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ASSIGNMENT SOLUTIONS GUIDE (2014-2015)

M.S.O.-1
lekt'kkL=k flkar ,oa ladYiuk,a
( Sociological Theories and Concepts )
Disclaimer/Special Note: These are just the sample of the Answers/Solutions to some of the Questions given in the
Assignments. These Sample Answers/Solutions are prepared by Private Teacher/Tutors/Auhtors for the help and Guidance
of the student to get an idea of how he/she can answer the Questions of the Assignments. We do not claim 100% Accuracy
of these sample Answers as these are based on the knowledge and cabability of Private Teacher/Tutor. Sample answers
may be seen as the Guide/Help Book for the reference to prepare the answers of the Question given in the assignment. As
these solutions and answers are prepared by the private teacher/tutor so the chances of error or mistake cannot be denied.
Any Omission or Error is highly regretted though every care has been taken while preparing these Sample Answers/
Solutions. Please consult your own Teacher/Tutor before you prepare a Particular Answer & for uptodate and exact
information, data and solution. Student should must read and refer the official study material provided by the university.

iz'u 1- flkar ,oa izfrd; (Paradigm) osQ lacak dks O;Dr dhft,A
mkj:ikoyh dh vokkj.kkfdlh Hkh fo"k; esa fo'ks"k :i ls foKku fodkle ls pyus okyh izf;k gS] oju~ ;g
,dk,d ?kfVr gksrh gSA bl izdkj dk lq>ko loZizFke oqQu (Kuhn) us fn;kA oqQu egksn; osQ vuqlkj ,sls cnykoksa ;k ifjorZuksa dks
izfreku LFkkukUrj.k ;k ifjorZu dgrs gSaA oqQu osQ vuqlkj foKku osQ foLrkj osQ vkkkj ij lkekftd foKku rhu voLFkkvksa ls gksdj
xqtjrk gS(i) iwoZ oSKkfudj.k] (ii) lkekU; foKku] (iii) izfreku LFkkukUrj.kA
iwoZ oSKkfud pj.k esa O;k[;k vkSj flkUr vkwjs ,oa ,d nwljs osQ iwjd gksrs gSaA fdlh ,d fcUnq fo'ks"k ij dksbZ ,d flkUr
lkekU; foKku dh voLFkk esa viuk ,d LFkku cuk ysrk gSA bl pj.k dh [kkl fo'ks"krk gS fd blesa ,dy flkUr ;k flkUrksa
dk ,d lsV izHkkoh izrhr gksrk gSA blh dks oqQu egksn; us :ikoyh dgk gSA
tc fdlh :ikoyh esa ifjorZu ?kfVr gksrk gS] rks ml fLFkfr esa fiNys flkUr csdkj izrhr gksus yxrs gSaA oqQu osQ vuqlkj ;g
izkd`frd izf;k gS rFkk ,d fuf'pr vofk osQ ckn Lo;a bldh iqujko`fk gksrh gSA ,slk blfy, fd u, vkSj iwoZ&LFkkfir flkUr
Kku foLrkj osQ lkFk&lkFk v/wjs iM+rs tkrs gSaA bl Lrj ij flkUrksa esas la'kksku gksrk gS ;k vU; izHkkoh lSkfUrd O;k[;k osQ fy,
vyx dj fn;k tkrk gS] tks u osQoy foKku vkSj lkekftd foKku oju~ lEiw.kZ fo'o Nfo osQ fy, vfkd iw.kZ vkSj vPNh O;k[;k
dh izLrqfr djrs gSaA :ikoyh ifjorZu dk bl lanHkZ esa lcls vPNk mnkgj.k ogk Li"V utj vkrk gS] tc U;wVu osQ xqjQRokd"kZ.k
osQ flkUr dh txg vkbULVhu osQ lkisf{kdrk osQ flkUr us ys yhA
;gk ij gesa ;ku j[kuk gS fd oqQu osQ vuqlkj izfreku LFkkukUrj.k ;k cnyko dk vk'k; ;g gS fd foKku ;k lkekftd foKku
osQ fiNys flkUr vrqyuh; gSa] ysfdu cnykoiw.kZ gksrs gSa] tSls Hkk"kk dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gS] mlh :i esa ubZ ladYiukvksa ;k
vokkj.kkvksa] 'kCnksa vkSj vFkks dk fodkl gksrk gSA izfreku ifjorZu ;k LFkkukUrj.k dk Hkkx gSa rFkk blh izdkj ls ekun.M vkSj ewY;
Hkh izfreku LFkkukUrj.k osQ Hkkx gSaA ;fn nwljs n`f"Vdks.k ls lkspk tk, rks izfreku ifjorZu dk vFkZ] fo'o] bldh vokkj.kk ,oa
fo'o leqnk; dh lEiw.kZ eukso`fk;ksa dk u;k n`f"Vdks.k ysuk gSA
