EXCHANGE 1907 Most netarioxsuirs among men ean be considered under the category of exchange. Exchange isthe purest and most concen teated form ofall human interactions in which serious interests are atstake ‘Many actions which at frst glance appear to consist of mere unilateral process in fact involve reeiproval effects, The speaker before an audience, the teacher before clas, the journalist wit. ing to his public—each appears to he the sole source of influence insuch situations, whereas each of them is really acting in responce to demands and directions thet emanate from appatenily passive, ineffectual groups. The saying “I am ther leader, therefore I must follow them” holds good for politicians the world over, Even in hypnosis, which is manifestly the most clearcut eave where one person exercises influence and the other shows total pasivty, reciprocity still obtains. As an outstanding hypnotist has eeceutly stressed, the hypnotic effect would not be realized were t not for 4 ceriain ineffable reaction ofthe person hypnotized back on the hypnotist himself. Interaction as Exchange Now every interaction is properly viewed as kind of ex: ‘hange. Ths is true of every conversation, every love [even when om Phish der Geld by Ceore Sae, 24 siesDuncher Main 190) pp 361. Tens 3 ed eto (Leip Donald NevinBarge on 4 wdeoue9 afueroxa, os st 2ans aq 01 yom easqas 2 Kq payer Bury ay 01 2, ‘9821W09 ap Jo yore ut aae yoor Gary. TEM po aq s0 on jours a3ueqox9 ayn Foau09 ayy spun aunsqns am tay s19f 0 fox algo w 2 st paztueBuo pur aouyssxo ano go undys wast A ames aftnyox jo Goo ox ynoxp sm —2 peseudde ayp se a Pood samo. ‘yinous spon, s2xgaqp4 womexopssuoo fe 209 ‘ano ren azou 4p wo4y oMp pun Jo ssso0%d of ‘aaige ay sof oxo ayy But Jo 98s ymuones jo.90y o¥p soy aM .oy pu Fayqqa we "s0] pur 199 aonpoad apt Sep jo s9pmy xo sv ponars Suroq 0} Soaforeoqp poy 10 ay 8a oy up arvadde fp aftsyox “idooueo saproag ai atts oq ot Uoneaqu msafqo ‘porsossod J tows s24]03 By AF fo aston tour soy ayy sag Sua yee 1H) Uwonionpoid jo susow pur sionpodd sty aye sou sng soynou oys “ur aqtiowoos peut aq soy yuod ang, “nen odueyor soienbo yep ausgaop ai ‘ues ay em tou oe 9 aypoads ayy uy oreo. ‘ago S930 jnuyod Joxjo 3 ip poo atmos Jo ayia shemye—saoweraqns uy pojsoaty s3nod oqo 20 soqe] “sates seajonuy a spay —aftueypra aoUode ssencoo Upp pomes sim ue se “Sus2y0 uno ano andaap pated a 9549 tpt 0 sao aq uo U8 4 YoU 300p uorunsp Nt to ot 0 Bumps wt og oo §T Sespsmo yo wopsaesod ano sosainop Sem ow ur alueyoea sy IW YY "980 sOKR0 yaezoseyun poynbos 8p eB unyoxg NOTLOVUSLNI TYID0S 40 SHOR ppay “anes © ypiqo 04 49ps0 ny dn posoyo aq swaps yen anys “spool snor2xoa pur yonaoqpiur 914 ai Jo uoRstnboe ayy 0, eeu yoyo) ano Jo uoraeJsHes ayy mod4 ‘Aue Jo wsSipeaed 1p 01 Supiosor asino> ston un sasjstioyy stoNO® asany, 1 wonypr uf woyp ZupoaNp pur sFaxjay mo yon sux oy snow aesnowp Au yung ou days ou oye Sead pup unjucyour ay Ke ny "9M Sf asx04N09 2 ‘9g 01 zeadde Seu 9] 200 aBuypxa q pouueoy2p noyoud ayy seoqpur fp aimsties aumyona pur an "sonyes autoaog Sqn pe “pasty 290 & sSunyaes ayn a seas woul oat Jo ounoey ‘turin wns ut pe poo} Fupsnaos yo woos sys yy se ‘sos09 N04 i 38 “aaninpond se yn 1 SyWUE UORFDpIsHOD sy, s80004g aamne19 D so aBuDyrK Sous ‘ung 205 “ones 2 ‘aqqtompoad 4 2935 