfl;ksa esa
iwjh vkLFkk FkhA vr% mUgksaus ^va/ksj uxjh* ds vfUre n`'; esa jktk dks Qkalh ij yVdrs fn[kkdj ,d vksj vaxzst 'kkldksa ds fo#) viuk
vkks'k O;Dr fd;k gS nwljh vksj Hkkjr dh fujk'kk ds vU/kdkj esa Mwch turk dks <k<l ca/kk;k gS] vk'kk dh fdj.k iznku dh gS fd Hkkjr
ds bfrgkl dh ;g dkyjkf= 'kh?kz gh lekIr gksxh] u;k losjk vk;sxk vkSj turk bl nq'p ls eqDr gksdj lq[k vkSj pSu dh lkal ys ldsxhA
vr% ^va/ksj uxjh* ys[kd dh izxfr'khy lkekftd&jktuhfrd psruk ,oa ns'kHkfDr dks mtkxj djus okyk] ;qx&;FkkFkZ dk cks/k djkus
okyk ukVd gSA blhfy, bu ukVdksa dks lelkef;d lUnHkksZa dk thoUr ukVd dgk x;k gS vkSj vkpk;Z 'kqDy us HkkjrsUnq dks lkfgR; esa u,&;qx
dk izorZd dgk gS A MkW- jkefoykl 'kekZ HkkjrsUnq ls fgUnh esa ;FkkFkZokn dk mn; ekurs gSa vkSj t;'kadj izlkn vius fucU/k ^;FkkFkZokn

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vkSj Nk;kokn* esa HkkjrsUnq ls ;FkkFkZokn dk izkjEHk crkrs gSaA

iz'u 3- ^vkks&vkwjs* osQ iq#"k ik=kksa dh pkfjf=kd fo'ks"krkvksa dh rqyuk dhft,A
mkj^vkks&vkwjs* esa pfj=k&l`f"V^vkks&vkwjs* pfj=k izkku ukVd gS ftlesa ukVddkj us iq#"k dh izkkurk dh dksf'k'k dh
gS ysfdu iq#"k L=kh ls eqg dh [kkrk gSA ^vkks&vkwjs* dh lkfo=kh ,d ukSdjhis'kk L=kh gS ftldh mez pkyhl o"kZ osQ djhc gS] psgjs
ij ;kSou dh ped ckdh gSA og vius vliQy ifr ls fujk'k gS vkSj csgrj tnxh osQ fy, viuh dYiuk osQ iq#"k dh ryk'k esa vusd
iq#"kksa ls tqM+rh gS] ijarq fiQj Hkh og vius vkks&vkwjs ifr osQ lkFk thus osQ fy, etcwj gSA
egsaukFk gleq[k vkSj nksLrksa dk fiz; gS] ysfdu dkjksckjh vliQyrk rFkk iRuh dh dekbZ ij iyus vkSj iRuh osQ izsfe;ksa osQ
dkj.k oqQ<+u Hkjk] ijkftr] gld vkSj oqaQfBr gks x;k gSA lcls viekfur gksdj og vius fe=k tqustk osQ ;gk tkrk gS ijarq
CyMizs'kj dh gkyr esa okil vk tkrk gSA og u viuh iRuh osQ lkFk jg ikrk gS vkSj u mlls vyx gks ikrk gSA
ifr&iRuh osQ VwVs vkSj foo`Qr fj'rksa okys ifjokj osQ cPps Hkh foo`Qfr;ksa osQ f'kdkj gks tkrs gSaA cM+h yM+dh fcUuh dk ?kj
ls Hkkxuk] eukst ls 'kknh djuk rFkk mldh vlarqf"V] NksVh yM+dh fdUuh dk fonzksg Hkko] v'kksd osQ firk osQ izfr vkks'k]
dke osQ izfr fojfDr vkfn ikfjokfjd fo?kVu dh foo`Qfr;kas dks fn[kkrs gSaA lHkh pfj=k VwVu] tyu] vkks'k vkSj vtuchiu osQ
f'kdkj gSaA
tqustk] txeksgu] eukst] f'kothr] l?kkfu;k vkfn iq#"k ik=k ,dvk;keh gSa] ysfdu egsaukFk osQ vyx&vyx eq[kkSVs cudj
,d tfVy pfj=k dh jpuk djrs gSaA 'kk;n blh tfVy pfj=k dh jpuk osQ ms'; dks ;ku esa j[kdj ukVddkj us ,d dykdj
ls ikp Hkwfedk, djokbZ gSaA ik=k fof'k"V ls lkekU; cu losQ blosQ fy, igys pfj=kksa osQ tkfrokpd vkSj ckn esa O;fDropkd
ukeksa dk iz;ksx ukVddkj dh lksp dh xgurk dks fn[kkrs gSaA
leh{kdksa us ^vkks&vkwjs* osQ pfj=kksa vkSj muosQ fp=k.k ij vusd izdkj osQ vk{ksi yxk, gSaA oqQN lhek rd ;g lgh Hkh
gS ysfdu rRdkyhu ,oa ledkyhu Hkkjrh; e;oxZ dh fLFkfr dks ns[ksa rks ;s vkjksi xyr yxsaxsA vkt dh vkkqfudrk esa rsth
ls cnyrh lekt O;oLFkk esa vkLFkk] fo'okl] ewY;] lkekftd foosd vkfn dh dksbZ dher ugha jg xbZ gSA 'kk'or lR; dksjs
mins'k cu x, gSa rFkk yksx vosQysiu dk f'kdkj gSaA lekt osQ lkFk ifjokj Hkh VwV jgs gSa ftldk dkj.k gS ?kj osQ lnL;ksa dk
,d&nwljs ls dVkoA grk'kk vkSj Hkze dh nqfu;k esa thus okyk e;oxZ ^vkks&vkwjs* osQ ik=kksa ls oqQN de ugha gSA
iz'u 4- ^laLfr vkSj tkrh;rk* fucak osQ vkkkj ij Hkkjrh; laLfr dh fo'ks"krk,a crkb,A
mkjlaLd`fr ,d O;kid 'kCn gSA laLd`fr ds vUrxZr euq"; dk vkpj.k] Hkko txr] fopkj/kkjk] lkfgR;] dyk,a] foKku vkfn vkrs gSaA
blesa euq"; dh lEiw.kZ xfrfof/k;ka] lkjs dk;Zdyki mldk fpUru] mldh Hkkouk,a] vuqHkwfr;ka vkSj mldh f;k'khyrk lHkh lekfo"V gks tkrs