okLro esa izfreku LFkkukUrj.k pqukSfr;ksa dk izR;qkj nsus osQ ifj.kkeLo:i ?kfVr gksrk gSA tSls lekt'kkL=k esa fof'k"V Lora=k vkSj
oSKkfud fo"k; cukus osQ fy, iz;kl rks fd, x,] ysfdu lEcfUkr lekt'kkfL=k;ksa osQ fufeZr lekt'kkL=kh; flkUrksa dks vusd
vkkkjksa ij pqukSrh Hkh nh xbZ] ftlus lekt'kkL=k dh oSKkfud izo`fk dks mtkxj fd;k rFkk ftlus izR;sd flkUr dks ijh{k.k osQ
fy, izsfjr fd;k rFkk tks xyr ik, x, mUgsa ;k rks ukeatwj fd;k x;k ;k muesa ifjorZu fd;k x;kA bUgha lcosQ ifj.kkeLo:i
lekt'kkL=kh; flkUr kkfeZd ;k HkkSfrosQrj ,oa n'kZu'kkL=k osQ fn'kk&funsZ'kksa ls ckgj vk pqosQ gSa] ysfdu vkt muosQ le{k nwljs
fdLe dh pqukSfr;k [kM+h gks xbZ gSa vkSj buesa ls vfkdk'kar% oSKkfud fdLe dh gSaA bUgha pqukSfr;ksa esa ls igyh pqukSrh ,sls vkdM+ksa
ls feyh gSa] tks f}rh; fo'o ;q osQ ckn lkjs fo'o esa l`ftr fd, x, gSa_ tSls tukafddh osQ {ks=k esa tfur vkadM+ksa ls lSkafrd

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Lrj ij <sj lkjs u, dk;Z gq, gSaA nwljh pqukSrh ifjorZu dh ,slh izf;kvksa ls feyh gS] tks lekt osQ fofHkUu voljksa ij vkdkj
kkj.k dj jgh gSaA ;fn fu"d"kZ osQ :i esa dgas rks ;g dgk tk ldrk gS fd lkekftd ifjorZu dh izf;k lekt esa lnSo fodflr
gksrh jgrh gS] pkgs lekt'kkL=kh mldk v;;u djas ;k u djsa] ysfdu xaHkhj lekt'kkL=kh; v;;u dh vko';drk gksrh gh gSA
lekt'kkL=kh; flkUrksa dks rhljh pqukSrh rc feyh tc oqQN fuf'pr le;kofk esa lekt esa ifjorZu ?kfVr gq,A fiQj Hkh ,slh oqQN
leL;kvksa vkSj vkus okyh pqukSfr;ksa dk izR;qkj lekt'kkfL=k;ksa us nsus dk iz;kl fd;k gSA bUgha iz;klksa osQ ifj.kkeLo:i roZQlaxrrk]
mkj&vkkqfudrkokn] oS'ohdj.k] ukxfjd lekt tSlh vokkj.kkvksa osQ bnZ&fxnZ oqQN fof'k"V lSkfUrd lw=kksa dk mn~Hko gqvk gSA
lekt'kkL=kh; flkUr osQ fo"k; ls lEcfUkr fopkjdksa us yksdrU=k] lektokn vkSj /eZfujis{krk tSls fo"k;ksa ij vFkZiw.kZ <ax ls
izfrf;k Hkh nh gSA lkFk gh lekt'kkfL=k;ksa us viuh jpukvksa osQ ek;e ls lekt osQ iquuekZ.k osQ {ks=k esa viuh fo|ekurk dks
eglwl djok;k gSA
bl izdkj ge ns[krs gSa fd flkUr vkSj :ikoyh osQ D;k vFkZ gSa\ flkUr esa D;k&D;k lfEefyr gS\ Dykfldh ;qx osQ
flkUrdkjksa us fdl izdkj lekt'kkL=kh; flkUrksa dk fo'ys"k.k vkSj foospu fd;k gS vkSj orZeku le; esa lekt'kkL=kh; flkUr
esa D;k izxfr gqbZ gS\
iz'u 2- uo&izdk;Zokn osQ flkar dh vkykspukRed tkp dhft,A
mkjuo&izdk;Zokn dh vokkj.kkizdk;Zokn dh dfe;ksa osQ dkj.k mldh rhoz vkykspuk gksus yxhA izdk;Zoknh flkUr
osQ ckjs esa ;gk rd dgk tkus yxk fd vc izdk;Zokn ej pqdk gS] ysfdu le; osQ lkFk ikjlUl osQ izdk;Zokn esa fiQj ls vfHkjQfp
mRiUu gksus ls uo&izdk;Zokn dk mn~Hko gqvkA lcls igys uo& izdk;Zokn dk vkfoHkkZo teZuh esa vkSj fiQj vesfjdk esa gqvkA bl
uoizdk;Zokn dk eq[; mn~ns'; izdk;Zokn osQ le; osQ eki ij lgh mrjus okys oQqN igyqvksa dk foy; ,sls vU; izfrekuksa ls djuk
Fkk] ftUgksaus lekykspukRed ifjizs{;ksa dks vPNh rjg fodflr fd;k gksA okLro esa bldk y{; ,sls feJ.k dk fuekZ.k djuk Fkk]
tks vU; ifjisz{;ksa osQ lqn`<+ fcUnqvksa dks vkil esa feykrs gksa ftls larqfyr rjhosQ ls rFkk dfFkr lgefr vkSj la?k"kZ larqyu vkSj
ifjorZu lkewfgdrk vkSj O;fDrxrrk tSls fojkskh eqn~nksa ls fuiVk tk losQA
teZuh esa uo&izdk;ZoknikjlUl osQ f'k"; yqgeu us vius xqjQ osQ lSkfUrd foospu dks vLohdkj fd;kA mUgksaus izdk;Zoknh
,d u;k fo'oluh; fodYi izLrqr fd;kA yqgeu us ftl rjg ls uohu izdk;Zokn dh O;k[;k dh gS mldk osQUnz O;oLFkk gSA mudk