196 IV “Attouoao a3u0yoxe 20 4 Lp aux rrranb Laxpuoaes ayy Sq porsayeun 30g SSH TonpraIpu uo UREA sidoA9 oanoofqns om Zuroue o ssoooud ayy 07 :28ueyox9 mp ames ayy 09 39eq SOF UNE qeammeu ayy, fused zaquous ‘paouloat xy se0ud sty) aunyaxa u aane30q pays aq s0s}28m0 49[ 10m ppoys 944 0128 antouo29 As>s9 Jo aypAsd ayy say gous yp 01 ss920%e atuI0NO99 a ‘are oF jomanns stay “aoyae a 20} suonbasu09 Jo 08 ues gy gy sorudond yesmew atoqy pue samp Aq pauoisen0 by tea soguoes aap seam 48 yo punwap amp 4 pauotsnaa0 sf 39 03) rue ns iol (eyoywana 180] 04 2641 20} pu “a suy sou 40,28 ue uu Bump pouopraton, NOILOVMALNI TVID05 40 SKUO’ — Op48 FORMS OF SocIAL INTERACTION is starting point and what is consequence hece is something that can perhaps not be determined. For either both are inseparable ia the fundamental processes, constituting the unity of practial life which we must déeompose into separate factors since we cannot directly grasp that unity as such, or ese an unending process oe curs between both, such that every exchange leads back to value wich in tur leads hack to an exchange. The more fruitful and truly illuminating aspect of this, at least for our considerations, is the path fom exchange to value, since the eonverse is better known and more selfevident The Significance of Sacrifice ‘The fact that value is the issue of a proces of sacrifice dis: loses the infinity of riches for which our life is indebted to this husie form, Because we strive to minimize sacrifice and perceive it as panfal, we tend to suppose that only with its complete disap ‘pearance would life attain its highest level of value, But this notion ‘overlooks the fact that saerifice fs hy no means always an external barrier to our goals Its rather the inner condition ofthe goal and of the way to it. Because we dissect the problematic unity of practical relations to things into the eategorics of sacrifice oft, of obstacle and attainment, and hecause these categories are frequently separated into diferentiated temporal stages, we for get that if goal were granted to us without the interposition of ‘obstacles it would no longer be the same goal. ‘The resistance which has to he eliminated is whet gives our powers the possibility of proving themselves. Sin, after whose tonquest the soul ascends to salvation, is what assures that special “joy in heaven” which those who were upright from the outset do not possess there. Every synthesis requires atthe same time an ef: fective analytic prineiple, which actually negates it (for without this it would be an absolute unity rather than 3 synthesis of several elements). By the same token every analysis requires a synthesis, inthe dissolution of whieh it consists (for analysis demands always ‘certain coherence of elements if itis not to amount to 8 mere Congevies without relations). The most bitter enmity is still more Exchange 49 ‘of « connection than simple indifference, indifference still more than not even knowing of ene another. In short: the inhibiting countermovement, the diversion of which signifies sacrifice, is ofien—pethaps, seen from the point of view of elementary processes, even always—the positive presupposition of the gosl Itself. Sacrifice by no means belongs in the eategory of the unde- sirable, though superficiality aad