gSaA os lc ckrsa tks euq"; dks i'kqvksa ls fHkUu euq"; cukrh gSa] laLd`fr ds vUrxZr vkrh gSaA blesa dsoy orZeku ;qx gh ugha vkrk] vfirq ekuo
lH;rk ds bfrgkl ls mlus tks dqN Hkh fy;k gS] og Hkh vkrk gSA vr% ekuo laLd`fr ekuo thou ls vfHkUu :i esa tqM+h gqbZ gSA euq"; dh
iks'kkd] [kku&iku] jgus dk lyhdk] lkspus dk <ax] mldk l`tu&lkfgR; ,oa yfyr&dyk,a euq"; dh laLd`fr dk fuekZ.k djrh gSaA lkjka'k ;g
gS fd ekuo tkfr us vius lqnh?kZ thou esa tks dqN Js"B] izxfr ds {ks= esa miyfC/k;ka izkIr dh gSa] vftZr fd;k gS] og ekuo laLd`fr gSA bl
ekuo laLd`fr ds eq[; ro gSa larku ls I;kj] ukjh tkfr dk lEeku rFkk euq";ek= dh lekurk dk HkkoA ;g gS lEiw.kZ ekuo tkfr dh
laLd`frA
lEiw.kZ ekuo laLd`fr ds vfrfjDr izR;sd ns'k] izR;sd tkfr] izR;sd o.kZ] izR;sd dchys dh viuh fof'k"V laLd`fr gksrh gS] tSls vk;Z
laLd`fr] nzfoM+ laLd`fr] Hkkjr dh laLd`fr] ;wjksi dh laLd`fr] uhxzks laLd`fr vkfnA
izR;sd tkrh; leqnk; dh viuh yach lkaLd`frd ijEijk gksrh gS] mldk fof'k"V Lo:i curk gSA Hkkjr vkSj phu viuh&viuh laLd`fr
dks lokZf/kd izkphu ekurs gSaA tkfr ds fodkl ds lkFk&lkFk mldh laLd`fr dk Hkh fodkl gksrk gSA vius yacs bfrgkl esa og vU; tkfr;ksa
ds lEidZ esa vkrh gS] dHkh ;q)ksa ds dkj.k] dHkh O;kikj&O;olk; ds ek/;e lsA bl lEidZ dk izHkko nksuksa tkfr;ksa ;k oxks ij iM+rk gSA
nksuksa ,d&nwljs ls izHkkfor gksrs gSa vkSj nksuksa esa FkksM+k&cgqr ifjorZu gksrk gSA nzfoM+ vkSj vk;Z] fgUnw vkSj eqlyeku] vaxzst rFkk Hkkjroklh
,d&nwljs ds lEidZ esa vk;s vkSj nksuksa dh laLd`fr;ka ,d&nwljs ls izHkkfor gqbA bl izdkj laLd`fr dksbZ fLFkj oLrq ugha gS] laLd`fr&fuekZ.k
dh izf;k lrr izogeku izf;k gSA mlesa fujUrj ifjorZu gksrk jgrk gSog dqN iqjkuk NksM+rh pyrh gS] u;k xzg.k djrh jgrh gSA tc
lkeUrh; O;oLFkk Fkh] rks laLd`fr esa lkeUrokn dh fo'ks"krkvksafoyklfiz;rk] ukjh dks HkksX;k le>us dh izo`f] fuf";rk] lkfgR; esa
peRdkjokn] vyadj.k vkfn fo|eku Fks] fgUnh dk jhfrdkyhu dkO; bldk izek.k gSA ys[kd ekurk gS fd o.kZ&O;oLFkk Hkkjr esa Hkh rFkk
;wjksi Hkh lkeUroknh lkekftd O;oLFkk dk ifj.kke gSA Hkkjr esa czk.k] {kf=;] oS'; vkSj 'kwnz pkj o.kZ Fks] rks ;wjksi esa iqjksfgr dythZ]
tehankj ukbV] lkSnkxj epsZUV vkSj tehu tksrus okys fdlku lQZ FksA

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lkeUroknh O;oLFkk ds ckn tc iwathoknh O;oLFkk LFkkfir gqbZ] rks mldh 'kks"k.k uhfr us rFkk lkezkT;oknh 'kklu us Hkkjr dh laLd`fr
dks izHkkfor fd;kA lkjka'k ;g gS fd laLd`fr xfr'khy gksrh gS] og fujUrj cnyrh jgrh gSA laLd`fr;ka tc ,d&nwljs ds lEidZ esa vkrh
gSa] rks os ,d&nwljh dks izHkkfor djrh gSaA
tkrh;rk ls jkefoykl 'kekZ th dk rkRi;Z tkfr izFkk ls ugha gS] cfYd jk"Vh;rk ls gSA mUgksaus bl fucU/k esa fgUnh tkrh;rk dh
vokkj.kk dks lkeus j[kk gS] D;ksafd blds lEcU/k esa i;kZIr erHksn gSA igys og fgUnh Hkk"kk&Hkk"kh {ks= dh ckr djrs gSa] tks cgqr fo'kky
gS rFkk ftlesa vusd cksfy;ka cksyus okys rFkk fofHkUu tkfr;ksaczk.k] dk;LFk] xqtZj vkfnds yksx jgrs gSa A bl lUnHkZ esa mUgksaus fgUnh
ds vUrxZr vkus okyh cksfy;ksaczt] vo/kh] jktLFkkuh] eSfFkyh] [kM+h cksyh rFkk mnwZdh ppkZ dh gSA dHkh bu cksfy;ksa dks tkfr;ksa dk ntkZ
nsdj] rks dHkh oxZ vkSj tkfr ds uke ij vyxko dk ukjk nsdj fgUnh tkrh;rk dks [kafMr djus dk iz;kl fd;k tkrk gSA fofHkUu cksfy;ksa
okys fgUnh ds LFkku ij viuh cksyh dks rFkk fofHkUu oxks&tkfr;ksa okys vius oxZ dks vf/kd ego nsrs gSa] ftlls fgUnh tkrh;rk dh vokkj.kk
dks Bsl igqaprh gSA os Lo;a dks czk.k] dk;LFk] xqtZj vkfn igys le>rs gSa vkSj fganh tkrh;rk dks ckn esaA ;gh ckr iwjs jk"V ds lEcUk
esa Hkh dgh tk ldrh gSA fofHkUu izns'kksa ds yksx] fofHkUu Hkk"kk,a cksyus okys Lo;a dks igys caxkyh] enzklh] mfM+;k vkfn le>rs gSa] ckn