izdk;Zoknh mikxe O;oLFkk ij osQfUnzr gSA bl rjg izdk;Zokn dh ifjHkk"kk cgqr lkekU; gStc euq"; dh f;k, laxfBr vkSj
lajfpr gks tkrh gSa rc O;oLFkk dk vkfoHkkZo gksrk gSA fofHkUu izdkj osQ O;fDr tc viuh f;kvksa dks laiUu djrs gSa rks bu f;kvksa
esa ikjLifjd lEcUk LFkkfir gks tkrk gSA ,d f;k nwljh f;k vkSj vU; f;kvksa ls izdk;ks }kjk tqM+ tkrh gSA ;s lHkh ikjLifjd
:i ls tqM+h f;k, O;oLFkk dks cukrh gSa vkSj ;gh uo&izdk;Zokn gSA
yqgeu dk dguk gS fd lHkh lkekftd O;oLFkk, cgqvk;keh i;kZoj.k esa ikbZ tkrh gSaA tc O;oLFkk esa dbZ rjg osQ lkekftd
lakLo`Qfrd vkSj HkkSfrd i;kZoj.k gksrs gSa rks ,slh O;oLFkk vfuok;Z :i ls tfVy gks tkrh gSA bl rjg cgqvk;keh i;kZoj.k dh
O;oLFkk djuh iM+rh gSA vr% yqgeu dk rdZ gS fd tfVy i;kZoj.k dh leL;k dks gy djus osQ fy, lkekftd O;OkLFkk dks oqQN
,slh f;kfofk fodflr djuh pkfg,] tks bl i;kZoj.k dh tfVyrk dks de dj losQA ;s f;kfofk;k oqQN ,sls jkLrs vkSj lkku
crkrh gSa ftuosQ }kjk tfVyrk dks ?kVk;k tk ldrk gSA f;kfofk;ksa dks ykxw djus osQ ifj.kkeLo:i O;OkLFkk cuh jgrh gS vkSj
mloQk ikjLifjd lEcUk pyrk jgrk gSA
tgk ikjlUl vkSj eVZu O;oLFkk dh vko';drkvksa vkSj visf{kr xq.kksa oQks O;oLFkk osQ fy, vfuok;Z ekurs gSa] ogha yqgeu osQ
fo'ys"k.k osQ vuqlkj lcls cM+h vko';drk ;g gS fd i;kZoj.k vkSj O;oLFkk nksuksa esa tks tfVyrk gS] mls de dj fn;k tk, rkfd
O;fDr;ksa osQ vUrlZEcUk vckk :i ls pyrs jgsaA blh dkj.k yqgeu lkekftd izf;kvksa dk fo'ys"k.k bl izdkj djrs gSa fd
O;oLFkk vkSj i;kZOkj.k dh tfVyrk, U;wure gks tk,aA os izf;k, tks bu tfVyrkvksa dks ?kVkrh gSa] f;kfofk dgykrh gSa vr% tgk
dgha ge yqgeu dh o`Qfr;ksa dks ns[krs gSa] mudk lEiw.kZ foospu bu f;kfofk;ksa ij osQfUnzr jgrk gSA f;kfofk;ksa esa foHksnhdj.k]
fopkjkkjk] dkuwu] izrhdkRed ehfM;k vkSj ,sls gh dbZ vkykspukRed ro gksrs gSaA ;fn la{ksi esa uo&izdk;Zokn dks ifjHkkf"kr djsa
rks ;g dguk gksxk fd euq";ksa dh f;kvksa oQks tc lajfpr vkSj laxfBr fd;k tkrk gS rks os O;oLFkk dks cukrh gSaA euq";ksa osQ ;s
lajfpr vkSj laxfBr dk;Z ijLij tqMs+ gksrs gSaA lkekftd O;OkLFkk cgqvk;keh i;kZoj.k ls cuh gksrh gSA ,d vksj i;kZoj.k tfVy gksrk
gS] rks nwljh vksj O;oLFkkA vr% O;OkLFkk dh cgqr cM+h vko';drk ;g gS fd og mu f;kfofk;ksa dk dke djrh gS] tks i;kZoj.k
dh tfVyrk dks de djrh gSaA vr% f;kfofk dk dke djus okyh lkekftd f;k, izdk;Z gSaA

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iz'u 4- 'kfDr (lkk) D;k gS\ 'kfDr osQ lkkuksa dh ppkZ dhft,A
mkjlkk dh vokkj.kk dks vyx&vyx rjhosQ ls ifjHkkf"kr fd;k x;k gSA lkekU; :i ls lkk ,d O;fDr ;k lewg] nwljs
O;fDr ;k lewg osQ O;ogkj dks Hkkfor djus ;k fu;fU=kr djus dh {kerk vkSj mlosQ frjksk osQ ckotwn viuh bPNk dks Fkksius
dh ;ksX;rk dks dgrs gSaA lkekftd lkk esa zHkkfor djus dh {kerk vkSj Hkkfor u gksus dh {kerk Hkh lfEefyr gSA ftl O;fDr
;k lewg osQ ikl {kerk gksrh gS] og nwljksa ij viuh bPNk dks cyiwoZd Fkksirk gSA nwljs 'kCnksa esa] l{ke yksx nwljksa dks vfkd
Hkkfor djus dh {kerk j[krs gSaA
lkk ls tqM+h oqQN vokkj.kk,] tSlsHkqrk] fr"Bk vkSj Hkko gS vkSj dHkh&dHkh bUgsa leku vFkks esa ;ksx dj fn;k tkrk
gS] oju~ ;s okLro esa ,d nwljs osQ leku ugha gSaA
lkk ,d lkekU; vokkj.kk osQ :i esa Hkqrk ls ,d fo'ks"k vFkZ esa vyx gksrk gSA lkk dks ,d O;fDr }kjk nwljs O;fDr ij
viuh {kerk dks Fkksius osQ :i esa ifjHkkf"kr fd;k tkrk gS] tcfd Hkqrk osQ fy, ,d Lokeh dh mifLFkfr dks vfuok;Z ekuk tkrk
gSA bl dkj lkk vkSj Hkqrk esa eq[; vUrj ;g gS fd igys esa fu;U=k.k vkSj vkKkikyu gS] rks Hkqrk esa LoSfPNd vkKkdkfjrk