greed might portray it as such, It isnot only the condition of individual values hut, in what eon- ‘ems us here the economic realm, sacrifice is the condition ofall value; not only the price to be paid for individual values that are already established, but that through which alone values ean come (being. Exchange oceurs in two forms, which I shall discuss here in ‘connection with the value of labor. Allabor i indisputably a sacri fice if tis accompanied by a desire for leisure, for the mere self satisfying play of sills or forthe avoidance of strenuous exertion In addition to such desires, however, there exists a quantum of latent work energy which either we do not know what to do with ‘or which presents itself as a drive to carry out voluntary labor, labor called forth neither by necessity nor by ethical motives. The expenditure of this energy is in itself no sacrifice, yet for this quantum of energy there compete a number of demands all of which it cannot satisfy. For every expenditure of the energy in question one or more possible and desirable alternative uses of it rust be sacrificed. Could we not usefully spend the energy with which we accomplish task A also on task B, then the first would not entail any seerifce; the same would hold for B inthe event we chose it rather than A. In this utilitarian los what is saerificed is not labor, but nonlabor. What we pay for A is not the sacrifice of labor —for our assumption here is thatthe latter in itself poses hot the slightest hardship on us—but the giving up of task B. ‘The sacrifice which we make of labor in exchange is therefore of two sorts, ofan absolute and a relative sort, The discomfort we sccept is inthe one case directly hound up with the labor itself, because the labor is annoying and troublesome. Inthe ease where the labor itelf is of endaemonistic irrelevance or even of positive value, and when we can attain one object only at the cost of denyrnboxy 38 ge Hot 196 aip Jo amseour ay YNos 3p ayy 01 sonasoe yng “apeU-sp 5] Wed axp jo anges oped say yey Jo 3 ‘on "uu v soy amor uf 2oyEDES © I ap Jo ase yaad w se Sane axOUOD2 peau 2H jf ann Joaamog ay 40 xdsouoo yestonrun ayy porooneqe axey om wpu9] ane arom ay s9puor 0} poasuy spuuns 24 Jo uondoone> ox Zuma Jo pea ‘us} 241 Jo ype to Sp uumnssour jo ssaooud ayy hq pougenzayap you stu ‘yBnonp quo mq, “9p yous “> 44 pur jo ‘piss pazediuoo uyoq jo yuowow! yp 18 1 1p 298 04 “asaNo“Aasop9 aH 2H np anojoq 9, 9m jw tse © sesoctod Surya oIur paps 29 jou ng *pa89 af 4g pore ‘moos sop 0 10419 spalqo om oi fag auojoq somes anyog fo knanmpoy oy, 24 “popnyoxa sr ypuoy a9 Ss] ey) Sopurep ox you twos 09 sue 30) ayqesunyp 1g aBumyoxg NOWOVUaLNI TYID0S 40 SHOT gg~ae49 pus uononposd snayyen asennoo ut [oy 2tp fo uorieua.u09 wWeytstad oor ‘apdop sour ayy -tsoyem 0} 380 no 0 pu UIE remo 90 324 Of s99yt29 94 HON} aUU0D ‘oatsp ioolgo souI0} 1 im) “ae tro Kew Ux! Suroq 1Dafqo rs al 24 StUI0F 20kqo nurse yom are ow so4p Busine 1 yo ssounns oy soqeord aq 29890 0490 Yrs uF JoAsasqo pPog%0 1 ofous 1355 3 330 se you spa el poutenun ai of unony 10} pooysions sa ee 108 oalysod se Sinasoppeqo soyenoau9 10 PIPL Jo pate uy an9p voy owas senaad oy ‘03p ponesedos og yy 2600 yp "OHO AE SE mye »—ss99004 axnaafqns a Maur sugeusan st 80] 0 anes WOW sf 190NGO HE MON, sors Jo sfti8 a 'SN6O ple OH JO Beto ao Syomplsypul amp Jo 9.419 2 se entrar anos “| wsp“wossed JOE Ot 3A $uyapsuey Aq aout 894 BGI 2 dyazend tot anoqe [UOT SY “Fog 20) 988 TH IH aunyoxg ino. s199190 HUN024) sang y nya ood Pa Ses eae tended ae tp ts po ea paso a6 588 nao soantaMb92 3 sayea on 40} s2auanboston 94 ‘irstepouseonSoqespaunatyqigoxo uy wo 20H ue HO? ronan pond fp pa 2! 