esa Hkkjrh;A eqlyeku mnwZ dks viuh Hkk"kk le>rs gSaA mudh n`f"V esa mudk /keZ rFkk bLykeh laLd`fr dk egRo Hkkjr ds vfLrRo ls vf/
kd gSA os vius dks eqlyeku igys le>rs gSa kkfeZd] Hkk"kk;h] vkfn Hkkjroklh ckn esaA oSeuL;] ,d&nwljs dks rqPN le>us dh izo`f
fgUnh tkrh;rk ;k Hkkjrh; jk"Vokn ds fuekZ.k esa ck/kd gSa A lkearoknh n`f"Vdks.k Hkh blesa ck/kd gSA
;g lp gS fd fgUnh {ks= dh gh ugha] laiw.kZ Hkkjr dh HkkSxksfyd fLFkfr ,d&lh ugha gS] mlesa vusd Hkk"kk,a cksyh tkrh gSaA izR;sd
izns'k dh laLd`fr esa viuh dqN futh fo'ks"krk,a gksrh gSaA nf{k.k Hkkjr dk laxhr dukZVd laxhr gS] mj Hkkjr dk fgUnqLrkuh laxhrA enzkl
ds yksx yqaxh ij js'keh dqrkZ igurs gSa] fgUnw /kksrh igurs gSa] eqlyeku itkek igurs gSaA caxkyh caxyk cksyrk gS] vkU/kz izns'k dk fuoklh
rsyxq] iatkch iatkch cksyrk gSA bu Hkk"kkvksa dh fyfi;ka rFkk lkfgR; Hkh fHkUu&fHkUu gSaA vr% Hkkjr dks fofo/krkvksa dk ns'k dgk x;k gSA
bu ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa jk"Vh; laLd`fr dk vFkZ bruk gh gks ldrk gS fd fofHkUu tkrh; laLd`fr;ksa dh Lok;rk vkSj ijLij lEc)rk dks Lohdkj
fd;k tk;s vkSj muesa vUrfuZfgr ,drk ds lw=ksa dks fodflr djus rd iwjh bZekunkjh ls] ns'k dks ,d vkSj v[k.M le>rs gq, NksVs&NksVs
fufgr LokFkks dks R;kx dj ladh.kZrk ls ij mBdj iwjh yxu ls dk;Z fd;k tk;sA cksfy;ksa dk] Hkk"kkvksa dk] izknsf'kd laLd`fr dk viuk
ego gS vr% mUgsa laj{k.k nsuk pkfg,] muds fodkl ds fy, leqfpr lgk;rk nsuh pkfg,A ijUrq bu lcls ij gS ns'k] jk"V] jk"Vh;
laLd`frA oLrqr% fofHkUu tkfr;ksa] oxks] izns'kksa dh laLd`fr;ksa ds lkekU; roksa esas leqPp; dk uke Hkkjrh; laLd`fr gS vkSj gesa blh fn'kk
esa dk;Z djuk pkfg,A ns'k dh lHkh tkrh;rkvksa ds chp ,drk dks c<+kok nsuk pkfg, A fdlh izns'k ;k tkfr dh Hkk"kk dks ;k laLd`fr dks
nwljs ij tcnZLrh Fkksiuk xyr gksxk] ;g ns'k dh v[k.Mrk ds fy, ?kkrd gksxkA
MkW- 'kekZ ds bl er ls ge lger ugha gSa fd fgUnh Hkk"kh turk dk laxBu vkSj mldh tkrh; ,drk lkjs ns'k dh turk ds laxBu
vkSj ,drk ds fy, vko';d gS vkSj fgUnh Hkk"kh jkT;ksa dks feykdj ,d jkT; cukuk pkfg,A Lo;a mj izns'k esa mjkapy vkSj fcgkj esa
>kj[k.M jkT; dk cuuk bl ckr dk izek.k gS fd 'kekZ th dk fgUnh Hkk"kh jkT;ksa dks feykdj ,d jkT; cukus dh ladYiuk O;kogkfjd
ugha gSA tkfr] /keZ] Hkk"kk vkfn ds dkj.k tks ruko vkSj Vdjko iSnk gksrs jgrs gSa] mUgsa de djus ;k lekIr djus dk ,d gh mik; gSLo;a
dks igys Hkkjroklh le>uk] nwljs izns'k ;k /keZ ds yksxksa dks HkkbZ ekuuk] lkSgknzZ viukuk rFkk dqN R;kx djukA turkaf=d lek/kku ikus
ls gh vyxko dh Hkkouk de gks ldrh gSA Hkkjr dk fodkl mlds fofHkUu izns'kksa] fofHkUu tkfr;ksa ds fodkl ls gh lEHko gSA ,d tkrh;
izns'k ds vanj nwljh Hkk"kk vkSj tkfr ds vYila[;dksa ds vf/kdkjksa dh j{kk djuk] mUgsa viuk lkaLd`frd thou laxfBr djus dk vf/kdkj
nsuk vko';d gSA blh ls Hkkjr l'kDr tkfr;ksa dk la?k cudj ,d 'kfDr'kkyh jk"V cu ldrk gSA lkeUroknh O;oLFkk ds VwVus ij tc
iwathoknh vkSj m|ksx&iz/kku lekt O;oLFkk us tUe fy;k] rks laLd`fr dk Lo:i Hkh cnykA
izR;sd jk"V dh viuh fof'k"V laLd`fr gksrh gSA Hkkjr vusd tkfr;ksa] /keks] Hkk"kkvksa dk ns'k gSA izR;sd tkfr] izR;sd /keZ dh viuh&viuh
laLd`fr gSA vr% bu lHkh tkfr;ksa dh laLd`fr;ksa ds lkekU; roksa dk] muds leqPp; dk uke Hkkjrh; laLd`fr gSA ys[kd dk er gS fd
bu fofHkUu tkrh; laLd`fr;ksa dh Lok;rk vkSj ijLij lEc)rk dks Lohdkj djrs gq, muesa vUrfuZfgr ,drk ds lw=ksa dks fodflr djus
ls gh ns'k esa ,d jk"Vh; laLd`fr dk fuekZ.k gks ldrk gSA blhfy, vusdrk esa ,drk dh vuqHkwfr ij fo'ks"k cy fn;k tkrk gS vkSj xoZ
ds lkFk dgk tkrk gS fd Hkkjro"kZ fofo/krkvksa esa ,drk dk ns'k gSA
