Roadmap Bolo Sabechdi PDF

giorgi ivaniaSvili-orbeliani
miqaela vanore
borislav mavrovi
demokratiuli mmarTvelobis
gamowvevebi saqarTveloSi
Tbilisi, 2014
naSromi momzadebul iqna socialuri kvlevisa da politikis analizis saerTaSoriso centris (ICSRPA), maastrixtis universitetis mmarTvelobis skolisa da evropuli institutis eqspertebis
mier, gaerTianebuli erebis demokratiis fondis (UNDEF) mier
dafinansebuli proeqtis _ `demokratiis xelSewyoba saqarTveloSi politikuri partiebisa da sazogadoebrivi organizaciebis
axalgazrda wevrebis gaZlierebis gziT~ farglebSi.
2014 socialuri kvlevisa da politikuri analizis saerTaSoriso centri (ICSRPA)
yvela saavtoro ufleba daculia. misi nawilobrivi an sruli
gadaReba/gavrceleba nebarTvis gareSe CaiTvleba kanonis d
arRvevad.
es naSromi warmoadgens socialuri kvlevisa da politikis analizis saerTaSoriso centris (ICSRPA), maastrixtis universitetis mmarTvelobis skolisa da evropuli institutis eqspertTa
saavtoro namuSevars. masSi mocemuli analizi, interpretaciebi da daskvnebi SeiZleba ar asaxavdes gaerTianebuli erebis
demokratiis fondis Sexedulebebs.
miqaela vanore
borislav mavrovi _ demokratiuli mmarTvelobis
gamowvevebi saqarTveloSi
kompiuteruli uzrunvelyofa: nika xvedeliZe
`saunje~, gamomcemeli vaJa wowkolauri
SAUNJE Publishing House, Vazha Tsotskolauri
ISBN 978-9941-451-60-7
Sinaarsi
winasityvaoba .............................................................................................................5
Sesavali ........................................................................................................................7
I. demokratiuli mmarTvelobis gamowvevebi XXI saukuneSi ............10
1.1 demokratiuli mmarTvelobis principebi
miqaela vanore, giorgi ivaniaSvili-orbeliani
1.2 demokratia da kargi mmarTveloba ........................................................12
1.3 politikuri partiebis roli demokratiul mmarTvelobaSi ..15
miqaela vanore
1.4 sazogadoebrivi organizaciebis roli
demokratiul mmarTvelobaSi .........................................................................17
1.5 warmatebis~ gazomvis kriteriumebi ....................................................20
miqaela vanore
II. sajaro politika da politikis analizi ..............................................22
borislav mavrovi, giorgi ivaniaSvili-orbeliani
2.1 sajaro politikis ZiriTadi sakiTxebi ...............................................22
2.2 politikis analizis mTavari aspeqtebi ...............................................27
2.3 ganviTarebuli qveynebis gamocdileba ...............................................29
borislav mavrovi
2.3.1 zogadi mimoxilva .........................................................................................29
borislav mavrovi
2.3.2 Teoriasa da praqtikas Soris arsebuli barierebi .....................31
borislav mavrovi
2.3.3 saukeTeso praqtikebi evrokavSiris qveynebidan ........................32

borislav mavrovi
III. politikuri lideroba da elita .............................................................36
3.1 ra aris politikuri lideroba?
3.2 axalgazrdoba da politikuri lideroba ..........................................38
miqaela vanore
3.3 politikuri liderobis Sefasebis kriteriumebi .........................41
3.4 lideroba da menejmenti da maTi krizisi saqarTveloSi ...........44
3.5 elitis roli demokratiul mmarTvelobaSi.................................... 46
IV. post-sabWoTa tranziciis paradigmebis axleburad gaazreba .......50
4.1 warmomadgenlobiTi demokratiis marcxi postsabWoTa qveynebSi
4.2 meritokratia, rogorc demokratiis
ganmtkicebis instrumenti ................................................................................51
4.3 meritokratiis mokle istoriuli rakursi .....................................54
4.4 qarTuli demokratiis anatomia ..............................................................56
daskvnebi da rekomendaciebi ...........................................................................62
gamoyenebuli literatura ..............................................................................66
winasityvaoba
2014 wlis seqtemberSi, socialuri kvlevisa da politikis analizis saerTaSoriso centrma (ICSRPA) daasrula
gaerTianebuli erebis demokratiis fondis (UNDEF) mier
dafinansebuli orwliani proeqti _ `demokratiis xel
Sewyoba saqarTveloSi politikuri partiebisa da sazogadoebrivi organizaciebis axalgazrda wevrebis gaZlierebis gziT~, romlis farglebSic momzadda es gzamkvlevi
saxelmZRvanelo.
proeqti fokusirebuli iyo im aqtualur problemebze, romlebic dakavSirebulia xangrZliv politikur,
ekonomikur, socialur da inteleqtualur krizisebTan
da gamowveulia politikuri kulturis, codnisa da profesionalizmis, zneobriv-eTikuri normebis, proaqtiuli
liderobis deficitiT saqarTveloSi.
proeqtis mizans warmoadgenda niWieri da lideruli
potencialis mqone axalgazrdebis momzadeba liderobis,
saxelmwifo marTvis, politikis analizis, gadawyvetilebebis miRebisa da advokatirebis sakiTxebSi, rac xels Seuwyobda maT aqtiur monawileobas politikur procesebsa da
demokratiul mmarTvelobaSi.
gaerom axalgazrdebis ganviTarebis 2011 wlis programaSi moaxdina imis mkafio deklarireba, rom socialuri cvlilebis, ekonomikuri zrdisa da teqnologiuri
inovaciebis ganxorcielebis ZiriTad wyaros warmoadgens
axalgazrdoba~. politikuri sistemebis transformaciis,
warmatebuli reformebis ganxorcielebisa da ekonomikuri SesaZleblobebis gamoyenebis saqmeSi, swored konkurentuli codniTa da unarebiT aRWurvili axalgazrdoba
unda moiazrebodes mamoZravebel Zalad, magram samwuxarod, saqarTveloSi bevr niWier axalgazrdas ar eZleva
gadawyvetilebis miRebis procesebSi monawileobis SesaZlebloba. xolo isini, vinc xelisuflebaSi xelmZRvanel
Tanamdebobebze iniSnebian, akliaT codna, kompetencia da
lideruli unarebi, rac negatiurad aisaxeba mmarTvelobis
xarisxze da qveynis demokratiul ganviTarebaze.
5
vinaidan ganviTarebul qveynebSi sul ufro meti yuradReba eqceva mTavrobis Sedegebze orientirebuli politikis legitimurobas, rac gulisxmobs legitimurobis
tradiciuli rolis cvlilebas demokratiuli warmomadgenlobiTobidan politikis ganxorcielebis xarisxis
Sefase
bis mimarTulebiT, gzamkvlevi fokusirebulia im
uaxles codnasa da saukeTeso gamocdilebebze, romlebic
mniSvnelovania postsabWoTa tranziciis gamowvevebis kompleqsuri gaazrebisaTvis.
naSromSi warmodgenilia qarTuli `fasaduri~ demok
ra
tiis diagnostikuri analizi da inovaciuri xedvebi meritokratiuli SerCevisa da Sefasebis, proaqtiuli
liderobis, politikuri elitebis cirkulaciisa da kargi mmarTvelobis principebze, romlebmac xeli unda Seuwyon Sedegebze orientirebuli WeSmaritad demokratiuli
mmarTvelobis damkvidrebas qveyanaSi.
giorgi ivaniaSvili-orbeliani,
saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis doqtori
socialuri kvlevisa da politikuri analizis
saerTaSoriso centris Tavmjdomare
Sesavali

`maT, vinc sanimuSoni arian saxelmwifo samsaxurSi, unda iswavlon,
xolo maT, vinc sanimuSoni arian swavlaSi, unda marTon sistema~
konfuci
miuxedavad imisa, rom warmomadgenlobiTi demokratia

mmarTvelobis yvelaze sasurvel da misaReb formas warmoadgens dasavlur sazogadoebebSi, es rwmena sadavo xdeba
postsabWoTa gardamavali qveynebis magaliTze politikuri
stabilurobis, kargi mmarTvelobisa da sajaro politikis
ganxorcielebis konteqstSi. aRmoCnda, rom xalxisaTvis
arCevnebSi xmis micemis uflebis garantia diskriminaciis gareSe, sakmarisi ar aris mdgradi demokratiis dasamkvidreblad, vinaidan sakiTxs, Tu vin unda iyos mmarTvelobaSi, gadamwyveti roli eniWeba.
1991 wels damoukideblobis miRebis dRidan saqarTvelo
gaxda mTel postsabWoTa sivrceSi yvelaze didi beneficiari
dasavleTis qveynebidan erT sul mosaxleze daxmarebis miRebis TvalsazrisiT. mzardi dasavluri gavlenis, gansakuTrebiT amerikis SeerTebuli Statebsa da saqarTvelos Soris
strategiuli partniorobis qartiis miRebis, evropis samezoblo politikis/aRmosavleTis partniorobisa da evrokavSirsa da natoSi SesaZlo gawevrianebis pirobebSi, gaizarda
demokratiuli Rirebulebebis, sajaro politikis efeqturobisa da kargi mmarTvelobis mniSvneloba. Tumca, Tanamedrove
qarTuli realoba naTlad warmoaCens politikuri institutebisa da samoqalaqo sazogadoebrivi organizaciebis
uunarobas proaqtiuli cvlilebebi ganaxorcielon mmarTvelobis procesSi, rasac Sedegad qveyanaSi politikur-ekonomikuri krizisebi da demokratiis gauareseba mosdevs.
2012 wlis saparlamento arCevnebamde, saerTaSoriso organizaciebis mier gamoqveynebuli moxsenebebi (2012
wlis demokratiis indeqsi, 2013 wlis presis Tavisuflebis
indeqsi, 2012 wlis arSemdgari qveynebis indeqsi da sxv.),
7
saqarTvelos moiazrebdnen, rogorc hibriduli reJimis

mqone saxelmwifos. am angariSebis monacemebis mixedviT,
seriozuli sisusteebi gansakuTrebiT SesamCnevi iyo politikur kulturaSi, xelisuflebisa da mediis funqcionirebaSi, sasamarTlos damoukideblobaSi, agreTve politikur procesebSi CarTulobis kuTxiT. es situacia kidev
ufro gauaresda 2012 wlis saparlamento, 2013 wlis saprezidento da 2014 wlis adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis
arCevnebis Semdeg, rac gamoixata politikur institutebSi
iseTi mankieri praqtikebis gazrdiT, rogoricaa politikuri klientelizmi, korufcia, favoritizmi, qronizmi, nepotizmi, sargebelze orientirebuli qceva.
es realoba badebs kiTxvas, Tu ramdenad SesaZlebelia,
rom dasavlur postindustriul sazogadoebebSi aprobirebuli liberaluri demokratiis modeli warmatebiT
iqnas realizebuli postsabWoTa qveynebSi. rogorc samuel
hantingtoni Tavis monografiaSi `civilizaciaTa Sejaxeba~ aRniSnavs, `naklebad savaraudoa, rom rusulma an sxva
postsabWoTa sazogadoebebma SeZlon mdgradi demokratiis damkvidreba apriori mizezebis gamo, warsuli memkvidreobidan gamomdinare~.
postsabWoTa gardamavali demokratiis qveynebSi, sadac sabWoTa memkvidreobam mtkivneuli asaxva hpova masebis
inteleqtualur ganviTarebaze, naklebad ganaTlebuli
mosaxleoba xSirad iRebs araadeqvatur da iracionalur
gadawyvetilebebs. imis gamo, rom ar arsebobs proaqtiul liderobaze orientirebuli mmarTveloba da igno
rirebulia meritokratiuli seleqciisa da Sefasebis
kriteriumebi, samTavrobo politika da gadawyvetilebis
miRebis procesi moqceulia arakompetenturi politikuri `nomenklaturis~1 gavlenis qveS, romelic manipulirebs demagogiuri da populisturi meTodebiT sakuTari
Zalauflebis SesanarCuneblad.
politikis formulirebisa da ganxorcielebis xarisxi
mniSvnelovnad aris damokidebuli sajaro politikaSi Car1 wamyvan administraciul poziciebze myofi mmarTveli ierarqia sabWoTa kavSirsa da sxva komunisturi blokis qveynebSi
Tuli subieqtebis wvlilze, maT Soris arCeuli an daniSnuli Tanamdebobis pirebis, politikuri partiebis liderebis, arasamTavrobo organizaciebisa da damoukidebeli
eqspertebis codnaze, unarebsa da kompetenciaze. ukanasknel periodSi gansakuTrebuli aqcenti keTdeba xelisuflebis xarisxian Sedegebze orientirebuli politikis
legitimurobaze, rac Tavis mxriv gulisxmobs legitimurobis tradiciuli rolis cvlilebas demokratiuli warmomadgenlobiTobidan politikis ganxorcielebis xarisxis
Sefasebis mimarTulebiT.
is faqti, rom xSirad, saqarTvelos erT-erT yvelaze
warmatebul postsabWoTa demokratiul saxelmwifod
miiCneven mxolod Tavisufali arCevnebisa da bazrebis
liberalizaciis gamo, da mxedvelobaSi ar Rebuloben
mmarTvelobisa da ganxorcielebuli reformebis xarisxs,
naTlad miuTiTebs postsabWoTa tranziciis paradigmebis gadaxedvis aucileblobaze, raTa `fasaduri demokratia~ Seicvalos Sedegebze orientirebuli demokratiuli
mmarTvelobiT, romelic ufro momgebiani iqneba saxelmwifosa da sazogadoebisaTvis. swored am mizniT, gzamkvlevi
mTlianad fokusirebulia im uaxlesi codnasa da saukeTeso gamocdilebebze, romlebmac Teoriuli da praqtikuli
dasabuTeba hpoves ganviTarebul qveynebSi, da romlebic
mniSvnelovan rols TamaSoben demokratiuli mmarTvelobisa da postsabWoTa tranziciis gamowvevebis kompleqsur
gaazrebaSi.
I. demokratiuli mmarTvelobis gamowvevebi

XXI saukuneSi
1.1 demokratiuli mmarTvelobis principebi
demokratiuli mmarTvelobis fenomeni gaazrebuli
unda iyos im mniSvnelovan konteqstSi, Tu rogor xdeba
institucionaluri CarCos farglebSi politikis ganxorcieleba garkveul teritoriaze mcxovrebi mosaxleobis
saWiroebebisa da moTxovnilebebis dasakmayofileblad.
klasikuri ganmartebis mixedviT, demokratia aris
xalxis xelSi arsebuli Zalaufleba, Seqmnili xalxisTvis
da arCeuli xalxis mier, sadac adamianebs konstituciurad
miniWebuli aqvT Tanabari ufleba airCion xelisufleba Tavisufali da samarTliani arCevnebis gziT. demokratia warmoadgens RirebulebaTa sistemas, romelic dafuZnebulia
politikur pluralizmze, kanonis uzenaesobaze, kanonis
winaSe yvelas Tanasworobaze, adamianis uflebaTa dacvaze,
samoqalaqo Tavisuflebaze.
demokratiuli mmarTveloba ki warmoadgens saxelmwifo,
kerZo da samoqalaqo seqtorebis CarTulobis principebis
safuZvelze gadawyvetilebebis miRebisa da maTi ganxorcielebis process, sadac institutebis funqcionireba xdeba demokratiuli procesebisa da normebis Sesabamisad.
mmarTvelobas esaWiroeba demokratiul bazisze damyarebuli legitimurobis statusi, romelic adgilobriv,
erovnul da globalur doneze aRiarebulia moralur
saxelmZRvanelo principad da saerTaSoriso samarTlebriv
normad. moqalaqeTa CarTuloba iseTi marTvis sistemebis Seqmnis procesSi, romlebic mniSvnelovani politikuri arCevanis SesaZleblobiT xasiaTdeba, legitimurs xdis
mmarTvelobas.
legitimurobis koncefcia mWidrod ukavSirdeba validurobas, romelic uzrunvelyofs mmarTvelobis procesSi CarTul subieqtebs Soris nebayoflobiT TanamSromlo10
bas, da wesebisa da politikis Tanxvedras. demokratiuli