kIr djuk gSA lkk vkSj fr"Bk esa Hkh vUrj gSA bZ-,- jkWl us lkk osQ vofLFkr gksus osQ rkRdkfyd dkj.k osQ :i esa fr"Bk dh
vksj ;ku vkdf"kZr fd;k FkkA mlus dgk fd ftl oxZ dh fr"Bk vfkd gksxh] mlosQ ikl lkk Hkh vfkd gksxhA vr% fr"Bk
lkk dk ,d egoiw.kZ ksr gS] ysfdu fr"Bk dks lkk osQ lkFk tksM+uk Bhd ugha gS] D;ksafd k;% fr"Bk lkk osQ lkFk tqM+h gqbZ
ugha gksrhA lkk vius vki esa fr"Bk dk vkkkj cu tkrh gS vFkkZr~ tc ,d O;fDr osQ ikl lkk gksrh gS] rks mlosQ ikl fr"Bk
Hkh gksrh gS] ijUrq ,d O;fDr osQ ikl fr"Bk rks gksrh gS] ijUrq lkk dk gksuk t:jh ugha gSA nwljs 'kCnksa esa] ge dg ldrs gSa fd
lkk rks fcuk fr"Bk osQ gks ldrh gS] ijUrq fr"Bk lkk osQ fcuk ugha gks ldrh] tSls,d iqfyl osQ ikl lkk rks gksrh gS] ysfdu
fr"Bk ughaA

lkk vkSj Hkko dks Hkh dHkh&dHkh leku vFkks esa ;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA ysfdu blesa Hkh vUrj gksrk gSA blfy, bu nksuksa dk
;ksx ,d gh vFkZ ugha fd;k tk ldrkA lkk okLro esa vkKkikyu vkSj vkhurk ij vfkdkj j[krh gS] tcfd Hkko neudkjh
gksus osQ ctk; fo'oklksRiknd gksrk gSA lkk osQ fy;s yf{kr fu;U=k.k vfuok;Z gS] tcfd Hkko esa n.M vFkok fu;U=k.kksa dk ;ksx
ugha gksrkA vko';d :i ls Hkko lkk osQ lkFk tqM+k gqvk ugha gksrkA ,d iqfyleSu osQ ikl lkk rks gks ldrh gS ysfdu Hkko
ughaA ogha nwljh rjiQ kkuea=kh osQ ikl lkk vkSj Hkko nksuksa gksrs gSaA
lkk osQ lkku ;k midj.klkk osQ lkku ;k midj.k ls vk'k; gksrk gS lkk ykxw djus ;k lkk osQ lkkuA bl :i esa
lkk ykxw djus osQ rhu midj.k gSaneudkjh] friwjd vkSj vuqcfUkr lkkA
neudkjh lkk dh kfIr nwljksa dks kedkus] Mjkus rFkk d"V igqpkus vkSj nwljksa ij xEHkhj ifj.kkeksa ls nsus okys geyksa ls gksrh
gSA bl dkj dh lkk esa gkfudkjd dk;Zokgh n.M vFkok lEifk gfFk;kus osQ :i esa gksrh gSA neudkjh lkk dh f;k ,slh
fLFkfr;ksa esa gksrh gS] tgk nwljksa dks vkhu djosQ mudh bPNkvksa vkSj kFkfedrkvksa ij frcak yxkdj ml ij oSdfYid bPNkvksa
vkSj kFkfedrkvksa dks Fkksius dh {kerk osQ ek;e ls vf; ,oa d"Vnk;h kFkfedrk, ykn nh tkrh gSaA
{kfriwjd lkk nwljksa dh ldkjkRedrk ls O;fDr vFkok lewg dks iqjLdkj osQ :i esa oqQN nsdj mldh vkhurk dks kIr djrh
gS vkSj os neu osQ fr ?kqVus Vsd nsrs gSaA xzkeh.k {ks=kksa esa {kfriwfrZ dbZ rjhosQ ls dh tkrh gS_ tSlslsok osQ fy, udn vFkok oLrq
osQ :i esa bZuke nsdj vFkok fdlh Hkw[k.M ij dke djus dk vfkdkj nsdj ;k tehankj osQ [ksr osQ mRiknu esa fgLlk nsdjA
lkk dk rhljk lkku lafonkRed lkk ;k vuqcafkr lkk gksrh gS] tks neudkjh vkSj {kfriwjd lkk osQ foijhr ;g O;fDrfu"B
gksrh gSA blesa u rks lkk osQ ;ksx djus okys vkSj u gh bldks lgus okyksa dk blosQ ;ksx osQ fr tkx:d gksuk vko';d gSA
bl dkj dh lkk O;fDr ;k lewg osQ fo'okl vkSj o`fk dks cnydj kIr dh tkrh gSA bl ifjfLFkfr esa ,d O;fDr nwljksa dh
bPNk dks blfy;s Lohdkj djrk gS D;ksafd mlosQ vuqlkj tks 'kq#vkr ;k igy dh x;h gS] og n`<+ fo'okl] f'k{kk] lkekftd
frcrk vFkok oknksa osQ ek;e ls Bhd fn[kk;h iM+rh gSA bl dkj dh lkk vkkqfud lekt esa lcls egoiw.kZ vkSj O;kid
dkj dh lkk gSA
iz'u 6- izHkqlkk D;k gS\ ck vkSj vkarfjd izHkqlkk osQ varj dh ppkZ dhft,A
mkjlaizHkqrk jkT; dh ,d izeq[k fo'ks"krk gSA oLrqr% ;g bldk vfuok;Z ro gSA laizHkqrk ls gekjk rkRi;Z loksZPp lkk ls
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gS] ftldk fu.kZ; vfUre gksrk gSA jkT; dh lkk loksZPp gksrh gSA dkuwu vkSj jktuhfr osQ ekeyksa esa jkT; vihy dk vfUre U;k;ky;