iz'u 5- ^dye dk flikgh* osQ vkkkj ij thouh dh fo'ks"krkvksa ij izdk'k Mkfy,A
mkjthouh vk/kqfud x|&fopkj gSA mlesa pfj=&ukV~; ds thou] O;fDrRo rFkk ledkyhu ifjos'k dks lexzr% vfHkO;Dr fd;k tkrk gSA
blfy, thouh dks O;f&thou vkSj ;qx&lR; dk vuwBk leatu dgk x;k gSA fgUnh lkfgR;dks'k ds vuqlkj fdlh O;fDr fo'ks"k ds thou&o`kUr

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dks thouh dgrs gSaA bl ifjHkk"kk ls vf/kd iw.kZ ifjHkk"kk MkW- xqykcjk; us nh gS ^thouh ys[kd vius pfj=&uk;d ds vUrj%ck Lo:i dk
fp=.k dykRed <ax ls djrk gSA bl fp=.k esa og vuqikr vkSj 'kkyhurk dk iw.kZ /;ku j[krk gqvk ln;rk] Lora=rk vkSj fu"i{krk ds lkFk
vius pfj=uk;d ds xq.k&nks"ke; ltho O;fDrRo dk ,d vkd"kZd 'kSyh esa mn~?kkVu djrk gSA*
^dye dk flikgh* ds pfj=&uk;d gSa izsepUn rFkk mldk ys[kd gS] mudk iq= ve`rjk;A ;fn iq= firk dh thouh fy[kus cSBs] rks mls
vius dk;Z esa lqfo/kk Hkh gksrh gS vkSj [krjs Hkh gksrs gSaA lqfo/kk rks ;g gS fd og pfjr&uk;d ds lEcU/k ls vk/kkj&lkexzh dk ladyu vklkuh
ls dj ysrk gSA ve`rjk; dks izsepUn }kjk fyf[kr lkfgR; muds }kjk fudkys x;s i=&if=dk,a ve`rjk; dks iszsepUn }kjk fyf[kr lkfgR;] muds
lkFk gqvk i=&O;ogkj] eka }kjk fy[kh x;h laLej.kkRed thouh ^izsepUn % ?kj esa* ?kj cSBs miyC/k gks x;sA firk] ekrk] cM+s HkkbZ ve`rjk;]
ifjokj ds vU; lnL;ksa] iszepUn ds ifjfprksa] lg;ksfx;ksa vkSj fe=ksa rd igqapdj muls ckrsa dj] izsepan tkudkjh izkIr djuk Hkh muds fy,
vis{kkd`r ljy dk;Z FkkA ve`rjk; us bl lkexzh dks izkIr djus esa viuh vksj ls dksbZ dlj ugha NksM+h izsepUn ds i=ksa dks bdV~Bk fd;k]
mu ij fy[ks x;s laLej.kksa dk vkJ; fy;k] iszepUn ds jpukRed lkfgR; dk v/;;u 'kks/kdkZ dh rjg cM+h xaHkhjrk ls fd;kA muds
miU;klksa&dgkfu;ksa ds ik=ksa esa iszepUn ds thou&izlaxksa dks [kkstus dh ps"Vk ghA thouh ds izLrqr va'k esa vusd i=ksa ds m)j.k fn;s x;s gSaA
iszepUn&;qx dh lkekftd&jktuhfrd&lkfgfR;d ifjfLFkfr;ksa dh tkudkjh izkIr djus rFkk mldk thouh esa foosdlaxr mi;ksx djus esa Hkh
ve`rjk; us vius l`tu'khy jpukdkj gksus dk ifjp; fn;k gSA vr% ^dye dk flikgh* dsoy thou&rF;ksa] ?kVukvksa dk bfro`kRed fooj.k
ugha gS] ys[kd us muds ek/;e ls izsepUn ds O;fDrRo ds fofo/k jax mdsjs gSa ifjokj ds NksVs&eksVs lq[k&nq%[kksa esas Qals O;fDr ls ysdj
lkekftd&jk"Vh;&lkfgfR;d leL;kvksa ij xaHkhjrkiwoZd fopkj djus okys iszepUn ds pfj=] LoHkko] fopkjksa dh >kadh bl thouh esa izkIr gksrh
gSA bls i<+dj ikBd ds ml ;qx ds okrkoj.k] gypy] mFky&iqFky dk ifjp; izkIr gksrk gS] tks iqutkZj.k dk] xka/kh ds usr`Ro esa
Lora=rk&vkUnksyu dk rFkk lekt&lq/kkj dk ;qx FkkA blds fy, mUgksaus dkaxszl ds bfrgkl ls yacs fooj.k fn;s gSaA izsepUn ds miU;klksa&dgkfu;ksa
dk lUnHkZ fn;k gS] muds }kjk fy[kh x;h lEikndh; fVIif.k;ksa vkSj ys[kksa dk lgkjk fy;k gS] vkSj crk;k gS fd izsepUn ml ;qx&psruk ls Lo;a
dSls izHkkfor gq, fo'ks"kr% igys xka/kh th rFkk ckn esa ekDlZ dh fopkj/kkjk ls vkSj mUgksaus viuh ys[kuh ls ;qx&psruk dks fdl izdkj izHkkfor
fd;kA izLrqr va'k esa lekt esa O;kIr lkEiznkf;drk] iwathoknh O;oLFkk esa 'kks"k.k&mRihM+u] fgUnh i=&if=dkvksa dh n;uh; fLFkfr] flusek txr
dh cqjkb;ksa] ys[kd&la?k esa gksus okyh xfrfof/k;ksa] lkfgR;dkjksa dh mBk&iVd] ys[kdksa dh vkfFkZd nqnZ'kk ds fp= ml ;qx dks lkdkj dj nsrs gSaA
ys[kd us izsepUn ds oSpkfjd ,oa HkkokRed fodkl dks ;qx dh ifjfLFkfr;ksa&ifjos'k ds ifjizs{; esa lQyrkiwoZd izLrqr fd;k gSA ikfjokfjd
izlaxksa ds ek/;e ls iszepUn ds ekufld }U} vkSj vkfFkZd ijs'kkfu;ksa ij izdk'k Mkyk x;k gSA
iq= }kjk firk dh thouh fy[kus esa [krjk jgrk gS i{kikr dk] vfrfj iz'kalk&J)k Hkko dk] detksfj;ka Nkius dkA ve`rjk; bl [krjs