gziT xelisuflebaSi mosvlis procesSi, mTavrobebs legitimurobis uflebamosileba eniWebaT. legitimuroba
miiRweva maSin, rodesac politikuri sistemebi maTi Seqmnis procesTan erTad xels uwyoben konsensusisa da ndobis
uzrunvelyofas politikur procesSi monawile subieqtebs
Soris.
demokratiuli mmarTveloba warmoadgens mmarTvelobis iseT sistemas, sadac institutebis funqcionireba
xdeba demokratiuli procesebisa da normebis Sesabamisad,
xolo gadawyvetilebebis miReba xorcieldeba saxelmwifo,
kerZo da samoqalaqo seqtorebis CarTulobis principebis
safuZvelze.
am amosavali wertilidan Cven SegviZlia ukeT gavigoT
demokratiuli mmarTvelobis komponentebi da is, Tu rogor uwyoben xels isini marTvis sistemebis validurobasa da legitimacias. demokratias aqvs sami ZiriTadi ganzomileba: 1) TviTgamorkveva, 2) gamoxatvis Tavisufleba,
da 3) Tavisufali da Ria arCevnebi. am siaSi Cven SegviZlia
davamatoT meoTxe komponenti, romelic demokratiul
mmarTvelobas ufro efeqtians xdis: mTavrobis funqcionirebis xarisxi politikis formulirebis, ganxorcielebisa
da Sedegebis miRebis TvalsazrisiT.
1990 wels, evropis usafrTxoebisa da TanamSromlobisaTvis miZRvnil konferenciaze, Seiqmna e.w. `kopenhagenis dokumenti~, romelSic damatebiTi debulebebi Sevida
saarCevno eTikisa da samarTlianobis Sesaxeb. am dokumentis
mixedviT, saarCevno eTika da samarTlianoba gulisxmobs
ara mxolod arCevnebis process, aramed im institutebisa da mmarTvelobis struqturebis xarisxsac, romelTac
es arCevnebi exeba. aRsaniSnavia agreTve isic, rom am dokumentis mixedviT, yvela moqalaqes aqvs ufleba, hyavdes
pasuxismgebliani mTavroba, romlis aRmasrulebeli Stoc
angariSvaldebulia moqmedi kanonmdeblobisa da uSualod
amomrCevlebis winaSe.
11
1.2 demokratia da kargi mmarTveloba

demokratiuli mmarTveloba mimarTulia demokratiul
procesebSi sazogadoebis CarTulobis xelSewyobisaken, magram, mas Semdeg, rac arCeuli warmomadgenloba xelisuflebaSi Tavis adgils daikavebs, is pirdapir ver uzrulvelyofs mmarTvelobis xarisxs. rogorc ki mmarTvelobis
sistemebSi kompetenturi subieqtebis CarTuloba aqtiurdeba, warmomadgenlobiTi demokratiuli mmarTvelobis
xarisxic umjobesdeba. politikis formireba moicavs dRis
wesrigis gansazRvrasa da gadawyvetilebebis miRebas, rac
Zalian mniSvnelovania eleqtoratis interesebisa da moTxovnebis dakmayofilebisTvis. politikis ganxorcieleba ki
moicavs process, romlis mizania politikis konkretul
Sedegebad gardaqmna, romelic moiTxovs resursebis organizebasa da maT racionalurad marTvas.
mmarTvelobis procesSi sazogadoebis monawileoba realuri iniciativebisa da cvlilebebis SeTavazebis gziT,
xels uwyobs kargi mmarTvelobis principebis realizacias.
kargi mmarTvelobis koncefcia SemuSavebul iqna iseTi
saerTaSoriso organizaciebis mier, rogoricaa gaero,
msoflio banki da saerTaSoriso savaluto fondi.
gaeros koncefciis mixedviT, kargi mmarTvelobis ganxorcieleba SesaZlebelia Semdegi mniSvnelovani pirobebis arsebobisas: mmarTvelobis procesi uzrunvelyofs sxvadasxva
mxareTa aqtiur CarTulobas da maT Soris konsensuss; politikis monawile subieqtebi angariSvaldebulni arian kanonis uzenaesobisa da sazogadoebis winaSe, rac ganapirobebs
maTi saqmianobisa da miRebuli gadawyvetilebebis gamWvirvaleobas; problemebze reagireba xdeba efeqturad da qmediTad, rac xels uwyobs resurebis racionaluri gamoyenebiT
sazogadoebrivi moTxovnilebebis dakmayofilebas; Seqmnilia
samarTlianobisa da inkluziurobis garantiebi, raTa gamoiricxos nebismieri formis diskriminacia da TiToeulma moqalaqem SeZlos sazogadoebrivi sargeblis miReba.
msoflio bankis mier SemuSavebuli kargi mmarTvelobis
Sefasebis kriteriumebi, mmarTvelobis mandatis Sedegebis
12
Sefasebas politikuri reJimis, ekonomikuri da socialuri resursebis marTvisa da mTavrobis funqcionirebis

xarisxis mixedviT axdens. xolo saerTaSoriso savaluto
fondi mTavar prioritetebad kanonis uzenaesobas, sajaro
seqtoris efeqturobisa da angariSvaldebulebis gazrdas,
da korufciasTan brZolas miiCnevs. aRniSnuli koncefciis
safuZveli mdgomareobs imaSi, rom siRaribis Semcirebisa
da ekonomikuri ganviTarebis mizniT gaweuli daxmareba araefeqturi iqneba, Tu qveyanaSi damkvidrebulia araswori
marTvis sistema da endemuri korufcia, rac iwvevs mmarTvelobis araefeqturobas. sakuTari institucionaluri mandatebis gaTvaliswinebiT, msoflio banki da saerTaSoriso
savaluto fondi aRar apelireben imaze, rom kargi mmarTvelobis damkvidrebisaTvis sakmarisia demokratia, da amis
nacvlad isini yuradRebas amaxvileben keTildReobasa da
sargebelze orientirebuli mmarTvelobis xarisxze.
sxva organizaciebma, rogoricaa amerikis SeerTebuli
Statebis saerTaSoriso ganviTarebis saagento (USAID) da
didi britaneTis saerTaSoriso ganviTarebis departamenti (DFID), SeimuSaves kargi mmarTvelobis sakuTari koncefciebi, romlebic fokusirebulia legitimurobaze,
angariSvaldebulebaze, kompetenciasa da kanonis uzenaesobis pativiscemaze. kargi mmarTvelobis principebi erTmaneTisgan gansxvavdeba sxvadasxva dawesebulebebisa da
uwyebebis mixedviT da gamomdinareobs maTi instituciuri kompetenciebidan da mandatidan. miuxedavad garkveuli
gansxvavebebis arsebobisa, USAID, DFID da msoflio banki
Tanxmdebian kargi mmarTvelobis ZiriTad principebze. es
principebi moicavs: legitimurobas, CarTulobas, angariSvaldebulebis, yovlismomcvelobas, gamWvirvalobas, efeqturobasa da uflebamosilebas2.
bunebrivia, es naSromi mxolod nawilobriv mimoixilavs demokratiasa da karg mmarTvelobas Soris arsebul
kavSirebs. aqedan gamomdinare, SegviZlia vivaraudoT, rom
kargi mmarTveloba aris principebisa da praqtikis erTia2 USAID, DFID/World Bank, 2011.
13
noba, romelic aRiarebs demokratiis zogad ideebs da xels

uwyobs am ideebis praqtikul ganxorcielebas.
mmarTvelobis Tanamedrove koncefcia, kargi mmarTvelobis CaTvliT, cdilobs daamkvidros inovaciuri midgoma
mmarTvel administraciaSi xalxisaTvis meti Zalauflebis
miniWebis gziT. kargi mmarTvelobis Sedegi aris iseTi
mmarTvelobisa da administrirebis Seqmna, romelic xalxisgan warmoiSoba, xalxs ekuTvnis, rogorc samarTlebrivi,
ise ideologiuri TvalsazrisiT, da xalxsve SeuZlia masze
kontrolis ganxorcieleba.
kargi mmarTvelobis yvelaze mniSvnelovani maxasiaTebeli mTavrobis mier sakuTari xalxis winaSe angariSvaldebulebis sistemis arsebobaa, rac saqarTveloSi seriozul problemas warmoadgens. Tumca isic unda aRiniSnos,
rom arc samoqalaqo sazogadoebaa sakmarisad momTxovni,
rom adeqvatur zomebs iRebdes xelisuflebis upasuxismgeblo qmedebebis prevenciisaTvis.
saqarTveloSi demokratiisa da kargi mmarTvelobis
ganxorcielebas xels uSlian Semdegi faqtorebi:
meritokratiuli principebis ignorireba
politikosTa liderobis, codnis, kompetenciisa da
unarebis deficiti
politikosTa da sajaro moxeleTa mxridan zneobriv-
eTikuri normebis ugunebelyofa
korufcia, qronizmi, klientelizmi, favoritizmi, sargeb
lis miRebaze orientirebuli qceva
saxelmwifo marTvisa da politikis analizis dabali done
demokratiuli institutebis sisuste
administraciis politizireba
parlamentis araefeqturoba
kanonis uzenaesobis ararseboba
mosaxleobis gauTviTcnobierebloba sajaro politikis
prioritetul sakiTxebSi, rac uzRudavs mas racionaluri
arCevanis gakeTebis SesaZleblobas.
14
1.3 politikuri partiebis roli

demokratiul mmarTvelobaSi
demokratiuli mmarTvelobis sistemis ganmtkiceba SeiZleba moxdes mxolod racionaluri politikuri arCevanis
saSualebiT. politikuri partiebi, gansakuTrebiT warmomadgenlobiTi demokratiis pirobebSi, xels unda uwyobdnen
aseTi racionaluri politikuri arCevanis uzrunvelyofas.
TviTgamorkvevis uflebis gamoxatva ori gziT aris
SesaZlebeli: pirdapiri demokratia, rogoricaa magaliTad
referendumi, romelSic kerZo pirebi pirdapiri xmis micemis gziT afiqsireben sakuTar mosazrebas ama Tu im sakiTxze, an warmomadgenlobiTi demokratia, romelSic adamianebi irCeven maTi interesebis damcvel warmomadgenlebs
konkretul olqebSi. politikuri partiebi, politikis
formirebaSi Sesatani wvlilidan gamomdinare, mniSvnelovan rols TamaSoben warmomadgenlobiT demokratiaSi. isini gvevlinebian warmomadgenlobiTi organizaciebis saxiT,
romlebic akavSireben xalxs xelisuflebasTan da sakuTar
Tavze iReben amomrCevlis preferenciebis mixedviT politikis dagegmvis pasuxismgeblobas.
imisaTvis, rom politikurma partiebma imoqmedon, rogorc preferenciebis efeqturma subieqtebma, amomrCevels unda SeeZlos maTi ideologiebis, platformebisa da
dapirebebis Sefaseba, rac sakmaod rTulia postsabWoTa
sivrcis axalbeda demokratiebSi imis gamo, rom 1) dabalia
eleqtoratis ganaTlebis done; da 2) politikuri partiebi
ganicdian codnis, ideologiis, profesionalizmis, politikuri kulturis deficits, da iseTi mavne praqtikebis
zegavlenas, rogoricaa favoritizmi, qronizmi, nepotizmi,
klientelizmi, sargebelze orientirebuli qceva.
aRiarebulia, rom postkomunistur politikur sistemebSi, Zlieri instituciuri gamowvevebisa da mmarTvelobis sistemis SigniT arsebuli problemebis gamo, politikuri partiebi ver axerxeben koleqtiur interesebsa
da saWiroebebze efeqturad reagirebas. aseT gamowvevebs
Sorisaa: `saxelmwifos mitaceba~, romelSic saxelmwifoe15
brivi resursebi xelisuflebis mier gadamisamarTebulia

kerZo an koleqtiuri specifiuri interesebis dakmayofilebisaTvis; klientelizmi, romelSic sazogadoebrivi
sikeTeebi da servisebi politikur mxardaWeraSi icvleba;
nepotizmi da qronizmi, rodesac Zalauflebis mqone pirebi naTesavebsa da megobrebs mfarveloben, da; politikuri
patronaJi, romelSic saxelmwifo resursebis mniSvnelovan
nawils politikuri partiebis mcire karteli akontrolebs
iseTi politikuri Txovnebis Sesrulebis sanacvlod, rogoricaa saarCevno kampaniis dros gaweuli mxardaWera da
eleqtoratis mobilizeba.
amgvari mankieri praqtikebi zRudaven axalgazrdobis
aqtiur CarTulobas politikuri partiebis saqmianobaSi.
maSin, rodesac saqarTveloSi, mankieri normebi Rrmad aris
fesvgadgmuli samTavrobo struqturebSi, piradi kavSirebis ararsebobs SemTxvevaSi, bevri lideruli potencialis
mqone niWieri axalgazrda ganicdis marginalizacias, rac
iwvevs apaTiasa da nihilizms sazogadoebaSi. favoritizmi,
qronizmi, klientelizmi, nepotizmi, patronaJi _ es is
problemebia, romlebic ara mxolod zRudavs axalgazrdebis CarTulobas demokratiul mmarTvelobasa da politikur procesebSi, aramed asustebs sajaro politikis
xarisxs farTo politikuri interesebis warmomadgeneli
pirebis CarTvis SezRudvis gamo. cxadia, aseTi SezRudvebi, politikur procesSi nebayoflobiTi CarTulobis SesaZleblobebis mospobiT, arRvevs kargi mmarTvelobis principebs.
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1.4 sazogadoebrivi organizaciebis roli

demokratiul mmarTvelobaSi
sazogadoebrivi organizaciebi agreTve warmoadgenen
Suamaval subieqtebs, romlebic xels uwyoben legitimuri da pasuxismgeblobis mqone marTvis sistemebis Camoyalibebas. politikuri partiebisagan gansxvavebiT, romlebic uzrunvelyofen eleqtoratsa da saxelmwifos Soris
pirdapiri gacvlis sistemas, sazogadoebrivi organizaciebi warmoadgenen nebayoflobiT gaerTianebebs, romlebic
cdiloben, niadagi moamzadon konkretul sferoebSi arsebuli problemebis aqtualizaciis, sazogadoebrivi azris
formirebisa da advokatirebisaTvis. samoqalaqo sazogadoebam, romelic Sedgeba instituciur doneze gansxvavebuli profilisa da SesaZleblobebis mqone arasamTavrobo
organizaciebisagan, SesaZloa moicvas aqtorebis farTo
speqtri, maT Soris: kvleviTi institutebi, saswavlo dawesebulebebi, profkavSirebi, profesiuli asociaciebi, biznes forumebi, eTnikuri lobisturi dajgufebebi, garemosdacviTi moZraobebi, TanamSromlobis ganviTarebis
iniciativebi, rwmenaze dafuZnebuli asociaciebi, axalgazrduli gaerTianebebi da qselebi, adamianis uflebaTa
damcveli jgufebi da mravali sxva.
kerZo seqtorsa da sxva struqturebTan erTad,
politikuri partiebi da sazogadoebrivi organizaciebi
mmarTvelobis qselis mniSvnelovan nawilad iqcnen. isini
qmnian im kerZo da sajaro aqtorebs Soris urTierTobaTa jaWvs, romlebic monawileoben politikis formirebisa da ganxorcielebis procesSi. am qselSi sxvada
sxva
tipis aqtorebis monawileoba, politikur sazRvrebs
miRma dakavSirebis gziT, politikis formulirebisa da

ganxorcielebis process ufro moqnils da dinamiurs
xdis. sazogadoebriv organizaciebs SeuZliaT iTamaSon
mniSvnelovani roli ara mxolod sazogadoebis interesebis gamoxatvis, aramed politikis miwodebis efeqturobis gazrdis gziTac, rac kargi mmarTvelobis erT-erT
umTavres mizans warmoadgens.
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zogadad, sazogadoebrivi organizaciebi sasicocxlod

mniSvnelovan rols arsuleben demokratiuli CarTulobis gaRrmavebis saqmeSi individebis instituciuri warmomadgenlobisa da koleqtiuri berketebis uzrunvelyofis
gziT, rac gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania iseTi susti da
araefeqturi politikuri partiebis mqone saxelmwifoebSi,
rogoricaa saqarTvelo.
samoqalaqo sazogadoebrivi organizaciebi sajaro
politikis procesis mniSvnelovan monawile subieqtebad
arian miCneulni sxvadasxva mizezTa gamo. pirvel rigSi,
samoqalaqo sazogadoebrivi organizaciebi warmoadgenen im
specifiuri codnisa da eqspertizis mTavar wyaros, romlis
saWiroebac politikis SemuSavebis procesSi dgeba. codnis am resursis CarTva saSualebas gvaZlevs darwmunebulni viyoT imaSi, rom politika saTanadod formulirebuli,
realurad ganxorcielebadi da mdgradi Sedegebis momtani
iqneba. meorec, maT SeuZliaT imoqmedon, rogorc partniorebma politikis implementaciis procesSi da am gziT
pirdapiri momsaxurebis gaweva uzrunvelyon. Sesabamisi
organizaciuli SesaZleblobebisa da codniT aRWurvili
personalis pirobebSi, samoqalaqo sazogadoebriv organizaciebs SeuZliaT politikis efeqturobis gazrda, vinaidan
isini mWidro kavSirSi arian beneficiarebTan da mopovebuli
aqvT am ukanasknelTa ndoba. mesamec, sazogadoebriv organizaciebs SeuZliaT mxardaWera moipovon politikis ganxorcielebisaTvis, misi legitimurobis uzrunvelyofis gziT.
saqarTveloSi samoqalaqo sazogadoebis ganviTarebis dabali done mniSvnelovan negatiur zegavlenas axdens
demokratiuli mmarTvelobis efeqturobaze, vinaidan sazogadoebrivi organizaciebis sisuste zRudavs CarTulobas,
kritikuli gansjis SesaZleblobasa da xarisxiani eqspertuli rCevebis miwodebas. SeSfoTebis sagania samoqalaqo sazogadoebis sijansaRis sakiTxic. miuxedavad registrirebuli
samoqalaqo organizaciebis didi raodenobisa, maTi mxolod
mcire nawili aris moqmedi da kidev ufro mcirea maT Soris im
organizaciebis ricxvi, romlebsac muSaobisa da damoukidebeli funqcionirebisaTvis stabiluri Semosavali gaaCniaT.
18
aSS-s saerTaSoriso ganviTarebis saagentos ( USAID)