20 woe? 38 yoryn22/go zaysown [0 puts oy nosy Kyu 722190 tw 0 od 7m ONDE army ay oqo ub aay 30 s00pYoRs #9 an HOU Franop prooq pat redoad eywomy 249 WORSNOS!P Sosn30) 00 "yn ayy 2m, SUL mp you st ase> rye ap uorydunsoo Jo 29834 20) {Palupy ou syeonyea auoa9 [eax yo wondumsu09 ayy Uo ‘Shutotoae yo uononpoad ayy saxes ye zoos wdaox9) 9 sear you ot JOM My af axo}ova4} PUEDE aETONOND Ue 1 st dinay prem Jo wonduinston sye;poumay yp exp “asoqe UNOS se Teveapoouos oun SP Hoos 881 Ye, DE oxHoNDD9 WE OL oo ruses ua =n puny 240 2 TRotua pnw uotssonod yp ioaj uonoeysies yo Huyjoop poredionae 3p pa parson “i2afgo ay) OF 22ep “puey 210 ‘png om uaawtoq Spurs aNpEA 2 teapitoutap a NOW [> SNL, “22]aRUoy Fanon axUOIO.? aA JoJo sous poszastun amp U8 wo ony “Kanes S010 1 SOU? iedaoytion sft puy og, S=S#9 [SHOR moo yo 2x04 Supyeods 9 SUH 93 0 unig yurouo09 on, eas 248 14 104 9 Sour soaoy ay yay wouy Caoamad oy st ene seers cle uns opune sou er a So one 2 nh aay sad es ayo a pe 5 anon 0) ave a HH “osu 3 mpononeg ean vo Au sun] 0 © opso uf syyv09 sy 38 sonyes somnsaid funur y oq o1 xvadde Susowose yay Ye Jf “ao [eDgIUE ys ones a ee orp “ous yo poop Jo pasose ae Kay zanpoys Ajenbo so Tranetvonse a S® WAU “251949 1X yo aoueoyiuss ay usoysuen, 2 ‘gt ssoussoppurr xp f0.ana “oil 8 se 109 2090p 9 pow saqpo uy “xypo8 ay UoRoepSHES ayy mos} NoNseNap e ut rqjuos da Sues pay sn aay am jm sarap tno soto Auqpaefan afunyorg aaynutsg es pwaudde nauo8 jporysopum yeatdoy-aanoatqo yo uoysny © apes porsena9d se Za NOILOVUALNT TYID0S 40 sHHOS gE‘ySnorom says yo mod 22 4 201 pen st As0qqo3 pou “souoysay Yoa3s yezdtod ur pounsouoa axe dood soi autour ay somo aap 3 sidanuog arn mya sat 380091 pe “UO! uoqse yp anoe st saypean AOU sauto p0Om 2g 1 otouos» ox-—4noud Hoyo 31 po "quo pavy8sut oy noose Aq patundazonoe any suoquog aso ous op fy spate sueatt ou A ane Kayp sty Uf “sosrto1d 350% souonboruoa Krossooa fyetdaaueo ¥ “powmes# 30f He 2 aypotos sj—ssoooxd oBupxo aye St exn—enyes 2qst0U009 ay ao me J 0 “ay aur jo aera w st] “yes UL Nw AYDHNIS SEH YY w-Aameiqete age J sone aBtoes ma! yp Ng -22eox9stonpHoD eaRoalqo wo SS8 puo Siopsue iq soznmsody {quo ou anya oy prwortp usp 249 1 WOES H spoT Jo LONI a wonmexdioiay we-—edsopun sisafge yon uoneiidsoqay ons ploabe avo 940 0p seo" SS] B12 SOUL 12} Pe powfojordur 2p ou “Kea tro) Saray of yo aude Yar sony Jaxer ayers 01 19p20 t pasasiod py fat dapeseleneh ih cal Wok ad od a be Syd hq 40 “spoo8 Jo Ans xp ase019u4 043093 eo om 5 POU SI SUNOS pon om sofa mn ang} $8 poo 2U pfiow aouea 238 008 yyy ep a pots | Fupyoxyg pun uoynudosddy fo susoy “Aanoofgns pea wore oU0391 oy so] wow sun “saalqo Suazdaowodoxqu Aq p Weer agai 305 948 p afgo da puad> hq soajosun epryst—somptaipt oyoxo‘syoofqo yt Suores Io Azanoefqne 4 ot 40 A103} pue aoumssp on ‘uno 244 sooe|d smn pus 324 em aBtueyx> portal par edn ah oj a jn Bn Jo pres 2q dpunystoa yn 2, aueprene® fs yo amsvous porn fqo ue