ls Hkh cps jgsA ^dye dk flikgh* esa ys[kdh; fVIif.k;ka iszepUn dh detksfj;ksa] nks"kkas vkSj lhekvksa dks Hkh izR;{k djrh gSaA iq=h dks mPp f'k{kk
u fnyk ldus ds izlax esa ve`rjk; ladsr djrs gSa fd dgha&u&dgha iszepUn ds vopsru eu esa ;g Hkko Hkh jgk gksxk fd L=h&f'k{kk vko';d
ugha gSA blh izdkj thou ds vafre fnuksa esa 'kkjhfjd ifjJe] ekufld volkn vkSj vkfFkZd dfBukb;ksa ls la=Lr] Fkds&gkjs] VwVs iszepUn dh
detksjh] vk'kkvksa vkSj n`<+ fo'oklksa esa L[kyu dk lwpd gSA e`R;q 'k;k ij iM+s iszepUn dk tSusUnz ls ;g dguk fd vc vkn'kZ ls dke u
pysxk] mudh blh ekufld f'kfFkyrk dh vksj ladsr djrk gSA ve`rjk; dh bl rVLFk] fu"i{k n`f"V dh iz'kalk djrs gq, MkW- cPpu flag us
fy[kk gStc iq= firk dh thouh fy[k jgk gks] rks ;g dke vkSj Hkh tksf[ke dk gks tkrk gS] ysfdu dqy feykdj ve`rjk; us ftl rVLFkrk
dk ifjp; fn;k gS] og 'yk?; gSA thouh&ys[kd us pfj=&uk;d ds xq.k&nks"ke; pfj= dks ,d rVLFk bZekunkj n`f"V ls igpkudj mldk ln;rk
ls vadu fd;k gSA
^dye dk flikgh* dh Hkk"kk ltho ,oa l'kDr gSA ys[kd dk 'kCn&HkaMkj vR;ar fo'kky gSA thouh esa tgka&rgka ys[kd us viuh vksj
ls fVIi.kh dh gS] ogka mldk 'kCn&p;u vkSj okD;&foU;kl mldh Hkk"kk dks izkS<+ cuk nsrs gSaA muesa FkksM+s 'kCnksa esa vf/kd dgus] xkxj esa lkxj
Hkjus dh lkeF;Z gSA ljlrk] izokg] jkspdrk ds xq.k mudh Hkk"kk esa lgt gh vk x;s gSaA mlesa mnwZ] vaxzsth ds 'kCn rFkk eqgkojs lgt :i esa
vius vki vkrs pys x;s gSaA
f'kYi dh n`f"V ls Hkh ^dye dk flikgh* ,d dykRed jpuk gSA mlesa fooj.k] ifjx.ku] bfro`kRedrk ugha gSA rF;ksa ij cy nsrs gq,
Hkh ys[kd us mls dksjk bfrgkl ugha cuus fn;k gSA mlesa dYiuk] HkkokuqHkwfr] dkO;kRedrk dk Hkh ;ksxnku jgk gSA Hkk"kk vkSj f'kYi ij ys[kd
dh idM+ bls vuwBh thouh cuk nsrh gSA blesa izsepUn ds thou dh ?kVukvksa dks dFkkRed 'kSyh esas la;ksftr djds izLrqr fd;k gSA blesa dFkk
tSlk izokg gS] ljlrk Hkh gS] jkspdrk Hkh gSA bu xq.kksa ds gksrs gq, Hkh ^dye dk flikgh* furkUr funksZ"k jpuk ugha gSA vk/kkj&lkexzh izpqjrk
ls miyC/k gksus ij ys[kd yacs&yacs m)j.k nsus dk eksg laoj.k ugha dj ik;k gSA izLrqr va'k esa i=ksa ds m)j.k bldk izek.k gSaA nwljk nks"k
;g gS fd ys[kd us izsepUn ds dFkk&lkfgR; ds ik=ksa esa muds thou&izlaxksa dks <wa<k gSA ik=ksa ds thou esa ys[kd ds thou dh [kkst djuk

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thouh&ys[kd dh uknkuh gS] nwj dh dkSM+h ykuk gSA laLej.kksa dk vkJ; ys[kd muds vk/kkj ij thouh ds pfj=&uk;d ds lEcU/k esa /kkj.kk
cukuk vkSj J)kijd n`f"V viukdj fVIi.kh djuk Hkh mfpr ugha gS] D;ksaffd laLej.k&ys[kd izk;% iwT; Hkkouk rFkk J)kijd n`f"V ls gh vius
pfj=&uk;d dk pfj=] O;fDrRo vkSj fp= mHkkjrk gS] os Hkkokfo"V gksrs gSaA
lkjka'k ;g gS fd ^dye dk flikgh* fgUnh thouh&lkfgR; dh miyfC/k gSA mlesa dsoy iszepUn ds thou dh ?kVukvksa dk C;kSjk ugha gS]
og muds thou dk iqu%l`tu gSA blesa ikBd dks izsepUn ds thou] O;fDrRo vkSj muds ;qx rhuksa dh >kadh fey tkrh gSA ;g izkekf.kd gS]
fo'oluh; gSA ck; thou ds lkFk blesa izsepUn ds vUr%la?k"kks] ekufld mFky&iqFky] mudh vk'kkvksa&fujk'kkvksa dh lexz vfHkO;fDr gSA
iz'u 6- fuEufyf[kr fo"k;ksa ij fVIif.k;k fyf[k,%
iz'u (d) ^vkSjr* dk izfrik|
mkj^vkSjr* dk izfrik|% tu ukV~; eap dh ukV~;eaMyh ^vkSjr* ukVd osQ lacak esa uqDdM+ ukVd osQ n'kZdksa osQ n`f"Vdks.k
dk izfriknu Hkh djuk pkgrh gSA ^vkSjr* ukVd osQ n'kZdksa esa lHkh izdkj osQ yksx gksrs gSaA csVk&csVh esa HksnHkko djus okys] vkSjr dks
iq#"k osQ cjkcj u le>us okys] iRuh dks cPps iSnk djus okyh e'khu ekuus okys] ?kj dh ukSdjuh le>us okys] vkSjr osQ lax ekjihV
vkSj xkyh&xykSp djus okys] jkg pyrh yM+fd;ksa dks NsM+us okys] fcjknjh vkSj ukSdjh&'kqnk] tu&la?k"kks esa fgLlk ysus okyh ukjh dks