mier 2013 wels gamoqveynebuli centraluri, axlo
aRmo
savleTisa da evraziis qveynebis arasamTavrobo
organi
zaciebis mdgradobis indeqsis mixedviT, qveyanaSi daregistrirebulia 16 000 arasamTavrobo organizacia, romelTa umravlesoba mxolod qaRaldze arsebobs. bolo ramdenime wlis ganmavlobaSi uTanasworobis
TvalsaCino zrdis tendencia SeiniSneba SedarebiT profesionalur organizaciebsa da patara, instituciurad
sust arasamTavrobo organizaciebs Soris, romlebic
umravlesobas warmoadgenen seqtorSi. es axladCamoya
libebuli, enTuziazmiT aRsavse, axalgazrdebisagan
dakompleqtebuli damoukidebeli samoqalaqo organizaciebi ganicdian codnis, dafinansebis, xelmZRvanelobisaTvis saWiro unarebis, eqspertizisa da kompetenciis
naklebobas, rac xels uSlis maT efeqturi iniciativebis SemuSavebaSi.
kidev erTi problema, ris gamoc samoqalaqo seqtori
ver axerxebs aqtiur advokatirebas, aris is, rom xelisufleba ar cdilobs arasamTavrobo organizaciebis im wris
gafarToebas, romelTanac konsultaciebs marTavs. kritikulad ganwyobil kompetentur sazogadoebriv organizaciebTan xelisufleba Segnebulad ar TanamSromlobs,
xolo axladSeqmnil organizaciebs ara aqvT xelisuflebis
mxridan yuradRebis mipyrobis SesaZlebloba SezRuduli resursebisa da dabali cnobadobis gamo. samwuxarod,
arasamTavrobo organizaciebis mxolod mcire nawils SeuZlia profesionaluri eqspertuli analizis warmoeba da am
analizis safuZvelze gakeTebuli daskvnebis mimarT saerTaSoriso yuradRebis mipyroba.
USAID-is mier gamoqveynebuli centraluri, axlo aRmosavleTisa da centraluri evraziis qveynebis arasamTavrobo organizaciebis mdgradobis indeqsi aRniSnavs imasac,
rom saqarTveloSi arasamTavrobo organizaciebis efeqturobas amcirebs dafinansebis mopovebis sirTule, sagadasaxado sistemasTan arsebuli problemebi da kvalificiuri kadrebis simcire.
19
pirovnuli resursebis kvalifikaciisa da profesionaliz

mis deficiti ganpirobebulia imiT, rom maRali c
odnisa
da kompetenciis mqone adamianebi ufro metad motivirebuli garemosaken _ kerZo seqtorisken iswrafvian. Sesabamisad, resursebisa da SesaZleblobebis SezRudvis gamo, bevri
sazogadoebrivi organizacia ver axerxebs rogorc xarisxiani
treningebis, kvlevisa da analizis Catarebas, ise advokatirebasa da sajaro politikis ganxorcielebaSi monawileobis
miRebas.
1.5 warmatebis~ gazomvis kriteriumebi
im gamowvevebis fonze, romelsac saqarTvelo demokratizaciis procesSi awydeba, aucilebelia mmarTvelobis
ara
efeqturobis wyaros dadgena da imis gansazRvra, Tu
romeli problemebis mogvareba aris SesaZlebeli samoqalaqo procesebSi axalgazrdebis CarTulobis gziT.
demokratiuli mmarTvelobis sistemis `warmatebis~ gazomva ramodenime indikatoris meSveobiT aris SesaZlebeli. demokratiuli mmarTvelobis `warmatebis~ saidumlo
mxolod mis demokratiulobaSi ar mdgomareobs (Tumca es
aucilebelia). umniSvnelovanes komponents warmoadgens
politikis keTebis procesis efeqturoba. demokratiuli
principebis miRebasa da mis praqtikul ganxorcielebas Soris gansxvaveba, martivad SeiZleba daxasiaTdes, rogorc
ganxorcielebuli politikiT miRweul Sedegebsa da politikis ganxorcielebaSi monawile subieqtebis mier Setanil
wvlils Soris sxvaoba.
demokratiul mmarTvelobaSi monawile subieqtebis
mier Setanili wvlilis xarisxi damokidebulia demokratiuli principebisadmi erTgulebaze, liderobisa da marTvis
unarebze, agreTve profesionalizmze, codnasa da kompetenciaze, ramac legitimuri samTavrobo struqturebis Seqmna unda uzrunvelyos. Setanili wvlili maSin CaiTvleba
warmatebulad, Tu daculi iqneba Semdegi pirobebi:
20
1. mosaxleobis Tanxmoba da ndoba;

2. Tavisufali monawileoba arCevnebSi;
3. politikuri subieqtebis codna da kompetenturoba;
4. politikuri struqturebis gamWvirvaloba;
5. samTavrobo struqturebis angariSvaldebuleba xalxis
winaSe;
6. xalxis koleqtiuri interesebis warmomadgeneli subieqtebis komptenturoba, CarTulobis maRali xarisxi da
warmomadgelnobiTi mravalferovneba.
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II. sajaro politika da politikis analizi

2.1 sajaro politikis ZiriTadi sakiTxebi
sajaro politika aris yvelaferi is, rasac mTavroba
akeTebs da rac yvela Cvenganze axdens gavlenas politikuri
mizezebidan gamomdinare (mag., politikuri aqtivistoba an
advokatirebis procesebSi monawileobis survili; specifiuri politikuri sakiTxebis Sesaxeb codnis gaRrmaveba;
karieruli winsvla da a.S). sajaro politikis SemuSaveba
moiTxovs imis safuZvlian gaazrebas, rom Tanamedrove realobaSi gadawyvetilebis miRebis procesi moiTxovs ufro
meti dainteresebuli mxaris CarTvas da saWiroebs ufro
met inteleqtualur resurss.
sajaro politikis ganxorcieleba warmoadgens politikur process, romelic xorcieldeba politikuri Zalauflebisa da samarTlebrivi meTodebis meSveobiT. es aris
kompleqsuri, interaqciuli da winaaRmdegobebiT aRsavse
procesi, romelic moicavs sxvadasxva rolebis, interesebisa da resursebis mqone jgufebs. sajaro politika gan-
22
sazRvravs mTavrobis urTierTobas mis garemosTan da igi

warmoadgens mizanmimarTul qmedebaTa erTobliobas, romelTa mizansac problemebis gadaWra warmoadgens.
politikis ganxorcieleba moiTxovs problemaTa prioritetizacias da politikis analizs, raTa moxdes swori
fokusireba strategiuli mniSvnelobis sakiTxebze. politika xSirad fiaskos ganicdis ara imdenad problemebis
gadaWris mcdari meTodebis SerCevis, aramed ararelevantur problemaTa struqturirebis gamo.
sajaro politikis formulirebisa da implementaciis
procesSi monawile subieqtebis bunebis gansazRvris sxvadasxva midgoma arsebobs. pirveli mniSvnelovani gansxvaveba mdgomareobs imaSi, rom es subieqtebi dayofilia
institucionalur da arainstitucionalur aqtorebad
da moicavs sakanonmdeblo, aRmasrulebel da sasamarTlo
xelisuflebas, arasamTavrobo organizaciebs, universitetebs, samecniero da sakonsultacio analitikur centrebs, araformalur sainiciativo jgufebs da a.S. iqidan
gamomdinare, rom sajaro politika sazogadoebrivi interesebis dakmayofilebazea koncentrirebuli, xelisuflebis
mier miRebuli gadawyvetilebebi unda iyos racionaluri,
gamWvirvale da mdgrad Sedegebze orientirebuli.
23
politikis formulirebis procesSi, problemebisa da

SesaZlebobebis identificirebasa da sxvadasxva jgufebTan
dialogis warmarTvas gadamwyveti mniSvneloba eniWeba. interaqciis dinamikas xSirad mivyavarT iseT viTarebamde,
sadac sajaro interesi gansazRvrulia politikis ganxorcielebis procesis Sesabamisad. swored amitom aris, rom
sajaro politika strategiul dagegmvasa da riskebis Sefasebas saWiroebs, rasac Sedegad yvela doneze aqtiuri
sajaro komunikacia da prioritetebis sworad SerCeva unda
mohyves. sajaro politikis formireba moiTxovs politikur analizs, marTvis Tanamedrove meTodologiebs, benCmarkingul3 strategias, agreTve meritokratiuli principebiT SerCeul pirovnul resurss, romelsac eqneba maRali
donis codna da kompetencia Sesabamis sferoSi.
sajaro politika xorcieldeba saxelmwifo struqturebisa da am struqturebSi dasaqmebuli sajaro moxeleebis mier. es aris mizanze orientirebuli da ara
SemTxveviTi procesi. politika warmoadgens ara cakleul
gadawyvetilebebs, aramed im qmedebaTa jaWvs, romelsac
saxelmwifo struqturebi drois ganmavlobaSi axorcieleben. garkveuli politikis ganxorcielebis sakiTxi dgeba
sxva subieqtebis mier mTavrobisTvis moTxovnebis wayenebis
sapasuxod. im SemTxvevaSi, Tu saxelisuflebo struqturebi ar gaiTvaliswineben maT moTxovnebs, warmoiSveba konfliqti.
sajaro politika gulisxmobs mTavrobis mier ganxorcielebul qmedebebs, romlebic moqalaqeebis problemebis mogvarebasa da maTi cxovrebis xarisxis gaumjobesebas
isaxavs miznad. igi moicavs Semdeg mniSvnelovan safexurebs:
problemis identificireba _ ra aris problema?
dRis wesrigis gansazRvra _ sad dgas es problema?
politikis formulireba _ problemebis gadawyvetis ra
RonisZiebebia SemuSavebuli?
3 Seswavlisa da Sefasebis etalonuri sistema, romelic gulisxmobs
saukeTeso codnisa da praqtikuli gamocdilebis moZiebas, Seswavlasa
da organizaciul sistemaSi danergvas.
24
politikis miReba _ ra ganxorcielda problemasTan

mimarTebaSi?
sajaro politikis implementacia _ rogor apirebs mTavroba miRebuli gadawyvetilebebis gamxorcielebas?
politikis Sefaseba _ hqonda Tu ara Sedegi politikis
gatarebas?
problemis identificireba
problema aris iseTi viTareba, romelic pirovnuli
resursis mier mogvarebas moiTxovs. magaliTad garemos
dabinZureba, inflacia, kriminali, siRatake da a.S. problema mravalgvaria, magram mxolod is sakiTxebi eqceva
politikis dRis wesrigSi, romlebic yvelaze meti aqtualurobiT gamoirCevian.
dRis wesrigis gansazRvra
politikis SemuSavebamde unda arsebobdes problema,
romelic mTavrobis yuradRebas miipyrobs. praqtika aCvenebs, rom sxvadasxva dros sxvadasxva problemebi xSirad
mTavrobis yuradRebis miRma rCeba. imisaTvis, rom problema moxvdes dRis wesrigSi, misi riskebi da zemoqmedebis
xarisxi garkveuli mniSvnelobis da simwvavis matarebeli
unda iyos. rodesac problemis aqtualurobis xarisxi izrdeba, igi politikosebis yuradRebis centrSi xvdeba. problemis dRis wesrigSi dadgoma SeiZleba ganpirobebuli iyos
sxvadasxva faqtorebis Sedegad.
politikis dRis wesrigi Sedgeba iseTi sakiTxebisagan,
romlebic politikosebis dainteresebis sagans warmoadgens. problemuri sakiTxebis mxolod mcire nawili aRwevs sasamarTlo, aRmasrulebel Tu sakanonmdeblo xelisuflebamde. zogadad, sakiTxis dRis wesrigSi dayeneba
damokidebulia adamianTa im jgufis Zalauflebaze, statussa da SesaZleblobebze, romelzec es problema pirdapir zemoqmedebas axdens. krizisulma movlenam, masobrivma
moZraobam an gavlenianma liderma SesaZloa zemoqmedeba
moaxdinos politikis dRis wesrigis gansazRvraze.
25
formulireba da miReba
politikis formulireba niSnavs problemis mogvarebis
meTodebis gansazRvras. samTavrobo struqturebTan erTad, am procesSi monawileobas unda Rebulobdnen sxvadasxva interesTa jgufebi, raTa politika Seesabamebodes
kargi mmarTvelobis principebs, iyos gamWvirvale, Sedegiani da konsensusze orientirebuli.
politikis implementacia
im kanonebs, regulaciebs Tu brZanebulebebs, romlebic ZalaSi Sedian politikis miRebis Semdeg, SeiZleba
vuwodoT sajaro politikis instrumentebi. implementaciis gareSe politikas aranairi Sedegi ar moaqvs, magram Tavad implementaciis procesma SesaZloa Secvalos politikis
buneba. sajaro moxeleebi sajaro politikis mTavari ganmxorcieblebi arian, romelTa codna da kompetencia asaxvas
poulobs ganxorcielebuli politikis xarisxze.
politikis Sefaseba
Sefasebis procesSi yvelaze mTavari kiTxva mdgomareobs SemdegSi: ras exeboda politika, ra realuri Sedegebi
dadga da ra gavlena moaxdina politikis SemuSavebam? iyo
Tu ara igi qmediTi da miznebTan TanxvedraSi? ramdenad
mogvarda problema realurad?
formulirebisa da implementaciis procesis mTavari
maxasiaTebeli mis ciklur bunebaSi mdgomareobs. sajaro politikis mniSvneloba gamoixateba imaSi, rom yoveli
safexuris implementacia gvexmareba axali problemebis
gamovlenaSi, romlebic politikis formulirebis axali
procesis dawyebis saWiroebaze metyvelebs. ufro metic,
is exeba sajaro politikis Sefasebasac axali riskebis
identificirebisa da maTi gadaWris axali SesaZleblobebis
Ziebis gziT. politikis Sefasebis kriteriumebia: racionaluroba, efeqturoba, adeqvaturoba, samarTlianoba, reagireba da Sesabamisoba.
26
2.2 politikis analizis mTavari aspeqtebi

sajaro politikis Seswavla da analizi warmoadgens umniSvnelovanes instruments politikis miRebis, formulirebisa da Sefasebis yvela safexurze. problemis identificirebidan politikis ganxorcielebis saboloo Sefasebamde
saWiro gzebis SeswavlisaTvis, politikis analizSi CarTva
moqalaqeebs procesis marTvis sakuTari gagebis Camoyalibebis SesaZleblobas aZlevs, romelic aqtiuri moqalaqeobis erT-erTi aucilebeli komponentia. Tavisi arsiT,
politikis Sedegebis efeqturi analizi mxolod demokratiul garemoSia SesaZlebeli, sadac mniSvnelovan rols
TamaSobs sajaro interesi, romelic sxvadasxva jgufebisa
da dainteresebuli mxareebis mier aris daculi.
politikis analizis struqtura
27
praqtikaSi uamrav models vxvdebiT, romlebic pirdapir uwyoben xels moqalaqeebis CarTulobas sajaro politikis procesSi. gadawyvetilebis miRebis procesSi swored
moqalaqeebis CarTulobis gazrdis gziT xdeba demokratiis yvelaze mTavari mniSvnelobis gaTaviseba, rac Tavis mxriv samoqalaqo kulturisa da TviTSegnebis donezec aris
damokidebuli.
sajaro politikis Seswavla moicavs rogorc mTavrobis
qmedebebis Sinaarsis, mizezebisa da Sedegebis, ise politikur, ekonomikur, socialur da institucionalur Zalebsa
da procesebze gavlenis Seswavlas. am konteqstSi, politikis analizis mTavari mizania, gansazRvros, Tu romeli
politikis implementacia xdeba da ra aris misi miznebi. am
TvalsazrisiT politikis analizi SeiZleba davyoT or ZiriTad jgufad. pirveli jgufi moicavs politikis analizs
problemis identificirebidan dawyebuli Sefasebis safexuris CaTvliT yvela etapze miRebuli Sedegebis mixedviT.
am tipis analizs ewodeba deskrifciuli, igive aRwerilobiTi analizi.
sajaro politikis analizis meore tipi, romelsac preskrifciuli, igive normatiuli analizi ewodeba, moicavs
iseTi meTodebis SeTavazebas, romelic ufro efeqturs
gaxdis politikis SemuSavebis process da ufro metad Seuwyobs xels dasaxuli miznebis miRwevas.
arsebobs politikis analizis sxvadasxva modelebi,
romlebic gamoiyeneba Sesabamisi midgomebis gamovlenisa
da miznebis ukeT formulirebisaTvis. maT Soris yvelaze
ufro warmatebulad iTvleba racionaluri modeli, romelsac iyeneben politikis mniSvnelovani aspeqtebis identificirebis, politikis prognozirebisa da misi Sedegebis gansazRvrisaTvis. misi upiratesoba mdgomareobs imaSi,
rom politikis SemuSavebisas gadawyvetilebis miReba xdeba
saukeTeso alternativebis moZiebisa da ganxilvis Sedegad.
gadawyvetilebis miRebis racionaluri modeli aris iseTi modeli, romlis mizansac sajaro seqtoris gamoxmaurebis mqone gadawyvetilebebis miReba warmoadgens, Tumca am
models farTod iyeneben kerZo korporaciebSic. raciona28
luri arCevanis Teoriaze damyarebuli es modeli ramodenime urTierTdakavSirebuli varaudisgan Sedgeba. pirveli
aseTi daSveba mdgomareobs saxelisuflebo modelebisa
da institutebis stabilurobaSi. meorec, saxelmwifo saagentoebi racionalurad arian struqturirebulni, rac
gulisxmobs imas, rom maTi qmedebebi emyareba konkretul
wesebs da miyveba konkretul procedurebs. Semdegi daSveba
mdgomareobs imaSi, rom problemis mosagvareblad arCeuli
politika unda iyos SedarebiT erTgvarovani da Tanmimdevruli.
da bolos, racionaluri modeli ar gulisxmobs im
droisa da saWiro sajaro fondebis resursebis SezRudvas, romlebic sajaro politikis dasaxuli miznebis miRwevas emsaxureba. am pirobebidan gamomdinare, racionaluri
modeli Sedegebis zusti gansazRvrisa da am Sedegebis Sedegad gamowveuli SesaZlo problemebis identificirebis
saSualebas iZleva.
2.3 ganviTarebuli qveynebis gamocdileba