soe] ues sara some ‘pasos ose inj spunea inosine Uorsionn s,new axpuad oy “doutouaia sojoue 1 too s “oso Sue ut—6q pow Soe ip ue Bezonpoad ype paypaxo aq “Ajuanbastoo Poop AUHODDN GN EO J = so ov soqousnyp aif jo 510008 end Kouedasostp 2) S480 NOILIVESUNI T¥IDOS 40 SOS Zo‘out oy pound soap anbpae ueusoy vst ropag vaskad 0} vows papunoa ‘np 0 ot an sop ze 9 Jo agonu ap ouroaino sf “suosred Os, WOON jannpxe of a2 a8 UD SyqE=Od jaye sv eng pus pe aang tio J0 SIH "os an jo dann am py 91 S30p ep [e aunoo9e ov #240) pus famseout aisade-uosoesueay, “6 jue yon Apex one padusyoxs aze ssn Creusrsn9 oxy dy a6 ae pesdioar sp ‘nbz avo an0 yt Auo uosaud vxdo000 ay any sojdoad uep ‘sonaojaetpautonu asp Suouty pee 3Mp 20} aFunyor fo suomopu on “aaqaa(qnat 9 ajqroanad stosyy ape rosso "woyon aus op anoyste A108 woseor Hos 0) 2,9p qo we 1 :aygppueyszopun 59 Ruy NOILOVNSLN TVI90S 40 sKuos $9pu Araqqor “suotersod Jo suuoy anno qos a ale aBuoypx9 Jo sjuspaoo.uy ayy, “pray Buovef ep Apo4n fo utoy yefaos Pu YaaqH09 aves a A papaooud Hood 24Py oa se nf wo wou yqudozun ox a sysuon "om 309 ‘sj sont Jo Bat iy jou seo aaeyeo poxy Se sso Aqpqdiuoo oq 01 POY | duo atoyr Mum poupazo sr ponpaatpay ou ye i pnpiapur eoaseag uo “squt Jo tonpoad ay se “suoneuos paprapuLoquy se Zutuutsoq fay ody ase pane Ky #99904 ox 20] spI04 ue ray Buon taop paxyun puw soyn2as0" a a ss suorsesten sho}naad snosoumnu wos oyna padojesspum Te ur apen wax03 yom oy “uorysey uo op ‘1 2uoowos nq rersqns Jo es pte Sup youn 2ouo une ayy Jo wonypeBar 08 aif 30} stunoaae ssapqn gona 40g yutod 2yqnas Lue 42 1 Satna Jo} ‘panquesend Seroos se NOILOVHALNI TYID0S 40 SHOE — 99-mosjaua pontaoos sey a aouvaymtsaxp smo o¥p oy Sure 21 yoea pue aaine ayp StmumEa}ap Youd “srodoad asa Jo 5564 amp uo sof oq. opat Sou0> ‘jes yoooudas ah Wy APAIsnfx9 ISU HH 10g _ “on2 if puy ow Teyp 24 yng SoMadoud yuorugRs yas a oF ods “21 que 4260p9 05 sas9 wolgo wo ouurOxD AvUE ag4 “ayes TUE 00030 Apoq ony “yvads 0105 5 yt “uorexanH Jo ssouToAy a ‘uy a4 8H yo auayds 9) ous YoU “GNU 2H) Jo sie pa Sp 12 tory “hayes are1ou09 *Ajsnoau p Aaesousd aq 1 Sanog “sonmesauo8 120 ‘unr 0} Suravy yo soariewsoys aun pouvds stop} pouoysty 1d20u09 sup wrong, ioensqe you sspeIpoUoU | yy axmonays s|AsUYS ‘oads ayy st Aa{o08 =1oUD9 Jo yodse any “aFampxs yo nuIparFay San aap. Apes “nano “ae fabtoy ojaouoo axon, “mopers amy dquo st Gaadosd anreou re bod # Jo anes aya aq sn atin Wd oxy “aanetado og youue> ‘ososo4 “yUopsFxou0N couow At paeuay ‘sudoid o4n 7 ef yous se djamnd axaasqo 01 sep wo quo “wow. sep no uy paajonut 204 -agsop amp aensaad 69 eumypeg oj Aressog0u st wono49p pu tod Sautyuaspuadap asus si dap Jo 9su98 oyouoaa ay w aaN09s 0 {asnaofgo uous axe asayy,‘yurayyudisuy yas Uf 34 prom wom 1» Aystoe on ems 001 = spo? 2 1 98} OUD ap ay, “UHEYGO o1 ROMP ‘ennooq aston axe aq ang 20ne3s ae Aayp aene99q Ute qO OFC -gip 104 oe sftp :Spooayp sty ssoudxo ued ou, 2010 dp e924 “uo 0s pus Yep. sos Jo yey “2ouatuoAtoo ddesip ‘souotted ur soayzws Bulan oo ymoxp pe Buoy © em st SP os Sy "14 0) Kom ay Jo wonsaNb ie aso Sf 01 1 35e9 ayy ou Suayed St YPIYSK—UOAD 21 48s Jo Suuuosr0%0 a4p 0 you pe] or aay ons sn.) ayqeasop Aiqantoe youqie soe 260m NOILOVUALN TYID05 40 sK¥OS 99oovoura 40 4. ANIAAT “N GTYNO SWYOW TVIDOS CNV ALITVOGIAIGNI NO 1908 40 4 peuuttg 81009