cnpyu le>us okys ?kj osQ cqtqxZ ] iq#"k osQ eqdkcys vkSjr osQ dke dh de etnwjh nsus okys vkfn lHkh izdkj osQ iq#"k gksrs gSaA lkFk
gh pqipki vU;k; dks lgu djus okyh vkSjrsa] vkSjr osQ vU;k; osQ izfr la?k"kZ ls Hkkxus okys] ekfydksa dh th&gtwjh djus okys rFkk
lkekftd laxBu osQ fo# ekfydksa dh lkft'kksa esa 'kkfey gksus okys yksx Hkh 'kkfey gSaA
bl ukVd osQ }kjk ukV~;eaMyh n'kZdksa osQ eu esa ukjh osQ izfr fopkjksa vkSj ekufldrk dks >a>ksM+uk pkgrh gS vkSj mUgsa ukjh osQ izfr
lgh fn'kk esa lkspus dks izsfjr djuk pkgrh gSA
vkSjr osQ izfr gks jgs vU;k; dks ns[kdj [kkeks'k jguk] vU;k; dks mfpr Bgjkuk tSlh ekufldrk dks rksM+s fcuk lkekftd izxfr
ugha gks ldrhA mnkgj.k osQ fy, vfHkus=kh }kjk vius dks vktkn vkSjr dguk rFkk vfHkusrkvksa dk ;g n'kkZuk fd vkSjr lekt esa kafr
ykus] mUufr djus rFkk cnyko ykus esa l{ke gSA vfHkus=kh viuh 'kfDr vkSj vius nnZ rFkk lekt dh wjrk dk fp=k.k djrh gSA
uqDdM+ ukVd dh jaxdyk gh ,slh gS tks n'kZdks osQ leqnk; osQ Hkkoksa vkSj fopkjksa esa }a} 'kq: dj nsrh gSA n'kZd viuh fopkjkkjk
osQ mfpr&vuqfpr gksus osQ ckjs esa lkspus yxrk gSA mlosQ vanj ,d la?k"kZ pyus yxrk gSA
^vkSjr* ukVd L=kh osQ vusd Lrjksa ij la?k"kZ vkSj ihM+k dks izLrqr djrk gSA vkSjr osQ lkFk lpeqp vU;k; gks jgk gSA bl ij iq#"k
lekt dks lkspus ij etcwj djrk gSA ;g ukVd fopkj nsrk gS fd vkSjr osQ ckjs esa u, fljs ls lkspus vkSj O;ogkj cnyus dh t:jr
gSA
^vkSjr* ukVd lekt esa ?kV jgh okLrfodrk osQ izfr Hkh n'kZdksa dks lkspus dk ekSdk nsrk gSA ftl ;FkkFkZ dh ekj ls gj O;fDr ihfM+r
gS] mls cnyus osQ fy, lkewfgd ,drk laxfBr :i esa fodflr gksuh pkfg,A
;g ukVd ukjh leqnk; dh eqfDr osQ flkar dk izfriknd cudj Hkh mHkjk gSA blesa ?kVukvksa }kjk iq#"kksa osQ opZLo vkSj fir`lkkRed
lkearh ewY;ksa dks pqukSrh dk vkHkkl gksrk gSA vkSjr dh eqfDr osQ iz'u dks fdlkuksa&etnwjksa vkSj csjktxkjksa ls tksM+dj ,d u;k lanHkZ nsus
dk iz;kl fd;k x;k gSA L=kh osQ ij gks jgs vR;kpkjksa osQ iz'u dks lekt osQ misf{kr] nfyr ,oa oafpr oxZ ls tksM+dj ukVd ukjhoknh
ukV~; jpuk ls oqqQN c<+dj gSA
lkfgfR;d fr;ksa ,oa lo.kZ fganw tkfr osQ laLdkj vkSjr dks ,d dksey] iSQ'kuscy] ?kj dh nsoh] vkd"kZd lyTt dkfeuh osQ :i
esa izLrqr djrs gSaA tcfd okLrfodrk ;g gS fd ifjJeh rFkk mRiknu ls tqM+h vkSj dh Nfo e;oxhZ; lekt dh psruk esa dHkh ugha
mHkjrhA blls ukjh dh ,dkaxh rLohj gh lkeus vkrh gSA
;g ukVd ukjh osQ thou osQ ekuo lH;rk osQ vkjaHk ls ysdj vkt osQ rFkkdfFkr vkkqfud lekt osQ fofHkUu Lrjksa osQ ;FkkFkZ dks
izLrqr djrk gS rFkk lekt dks ukjh osQ mRihM+u osQ iz'uksa ij iquopkj djus gsrq foo'k djrk gSA ;g ukjh dh ml vkwjh Nfo dks Hkh
[kafMr djrk gS tks ukjh dks vkd"kZd oLrq osQ :i esa fpf=kr djrh gS ysfdu mldh ifjJeh] lsok ijk;.k] ;krukvksa dks lgrh] mRihfM+r
lekt dh wjrk osQ ;FkkFkZ dks ugha fn[kkrhA
iz'u ([k) js[kkfp=k vkSj laLej.k dh rqyuk
mkjjs[kkfp=k ,oa laLej.k&laLej.k vkSj js[kkfp=k nksuksa dk uSdV~; bruk vf/d gS fd dHkh&dHkh rks nksuksa dks vyx djuk Hkh
dfBu gks tkrk gS fdUrq bruk lkE; gksus ij Hkh os gSa nks fHkUu fo/k,a ghA ckcw xqykcjk; us nksuksa fo/kvksa dh rqyuk djrs gq, dgk gS
fd tgka js[kkfp=k o.kZukRed vf/d gksrs gSa ogka laLej.k fooj.kkRed vf/d gksrs gSaA laLej.k thou&lkfgR; osQ vUrxZr vkrs gSaA
nksuksa dk fcUnqxr vUrj bl izdkj izLrqr fd;k tk ldrk gS&

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(1) js[kkfp=k o.kZukRed gksrs gSa vkSj laLej.k fooj.kkRedA

(2) laLej.k dk laca/ 'kq :i ls vrhr dh ?kVukvksa ls gksrk gS] tcfd js[kkfp=k orZeku dk Hkh gks ldrk gSA
(3) laLej.k thouh lkfgR; dh fo/k gS] fdUrq js[kkfp=k ughaA
(4) laLej.k esa js[kkfp=k dh rqyuk esa ?kVuk,a de gksrh gSaA