2.3.1 zogadi mimoxilva
sazogadoebis CarTuloba gadawyvetilebis miRebis
procesebSi mniSvnelovnad uwyobs xels institutebis
efeqturad funqcionirebas. evrokavSirTan integraciis procesis gaRrmaveba kidev ufro zrdis kargi mmarTvelobis principebisa da politikuri regulaciebis SemoRebis aucileblobas, rac Tavis mxriv gulisxmobs
gadawyvetilebis miRebis, implementaciisa da Sefasebis
procesSi moqalaqeTa CarTulobis gazrdis saWiroebas.
ganviTarebuli qveynebis praqtika gviCvenebs, rom gadawyvetilebis miRebis procesebSi moqalaqeebis efeqturi
CarTvisaTvis garkveuli mosamzadebeli periodi aris saWiro. is moicavs samoqalaqo sazogadoebis konsolidacias
gansazRvrul interesTa jgufebad. es samoqalaqo TviTSegnebisa da kompetenciis aucilebel nawils warmoadgens
problemebis mogvarebis saqmeSi. sakiTxi exeba avTenturi
29
samoqalaqo warmomadgenlobis Camoyalibebas, romelsac

Seswevs moqalaqeebsa da institutebs Soris srulyofili
da efeqturi dialogis warmoebis unari problematuri
sakiTxebis garSemo.
samoqalaqo CarTulobis saerTaSoriso asociaciam Camo
ayaliba sajaro CarTulobis Semdegi ZiriTadi principebi:
1. samoqalaqo CarTuloba emyareba rwmenas, rom maT,
viszec gavlenas axdens miRebuli gadawyvetile
bebi, ufleba aqvT, CaerTon gadawyvetilebis miRebis
procesSi;
2. samoqalaqo CarTuloba iZleva imis garantias,
rom moqalaqeebis wvlili gavlenas iqoniebs miRebul
gadawyvetilebebze;
3. samoqalaqo CarTuloba uzrunvelyofs gadawyve
tilebebis miRebas yvela monawilis, maT Soris gadaw
yvetilebis mimRebi pirebis, saWiroebebisa da intere
sebis gaTvaliswinebiT;
4. samoqalaqo CarTuloba gulisxmobs im adamianTa
CarTvas gadawyvetilebis miRebis procesSi, romlebic warmo
adgenen dainteresebul mxares an romlebzec es gadaw
yvetilebebi pirdapir zemoqmedebas
axdens;
5. samoqalaqo CarTuloba cdilobs sakuTari wvlilis Setanas;
6. samoqalaqo CarTuloba uzrunvelyofs monawi
leebs im informaciiT, romelic maT sWirdebaT saTa
nado CarTulobisTvis;
7. samoqalaqo CarTuloba uzrunvelyofs monawi
leebs informaciiT imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogor axdens
maTi CarTuloba gavlenas miRebul gadawyvetilebaze.
moqalaqeebis aqtiuri CarTuloba politikis SemuSavebisa da implementaciis procesSi moiTxovs warmomadgenlobis
avTenturobis dacvis uzrunvelyofas, vinaidan samoqalaqo
CarTulobis garkveuli meqanizmebi SesaZloa borotad iyos
gamoyenebuli piradi interesebis gatarebisaTvis. cxadia
30
ver gaveqceviT korporatiul an partiul zegavlenas, rasac Sedegad demokratiuli mmarTvelobis Semaferxebeli
barierebis warmoSoba SeiZleba moyves. amitom erTaderTi
gza mdgradi samoqalaqo CarTulobis uzrunvelyofisaTvis,
aris am procesis mudmivi da swori monitoringi.
2.3.2 Teoriasa da praqtikas Soris arsebuli barierebi

Semdegi oTxi aspeqti _ ra, rogor, vin da ratom~ _
warmoadgens politikis procesis kompleqsur maxasiaTeb
lebs. politikis SemuSavebisa da ganxorcielebis procesis
gaumjobesebas mudam xels uSlida Teoriasa da praqtikas
Soris barierebis arseboba. isini an politikis keTebis ararealur modelebs warmoadgendnen, an ar gaaCndaT sakmarisi mxardaWera sasurveli Teoriebis praqtikuli ganxorcielebis saqmeSi.
sajaro moxeleebma administraciulad yovelTvis ician
ra Sedis maT movaleobaSi, magram funqciebis praqtikulad
ganxorcielebisas bevr siZneles awydebian, radgan ar yofniT Teoriuli codna, kompetencia da praqtikuli unarebi.
politikosebisa da sajaro moxeleebis umravlesoba
Tanxmdeba, rom Sefaseba mniSvnelovani komponents warmoadgens, magram maTi umravlesoba gansakuTrebuli skepticizmiT aris ganwyobili Sefasebis mimarT.
politikis procesis gaumjobeseba ori mniSvnelovani
mizezis gamoa saWiro. vinaidan politikis keTebis procesi
TavisTavad kompleqsuria, samTavrobo institutebs unda
ekisrebodeT pasuxismgebloba saWiro sferoebSi wesrigis damyarebisaTvis. meorec, demokratiuli mmarTvelobis procesi damokidebulia arCevnebSi xmis mimcemi eleqtoratis aqtiurobaze, romelic akontrolebs mTavrobis
mier politikis ganxorcielebis process. rac ufro nakleb gamWvirvalea es procesi, miT ufro meti safrTxis
qveS dgas demokratiuli mmarTveloba.
politikis gaumjobesebis mniSvnelovan aspeqts warmoadgens realisturi procesis konstruireba, romelic
31
stabilurobas SeunarCunebs xelisuflebas da romelic

politikis keTebis procesSi swori mimarTulebiT moqmedebis saSualebas miscems mas.
miuxedavad imisa, rom stabiluri institucionaluri
procesebi aucilebelia kargi politikis SemuSavebisaTvis,
isini TavisTavad sakmarisi ar aris. mizani aris, ara mxolod im procesebis analizi, romlebic kargi politikis
SemuSavebis procesis realobas asaxavs, aramed Tavad am realobis gaumjobeseba. sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, saWiroa
iseTi politikis SemuSaveba, romelic rogorc politikis
process daaaxloebs realobasTan, ise realobas daaaxlovebs politikis procesTan.
2.3.3 saukeTeso praqtikebi evrokavSiris qveynebidan

didi britaneTi erT-erTia im qveynebs Soris, sadac
moqalaqeebTan da samoqalaqo organizaciebTan konsultaciebis sistema stabiluri formiT aris Camoyalibebuli.
samTavrobo politika, gadawyvetilebis miRebis procesSi, moqalaqeebisa da samoqalaqo sazogadoebis CarTulobis waxalisebisaTvis, uzrunvelyofilia mTavrobis mier
SemuSavebuli konsultaciebis praqtikis kodeqsis mixedviT. misi principebi savaldebuloa yvela samTavrobo
organosaTvis. miuxedavad imisa, rom igi ar warmoadgens
normatiul instruments, mainc savaldebulo normad aris
miCneuli, garda iseTi sagangebo SemTxvevebisa, romlebSic
misi gamoyeneba ver moxdeba (magaliTad, Zalian specifiuri sakiTxebi, romelTa gadaWrac mxolod eqspertTa mcire
jgufis mier aris SesaZlebeli). nebismier SemTxvevaSi, kodeqsis wesebis ugunebelyofisas, safuZvlianad unda aixsnas Tu ram gamoiwvia maTgan gadaxveva da ra zomebi iqna
miRebuli saTanado konsultirebis procesis uzrunvel
yofisTvis.
germaniis federaciul respublikaSi amJamindeli xelisufleba ar warmoadgens samoqalaqo monawileobis strategiebisa da meTodebis aqtiur momxmarebels. amis upirvele32
si mizezi konstituciuri SezRudvebia. Tumca federaluri

mTavroba exmaureba am sakiTxTan dakavSirebul SekiTxvebs.
aseT SemTxvevebSi federaluri mTavroba aqcents akeTebs
ojaxur viTarebaze, xandazmul moqalaqeebze, qalebsa da
axalgazrdobaze.
amis sapirispirod, regionalur da adgilobriv doneze,
moqalaqeebi sakmaod aqtiurad arian CarTulni politikis
SemuSavebaSi. isini mWidrod TanamSromloben kerZo organizaciebTan samoqalaqo monawileobis procesis uzrunvelyofisaTvis. es procesebi fokusirebulia urbanul dagegmvaze, infrastruqturis ganviTarebasa da investiciebze.
germaniaSi Zalian bevri sazogadoebrivi organizacia
cdilobs CarTulobis xelSewyobis waxalisebas. isini upirvelesad aqcents akeTeben urbanul dagegmvasa da socialur
sakiTxebze samarTlebrivi SezRudvebis gaTvaliswinebiT.
garda amisa, arsebobs mTeli rigi iniciativebi, romlebic
xels uwyobs samoqalaqo sazogadoebis ganviTarebas da
politikur sistemebSi moqalaqeTa CarTulobis gaaqtiurebas. isini pirdapir ar uzrunvelyofen aseTi procesebis
organizebas, magram qmnian qsels, romliTac saukeTeso gamocdilebis gaziareba aris SesaZlebeli.
italiaSi samoqalaqo monawileoba ar warmoadgens
politikuri dRis wesrigis nawils. iseTi procesebi, romlebic ukavSirdeba samarTlianobas, arCevnebTan dakavSirebul kanonebs, da respublikis prezidentis, premier
ministrisa Tu senatis wevrebisTvis imunitetis miniWebas
gansazRvravs, ufro martivad mosagvarebelia moqalaqeebis monawileobis gareSe. miuxedavad amisa, bolo ori wlis
ganmavlobaSi parlamentma miiRo iseTi kanonebi, romlebic
SesaZlebels xdis moqalaqeTa monawileobas adgilobriv
da regionul doneze. imavdroulad, moqalaqeebi sakmaod
aqtiurad arian CarTulni qveyanaSi mimdinare procesebSi.
socialur da politikur asociaciebs italiaSi daaxloebiT 7 mln aqtiuri moxalise da 11 mln daregistrirebuli
wevri hyavs, partiebisa da savaWro gaerTianebebis gamoklebiT, romlebic did potencials floben samoqalaqo
monawileobis organizebis saqmeSi.
33
100000-ze meti samoqalaqo organizacia funqcionirebs

subsidiebisa Tu pirovnuli Semowirulobebis xarjze. aseTi tipis samoqalaqo sazogadoeba socialuri kapitalis
akumulirebas axdens, rac demokratiis mSeneblobis qvakuTxeds warmoadgens. samoqalaqo monawileobis indeqsi
italiaSi erovnul samoqalaqo sazogadoebriv sistemebs
axasiaTebs 4 ganzomilebis mixedviT:
1. samoqalaqo sazogadoebis struqtura (mag., moxaliseebi, organizaciebi, finansuri resursebi);
2. samoqalaqo sazogadoebasTan interaqciis garemo (mag.,
kanonmdebloba, sajaro da kerZo dainteresebuli pirebi);
3.
samoqalaqo sazogadoebaSi damkvidrebuli Rirebulebebi (mag., demokratia, tolerantoba, ekologiuri
mdgradoba);
4. samoqalaqo sazogadoebis aqtorebis mier ganxorcielebuli aqtivobebis Sedegebi (mag., sajaro politikaze, monawileobis gaZlierebaze da a.S).
safrangeTs hqonda politikis SemuSavebis
procesSi
adgilobriv doneze moqalaqeebis CarTvis tradicia, romlis struqturireba xdeboda strategiuli dagegmvis
interkomunaluri instrumentis mixedviT.
avstriaSi, 2008 wlis ivlisSi, mTavrobam SeimuSava
saxelmZRvanelo wesebi samoqalaqo CarTulobasTan dakavSirebiT. aqac didi britneTis msgavs sistemasTan gvaqvs
saqme. saxelmZRvanelo wesebi fokusirebulia mravalricxovan sakiTxebze, razec CarTulobis gazrda aris damokidebuli. mag.: windaxedulebis xarisxi, moqalaqeebis daxmareba gansxvavebuli mosazrebebisadmi tolerantulobis
gasazrdelad, moqalaqeebis daaxloeba gadawyvetilebis
mimReb struqturebTan, regulaciebis xarisxis gazrda,
moqalaqeebis ndobis amaRleba politikuri struqturebis
mimarT, inkluziurobis gazrda, politikis implementaciisaTvis saWiro droisa da xarjebis Semcireba.
estoneTSi samTavrobo struqturebi xels uwyoben gadawyvetilebis miRebis procesSi moqalaqeebis CarTulobis
34
gazrdas, raTa kanonmdeblobaze dafuZnebuli saukeTeso

gadawyvetilebebi iqnas miRebuli.
niderlandebis gamocdileba metyvelebs adgilobriv
da regionalur doneze samoqalaqo monawileobis ganxorcielebisaTvis ganviTarebuli meqanizmebis arsebobaze.
bulgareTis gamocdileba aCvenebs, rom am moTxovnebis
dakmayofileba moxerxda evrokavSirTan integraciis procesSi, sadac gadamwyveti roli evrokavSiris institutebma
iTamaSes. miuxedavad amisa, CarTulobisaTvis, gamWvirvalobisa da angariSvaldebulebisaTvis saWiro meqanizmebis
SemuSavebisaTvis sajaro mxardaWeris principebis SemuSaveba mxolod evrokavSirTan SeerTebis procesSi daiwyo da
maTi dasruleba jer isev kiTxvis niSnis qveS dgas.
ganviTarebuli demokratiuli qveynebis gamocdilebis
Seswavla Zalian mniSvnelovan rols TamaSobs codnisa da
saukeTeso praqtikebis gaziarebis TvalsazrisiT demokratiuli mmarTvelobisa da sajaro politikis ganxorcielebis procesSi.
35
III. politikuri lideroba da elita

`lideroba ar niSnavs lamazi sityvis warmoTqmas an sxvebisTvis Tavis
mowonebas. igi SedegebiT ganisazRvreba~.
piter draqeri
3.1 ra aris politikuri lideroba?