gSA jkT; osQ lHkh ukxfjdksa dks jkT; dh bPNk osQ le{k ureLrd gksuk iM+rk gSA ;g vkUrfjd :i ls loksZPp vkSj ck :i ls
Lora=k gksrh gSA vkrafjd ekeyksa esa jkT; dks ck ljdkjksa osQ fu;a=k.k ls Lora=krk vkSj loksZPprk izkIr gksrh gSA bl izdkj Li"V gS
fd laizHkqrk fdlh leqnk; dh dkuwu cukus vkSj fu.kZ; ysus dh loksZPp 'kfDr gSA
vkarfjd laizHkqrkizkjfEHkd jktuhfrd fpard eSfd;koyh] cksnka] gkWCl vkfn ,d O;fDr ;k lezkV~~ osQ gkFkksa esa gh laizHkqrk osQ
fufgr gksus esa fo'okl djrs Fks] tcfd ykWd] :lks vkfn blls vlger Fks rFkk lezkV~~ dh laizHkqrk osQ LFkku ij mUgksaus vfUre lkk
yksxksa osQ gkFkksa esa gksus dh odkyr dhA ;g yksdfiz; laizHkqrk dk flkar izk;% vkkqfud jktuhfrd flkar dk izeq[k vkkkj ekuk
tkrk gSA bu fo}kuksa esa oSpkfjd fHkUurk gksrs gq, Hkh os bl ckr ij lger Fks fd laizHkqrk ,d fuf'pr n`<+ladYi fudk; esa gh gksuh
pkfg,A
vusdrkoknh vkSj yksdrkaf=kd ljdkjksa osQ xq.kksa esa bl flkar dh vkykspuk dh xbZ gSA tkWu fizQXxl] gssjkYM ykLdh vkfn dk
dguk gS fd ,dkReoknh flkar fujaoqQ'k vrhr ls varlc gS] blfy, vokaNuh; gSA bu yksxksa dk dguk gS fd fdlh lekt esa
jktuhfrd 'kfDr ml lekt esa jkT; osQ vfrfjDr vU; lewg vkSj laLFkku esa Hkh fufgr jgrh gS rFkk os budk iz;ksx djrs gSaA lcls
egoiw.kZ ckr ;g gS fd vkkqfud jktuhfrd O;oLFkk tks fu;a=k.k vkSj larqyu ij vkkkfjr gS] esa ;g fu;e ykxw ugha gksrkA
1688 vkSj 1789 dh vaxzsth kafr vkSj izQkal dh jkT; kafr osQ ckn if'pe vkSj fo'o osQ vU; Hkkxksa esa izfrfu;kRed vkSj
laoSkkfud ljdkjksa us vyx&vyx :i kkj.k fd;k] vkSj ,slh ljdkjksa esa laizHkqrk dks <wa< ikuk cgqr dfBu gSA izfl U;k;fon~
tkWu vkWfLVu us fczVsu esa laizHkqrk dk iz;ksx dkSu djrk gS] osQ lEcUk esa ;g dgk fd ;g u rks rkt esa fufgr gS vkSj u gh turk
esa_ vfirq ;g laln esa fufgr gSA
;w-,l-,-] vkLVsfy;k] dukMk vkSj Hkkjr esa fokk;h loksZPprk dk fopkj Bhd ugha gS D;ksafd ;gk ljdkjsa nks LrjksaosaQnz vkSj
jkT;esa cVh gqbZ gSa vkSj vius&vius {ks=k esa fokk;h 'kfDr dk iz;ksx djrh gSa] tks vfoHkkT; laizHkq osQ flkar ls esy ugha [kkrkA
bl :i esa ljdkj laizHkq ugha gSA laizHkqrk rks lafokku esa fufgr gS] ijarq lafokku dh O;k[;k djus dk vfkdkj loksZPp U;k;ky;
osQ ikl gSA blfy, ;g Hkh dgk tk ldrk gS fd laizHkqrk loksZPp U;k;ky; osQ ikl gS] fdUrq U;k;ky; dh O;k[;k dks la'kksku
}kjk myVk tk ldrk gS vFkkZr~ laizHkqrk ml laLFkku esa fufgr dgh tk ldrh gS] ftls lafokku esa la'kksku dk vfkdkj gSA vesfjdk
esa dkaxzsl osQ nksuksa lnuksa vkSj jkT;ksa dh fokkf;dk esa ;g fufgr gSA bl fo"k; dks vkSj vfkd tfVy cukus dh n`f"V ;g dgk tk
ldrk gS fd Hkkjr esa laizHkqrk Hkkjrh; yksxksa osQ ikl gS] D;ksafd Hkkjrh; lafokku dh izLrkouk osQ izkjafHkd 'kCn ^ge Hkkjr osQ yksx*
gSaA bl izdkj la?kh; jkT;ksa esa laizHkqrk dk flkar cgqdks.kh; gSA
yEcs le; ls ,d vosQyh pqukSrh jfgr oSkkfud lkk fczVsu dh laln gSA tkWu LVqvVZ fey us rks ;gk rd dgk gS fd laln
,d iq#"k dks efgyk esa cnyus osQ vfrfjDr lc oqQN dj ldrh gSA ,dkRed ljdkj dh otg ls lHkh fokk;h dk;Z mlh esa fufgr
gSaA fiQj Hkh ;g dgk tk ldrk gS fd fczfV'k laln osQ ikl u rks dkuwuh vkSj u gh jktuhfrd laizHkqrk gSA dkuwuh laizHkqrk ;wjksfi;u
;wfu;u esa gSA ;wjksfi;u ;wfu;u dk lnL; gksus osQ ukrs fczVsu mlh osQ vuq:i dkuwu cukus osQ fy, rFkk yDlecxZ fLFkr ;wjksfi;u
dksVZ vkWiQ tfLVl osQ vfkdkj {ks=k esa gksuk mldh foo'krk gSA 1991 esa ;wjksfi;u dksVZ us 1988 esa fczfV'k laln }kjk ikfjr epsV
f'kfiax ,DV dks voSk ?kksf"kr dj fn;k FkkA ;fn bl fLFkfr esa fczfV'k laln dks oSkkfud laizHkq dgk tk ldrk gS] rks osQoy blfy,