(5) laLej.k esa pfj=k osQ fdlh ,d igyw dh >kadh ek=k feyrh gS] tcfd js[kkfp=k esa O;fDr osQ O;fDrRo dks O;kid vfHkO;fDr
feyrh gSA
(6) js[kkfp=k esa ?kVukvksa osQ lkFk&lkFk fLFkfr;ksa] okrkoj.k] oLrqvksa vkfn osQ fp=k.k dk iw.kZ vodk'k gksrk gS] fdUrq laLej.k esa
ughaA
iz'u (x) ^vnE; thou* dk izfrikn~;
mkjvnE; thou % ewy laosnuk^vnE; thou* ^rwiQkuksa osQ chp* fjiksrkZt ladyu dk ,d va'k gS ftlesa f'kfjxat xkao
}kjk caxky osQ vdky dk dVq lR; vfHkO;Dr gqvk gSA bl fjiksrkZt esa caxky esa Hkw[k] jksx vkSj e`R;q ls tw>rs yksxksa] lkezkT; dk 'kks"k.k
rFkk bu lcosQ chp euq"; dh la?k"kZe; psruk mn~?kkfVr gqbZ gSA
^vnE; thou* dk ;FkkFkZ Mjkouk gS vkSj ^e`R;q* bldk lcls cM+k lR; gSA jk?ko th fy[krs gSa ^^iQksM+ksa dh rjg dczsa txg&txg
lwth gqbZ lh fn[kkbZ ns jgh FkhaA caxky esa vdky osQ dkj.k e`R;q osQ vkadM+ksa dks izLrqr djrs gq, os crkrs gSa fd ,d&,d dcz esa dbZ&dbZ
yk'ksa niQukbZ xbA gj ?kj osQ T;knkrj yksx e`R;q dks izkIr gks x, FksA iPphl vknfe;ksa osQ ?kj esa ls chl ej x,A ;s vkadM+s fdlh Hkh
vkRek dks >a>ksM+us osQ fy, i;kZIr gSaA
jk?ko th osQ fy, ;g ek=k fooj.k ugha gS cfYd ekSr ls la?k"kZ djrs yksxksa dh vnE; xkFkk gSA vdky osQ dkj.k Hkw[k osQ lkFk jksx
Hkh vk,A eysfj;k] pspd vkSj peZ jksxksa ls yksx ejus yxsA ek=k ,d nok[kkuk Fkk ftlesa u nokb;ka Fkha] u ejhtksa dh ns[kHkkyA MkWDVj
75 iQhlnh yksxksa dh gkyr lqkkjus dk nkok djrk gS] ysfdu chekj yksxksa dh Hk;kud dgkuh bl >wB dk inkZiQk'k djrh gSA Lo;alsoh
laLFkkvksa dh lgk;rk Hkh vi;kZIr FkhA MkW- oawQVs osQ usr`Ro esa MkWDVj dk lewg ,d yaxj[kkuk pyk jgk Fkk] tgka lkS cPpksa esa ek=k lk<+s
lkr lsj f[kpM+h caVrh FkhA
Hkz"Vkpkj] dkykcktkjh] equkiQk[kksjh] Hkw[k ls rM+irs yksx] ftuesa ls vusd xkao NksM+dj Hkkx x, vkfn lHkh dks ;g fjiksrkZt fcYoqQy
okLrfod :i esa izdV djrk gSA Hkw[k us bUlku dh bulkfu;r [kRe dj nhA yksxksa osQ chp dh ,drk lekIr gks xbZ] ftlus fLFkfr dks
vkSj Hkh Hk;kog cuk fn;kA yk'kksa dks fcuk diQu osQ niQuk;k x;kA vkSjrksa dks viuh bTtr cspuh iM+hA ekuork osQ bl =kkln ,oa foifk
Hkjs :i dks mlh :i esa izLrqr fd;k gSA ys[kd lkekftd folaxfr;ksa osQ ;FkkFkZ fp=k.k }kjk ekuoh; laosnuk dks >d>ksjdj u,
vkfFkZd&lkekftd ewY;ksa osQ fparu dh fn'kk esa c<+uk pkgrk gSA
ys[kd us ml O;oLFkk ij Hkh iz'ufp [kM+k fd;k gS ftlesa lkkuksa ij oqQN yksxksa dk dCtk gS vkSj ckdh yksx Hkw[k ls yM+ jgs
gSaA
^vnE; thou* esa fLFkfr osQ o.kZu osQ lkFk ys[kd dh turk osQ izfr lPph lgkuqHkwfr] laosnu'khy n`f"V rFkk lkekftd] jktuhfrd
rFkk vkfFkZd O;oLFkk osQ fo# lf; gLr{ksi dh vfHkO;fDr gksrh gSA ys[kd laoqQfpr LokFkZ ls ij mBus dh ifjdYiuk djrk gSA
pkjksa vksj iSQyh vdky dh ihM+k esa mls ,d ubZ thou&n`f"V izkIr gqbZ gSA
ys[kd dks ekuoh;rk esa iwjk fo'okl gSA nq[k vkSj ihM+k osQ chp Hkh os euq";rk dh vtlz kkjk dks izokfgr gksrs ns[krs gSaA
^vnE; thou* mu leL;kvksa dh vfHkO;fDr gS] ftudk dkj.k ;g vdky gS vkSj vdky dk dkj.k gS vaxzstksa dk 'kklu] iwathoknh
'kks"k.kdkjh uhfr rFkk LokFkZA ;g fjiksrkZt og dM+ok lp gS ftlus Hkw[k vkSj e`R;q osQ lkeus lkjh uSfrdrk,a [kRe gks tkrh gSaA
iz'u (?k) ^fdUuj ns'k dh vksj* dh Hkk"kkA
mkj;g ge tkurs gaS fd ;k=k&o`kUr ,d lkfgfR;d fo/kk gS A vr% mlesa Hkk"kk&'kSyh vkSj f'kYi dykRed gSA lgh dyk&ro gS tSls
fo/kok jkuh ds ;gka vkfrF; dk izlax] ;k ljkgu dh dFkkA dgha izlax dks nhIr djus ds fy, ys[kd vius iwoZ ds vuqHkoksa esa tkrk gS vkSj
laLej.k dk lgkjk ysrk gS tSls 1926 esa egkjktk in~eflag ls HksaV vkSj ml le; ljkgu oSHko dh Le`frA ;gh Mk;jh i)fr ds vuq:i ;k=
esa vkjaHk dh frfFk vkSj le; dk rFkk xarO; LFkku ij igqapus ds le; dks Vksduk 17 ebZ dks jkeiqj ls izLFkku fd;k] 18 ebZ fnu eaxy bZloh