lideroba aris pirovnebis unari da SesaZlebloba,
STagonebis, zegavlenisa da motivirebis meSveobiT gana
xorcielos proaqtiuri cvlilebebi da uzrunvelyos
sistemis warmateba. politikuri lideroba yvelaze kargad vlindeba efeqturi mmarTvelobisa da politikuri
gadawyvetilebebis miRebis procesSi, da cvalebad garemoSi SemuSavebuli strategiiT. vinaidan lideroba gadamwyvet rols asrulebs tranziciis procesSi, aucilebelia axalgazrda politikurma liderebma, politikur
partiebsa da samoqalaqo sazogadoebriv organizaciebSi,
proaqtiuli qcevisa da inovaciuri strategiebis demonstrireba moaxdinon.
politikuri liderobis koncefcia politikuri Sedegebis misaRwevad Sesabamisi gadawyvetilebebis miRebaSi mdgomareobs. gardamaval demokratiebSi proaqtiuli lideroba unda gaxdes politikuri partiebisa da arasamTavrobo
organizaciebis ZiriTadi mizani, vinaidan maT interesebSi
Sedis arajansaRi politikuri garemos Secvla.
politikuri lideroba gacilebiT ufro mets niSnavs, vidre politikuri menejmenti. igi moiTxovs ierarqiuli kontrolisagan gamijvnas, rogorc es miRebulia
post-sabWouri biurokratiuli sistemebis did umravlesobaSi, da moicavs garemos momzadebas politikuri cvlilebis ganxorcielebisaTvis.
rogorc liderobis mkvlevari jeims makgregor bernsi aRniSnavs, politikuri lideri ara mxolod misi mim36
devrebis molodinebs akmayofilebs, aramed igi socialuri transformirebis saWiro procesis gaaqtiurebasac
uwyobs xels. amerikeli fsiqologis, ronald heificis
mixedviT, es ar aris ubralod konkretuli xedvis mixedviT xalxis darwmunebis sakiTxi. politikuri lideroba
niSnavs sazogadoebis motivirebas mis winaSe mdgari problemebis gacnobierebis mizniT~.
aseTi procesi moiTxovs xalxis adaptirebas RirebulebebTan, SexedulebebTan da qcevasTan. am dros aucilebelia
politikurma liderebma aCvenon, rom SeswevT unari TavianTi xedvebis efeqturad ganxorcielebisaTvis. bevri moqalaqe xelmZRvanelobs im gadawyvetilebebiT, romlebsac
maTi liderebi iReben. amisaTvis saWiroa rom politikuri
liderebi imsaxurebdnen maT ndobasa da pativiscemas. ZiriTadi instrumentebi, romlebic yvelaze aqtiurad gamoiyeneba, aris politikuri komunikaciis meTodebi. proaqtiuli politikuri lideroba miiswrafvis iseTi axali dRis
wesrigis gansazRvrisaken, romelic politikuri cvlile
bis ganxorcielebis SesaZleblobas Seqmnis.
lideroba gulisxmobs TanamoazreTa waxalisebas TavianTi SesaZleblobebis ukeT gamovlenis mizniT. transformaciuli liderebis qceva misabaZi xdeba maTi mimdevrebisaTvis maRali codnis, kompetenciis, zneobriv-eTikuri
standartebis gamo. liderebs afaseben, endobian da pativs
scemen. transformaciuli liderobis qarizmatuli komponenti mravalferovan dinamikas moicavs. erT-erTi mizezi,
ris gamoc mimdevrebi mihyvebian TavianT qarizmatul liders, aris misi kompetenciis aRqma.
lideris saqmianobis Sefasebis kidev erTi gza misi
mimdevrebis, jgufis, gundis an organizaciis saqmianobis Sefasebaa. liderobis gansakuTrebuli unar-Cvevebi krizisebis dros vlindeba. araformaluri liderobis
gamovlenac xSirad xdeba, Tuki xelisufleba da
saxelmwifo samsaxurebi ver uzrunvelyofen problemis
mogvarebas.
WeSmariti lideroba moicavs xedvas, niWs, SesaZleb
lobebs, kompetencias, eTikas, pirovnuli kompromisis sur37
vils da qarizmas. ar SeiZleba bunebrivi liderebis areva

im liderebSi, romlebic TavianT kandidaturas mxolod
prestiJisa da privilegirebuli mdgomareobis mopovebis
mizniT gvTavazoben.
3.2 axalgazrdoba da politikuri lideroba
gaerom axalgazrdebis ganviTarebis 2011 wlis programaSi moaxdina imis mkafio deklarireba, rom socialuri cvlilebis, ekonomikuri zrdisa da teqnologiuri
inovaciebis gamxorcielebis ZiriTadi wyaro a xalgazrdebi
arian~.
post-sabWoTa sazogadoebebi dganan mankieri warsulis memkvidreobis gavlenis aRmofxvrisa da Tanamedrove
demokratiuli sistemis mSeneblobis aucileblobis winaSe.
sabWouri sistemis ngreva warmoadgenda aucilebel pirobas politikuri da ekonomikuri ganviTarebis progresul
etapze gadasvlis TvalsazrisiT. magram sabWoTa sistemis
rRvevidan ori aTwleulis gasvlis Semdeg naTeli gaxda,
rom misma memkvidre saxelmwifoTa umravlesobam marcxi
ganicada warmatebuli struqturuli da institucionaluri reformebis ganxorcielebis sakiTxSi.
politikuri sistemebis transformaciis, warmatebuli reformebis ganxorcielebisa da ekonomikuri SesaZleblobebis gamoyenebis saqmeSi, konkurentunariani
codniTa da unarebiT aRWurvili axalgazrdoba moiazreba ZiriTad mamoZravebeli Zalad. qarTveli axalgazrdebi tradiciulad aqtiurebi arian politikur moZraobebSi,
magram maTi didi nawili xSirad imedgacruebas ganicdis
qveyanaSi arsebuli korufciis, favoritizmis, qronizmis,
nepotizmis, klientelizmisa da sxva mavne praqtikebis gamo,
ris gamoc eTiSeba politikur procesebs.
maSin, rodesac xelisuflebis cvlilebisaTvis mowyobili saprotesto gamosvlebis organizebaSi axalgazrdebi yovelTvis mniSvnelovan rols TamaSoben, bevr maTgans SemdgomSi
ar eZleva gadawyvetilebis miRebis procesebSi monawileobis
38
SesaZlebloba. xolo isini, vinc xelisuflebaSi xelmZRvanel

Tanamdebobebze iniSnebian, akliaT codna, kompetencia da
lideruli SesaZleblobebi, rac mtkivneulad aisaxeba mmarTvelobis xarisxze da zogadad qveynis ganviTarebaze.
bevri niWieri axalgazrda, miuxedavad samoqalaqo aqti
urobisa, ar aris formalurad warmodgenili politikur
institutebSi da bevri maTgani arCevnebSic ar iRebs monawileobas, rac ganpirobebulia sayovelTao apaTiiTa da
nihilizmiT.
politikur processa da demokratiul mmarTvelobaSi
axalgazrdebis efeqturi monawileoba da lideroba moiTxovs axalgazrdebisa da maT mier Camoyalibebuli organizaciebisaTvis meti SesaZleblobebis micemas. yuradReba
unda mieqces axalgazrdebis efeqtiani monawileobisa da
fsevdo-monawileobiTi aqtivobebis erTmaneTisagan gamijvnas. bevri RonisZieba, romelic axalgazrdebis aqtivobis
waxalisebis iniciativiT gamodis, sinamdvileSi aranairad
ar uwyobs xels axalgazrdebis gadawyvetilebis miRebis
procesSi CarTvis gaaqtiurebas.
ZiriTadi principebi, romlebic xels Seuwyobs axalgazrdebis politikur procesebSi CarTulobis gazrdas
mdgomareobs SemdegSi:
politikur procesebSi monawile axalgazrdebis
prioritetebis amsaxveli programis SemuSaveba;
treningebis uzrunvelyofa. axalgazrdebs ara aqvT
sakmarisi codna politikuri sakiTxebis mimarT. mniSvnelovania, rom maT ara mxolod TavianTi problemebis
Camoyalibeba, aramed maTi gadaWris gzebis monaxvaze
muSaobac SeZlon;
qmedebaze orientirebuli aqtivobebis waxaliseba.
axalgazrdebs praqtikuli samuSaoebis ganxorcieleba
ufro surT, vidre mxolod Teoriuli codnis miReba.
saWiroa, iseTi proeqtebisa Tu samoqalaqo aqtivobebis
organizeba, romlebic swavlisa da gadawyvetilebebis
miRebis saSualebas miscems maT da Tan pasuxismgeblobasac daakisrebs;
39
politikur liderebsa da axalgazrdobas Soris

kavSirebis waxaliseba. bevri axalgazrda adamianisTvis
es SeiZleba iyos pirveli SemTxveva, rodesac is sajaro moxeleebTan Tu sazogadoebriv liderebTan daamyarebs kontaqts;
uzrunvelyofa imisa, rom monawileTa minimum 50%
iyos qali. qalebi uflebaSezRudulni arian TiTqmis
yvela qveyanaSi da politikur asparezSi monawileobis
gzaze seriozul gamowvevebs awydebian. vinaidan qalebi
aqtiuri axalgazrdobis naxevarze mets warmoadgenen,
maT unda hqondeT adgili magidasTan;
politikur da sazogadoebriv liderebs Soris konsensusis Camoyalibeba. politikur procesebSi axalgazrdebis konstruqciuli CarTuloba warmoudgenelia
samoqalaqo da politikuri elitis mxardaWeris gareSe.
axalgazrduli frTebis arseboba oTxi ZiriTadi funqciis ganxorcielebas emsaxureba, romlebsac imavdroulad
maTi monawileobis gaaqtiureba SeuZlia. pirveli da yvelaze
mniSvnelovani aris is, rom axalgazrduli frTa warmoadgens
misi wevrebis Zalauflebis wyaros da xels uwyobs axalgazrdul struqturebSi aliansebis Seqmnas. axalgazrdebs unda
hqondeT gadawyvetilebis miRebis procesebSi monawileobis
gamocdileba da sakuTari politikuri Sexedulebebis Camoyalibebis SesaZlebloba. axalgazrduli frTa SesaZloa
gadamwyveti mniSvnelobis mqone iyos axalgazrdebis politikur procesebSi CarTvis TvalsazrisiT.
meore mniSvnelovani funqcia unarebis gasaumjobesebeli samuSao Sexvedrebisa da politikuri aqtivobebis
ganviTarebisaTvis saWiro sxvadasxva saswavlo programebis uzrunvelyofaSi mdgomareobs. amisaTvis axalgazrdul
frTas sakuTari finansuri resursi esaWiroeba.
mesame funqcia partiuli politikis ganviTarebis procesebsa da xelmZRvanelobis SerCevaSi monawileoba warmoadgens. axalgazrdul frTas Seswevs inovaciuri ideebis
generirebisa da SemoTavazebis unari, riTac mniSvnelovan
konkurencias Seuqmnis moZvelebul politikur xedvebs.
40
da bolos, axalgazrdobas Seswevs axalgazrda amomrCevlebSi partiebisadmi ndobis gazrdis unari. axalgazrdulma frTebma ician, Tu ra enaze unda esaubron maT
Tanatol moqalaqeebs da ra saxis aqtivobebi iqneba misaRebi da mimzidveli mosaxleobis am segmentisaTvis. partiebis liderebis Zalisxmeva axalgazrdebisadmi mimarTvisas xSirad fuWi aRmoC
ndeba xolme. nacvlad amisa,
SesaZloa moxdes biujetidan garkveuli Tanxebis gamoyofa axalgazrda amomrCevlebisaTvis axalgazrduli frTis
meSveobiT xmis misawvdenad.
3.3 politikuri liderobis Sefasebis kriteriumebi
liderobis klasificireba oTxi ZiriTadi gziT aris
SesaZlebeli: misia, procesebi, struqtura da kultura. es is
ZiriTadi komponentebia, romlebic aucilebelia warmatebuli politikis ganxorcielebisaTvis. imis gadawyveta, Tu
romel kandidats unda miscen xma arCevnebSi, amomrCevlis
didi nawilis azriT, es Cveulebrivi partiuli loialurobis sakiTxia. danarCenebi ki am gadawyvetilebas kandidatis
pirovnuli Tvisebebidan gamomdinare iReben. xSirad politikuri partiis reitings gansazRvravs misi liderTa imiji,
romelic mniSvnelovnad aris damokidebuli imaze, Tu rogor zegavlenas axdenen politikosebi sazogadoebrivi azris
formirebaze: moqmedeben darwmunebis jansaRi meTodebiT
Tu manipulaciebiT? postsabWoTa sivrcisagan gansxvavebiT,
industriul da codnis sazogadoebebSi, politikur liderTa mimarT wayenebuli moTxovnebi iseTi kriteriumebiT ganisazRvreba, rogoricaa codna, profesionalizmi, gaZRolisa
da marTvis unari, zneobriv _ eTikuri normebi, strategiuli xedva da azrovneba, ideologiuri msoflmxedveloba,
miRweuli warmatebebi, komunikabeluroba, realobis SegrZnebisa da cvlilebebis ganxorcielebis unari da a.S.
kidev ra Tvisebebis matarebelni unda iyvnen kargi politikuri liderebi? qvemoT moyvanilia xuTi maxasiaTebeli,
romelsac warmatebuli politikosebi unda flobdnen:
41
gulwrfeloba
gulwrfeloba SesaZloa rTuli iyos arakonkurentunariani adamianebisaTvis, vinaidan es Tviseba avlens maT
Secdomebsa da uaryofiT qcevebs, rac kritikis sagani xdeba. wesieri, mcodne da kompetenturi proaqtiuli liderebisaTvis ki piriqiT gulwrfeloba Zlier instruments warmoadgens dadebiTi Tvisebebis warmoCenisa da TanamoazreTa
mxridan ndobisa da pativiscemis mopovebis TvalsazrisiT.
gulwrfeloba aCvenebs, Tu ras warmovadgenT sinamdvileSi
da xels uwyobs mtkice xasiaTis Camoyalibebas, rac Zalian
mniSvnelovania politikuri liderebisaTvis.
TanagrZnoba
TanagrZnoba is adamianuri Tvisebaa, romelic gvibiZgebs gasaWirSi myofi sxva adamianebis dasaxmareblad
moqmedebisken. maSin, rodesac bevris azriT TanagrZnoba
sisustis gamoxatulebaa, WeSmariti TanagrZnoba is maxasiaTebelia, romelic codnas sibrZned aqcevs. kargi politikosebi TanagrZnobas iyeneben imisaTvis, rom dainaxon im
adamianTa problemebi, romlebsac saTaveSi udganan da ganaxorcielon iseTi qmedebebi, romlebic yvela monawile
mxarisaTvis mniSvnelovani sargeblis momtani iqneba.
wesiereba
wesiereba ganisazRvreba, rogorc moraluri da eTikuri principebisadmi erTguleba, romelic politikuri liderobis sasicocxlo maxasiaTebeli unda iyos. maRalia ndoba im politikuri liderebisadmi, romlebic am TvisebiT
arian dajildoebulni, vinaidan isini arasodes gadauxveven
arCeuli gzidan piradi merkantiluri interesebis gamo.
liders unda endobodnen mimdevrebi. amisaTvis ki wesierebis umaRlesi standartebia saWiro.
Tavdajerebuloba
Tavdajerebuloba niSnavs imas, rom politikoss SeuZlia
swori, Sesaferisi da efeqturi gadawyvetilebebis miReba.
karg liders marTvis unarTan erTad Tavdajerebulobac
42
unda gaaCndes. is liderebi, romlebic am Tvisebas floben,

sxvebis STagonebis wyaro xdebian, imsaxureben ndobas da
sxvebis mxardaWeras, CaerTon saqmis keTebis procesSi.
moqniloba
moqniloba politikuri liderebisaTvis aucilebeli Tvisebaa politikuri konsensusis miRwevisa da saerTo
sargeblis miRebaSi. kargi politikosebi yuradRebiT usmenen yvela mxares, da ara mxolod ecnobian maT argumentebs,
aramed aanalizeben, Tu ra zegavlenas moaxdens TiToeuli
maTgani SeTanxmebis procesSi monawile danarCen mxareebzec.
es maxasiaTebeli politikosebs saSualebas aZlevs, miiRon
kritika, iswavlon sakuTar Secdomebze da ganviTardnen.
garda am maxasiaTeblebisa, momaval politikur liders
unda gaaCndes swrafi azrovneba, mizandasaxuloba, pasuxismgeblobis grZnoba, principuloba, simamace da gabeduleba, riskze wasvlis unari, samarTliani Sefasebis unari, inovaciebis SeTavazebisa da SemoqmedebiTobis unari,
efeqturi komunikaciis warmarTvisa da gunduri muSaobis
unari, konfliqtebis marTvis unari, koncentrirebisa da
fsiqologiuri mdgradobis SenarCunebis unari, sakuTari
SesaZleblobebis Sefasebis unari, mosmenisa da metyvelebis
kultura, sakuTari Secdomebis aRiarebis unari.
43
3.4 lideroba, menejmenti da maTi krizisi saqarTveloSi