fd laln osQ ikl ;wjksih; leqnk; ls vyx gksus dk vfkdkj gSA jktuhfrd n`f"V ls Hkh laln us laizHkqrk dk lq[k ugha ik;k fd
og viuh bPNk osQ vuq:i dk;Z djsA bldk O;ogkj vfkd laLFkkuksa] tSlsernkrk] laxfBr fgr lewgksa] jk"Vh; laxBuksa] vUrjkZ"Vh;
le>kSrs vkSj dbZ vU; laLFkkvksa ls ckf/r gksrk jgk gSA
vr% dgk tk ldrk gS fd laizHkqrk fdlh jkT; vFkok iwjs jktuhfrd leqnk; esa fpfr gksrh gSA yksdrakf=kd jkT;ksa esa dks
vkarfjd vkSj ck O;okkuksa osQ dkj.k laizHkqrk dh voLFkkiuk dk iz'u csdkj gks x;k gSA osQoy ck laizHkqrk dk eqn~nk vc
egoiw.kZ gks x;k gSA
ck laizHkqrkvkrafjd :i ls laizHkqrk loksZPp lkk gS vkSj ck :i ls laizHkqrk Lo'kklh lkk gksrh gSA ck lEizHkqrk dk
vk'k; vUrjkZ"Vh; O;oLFkk esa jkT; osQ LFkku ls gksrk gSA nwljs jkT;ksa osQ fo"k; esa Lora=krk dks gh laizHkqrk dgk tkrk gSA ;fn ;ku
ls ns[kk tk, rks vUrjkZ"Vh; lEcUkksa esa laizHkqrk vkSj jkT; lkk ,d nwljs osQ i;kZ; cu x, gSaA jkT; dk viuk lafokku gksrk gS]
tks bls nwljs jkT;ksa ls Lora=k djrk gSA laoSkkfud Lora=krk dh n`f"V ls jkT; dh laizHkqrk dk rkRi;Z vius tSlh vU; bdkb;ksa ls
Lora=k gksuk gksrk gSA nwljs 'kCnksa esa] ck laizHkqrk dk rkRi;Z jkT; ij fdlh mPprj lkk dk ugha gksuk gSA laizHkq jkT; vius {ks=k]

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vius fuokfl;ksa] lalkkuksa vkSj ml {ks=k esa ?kVus okyh ?kVukvksa ij iw.kZ :i ls ,dkfkdkj j[krk gSA
ledkyhu jkT; O;OkLFkk esa laizHkqrk dk vkkkj osLVisQfy;k dh 'kfDr esa [kkstk tk ldrk gS] tks 1648 esa rhl o"khZ; ;q dks
lekIr djus okyh lafk;ksa vkSj le>kSrksa ls lEcfUkr gSA laizHkq jkT;ksa dh O;oLFkk osLVisQfy;k esa nks izdkj ls foLr`r gqbZigys] ;wjksi
esa jkT;] laoSkkfud lkk osQ vuks[ks :i esa izdV gqbZ vkSj nwljs] blus kkfeZd {ks=k esa gLr{ksi dks lekIr dj fn;kA
vc vius {ks=k dh turk vkSj lalkkuksa ij ,dkfkdkj osQ flkar oQks dbZ le>kSrksa ,oa lafk;ksa osQ ek;e ls fu;ec fd;k
tk pqdk gSA tSls la;qDr jk"V osQ pkVZj osQ vuqPNsn 2(4) esa ;g fy[kk gS fd jkT;ksa dks vius vUrjkZ"Vh; lEcUkksa esa vU; jkT;
dh jktuhfrd Lora=krk] {ks=kh; v[k.Mrk osQ fo# cy iz;ksx ugha djuk pkfg,A okLro esa ck lkk jkT;ksa ij fdlh mPprj
lkk osQ u gksus dks n'kkZrh gSA vUrjkZ"Vh; O;ogkj esa dkuwu fufeZr djus vkSj mls ykxw djus okyh dksbZ laLFkk ugha gS] fiQj Hkh
vURkjkZ"Vh; lEcUkksa esa O;oLFkk cuk, j[kus gsrq jkT;ksa us vkSipkfjd&vukSipkfjd fu;ekoyh tSls vUrjkZ"Vh; fofk] dwVuhfrKrk vkSj
izHkko {ks=kksa dks ekU;rk nsus osQ fu;eksas dks Lohdkj fd;k gqvk gSA jkT;ksa }kjk Lohr vkSipkfjd dkuwu dbZ {ks=kksa vkSj xfrfofk;ksa
esa jkT;ksa dh lf;rk dks lhfer djrs gSaA jkT;ksa dh 'kfDr osQ vleku forj.k osQ dkj.k 'kfDr'kkyh jkT; detksj jkT;ksa dh vis{kk
dk;Z djus dh vfkd Lora=krk j[krs gSaA blhfy, oqQN fopkjdksa osQ vuqlkj laizHkqrk osQoy egk'kfDr;ksa osQ ikl gh gSA fiQj Hkh
ledkyhu vUrjkZ"Vh; lEcUkksa esa <sj lkjs vkkkjHkwr fu;e] flkUr ,oa O;ogkj jkT; laizHkqrk osQ vkkkj ij gh pys vk jgs gSaA
gkykfd laizHkqrk osQ flkar dks vUrjkZ"Vh; fofk osQ ewy flkar osQ :i esa iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gS] fiQj Hkh blosQ oqQN vkykspd
gSaA oqQN vkykspdksa us jkT;ksa }kjk vius {ks=k] vius lalkkuksa] vius yksxksa ij ,dfu"B vfkdkj nsus osQ nq"ifj.kkeksa dh vksj ;ku
vkd"kr fd;k gS rFkk oqQN vkykspd ,sls gSa tks laizHkqrk osQ roZQ dks jk"Vh; laizHkqrk ls vkxs ys tkuk pkgrs gSaA cksnka vkSj gkWCl