lkds 1948 dk czkeqgwrZ] 23 ehy dh ;k=k iwjh djds lk<+s ikap cts upkj igqapsA 19 ebZ dks losjs gh mBs] 'kkSp] eqag /kks&/kkdj f<Yyu lkgc
ds ;gk pk; ihA ok~rw dk iqy leqnz&ry ls 5200 QqV ij gSA
fo"k; vkSj izlax ds vuq:i fofo/k 'kSfy;ksa dk iz;ksx fd;k x;k gSA vFkZ o.kZukRed 'kSyh gS] tSls jpuk ds ek/;e esa gh (17 ebZ dks fonkbZ
yh] lgh fooj.kkRed 'kSyh tSls jpuk ds vafre va'k esa ?kksM+h nqcyh&iryh---ykdj fn;kA

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vFkok
dgh orZeku ds o.kZu dh 'kSyh viukbZ x;h gSA ,sls LFkyksa ij yxrk gS fd ge Hkh muds lkFk ;k=k dj jgs gSaA 'kSyh esa dgha igkM+h unh
dk izokg gS vkSj tgka ys[kd fVIi.kh djus cSB tkrk gS] rks izokg ean&eaFkj gks tkrk gSA ys[kd vko';drkuqlkj viuh ys[ku xfr dks rhoz ;k
ean&eaFkj djrk pyrk gS
^caxyk can FkkA dksbZ esyk gks vkSj igkM+h toku ogka ls vuqifLFkr gks] ;g D;k dksbZ gksuh ckr gS\ ekywe gqvk pkSdhnkj lkgsc ogka
x, gq, gSa] vkt jkr dks 'kk;n gh ykSVsaA esyk rks gksrk gS fdlh cM+s 'kfDr'kkyh nsork dk ghA fdarq mlesa MVdj 'kjkc ihuk] ukpuk&xkuk lcls
vko';d pht gSA vkl&ikl dh lkjh r#.k&lkSan;Z&jkf'k tgka jkf'kHkwr gksrh gS] fQj ogka ugha ;gha cSdq.Bk ekuus okys D;ksa fiNM+saxsA*
blds foijhr jkeiqj ds xkSjk rd Hkh ukS ehy dh ;k=k dsoy nks okD;ksa esa iwjh dj yh xbZ gS \ vuko';d iqujko`f;ka bl jpuk esa
ugha gSaA
;k=k&ekxZ ds o.kZu esa fp=kRed 'kSyh dk iz;ksx fd;k x;k gSA
^vc p<+kbZ FkhA /kwi lh/ks ck;sa ls iM+ jgh Fkh] ftlls vkM+ djus ds fy, o`{kksa dh Nk;k ugha Fkh] igkM+ ouLifr foghu u FkkA p<+kbZ
uje blhfy, ekywe gks jgh Fkh fd ge nwljs dh ihB ij FksA p<+kbZ nks ehy jgh gksxh ;k T;knk] mls iwjk djus ds ckn ge vo'; nsonk#vksa
ds lqanj ou esa FksA lkjs jkLrs dk og lqanjre Hkkx FkkA lkjk ioZr rqax ljy lnk gfjr nsorkvksa ls <dk FkkA chp&chp esa dqN xkao Hkh feysA
,d lM+d ls uhps ikl gh Fkk ftlesa eafnj FkkA*
O;aX; dk iz;ksx jpuk dks jkspd cuk nsrk gS vPNk nsorkvks] dksbZ iokZ ugha] rqEgkjs ikl diM+s esa fyiVh og lr;qx dh iksFkh gSA lqurs
gSa mlesa lksuk ugha ikjl cukus dh fof/k fy[kh gSA
;k=k&o`kUr dh Hkk"kk izk;% ljy] lgt] izokge; gksrh gSA blesa lkt&laokj] dykRed lkSan;Z ykus dk iz;kl ugha fd;k tkrkA izLrqr
;k=k&o`kUr dh Hkk"kk Hkh dqN LFkyksa dks NksM+dj cksypky dh Hkk"kk gSA chp&chp esa dqN 'kCn vkSj in vk tkrs gSa] tks ikBd dks nq:g yx
ldrs gSa] tSls dknEcjh esa of.kZr bUnzk;q/k] fdUuj izns'k dh Lo;a&izlwrk mnqajo.khZ MkHkh eafnjA loZ= Hkk"kk esa izokg gS] ftUnkfnyh gS] jokuxh
gSA
HkkX;okuksa dks ;gka ^f'kow* mnqajo.khZ fHkrjh lqjk lqyHk jgsxhA flQZ [k;keksa dh vko';drk gS] lkdh gtkjksa lqjkgh fy, ;gka rS;kj feysaxsA
'kEisu vkSj cjkaMh dks ekr djus okyh fdUujh lqjk ;gka ekStwn gSA eSa mlds ?kj esa igqap x;k gwa] fdarq vHkkX; ds fy, D;k dgk tk;s] ikuh
esa ehu I;klh dguk pkfg,A
ys[kd us Hkk"kk esa izokg cuk;s j[kus rFkk viuh ckr dks vf/kdkf/kd lEizs"k.kh; cukus ds fy, mnwZ 'kCnksa [kpZ] vkf[kj] c['kh'k] fj;klr]
vaxzsth 'kCnksa lssVjh] losZUV] isaV] ns'kt 'kCnksas vkSj eqgkojksa ialsjh] [kPpj] HkkM+k] le;] unkjn] Bedus yxuk] gokys djuk] vaxwBk fn[kkuk]
rkd ij j[kuk] b/kj&m/kj djuk] xr cukuk] nkar [kV~Vs djuk] fny ij iRFkj j[kuk vkSj yksdksf;ksa nky&Hkkr esa ewly pUn gksuk] ogka
ugha ;gha cSdaqBk dk iz;ksx fd;k gSA dqN 'kCn LFkkuh; cksfy;ksa ds Hkh gSa tSls [kMq unh] pwyh [kwckuh] es'kw] xqayaxq 'kjkc Hkh ,d tkfr] [kwanA
dgha&dgha laLd`r dh mfDr;ka Hkh vk xbZ gSa_ tSls dsukfi nsosu nkfLFkrsu ;Fkk r;qksfLe rFkk djksfeA ikSjkf.kd izlax tSls ck.kklqj rFkk mldh
HkkHkh dh dFkk ;k=k&o`kUr dks jkspd cukrs gSa vkSj gekjk KkuokZu Hkh djrs gSaA

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