xSirad xdeba terminebis liderobisa da menejmentis
erTmaneTSi aRreva da araswori interpretireba. sinamdvileSi, menejmenti aris formaluri datvirTvis matarebeli, lideroba ki araformalur konteqsts gulisxmobs.
dRevandel konkurentul da swrafad cvalebad garemoSi,
orive maTgani mniSvnelovania warmatebis misaRwevad. menejmenti aris dagegmvis, organizebis, gaZRolisa da kontrolis meSveobiT organizaciuli miznebis ganxorcieleba,
lideroba ki organizaciuli misiis, miznebisa da konkurentuli strategiis SemuSavebazea orientirebuli. menejmenti
gulisxmobs mocemul sistemaSi funqcionirebas, lideroba
ki TviTon qmnis sistemas. menejers Zalauflebas aniWebs
Tanamdebobrivi mdgomareoba, lideris Zalauflebas ki
misi pirovnuli Tvisebebi warmoadgens. menejerebi axdenen
mocemuli misiisa da xedvis ganxorcielebas, liderebi ki
Tavad qmnian misiasa da xedvas. menejerebi axorcieleben
dasaxul miznebsa da SemuSavebul strategiebs mocemuli
SesaZleblobebis pirobebSi, liderebi ki saxaven miznebsa
da strategiebs da mudmivad axali SesaZleblobebis Ziebis
procesSi arian. menejmentis Seswavla SeiZleba, lideroba ki moiTxovs niWsa da unars. TanamSromlebs menejerTan
muSaoba uwevT, liderTan muSaoba ki undaT. menejmenti
svams kiTxvas _ rogor unda gakeTdes? liderobaSi ki mTavar sakiTxis warmoadgens is, Tu ra unda gakeTdes. menejerebi eTvisebian mocemul garemos, liderebi ki TviTon
qmnian garemos an cdiloben mis Secvlas. menejerebi miznebs
aRweven kontrolis meSveobiT, liderebi ki orientirebulni arian ndobis mopovebaze.
proaqtiuli liderobisa da kargi menejmentis sinTezi xels uwyobs produqtiulobisa da politikis ganxorcielebis maRal xarisxs, rac aisaxeba organizaciuli
sistemisa da zogadad qveynis konkurentunarianobaze.
postsabWoTa sivrceSi arsebuli krizisebi ganpirobebulia
liderobisa da marTvis deficitiT, vinaidan ignorirebulia meritokratiuli SerCevisa da Sefasebis principebi da
44
sapasuxismgeblo Tanamdebobebze iniSnebian liderobisa da

marTvis unars moklebuli arakompetenturi adamianebi.
qvemoT moyvanili pirovnuli resursis sarealizacio
potencialis ganmsazRvreli modeli gamosaxavs Sesrulebuli funqciebisa da lideruli potencialis urTierTdamokidebulebas, romelic personals yofs oTx kategoriad: `varskvlavebi~, `xerxemali~, problemuri bavSvebi~ da
àisbergebi~. `varskvlavebi~ gamoirCevian, rogorc produqtiulobisa da ganviTarebis potencialis maRali doniT,
ise liderobisa da marTvis unarebiT, xolo àisbergebi~
ki piriqiT, ver asruleben Tavis funqciebsa da pasuxismgeblobebs, da arc imis perpeqtiva aqvT, rom ganviTardebian. aseTi adamianebi zedmet tvirTad awvebian organizacias
da saWiroa maTi gacxrilva, magram korumpirebul qarTul
garemoSi, sadac fesvgadgmulia favoritizmi, qronizmi da
nepotizmi, xdeba piriqiT: praqtikulad yvela sferosa da
ierarqiaSi àisbergebi~ iniSnebian Tanamdebobebze, ikaveben
niWier da kompetentur `varskvlavTa~ adgils da uzRudaven sistemas progresisa da ganviTarebis SesaZleblobas.
45
3.5 politikuri elitis roli demokratiul mmarTvelobaSi

`ganaTlebam adamianTa masebs unda STaunergos moraluri respeqtabelurobis grZnoba, rac aucilebelia maTive usafrTxoebisa da mowesrigebuli mmarTvelobisaTvis, da unda aRWurvos isini Sesabamisi codniT,
raTa damkvidrdes namdvil aristokratTa SerCevis praqtika, amaRldes
xelisuflebis ndoba da gamoiricxos TviTmarqviebis aRzeveba~.
Tomas jefersoni
elita warmodgeba laTinuri sityvisagan èligere~,

romelmac SemdgomSi ganicada transformacia, da miiRo sabo
loo saxe èlite~, rac niSnavs rCeuls, saukeTesos. rogorc
termini, pirvelad es sityva gamoiyena XVII saukunis filosofosma da sociologma tom botomerma Tavis klasikur naSromSi èlitebi da sazogadoeba,~ maRali xarisxis produqtis
daxasiaTebis mizniT. xolo mogvianebiT, XIX saukuneSi, èlita~ ukve asocirdeboda im pirovnebebTan da jgufebTan, romlebic idgnen socialuri ierarqiis umaRles safexurebze.
sityvas èlita~, arc Tanamedrove etapze daukargavs
Tavisi mniSvneloba. misi etimologia, erTis mxriv, xazs
usvams gamorCeul pirovnebaTa Tu jgufTa adgils sazogadoebis stratifikaciis sistemaSi da qmnis socialur demarkacias, xolo, meore mxriv, igi gvaZlevs imis ontologiur dasabuTebas, rom sazogadoebaSi arsebobs rCeul
pirovnebaTa jgufi, romelic gamoirCeva maRali talantiTa da pirovnuli TvisebebiT.
klasikuri elitisturi Teoria, romelic warmoiSva XIX
saukunis miwuruls, da romlis fuZemdeblebic arian àxal
makiavelelebad~ wodebulni vilfredo pareto (1848-1923),
gaetano moska (1858-1941) da robert mixelsi (1876-1936),
Tavdapirvelad mowodebuli iyo marqsistuli Teoriis sapirispirod da mis gasabaTileblad. elitikosTa Sromebi miznad isaxavda sistemuri da abstraqtuli Teoriebis
meSveobiT aexsnaT evropaSi mimdinare didi istoriuli
Zvrebi, rac dakavSirebuli iyo Tanamedrove biurokratiuli saxelmwifos warmoSobasTan, sabazro ekonomikasTan
da industrializaciis procesTan. uklaso sazogadoebebSi arsebuli socialisturi ideebis sapirispirod, elit46
isti Teoretikosebi miuTiTebdnen mmarTveli da marTuli fenebis gamijvnaze da im mcirericxovan oligarqiul

fenaze, romelic qmnida elitas. maTi yuradRebis centrSi
moqceulni iyvnen mmarTvelobaSi myofi privilegirebuli
jgufebi, romlebic warmarTavdnen mTavrobis politikur
da ekonomikur kurss. elitizmis Teoretikosebs ainteresebdaT, Tu sxvadasxva elituri jgufebisamxedro, politikuri, religiuri da inteleqtualuri, ramdenad iyvnen
erTmaneTTan dakavSirebulni, rogor axerxebdnen mudmiv
privilegirebul mdgomareobaSi yofnas, rogor iyenebdnen
TavianT Zalauflebas, da rogor cvlidnen erTmaneTsanu
axerxebdnen cirkulirebas. swored es ukanaskneli aspeqti iqca paretos mier èlitebis cirkulaciis~ klasikuri
formulirebis safuZvlad, romelsac gansakuTrebul yuradRebas qvemoT davuTmobT.
Tanamedrove etapze, elitizmis problematikuri sakiTxebis kvleva da analizi miT ufro aqtualuria im gardamavali ekonomikis qveynebisaTvis, romlebic komunisturi imperiis daSlis Sedegad daadgnen demokratiuli aRmSeneblobis
rTul da winaaRmdegobebiT aRsavse gzas. ramdenad demokratiulni arian dRes axali demokratiebi? ratom iqca korufcia demokratiuli gardaqmnebis Tanmdev senad? ramdenad
pasuxobs demokratiis normebs mmarTvelTa da marTulTa urTierTobebi? ramdenad akmayofilebs xelisuflebaSi
myof CinovnikTa kompetencia da profesionalizmi saxelmwifoebriv moTxovnebs? ra bedi elis mcire ganviTarebad
qveynebs globalizaciis procesSi? es aris is kiTxvebi, romlebic moiTxoven adeqvaturi pasuxis gacemas. politikuri
situaciebis realuri mdgomareoba unda Sefasdes manam, sanam isini Seuqcevadad iqcevian, da gakeTdes swori analizi,
raTa politikuri elitebis mier gadadgmul mcdar nabijebs ar emsxverplos momavali Taobebis keTildReoba da
erovnul-saxelmwifoebrivi interesebi. istoria xom Tavad
aris Seuqcevadi, romelic axal Sefasebebs elodeba.
elitistur Teorias gaaCnia ori ZiriTadi principi: 1.
yoveli sazogadoeba iyofa elitebad da masebad; 2. politikur stabilurobas gansazRvravs elitebis cirkulacia,
47
romelic warmoadgens daRmasvlisa da aRmasvlis procesTa

erTobliobas. daRmasvliTi procesis dros elitaSi myof
pirovnebebs aRar SeswevT marTvis unari, da Tu sazogadoebasac ar gaaCnia saTanado resursebi maT Casanacvleblad,
maSin qveyanaSi dgeba politikuri krizisi. aRmasvliTi procesis dros, sazogadoebaSi Cndebian is adamianebi, romlebsac SeuZliaT marTva da mowodebulni arian elitaSi adgilis dasamkvidreblad, da Tu es procesi CixSi moeqca, maSin
mosalodnelia revolucia.
dasavleTis liberalur demokratiebSi, sadac sazogadoebis TviTSegnebis dones demokratiuli Rirebulebebi
gansazRvravs, xelisuflebis Zalaufleba decentralizebulia, misi saqmianoba gamWvirvalea da Sesabamisad xelisufalTa angariSvaldebulebac maRalia. am SemTxvevaSi saqme
gvaqvs civilizebul samoqalaqo sazogadoebasTan, romelic aqtiur monawileobas Rebulobs gadawyvetilebis miRebis procesSi, da ara am saSualebas moklebul inertul
masasTan. samoqalaqo sazogadoeba, romelic Sedgeba ganaTlebuli, maRal-kvalificiuri da pasuxismgeblobis mqone
pirovnebebisagan, mowodebulia ara marto akontrolos xelisufleba, aramed sakuTari inteleqtualuri resursebic
SesTavazos mas, ris Sedegadac myardeba cirkulaciuri balansi. am dros elita ara Tu ar kargavs Tavis funqciasa da
daniSnulebas, aramed misi ndobisa da reputaciis xarisxi
Tvisobrivad met progresulobas iZens, vinaidan permanentulad xdeba misi Sevseba sazogadoebis wiaRSi aRmocenebuli
maRali talantisa da pasuxismgeblobis mqone pirovnebebiT.
zemoT Cven Segnebulad vaxseneT ~dasavleTis liberaluri demokratiebi~, vinaidan umravles postsabWoTa sazogadoebebSi, demokratia warmoadgens fsevdo-demokratiul
fasads, romelsac vilfredo pareto pluto-demokratias
uwodebda. postsabWoTa qveynebs gaaCniaT demokratiisTvis aucilebeli yvela atributikapolitikuri partiebi,
saarCevno sistemebi, arasamTavrobo organizaciebi, masmedia, magram isini mainc ganicdian demokratiis deficits.
sazogadoebis wevrebs gaaCniaT kanoniT miniWebuli uflebebi da Tavisufleba, magram Zalaufleba ar aris realu48
rad maT xelSi. demokratiis xarisxs gansazRvravs is, Tu

ramdenad aris xelisuflebis Zalaufleba decentralizebuli da rogoria sazogadoebis monawileoba gadawyvetilebis
miRebis procesebSi. aramdgrad demokratiebSi, cirkulaciis Semaferxebeli garemoebani gamowveulia erovnuli xasiaTiTa da kulturiT, sazogadoebrivi moraliT, istoriuli
procesebiT, geografiuli mdebareobiTa da sxv.
sainteresoa iqneboda amerikeli politologebis hans
gertisa da Carlz rait milsis Sexedulebani socialuri
struqturis Sesaxeb, romelTa mixedviTac sazogadoeba
organizebulia institucionaluri mmarTveli struqturebis irgvliv, xolo dakisrebuli funqciebis mixedviT institutebi qmnian institucionalur wesrigs. Tanamedrove
saxelmwifoSi arsebobs xuTi institucionaluri wesrigi:
politikuri, ekonomikuri, samxedro, naTesaobrivi (ojaxuri) da religiuri, romelTagan pirveli sami Seadgens mmarTvel elitas. TiToeul instituts xelmZRvanelobs lideri,
romelic aRWurvilia kontrolis uflebiT. am warmodgenaTa mixedviT C. r. milsma SeimuSava sakuTari koncefcia mmarTveli elitis Sesaxeb: `mmarTveli elita Sedgeba
adamianebisagan, romelTac ukaviaT iseTi poziciebi, romlebic maT saSualebas aZlevs amaRldnen Cveulebriv adamianebze maRla da miiRon mniSvnelovani Sedegebis momtani
gadawyvetilebani. es ganpirobebulia im garemoebiT, rom
isini xelmZRvaneloben umniSvnelovanes ierarqiul institutebs da Tanamedrove sazogadoebriv organizaciebs~.
demokratiuli sazogadoeba ar aris martivi meqanizmi.
igi uaRresad rTul stratificirebul sistemas warmoadgens, romlis wevrebi erTmaneTisagan gansxvavdebian interesebiT, miswrafebebiT, mrwamsiT, niWiT, ganaTlebiTa da profesionalizmiT. maRali talantisa da pirovnuli Tvisebebis
mqone adamianebi iswrafvian sakuTari SesaZleblobebis realizaciisaken, rac motivaciasa da garkveul privilegiebTan
aris dakavSirebuli. isini cirkulireben elitaSi, xolo maTi
saqmianoba da angariSvaldebuleba ki garkveuli xarisxiT
kontrolirdeba sazogadoebis mier. es aris demokratiuli
cxovrebis arsi, da realoba, romelsac versad gaveqceviT.
49
IV. post-sabWoTa tranziciis paradigmebis

axleburad gaazreba
4.1 warmomadgenlobiTi demokratiis marcxi sabWoTa qveynebSi
post-sabWouri tranziciis gabatonebuli paradigmebis mixedviT, yofili komunisturi samyaros qveynebi
Seuferxeblad unda gardaqmniliyvnen warmomadgenlobiT
demokratiebad. Tumca ganvlilma ocdaxuTma welma mTeli
simwvaviT warmoaCina fasaduri demokratiis mankieri gamovlinebebi.
saerTaSoriso organizacia Freedom House-is 2013 wlis
angariSSi4 mocemulia centraluri, axlo aRmosavleTisa da
evraziis 29 qveynis demokratiuli ganviTarebis maCveneblebi demokratiuli konsolidaciis 7 indikatoris mixedviT. esenia: erovnuli demokratiuli mTavroba (moicavs
ZalTa gadanawilebasa da qveynis demokratiul struqturas), arCevnebis procesi (moicavs saxalxo monawileobis
aspeqtebs), samoqalaqo sazogadoeba (moicavs arasamTavrobo organizaciebis zrdis, funqcionirebisa da SesaZleblobebis sakiTxebs), damoukidebeli media, adgilobrivi
demokratiuli mmarTveloba (moicavs Zalauflebis decentralizaciisa da adgilobrivi samTavrobo struqturebis
qmediTunarianobas), sasamarTlo sistemis funqcionireba
da damoukidebloba, da korufcia.
post-sabWoTa sivrcis qveynebSi yvelaze cudi Sedegebi erovnuli demokratiuli mTavrobebisa da adgilobrivi demokratiuli mmarTvelobis indikatorebSi warmoCinda. Svidbalian Skalaze, sadac 1 demokratiis yvelaze
maRal progress, xolo 7 demokratiis yvelaze dabal dones gulisxmobs, mxolod sam saxelmwifoSi (baltiispireTis
qveynebi: litva, latvia da estoneTi) gamoikveTa demokrati4 The Nations in Transit 2013 report is available at the following URL:
http://www.freedomhouse.org/report/nations-transit/nations-transit-2013#.U0vN5FcjOVN.
50
is ganviTarebis damakmayofilebeli xarisxi. mdgomareoba gacilebiT rTuli aRmoCnda sxva yofili postsabWoTa
qveynebSi erovnuli demokratiuli mmarTvelobis komponentSi, rac moicavda imasac, rom erovnuli demokratiisaken mimarTuli tranziciis~ procesi jer isev safrTxis
qveS aris. es faqti aSkarad TvalsaCinoa post-sabWouri
reJimebis klasificirebisas: Freedom House post-sabWoTa qveynebidan mxolod sams (saqarTvelos, moldovas da
ukrainas) ganixilavs gardamavali mmarTvelobis an hibriduli reJimis mqone qveynebad, ors (somxeTs da yirgizeTs)
_ nawilobriv konsolidirebul avtoritarul reJimebad,
xolo danarCen Svid saxelmwifos (azerbaijans, belorusias, yazaxeTs, ruseTs, tajikeTs, TurqmeneTs da uzbekeTs)
miiCnevs konsolidirebul avtoritarul reJimebad.
4.2 meritokratia, rogorc demokratiis
ganmtkicebis instrumenti
amJamad sul ufro meti yuradReba eqceva mTavrobis
Sedegebze orientirebuli politikis legitimurobas, rac
Tavis mxriv gulisxmobs legitimurobis tradiciuli rolis
cvlilebas demokratiuli warmomadgenlobiTobidan politikis ganxorcielebis xarisxis Sefasebis mimarTulebiT.
warmomadgenlobis meqanizmebis demokratiul efeqturobasTan winaaRmdegoba farTo socialur literaturaSi seriozuli kritikis sagani gaxda (Kchler 1987; Fenichel
Pitkin, H. 2004; Urbinati, N. 2008). demokratiis araefeqturobis kritikasTan erTad, yvelaze mniSvnelovani argumenti
gamoTqva nobelis premiis laureatma milton fridmanma,
romelmac yuradReba gaamaxvila politikur da ekonomikur
sakiTxebSi amomrCevlis arakompetenturobasa da iracionalurobaze, rac mosaxleobas swori gadawyvetilebebis
miRebaSi uSlis xels. fridmani amtkicebs, rom saTanado
ganaTlebis donis nakleboba masebs im sazogadoebis momavlis ganWvretis SesaZleblobas ukargavs, romelsac isini
miekuTvnebian da gadawyvetilebebsac wvrilmani dapire51
bebis an sxva mcire moklevadiani sikeTeebis sasargeblod