dk fopkj gS fd vjktdrk vkSj vO;oLFkk dk ,dek=k fodYi laizHkqrk gh gSA bl flkar dk dM+kbZ ls vuqikyu bls vUrjkZ"Vh;
jktuhfr esa Hkh ys tk,xkA ftl izdkj vkarfjd laizHkqrk dh vuqifLFkfr osQ dkj.k vUroSZ;fDrd vkSj vUrjkZ"Vh; lEcUkksa esa wjrk
vkSj vU;k; dk izos'k gksrk gS] mlh izdkj mPprj vUrjkZ"Vh; lkk dh vuqifLFkfr esa 'kfDr'kkyh jkT;ksa }kjk fooknksa esa xSj&dkuwuh
gLr{ksi vkSj jkT;ksa osQ chp l'kL=k la?k"kZ vkSj ;q gksrs gSaA bl izdkj Li"V gS fd laizHkqrk osQ flkar dks fo'o ljdkj osQ i{k esa
,d 'kfDr'kkyh rdZ osQ :i esa izLrqr fd;k tk ldrk gSA
iz'u 10- oxZ ladYiuk dh cqfu;knh vokkj.kk,a D;k gSa\ dkyZ ekDlZ osQ oxZ vkkkfjr ifjizs{; dh ppkZ dhft,A
mkjorZeku lektksa dk laxBu izeq[k :i ls fofHkUu oxks }kjk fuer gSA oxZ ls gekjk rkRi;Z O;fDr;ksa osQ ml lewg ls gksrk
gS] ftudh lkekftd fLFkfr yxHkx ,d leku gksrh gSA fofHkUu fo}kuksa us vius&vius rjhosQ ls oxZ dks ifjHkkf"kr fd;k gSA vkWxcuZ
dk dFku gS fd oxZ dh ekSfyd fo'ks"krk nwljs lkekftd oxks dh rqyuk esa mPp vFkok fuEu lkekftd fLFkfr gSA ekDlZ osQ vuqlkj
lkekftd oxZ dks muosQ mRiknu vkSj lEifk osQ forj.k osQ lkFk LFkkfir gksus okys lEcUkksa osQ lanHkZ esa gh ifjHkkf"kr fd;k tk ldrk
gSA Vh-ysfi;j cuZ us lkaLfrd vkkkj ij oxZ dks ifjHkkf"kr djrs gq, dgk gS fd lkekftd oxZ ,d lkaLfrd lewg gS] ftls lEiw.kZ
tula[;k esa ,d fo'ks"k fLFkfr vFkok in iznku fd;k tk ldrk gSA
vkslksLdh us oxZ dh rhu ekU;rkvksa dh ppkZ dh gS vkSj crk;k gS fd ;s ekU;rk, oxZ lekt dh lHkh ladYiukvksa osQ lkekU;
gS
a
1- lkekftd lajpuk esa oxZ lokZfkd O;kid lewg gksrk gSA
2- yksx fofHkUu oxks esa foHkkftr gksrs gSaA
3- ,d lkekftd oxZ esa O;fDr;ksa dh lnL;rk LFkk;h gksrh gSA
mi;qZDr ifjHkk"kkvksa osQ vkkkj ij oxZ fuEufyf[kr gS
1- ,d fuf'pr laLrj.k
2- oxZ psruk
3- lkekU; thou
4- [kqykiu ,oa mrkj&p<+ko
5- vkFkd fLFkfr dk ego
6- iw.kZ rFkk vtr
7- oxks dh mifLFkfr vko';d gSA
oxZ ladYiuk dks le>us osQ fy, nks ifjisz{; gSaigyk ifjisz{; ukeoknh dks ifjisz{; ftls vesfjdh fopkjkkjk osQ uke ls tkuk

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tkrk gSA nwljk ;FkkFkZoknh ifjissz{;] ftls ;wjksih; fopkjkkjk Hkh dgk tkrk gSA
ukeoknh ifjissz{; oxZ dks leqPp;] yksxksa osQ lewg osQ :i esa ekurk gS] tks leku izfLFkfr dk mi;ksx djrs gSa] ;gk ij izR;sd
O;fDr dh lkekftd fLFkfr ij tksj fn;k tkrk gS tks lEeku osQ :i esa mls vU; O;fDr;ksa }kjk izkIr gksrk gSA bl fopkjkkjk dh
bl ckr ij lgefr gS fd fofok O;fDr;ksa dh fHkUu&fHkUu izdkj dh fLFkfr;k gksrh gSaA bl fopkjkkjk dh ekU;rk gS fd lksikue
esa O;fDr dh fLFkfr laifk] O;olk; vkSj 'kfDr rhu roksa ij fuHkZj djrh gS rFkk bUgha rhu roksa osQ vkkkj ij oxZ&lajpuk esa
O;fDr dh fLFkfr dk fukkZj.k fd;k tkrk gSA nwljh rjiQ ;FkkFkZoknh ifjizs{; lkekftd oxZ dks ,d ;FkkFkZoknh leqPp; ekurk gS]
ftldk fukkZj.k HkkSfrd] ;FkkFkZ vkSj yksxksa dh vke jk; ls fd;k tkrk gSA bl mikxe ls nks izdkj osQ fopkjksa dk fodkl gksrk gSA
igyk lkewfgd ,drk ls oxZ dks yf{kr fd;k tkrk gS] tks fd OkkLrfod gSA bldh ,d fo'ks"k oxZ ls lEcfUkr O;fDr dh ,d
tSlh fopkjkkjk ;k vke jk; gksrh gSA
;FkkFkZoknh fopkjkkjk vkSj ukeoknh fopkjkkjk osQ e; ge fuEufyf[kr rjhosQ ls varj LFkkfir dj ldrs gaS
1- ukeoknh fopkjkkjk oS;fDrd vkSj voS;fDrd lEcUkksa ij tksj nsrh gS] tcfd ;FkkFkZoknh fopkjkkjk us viuh oxZ dh
O;k[;k esa lkewfgd ;FkkFkZrk ij cy fn;k gSA
2- ukeoknh fopkjkkjk osQ vuqlkj leku izfLFkfr vFkok lkekftd izfr"Bk okys O;fDr;ksa ls oxZ dk xBu gksrk gSA tc