iReben (Friedman 1962).
kiTxvas, Tu vin unda marTos sistema, gadamwyveti mniSvneloba eniWeba politikuri liderobisa da gadawyvetilebis
miRebis procesSi qveynis demokratiuli gardaqmnisa da
modernizaciisaTvis. arCevnebSi xmis micemis ufleba yovelgvari diskriminaciis gareSe, ar aris sakmarisi demokratiis efeqturobisa da kargi mmarTvelobis TvalsazrisiT.
demokratiuli sistema, sadac Tanamdebobebze daniSvna
meritokratiuli principebis dacviT xdeba, klasificirdeba rogorc inovaciebiT marTuli ekonomika da xasiaTdeba
ekonomikuri zrdis maRali maCveneblebiT.
meritokratia es aris sistema, sadac pasuxismgeblobebi ganawilebulia codnis, niWisa da profesiuli kompetenciebis mixedviT. igi upirispirdeba plutokratias, nepotizms, qronizms, klientelizmsa da demagogiur masobriv
popularobas da xels uwyobs socialuri stratifikaciis
sistemaSi elitebis mudmiv ganaxlebas axali inteleqtualuri resursiT.
globalur mmarTvelobisa da codnis ekonomikis ganviTarebis pirobebSi, sadac proaqtiuli lideroba da profesionalizmi gadamwyvet rols asrulebs globaluri problemebis mogvarebis saqmeSi, meritokratia sul ufro metad
popularuli xdeba da mniSvnelovan mxardaWeras poulobs
inteleqtualur wreebSi. meritokratiis upiratesoba
mmarTvelobis sxva formebTan SedarebiT mdgomareobs imaSi, rom is ar ewinaaRmdegeba demokratias. ufro metic,
meritokratia demokratiis mdgradobisa da gaZlierebis
meqanizms warmoadgens. es aris Ria da mudmivad ganaxlebadi sistema, romelic jansaR konkurenciasa da socialur
samarTlianobazea dafuZnebuli da gamoricxavs yovelgvar
diskriminacias. Tavisi arsiT, meritokratia uzrunvelyofs Tanabar pirobebs gansakuTrebuli SesaZleblobebis
mqone pirebisaTvis upiratesobis miniWebiT, rasac Tomas
jefersoni bunebriv aristokratias~ uwodebda.
meritokratiuli mmarTvelobis sistemaSi upiratesoba
eniWebaT im individebs, romlebic TavianTi niWiT, unarebi52
Ta da zneobriv-eTikuri normebiT gamoirCevian. am sistemis

momxreebi amtkiceben, rom meritokratiuli sazogadoeba
ufro samarTliani da produqtiuli sazogadoebaa, sadac
klasobrivi, rasobrivi Tu sqesobrivi diskriminacia gamoricxulia (McNamee & Miller, 2004).
meritokratia aris samarTliani wesebiT TamaSi, sadac
pirovnul warmatebas niWi da SesaZleblobebi gansazRvravs
da sadac TviTrealizaciis saSualeba eZlevaT im individebs, romlebmac mniSvnelovani investicia Cades sakuTar
ganaTlebaSi. meritokratia awesebs principebs, normebs,
moTxovnebs, axdens SerCevas damsaxurebis mixedviT, awesebs SerCevisa da Sefasebis kriteriumebs da ayalibebs
yvelasTvis samarTlian konkurentul garemos, rac xels
uwyobs produqtiulobis zrdas da sasicocxlo funqcias
asrulebs codnaze dafuZnebul ekonomikaSi.
meritokratiul SerCevas, daqiravebasa da Sefasebas gadamwyveti mniSvneloba aqvs organizaciis konkurentunarianobasa da pirovnuli resursebis marTvaSi. Tavisi institucionaluri maxasiaTeblebiT, veberiseuli
biurokratia~ moicavs rogorc meritokratiul SerCevas,
ise Sesrulebuli samuSaos Sefasebas. maqs veberis (1947)
biurokratiis klasikuri koncefciis principebs Soris,
damsaxureba (damsaxurebis mixedviT SerCeva da dawinaureba) da miukerZoebloba (samuSaos Sesruleba, romelic produqtiulobis mixedviT fasdeba) warmoadgens sajaro administrirebis sistemis saxelmZRvanelo principebs da misi
mniSvneloba ufro da ufro izrdeba codnis ekonomikis
mniSvnelobis zrdasTan erTad. sajaro seqtorSi da gansakuTrebiT, sajaro administrirebaSi, Sesrulebis gazomva
reformebis strategiis mniSvnelovan komponents warmoadgens (Matei 2007). politi da bukerti (2000) xazs usvamen im
faqts, rom es sakiTxi gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania modernizaciisa da sajaro administrirebis reformisaTvis.
rogorc evrokavSiris wevri qveynebis, ise sxva organizaciebis (mag.: OECD) sajaro menejmentis reformis strategiebi fokusirebulia Semdeg mizanze: sajaro samsaxuris
sistema dafuZnebuli unda iyos profesionalizmsa da sa53
jaro moxeleebis SerCevaze meritokratiuli kriteriumebis mixedviT (Matei 2007).

samarTlianobaze, kanonis uzenaesobaze, samarTlian
konkurenciasa da Tanabar SesaZleblobebze dafuZnebuli
demokratia gamoricxavs diskriminaciasa da sazogadoebis
ukmayofilebas. SerCevisa da Sefasebis politika, romelic
ugulebelyofs meritokratiul principebs, iwvevs diskriminacias, adamianis uflebebis darRvevas, maRalkvalificiuri kadrebis imedgacruebas, codnis resursis gadinebasa da
inteleqtualur erozias.
4.3 meritokratiis mokle istoriuli rakursi
meritokratia safuZvels uxsovari droidan iRebs. konfuci erT-erTi pirveli iyo antikur filosofosebs Soris, romlis mier dafuZnebulma RirebulebebaTa sistemam
Rrma kvali datova aRmosavleT da samxreT aziis erebis
ganviTarebaze. misi principi _ `maT, vinc sanimuSoni arian saxelmwifo samsaxurSi, unda iswavlon, xolo maT, vinc
sanimuSoni arian swavlaSi, unda marTon sistema~ _ Cinuri
ganaTlebis saxelmZRvanelo principad iqca, romlis mixedviTac saxelmwifo moxeleebis SerCeva maTi damsaxurebis
mixedviT xdeboda (Shen 2001). meritokratiuli Rirebulebebi Rrmad fesvgadgmulia Zvel berZnul filosofiaSic.
saukeTeso politikuri reJimis Ziebisas, didma berZenma
filosofosma aristotelem, upiratesoba konstituciuri demokratiis mmarTvelobis formas mianiWa, romelSic
saxelmwifo sazogadoebis yvelaze ganaTlebuli nawilis
mier unda imarTebodes.
meritokratiis koncefcia me-17-e saukuneSi CineTidan
jer britanul indoeTSi, Semdeg ki kontinentur evropasa da
aSS-Si gavrcelda (Kazin, Edwards, and Rothman, 2010). ganmanaTleblobis epoqaSi, Zveli meritokratiuli Rirebulebebi
dasavleli filosofosebis STagonebis wyaros warmoadgenda, romelic meritokratias evropis Zveli tradiciuli
reJimis alternativad aRiqvamda (Schwarz (1996). praqtiku54
li TvalsazrisiT, britaneTis imperia iyo pirveli evropuli Zala, romelmac meritokratiuli SerCevis warmatebiT
ganxorcieleba moaxerxa indoeTis koloniis administraciaSi: `korufciisa da favoritizmis prevenciis mizniT,
kompaniis menejerebi konkurentuli gamocdebis meSveobiT
qiraobdnen da awinaurebdnen personals~ (Kazin, Edwards, and
Rothman, 2010).
margaret tetCeris premier-ministrobis dros did
britaneTSi politikis axali stili damkvidrda, romelic
meritokratiaze, Tavisufal sabazro ekonomikaze, maRal
teqnologiebze, ganaTlebasa da demokratiul kulturaze iyo dafuZnebuli. `politikaSi, man aqcenti gaakeTa
meritokratiaze, ramac didi britaneTi erT-erT yvelaze
ganviTarebul qveynad aqcia iaponiasTan, dasavleT germaniasTan da aSS-sTan erTad. xelisuflebaSi mosvlis pirvelive dRidan, tetCeri Tavis Zalauflebas meritokratiis
gaZlierebisa da niWieri britanelebisaTvis siRatakidan
Tavis daRwevis SesaZleblobis micemisTvis iyenebda~ (wyaro:
http://voices.yahoo.com/tribute-margaret-thatcher-uks-former-premier-12089025.html?cat=37)
200 wlis win amerikuli demokratiis mamam, Tomas
jefersonma jon adamsisaTvis miweril werilSi (1813)
xelovnuri aristokratiis~ niWze dafuZnebuli bunebrivi aristokratiiT~ Canacvleba moiTxova, rac amerikis
SeerTebuli Statebis saxelmwifod mSeneblobis safuZveli unda gamxdariyo. `ganaTlebam adamianTa masebs unda
STaunergos moraluri respeqtabelurobis grZnoba, rac
aucilebelia maTive usafrTxoebisa da mowesrigebuli
mmarTvelobisaTvis; da unda aRWurvos isini Sesabamisi
codniT, raTa damkvidrdes namdvil aristokratTa SerCevis praqtika, amaRldes xelisuflebis ndoba da gamoiricxos TviTmarqviebis aRzeveba~.
1978 wlis samoqalaqo samsaxuris reformis aqtiT
gauqmda aSS-s sajaro samsaxuris komisia da Camoyalibda
aSS-s personalis marTvis ofisi (OPM), SromiTi urTierTobebis federaluri saagento (FLRA) da aSS-s damsaxurebis mqone pirebis dacvis sabWo (MSPB), romlis Seqmnac
55
erT-erTi yvelaze wingadadgmuli nabiji iyo meritokratiis ganviTarebaSi. OPM-is ZiriTadi misia _ `msoflio donis
pirovnuli resursis mozidva, SenarCuneba da
dafaseba
amerikeli xalxis samsaxurisaTvis~,
aRmasrulebeli
saxelisuflebo struqturebis saxelmZRvanelo princips
warmoadgens da federaluri adamianuri resursis gakontrolebis regulaciebs moicavs. MSPB-is umTavresi prioriteti, sxva damsaxurebis mqone adamianebis upiratesobis
cxra principTan erTad, mdgomareobs SemdegSi: `personalis daqiraveba unda efuZnebodes kvalificiuri specialistebis SerCevas saTanado wyaroebidan, moicavdes sazogadoebis yvela segments, xolo SerCevisas da dawinaurebisas
upiratesobis miniWeba unda xdebodes mxolod codnis,
unarebisa da SesaZleblobebis mixedviT, samarTlian da
jansaRi konkurenciis garemoSi, sadac yvelas Tanabari
SesaZleblobebi eqneba~ (wyaro: http://www.mspb.gov/meritsystemsprinciples.htm).
amerikis SeerTebuli Statebisa da didi britaneTis
garda, meritokratiuli principebiT xelmZRvaneloben
singapuri, fineTi, iaponia, kanada, germania da sxva ganviTarebuli qveynebi, romlebic gamoirCevian konkurentuli pirovnuli resursiTa da inteleqtualuri resursis
gadinebis dabali maCveneblebiT.
4.4 qarTuli demokratiis anatomia
miuxedavad perioduli politikuri reformebisa da
viTarebis gaumjobesebisaken gadadgmuli nabijebisa, saqarTvelos demokratiuli gardaqmnis procesi jer kidev
dausrulebelia. is garemoeba, rom liberalur demokratiebSi sayovelTaod aRiarebuli normebi postsabWoTa saqarTveloSi kargaven TavianT liberalur Sinaarss, ganpirobebulia xelisuflebis genetikuri kavSiriT komunistur
nomenklaturul5 mmarTvelobasTan. sabWoTa kavSiris daS5 wamyvan administraciul poziciebze myofi mmarTveli ierarqia sabWoTa
kavSirsa da sxva komunisturi blokis qveynebSi
56
lis Semdeg moxda totalitaruli politikuri elitis

komunisti da komkavSireli funqcionirebis udidesi nawilis transformireba axal struqturebsa da ierarqiebSi,
rac gamowveuli iyo, rogorc maTi Zalauflebis SenarCunebis ambiciebiT, ise axali kadrebis deficitiT.
damoukideblobis TiTqmis ocdaxuTwliani istoria
naTlad aCvenebs, rom saqarTveloSi, inteleqtualuri
krizisisa da mankieri praqtikebis (korufcia, favoritizmi,
qronizmi, nepotizmi, klientelizmi da sxv.) gamo, mosaxleoba xSirad akeTebs araracionalur arCevans demagogi
da upasuxismgeblo politikosebis sasargeblod, rogorc
es permanentulad xdeba saprezidento, saparlamento da
adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis arCevnebSi.
amasTan, saqarTveloSi meritokratiis ararsebobis
gamo, mTavrobis politika da gadawyvetilebebis miRebis
procesi mxolod axali nomenklaturuli elitis _ saeWvo
warsulis mqone oligarqebis, demagogi politikosebis, arakompetenturi Cinovnikebis, jibis~ eqspertebis gavlenis
qveS aris moqceuli, rac zians ayenebs erovnul politikas
da iwvevs politikur da socio-ekonomikur krizisebs.
2012 wlis saparlamento arCevnebamde, qarTuli realoba warmoaCenda sazogadoebrivi organizaciebisa da
politikuri institutebis araefeqturobasa da uunarobas
demokratiuli mmarTvelobis TvalsazrisiT. aseve mniSvnelovan problemas warmoadgenda mTavrobis angariSvaldebulebisa da misi saqmianobis gamWvirvalobis deficiti.
maRali samTavrobo poziciebi, sabWoTa periodis msgavsad,
mkacr avtokratiul kontrols eqvemdebareboda. magram
miuxedavad amisa, TviT dasavleTis qveynebis diplomatiuri misiebic ki uZlurni aRmoCndnen demokratiuli faseulobebidan Sors mdgari neo-nomenklaturuli elitis amocnobaSi, rac mniSvnelovnad aferxebda qveynis progresul
ganviTarebas.
Economist Intelligence Unit-Si gamoqveynebuli 2012 wlis
demokratiis indeqsis mixedviT, demokratiis ganviTarebis doniT, saqarTvelos ekava 93-e adgili msoflios 167
qveyanas Soris da ganekuTvneboda hibridul reJims~, ro57
melsac ar Seswevda demokratiis konsolidaciis unari.

ufro mniSvnelovani sisusteebi ikveTeboda politikur
kulturaSi, mTavrobis funqcionirebaSi, sasamarTlos
damoukideblobis, mediis Tavisuflebisa da politikuri
CarTulobis sakiTxebSi. viTareba kidev ufro gauaresda
2012 wlis arCevnebis Semdeg, rodesac saparlamento arCevnebis Sedegad xelisuflebaSi movida politikuri koalicia prorusulad ganwyobili oligarqis xelmZRvanelobiT.
politikurma klientelizmma, korufciam, favoritizmma,
qronizmma da nepotizmma kidev ufro metad gaidga fesvebi rogorc politikur, ise samoqalaqo institutebSi.
politikur Tanamdebobebze iniSnebian arakompetenturi
adamianebi pirovnuli da naTesauri kavSirebis safuZvelze.
sasamarTlo sistema jer kidev saWiroebs reformas. SeSfoTebas iwvevs presisa da media saSualebebis polarizacia da
tendenciuroba.
politikis formulirebisa da implementaciis xarisxi
da mTavrobis qmediTunarianoba am xarisxis uzrunvelyofisaTvis damokidebulia sajaro politikis yvela subieqtis
codnaze, gamocdilebasa da unarebze, rogorc arCeuli, ise
daniSnuli politikuri moxeleebis, universitetis profesorebisa da mkvlevrebis, arasamTavrobo organizaciebis
eqspertebis da a.S. CaTvliT. axali nomenklatoruli elita
ki, misi winamorbedis msgavsad, aqcents akeTebs iolad kontrolirebadi pirebis daniSvnaze gadawyvetilebis mimReb
poziciebze praqtikulad yvela sferoSi sadac xeli miuwvdeba _ samTavrobo struqturebSi, politikur partiebSi,
samoqalaqo sazogadoebriv organizaciebSi, kerZo seqtorSi, mediasa da universitetebSi. Tanamdebobebze daniSvnas
gansazRvravs pirovnuli urTierTobebi da preferenciebi
da ara profesionalizmi da zneobriv-eTikuri normebi. Sedegad, wesieri, kompetenturi da inteleqtuali adamianebi,
romlebsac ara aqvT kavSirebi axal nomenklaturasTan, ganicdian marginalizacias.
rogorc zemoT iyo aRwerili, neo-nomenklaturuli
sistema ayalibebs ara mxolod saxelmwo aparatis Cake
til sistemas, aramed pirdapir zemoqmedebs politikur
58
da sazogadoebriv institutebze, romlebic mxolod erTi

SexedviT arian damoukidebelni. amdenad, neo-nomenklaturis principi, romelic mTlianad imeorebs komunisturi
elitis qcevis wess, cdilobs daicvas sakuTari privilegirebuli pozicia da SeinarCunos Zalaufleba.
cesko-s monacemebiT, 2014 wlis adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis arCevnebSi mTeli saqarTvelos masStabiT
amomrCevelTa aqtivobam Seadgina 43.3%, xolo TbilisSi ki
37.3%. es Sedegebi naTlad warmoaCens sazogadoebriv apaTiasa da nihilizms, rac gamoixateba imaSi, rom mTeli qarTuli eleqtoratis 56.7% da TbilisSi mcxovrebi amomrCevlis 62.7% undoblobas ucxadebs politikur arenaze myof
subieqtebs, romlebsac ar gaaCniaT Sedegebze orientirebuli politikisa da reformebis ganxorcielebis unari.
2012-14 wlebis dinamika calsaxad miuTiTebs Seusrulebeli dapirebebiT mosuli xelisuflebis mimarT ndobis Semcirebis tendenciazec, rac axlo momavalSi didi albaTobiT gazrdis politikur kriziss.
rogorc qvemoT moyvanili grafikuli monacemebiT
irkveva, realurad saxelisuflebo koalicias mxars uWers
amomrCevlis ara 46%, aramed 17.16%. anu politikuri subieqtis mier miRebuli mxardaWeris xvedriTi wili unda
gamoiTvalos qveynis mTliani eleqtoratis, da ara mxolod
arCevnebze gamocxadebul moqalaqeTa aqtivobis mixedviT.
17.16% aris tradiciulad xelisuflebis zegavlenis qveS
myofi ceskos oficialuri statistika. realurad ki amas
Tu gamovaklebT xelisuflebis mier administraciuli resursis gamoyenebas da gayalbebul xmebs, dabalreitingiani
subieqtebisagan Semdgari ekleqturi koaliciis 17%-iani
maCvenebeli sagrZnoblad Semcirdeba.
59
saxelisuflebo institutebis sisustesTan erTad saxezea ceskos, masmediisa da arasamTavrobo organizaciebis

arakompetenturobac _ pozitiuri zegavlena moaxdinon
arCevnebisa da zogadad mmarTvelobis procesze. axali progresuli politikuri Zala, romlis gamoCenasac elodeba
imedgacruebuli saqarTvelos mosaxleobis umravlesoba,
unda iyos konkurentuli codnis, Tanamedrove azrovnebisa
da politikuri kulturis matarebeli, rac inteleqtualurad erozirebul qarTul realobaSi Zalian rTulia, Tu
kanonmdeblobis doneze ar gamkacrda politikosTa mimarT
wayenebuli moTxovnebi da ar amaRlda mosaxleobis ganaTlebis, sazogadoebrivi TviTSegnebisa da gemovnebis done.
saerTaSoriso organizaciebi miuTiTeben imazec, rom
saqarTveloSi warmomadgenlobiTi demokratiis Camoyalibeba mimdinare procesia, romlisTvisac institucionalizebuli korufcia da politikurad neitraluri aqtorebis
sistemuri diskriminacia mniSvnelovan gamowvevas warmoadgens, da rom jer kidev bevri reformis ganxorcieleba aris
saWiro postkomunisturi da postsabWouri tranziciis
procesis dasrulebisaTvis.
60
61
daskvnebi da rekomendaciebi
saqarTvelos gamocdileba aCvenebs, rom sabWoTa memkvid
reobam ukiduresad negatiuri zegavlena moaxdina politikuri elitisa da saxelmwifo institutebis ganviTarebis
doneze da maT moralur TviTSegnebaze, rac TiTqmis ukve
ocdaxuTi welia mniSvnelovnad aferxebs proaqtiuli reformebis ganxorcielebasa da warmatebuli demokratiuli
mmarTvelobis damkvidrebas. politikuri arena warmoadgens Caketil wres, romelzec permanentulad dominireben
neo-nomenklaturuli sistemis erTguli Cinovnikebi, xolo
niWieri, mcodne da wesieri axalgazrdebi gamijnulni da
marginalizebulni arian politikuri procesebisgan.
saxezea WeSmariti demokratiuli Rirebulebebis,
kanonis uzenaesobis, samarTlianobis, gamWvirvaleobis,
angariS
valdebulebis, agreTve liderobis, codnis, profesionalizmis, politikuri kulturisa da zneobriv-eTikuri normebis krizisi mmarTvelobis yvela sferosa da
ierarqiaSi. xelisuflebas ar gaaCnia proaqtiuli cvlilebebis ganxorcielebis survili da SesaZlebloba, xolo
samoqalaqo sazogadoeba imdenad sustia, rom veranair
zemoqmedebas ver axdens politikur procesze. wamyvani
qarTuli media saSualebebi aris umeteswilad polarizebulni da politikuri klientelizmis zegavlenis qveS
moqceuli.
polarizebulia
agreTve
qarTuli
sazogadoebis
daaxloebiT 30%, rac ZiriTad ganpirobebulia, rogorc
maTi mxardaWeriT politikuri partiebis mimarT, ise politikuri subieqtebisagan sargeblis miRebis molodiniT,
danarCeni 70% ki frustrirebulia da apaTiisa da nihilizmis tyveobaSi imyofeba. mosaxleobis garkveuli nawili saerTod ar aris integrirebuli qveynis politikur,
ekonomikur da socialur cxovrebaSi, rac sagrZnoblad
aferxebs ganviTarebis process.
sazogadoebis farTo fenebi ar arian informirebulni
mTavrobis gadawyvetilebebisa da qmedebebis Taobaze. ar
mimdinareobs Ria dialogi erovnuli Tu regionuli mniSvn62
elobis Temebze masobrivi informaciis saSualebebSi warmoebuli sajaro diskusiebisa da debatebis gziT.
Zalian sustia sajaro politikis SemuSavebaSi samoqalaqo seqtoris CarTuloba. am mxriv ZiriTadad aqtiurobs
ramodenime arasamTavrobo organizacia, romelTa SezRuduli eqspertuli codna da inteleqtualuri wvlili negatiurad aisaxeba ganxorcielebuli politikis Sedegebze.
maTi arakompetenturobis gamo ver xerxdeba riskebisa da
SesaZleblobebis srulyofili Seswavla da analizi, prioritetebis gansazRvra, strategiebis Camoyalibeba. Sedegad miiReba araefeqturi gadawyvetilebebi, rac safrTxes
uqmnis rogorc demokratiul mmarTvelobas, ise enTropirebul6 mdgomareobaSi myofi xelisuflebis ndobasa da
reputacias sazogadoebaSi.
seriozul problemas warmoadgens qveynidan kvalificiuri da profesionali kadrebis gadinebis maRali done,
rac iwvevs inteleqtualur erozias. arsebuli krizisuli
viTarebis fonze, arc sazogadoebas da arc politikur
elitas ar aqvs gaTviTcnobierebuli meritokratiis, rogorc warmatebuli reformebis ganxorcielebis erT-erTi
aucilebeli pirobis mniSvneloba. meritokratiuli SerCevisa da Sefasebis ararseboba iwvevs mmarTvelobis araefeqturobas, rac asustebs qveynis potencials niWieri
axalgazrda adamianebis gamoyenebisa da qveynis moderni
zaciis saqmeSi.
rogorc istoria gviCvenebs, moralTan, zneobasTan da
Rirsebis kodeqsTan SeuTavsebeli avantiuristuli mmarTvelobiTi reJimebi yovelTvis kraxs ganicdidnen, radgan ar
gaaCndaT WeSmarit faseulebebze dafuZnebuli ideologia.
saqarTveloSi arsebuli mdgomareoba walsaxad metyvelebs
mwvave politikur krizisze da xelisuflebis legitimacias
seriozuli kiTxvis niSnis qveS ayenebs. logikurad Cndeba moTxovna axal, proaqtiul reformebze orientirebul
politikur moZraobaze, romelic
6 enTropia _ menejmentis TeoriaSi, sistemis dauZlureba, rodesac mas
aRar Seswevs unari adaptireba moaxdinos garemoSi arsebuli cvlilebebisa da gamowvevebis mimarT.
63
orientirebuli iqneba WeSmarit demokratiul Rirebulebebze da radikalurad gaemijneba fsevdo-liberalur demagogiur praqtikebs;
daicavs erovnul interesebs da izrunebs imisaTvis, rom saqarTvelo iqces konkurentunarian qveynad
globalur sivrceSi da dasavleTis saimedo mokavSired
evraziis regionSi;
Tavisufali iqneba uSiSroebis samsaxurebis zegavlenisagan da iseTi mavne praqtikebisgan, rogoricaa korufcia, favoritizmi, qronizmi, nepotizmi, klientelizmi;
principulad moiTxovs lustraciis kanonis miRebas
da specsamsaxurebTan kavSirSi myof subieqtebis politikur Tanamdebobebze daniSvnis akrZalvas;
gaatarebs mkacr meritokratiul politikas, raTa
politikur da administraciul Tanamdebobebze daniSvna moxdeba mxolod niWis, codnis, lideruli potencialis, politikuri kulturis, moralisa da zneobriv
eTikuri kriteriumebis safuZvelze.
am pirobebis Sesruleba damokidebulia erovnul modernizaciaze, proaqtiul liderobaze da struqturuli
reformebis gatarebaze, iseve rogorc wesier, ganaTlebul, da kompetentur pirovnul resursze, romelsac Seswevs masStaburi cvlilebis gamxorcielebis unari. saqarTvelos ganviTarebis dRevandeli suraTi safrTxes uqmnis
ara mxolod qveynis modernizacias, aramed mis integracias
evro-atlantikur struqturebSi. aqedan gamomdinare, saqarTvelos socialur-ekonomikuri da demokratiuli ganviTarebis gasaRebi mdgomareobs niWieri axalgazrdebis ganviTarebasa da maT progresul gamoyenebaSi.
inteleqtualuri resursis marginalizaciisa da misi
ucxoeTSi gadinebis procesis SeCerebis mizniT, realizaciis farTo asparezi unda mieces axalgazrda, lideruli potencialisa da konkurentuli codnis mqone niWier
adamianebs.
maRalkvalificiuri kadrebis motivaciis Sesaqmnelad,
gansakuTrebuli aqcenti unda gakeTdes meritokratiuli
64
SerCevisa da Sefasebis kriteriumebze, rogorc saxelmwifo

marTvis sferoSi, ise politikur partiebsa da samoqalaqo
sazogadoebriv organizaciebSi. unda ganxorcieldes efeqturi sakadro politika maRali zneobis, profesionalizmisa da kompetenciis mqone adamianebisaTvis upiratesobis
miniWebis Sesabamisad.
saqarTvelos esaWiroeba saukeTeso codnisa da praqtikebis gaziareba demokratiuli mmarTvelobis sakiTxebSi, ramac xeli unda Seuwyos rogorc institucionaluri
sistemis qmediTunarianobis gaumjobesebas, ise qveynis
strategiuli prioritetebis gansazRvrasa da mmarTveli
struqturebis angariSvaldebulebis gazrdas sazogadoebis winaSe.
imis aRiareba, rom mmarTvelobis gaumjobeseba umTav
res saSualebas warmoadgens qveynis mdgradi ganviTarebisaTvis, qmnis safuZvels saerTaSoriso donorebis mxridan
realur saWiroebebze fokusirebuli programebis Sesaqmnelad. aseTma programebma unda uzrunvelyos, rom samTavrobo struqturebi, kanonebi da debulebebi, kompetenturobis, gamWvirvaleobisa da angariSvaldebulebis pirobebSi
mxars uWerdnen proaqtiuli reformebis ganxorcielebasa
da demokratiuli mmarTvelobis principebs.
mmarTveli elita pasuxismgebeli unda iyos saxelmwifo politikis miznebis gansazRvraze da im reformebis
ganxorcielebaze, romlebic mniSvnelovania demokratiuli
mmarTvelobisaTvis, xolo misi kompetenturoba ki unda
aisaxebodes realur politikur qmedebebSi, maT ganxorcielebasa da politikur meqanizmebSi.
65
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68

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giorgi ivaniaSvili-orbeliani

2.3.3 saukeTeso praqtikebi evrokavSiris qveynebidan ........................32

miuxedavad imisa, rom warmomadgenlobiTi demokratia

saqarTvelos moiazrebdnen, rogorc hibriduli reJimis

I. demokratiuli mmarTvelobis gamowvevebi

bas, da wesebisa da politikis Tanxvedras. demokratiuli

1.2 demokratia da kargi mmarTveloba

Sefasebas politikuri reJimis, ekonomikuri da socialuri resursebis marTvisa da mTavrobis funqcionirebis

noba, romelic aRiarebs demokratiis zogad ideebs da xels

1.3 politikuri partiebis roli

brivi resursebi xelisuflebis mier gadamisamarTebulia

1.4 sazogadoebrivi organizaciebis roli

miRma dakavSirebis gziT, politikis formulirebisa da

zogadad, sazogadoebrivi organizaciebi sasicocxlod

aSS-s saerTaSoriso ganviTarebis saagentos ( USAID)

pirovnuli resursebis kvalifikaciisa da profesionaliz

1. mosaxleobis Tanxmoba da ndoba;

II. sajaro politika da politikis analizi

sazRvravs mTavrobis urTierTobas mis garemosTan da igi

politikis formulirebis procesSi, problemebisa da

politikis miReba _ ra ganxorcielda problemasTan

2.2 politikis analizis mTavari aspeqtebi

2.3 ganviTarebuli qveynebis gamocdileba

samoqalaqo warmomadgenlobis Camoyalibebas, romelsac

2.3.2 Teoriasa da praqtikas Soris arsebuli barierebi

stabilurobas SeunarCunebs xelisuflebas da romelic

2.3.3 saukeTeso praqtikebi evrokavSiris qveynebidan

si mizezi konstituciuri SezRudvebia. Tumca federaluri

100000-ze meti samoqalaqo organizacia funqcionirebs

gazrdas, raTa kanonmdeblobaze dafuZnebuli saukeTeso

III. politikuri lideroba da elita

3.1 ra aris politikuri lideroba?

vils da qarizmas. ar SeiZleba bunebrivi liderebis areva

SesaZlebloba. xolo isini, vinc xelisuflebaSi xelmZRvanel

politikur liderebsa da axalgazrdobas Soris

unda gaaCndes. is liderebi, romlebic am Tvisebas floben,

3.4 lideroba, menejmenti da maTi krizisi saqarTveloSi

sapasuxismgeblo Tanamdebobebze iniSnebian liderobisa da

3.5 politikuri elitis roli demokratiul mmarTvelobaSi

elita warmodgeba laTinuri sityvisagan `eligere~,

isti Teoretikosebi miuTiTebdnen mmarTveli da marTuli fenebis gamijvnaze da im mcirericxovan oligarqiul

romelic warmoadgens daRmasvlisa da aRmasvlis procesTa

rad maT xelSi. demokratiis xarisxs gansazRvravs is, Tu

IV. post-sabWoTa tranziciis paradigmebis

bebis an sxva mcire moklevadiani sikeTeebis sasargeblod

Ta da zneobriv-eTikuri normebiT gamoirCevian. am sistemis

jaro moxeleebis SerCevaze meritokratiuli kriteriumebis mixedviT (Matei 2007).

lis Semdeg moxda totalitaruli politikuri elitis

melsac ar Seswevda demokratiis konsolidaciis unari.

da sazogadoebriv institutebze, romlebic mxolod erTi

saxelisuflebo institutebis sisustesTan erTad saxezea ceskos, masmediisa da arasamTavrobo organizaciebis

SerCevisa da Sefasebis kriteriumebze, rogorc saxelmwifo

Franck, T.M. (1992). The Emerging Right to Democratic Governance.The

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