lkekftd izfLFkfr esa ifjorZu gksrk gS] rks O;fDr osQ oxZ esa Hkh ifjorZu vk tkrk gS] vkSj ,d oxZ osQ lnL; dk nwljs oxZ esa tkuk
ljy gks tkrk gS ,oa oxZ&la?k"kZ ugha gksrkA tc oxks dh lhek, ,oa e;kZnk, tfVy ugha gksrh vkSj ;s lqifjHkkf"kr gksrh gSa vkSj blls
Hkh egoiw.kZ rF; ;g gS fd oxZ 'kfDr dh tCrh ls lEcUk ugha gksrsA nwljh vksj ;FkkFkZoknh fopkjkkjk bl ckr ij cy nsrh gS
fd oxks osQ chp lkk&la?k"kZ vUrufgr gksrk gSA izR;sd oxZ ls lEcfUkr yksxksa esa lkewfgd vkSj lkewfgd psruk osQ dkj.k ,slk gksrk
gSA fdlh ,d fo'ks"k oxZ osQ yksx vius oxZ osQ fgrksa dh j{kk djrs gSa] tks izk;% vU; oxZ osQ lkFk la?k"kZjr jgrs gSa rFkk ,slk djus
esa izR;sd oxZ lekt esa viuh fLFkfr dks etcwr cukus dk iz;kl djrk gSA
3- ukeoknh fopkjkkjk osQ vuqlkj lkewfgd okLrfodrk, ftldh ;FkkFkZoknh dYiuk djrs gSa] og okLro esa gksrh ugha gS vkSj
;fn gksrh Hkh gS] rks vleku :i ls gksrh gS] ogha ;FkkFkZoknh fopkjkkjk bl ckr ij cy nsrh gS fd oxZ dh O;k[;k djus esa lkewfgd
psruk dks utjvankt djus osQ dkj.k ukeokfn;ksa us oxZ&lajpuk osQ ewy ro dks xoka fn;k gSA
oxZ dh vesfjdh vokkj.kk vkSj oxZ dh ;wjksih; lajpuk osQ chp varj dks ,sju us izfrikfnr fd;k gS rFkk ;g eksVs rkSj ij
vkslkLdh }kjk izfrikfnr oxZ lksikue vkSj oxZ osQ f}Hkktd n`f"Vdks.k osQ lerqY; gSA lksikue n`f"Vdks.k ukeoknh fLFkfr ls
lEc gS vkSj f}Hkktd n`f"Vdks.k ;FkkFkZoknh fLFkfr ls tqM+k gqvk gSA
ekDlZ osQ oxZ lEcUkh n`f"Vdks.k dk ewY;kaduekDlZ osQ fopkjksa ij mlosQ ijorhZ fo}kuksa }kjk fopkj fd;k x;k gS rFkk
mUgksaus mudh oxZ lEcUkh vokkj.kk dh vkykspuk dh gSA ekDlZ osQ oxZ lEcUkh fopkj dh fuEufyf[kr vkykspuk, gSa
1- cgqr&ls fo}ku~ bl ckr ls lger gSa fd 'kks"k.k dh okLrfodrk jkstejkZ dh ftanxh ls vn`'; gks tkrh gSA iwthoknh lekt
esa Jfed dks mlosQ Je osQ cnys esa etnwjh nh tkrh gSA ,slh voLFkk esa 'kks"k.k dh izf;k lqxerk ls fn[kkbZ ugha nsrhA
2- Y;wdl us crk;k gS fd Jfed oxks ls kafr;ka u gksdj cqfthoh oxZ }kjk lEiUu gksrh gSaA ,aVsfu;ks xzke'kh us izkkurk dh
vokkj.kk nh gS vkSj dgk gS fd ,d 'kfDr'kkyh oxZ dh fopkjkkjk vfLrRo esa gS] tks futh lEifk dh izo`Qfr ij tksj nsrk gS rFkk
lHkh oxks osQ e; lewph iwthoknh lekt O;oLFkk osQ izfr Loho`Qfr dk ekgkSy cuk ysrk gSA
3- ekDlZ viuh oxZ lEcUkh vokkj.kk esa la?k"kZ dks ego nsrs gSa] ysfdu lkekftd thou esa la?k"kZ dh vis{kk lg;ksx vfkd
ik;k tkrk gSA
4- lekt esa osQoy nks oxZ gh ugha gksrs] ,d rhljk oxZ Hkh gS] ftls ge e;e oxZ Hkh dgrs gSaA tSlsMkWDVj] bathfu;j]
izcakd vkfn oxZ Hkh blh dksfV esa vkrs gSaA
5- ekDlZ us lkekftd vkSj vkfFkZd oxks dks ,d gh eku ysus dh =kqfV dh gSA lekt'kkL=kh vkfFkZd vkkkjksa osQ vfrfjDr keZ]
f'k{kk] vk;q] ;ksX;rk vkfn osQ vkkkj ij Hkh oxZ dk fukkZj.k djrs gSaA ekDlZ nksuksa oxks dks ,d gh oxZ ekudj vius jktuhfrd
mn~ns'; dh iwfrZ djuk pkgrk FkkA
6- leLr bfrgkl la?k"kZ dk gh bfrgkl ugha gSA
bu dfe;ksa osQ ckotwn Hkh ekDlZ osQ oxZ dk flkUr ,d egoiw.kZ flkUr gSA bl flkUr us loZgkjk oxZ dks ml nklrk ls
eqfDr ikus dk mik; crk;k] ftlesa vHkh rd 'kksf"kr oxks dk mRihM+u gksrk jgk gSA oxZ&la?k"kZ dh vokkj.kk dk ewY;kdau djrs
gq, oSQj;w g.V us fy[kk gS fd ekDlZ dk fopkj gS fd euq";ksa osQ leLr >xM+s oxZ&la?k"kZ ls mRiUu gksrs gSaA ;|fi ;g vke yksxksa
;g fo'okl fnykus esa vliQy jgkA ;g fopkj ;qfDr;qDr ego7 j[krk gS] fdUrq ,d oSKkfud kkj.kk osQ :i esa feF;k gSA

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