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Analisis Perilaku

Biaya

Pengklasifikasian biaya berdasar


perilaku biaya:
1. Biaya Tetap (Fixed cost)
biaya yang tidak berubah secara total dalam
hubungan dengan beberapa aktivitas atau output
yang dipilih
2. Biaya Variabel (Variable cost)
biaya yang berubah secara total dalam hubungan
dengan beberapa aktivitas atau output yang dipilih
3. Biaya Semivariabel (Semivariable cost)
biaya yang memiliki baik komponen tetap dan
variabel
To accompany Cost Accounting 12e, by Horngren/Datar/Foster. Copyright 2006 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved.

10-2

AA cost
cost that
that stays
stays the
the
same
same as
as output
output
changes
changes is
is aa fixed
fixed
cost.
cost.

Fixed
Fixed Costs
Costs

To accompany Cost Accounting 12e, by Horngren/Datar/Foster. Copyright 2006 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved.

10-3

Total Costs

Total Fixed Cost Graph


$120,000
$100,000
$80,000
$60,000
$40,000
$20,000

F=
$60,000

Fixed
Fixed Costs
Costs

0
60 120180240
Units Produced (000)

Lease of
Machine
s
$60,000
60,000
60,000
60,000
60,000

Number
of Units
0
60,000
120,000
180,000
240,000

Units
Cost
N/A
$1.00
0.50
0.33
0.25

To accompany Cost Accounting 12e, by Horngren/Datar/Foster. Copyright 2006 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved.

10-4

AA variable
variable cost
cost is
is aa cost
cost
that,
that, in
in total,
total, varies
varies in
in
direct
direct proportion
proportion to
to
changes
changes in
in output.
output.

Variable
Variable
Cost
Cost

To accompany Cost Accounting 12e, by Horngren/Datar/Foster. Copyright 2006 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved.

10-5

Total Variable Cost Graph

Total Costs

$48,000
$36,000

Yv = .20x

Variable
Variable Cost
Cost

$24,000
$12,000
0 60 120 180 240
Units Produced (000)

Cost of
Power
$

0
12,000
24,000
36,000
48,000

Number
of Units
0
60,000
120,000
180,000
240,000

Units
Cost
$ 0
0.20
0.20
0.20
0.20

To accompany Cost Accounting 12e, by Horngren/Datar/Foster. Copyright 2006 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved.

10-6

AA mixed
mixed cost
cost is
is aa cost
cost
that
that has
has both
both aa fixed
fixed
and
and aa variable
variable
component.
component.

To accompany Cost Accounting 12e, by Horngren/Datar/Foster. Copyright 2006 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved.

10-7

Total Costs

Mixed Cost Behavior


$130,000
$110,000
$90,000
$70,000
$50,000
$30,000
0 40 80 120 160 180
Units
200 Sold (000)

Variable
Cost of
Selling

Fixed
Cost of
Selling

Total
Selling
Cost

Selling
Cost per
Unit

Inserts
Sold
40,000
$ 20,000
$30,000
$ 50,000
$1.25
80,000
40,000
30,000
70,000
0.86
120,000
60,000
30,000
90,000
0.75
160,000
80,000
30,000
110,000
0.69
To accompany
Cost Accounting 12e, by 100,000
Horngren/Datar/Foster. Copyright
2006 by Pearson Education.
All rights reserved. 0.65
200,000
30,000
130,000

10-8

Tujuan pemisahan biaya semivariabel:


Perhitungan tarif biaya overhead dan analisis varian
Persiapan anggaran fleksible dan analisis varians
Perhitungan biaya langsung dan analisis varians
Analisis titik impas dan analisis biaya-volume laba
Analisis biaya differensial dan komparatif
Maksimisasi laba dan minimisasi biaya jangka

pendek
Analisis anggaran modal
Analsis profitabilitas pemsaran berdasarkan daerah,
produk dan pelanggan.
To accompany Cost Accounting 12e, by Horngren/Datar/Foster. Copyright 2006 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved.

10-9

Asumsi-asumsi Fungsi Biaya


1.

Perilaku biaya diperkirakan dengan fungsi


biaya linear dalam rentang yang relevan
Secara grafis, biaya total versus tingkat suatu
aktivitas tunggal yang berhubungan dengan
biaya itu adalah suatu garis lurus dalam
rentang yang relevan

To accompany Cost Accounting 12e, by Horngren/Datar/Foster. Copyright 2006 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved.

10-10

Fungsi Biaya Linear


y = a + bX
Variabel Bebas:
Pemicu Biaya

Variabel Terikat:
Biaya yang
diprediksi

Titik Potong:
Biaya tetap

Kemiringan Garis:
Biaya variable
per unit

To accompany Cost Accounting 12e, by Horngren/Datar/Foster. Copyright 2006 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved.

10-11

Perilaku Biaya Campuran


(Mixed-Cost Behaviour)
Asumsi Linearitas
Total Biaya
Biaya
Biaya Tetap
Biaya Variabel

Kuantitas Produk

Total Biaya = Biaya Tetap + Total Biaya Variabel


12

To accompany Cost Accounting 12e, by Horngren/Datar/Foster. Copyright 2006 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved.

10-12

Fungsi Biaya Tetap, Secara Grafis

To accompany Cost Accounting 12e, by Horngren/Datar/Foster. Copyright 2006 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved.

10-13

Fungsi Biaya Variabel, secara Grafis

To accompany Cost Accounting 12e, by Horngren/Datar/Foster. Copyright 2006 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved.

10-14

Fungsi Biaya Total, secara Grafis

To accompany Cost Accounting 12e, by Horngren/Datar/Foster. Copyright 2006 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved.

10-15

Fungsi-fungsi Biaya Digabungkan

To accompany Cost Accounting 12e, by Horngren/Datar/Foster. Copyright 2006 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved.

10-16

Metode Pemisahan Biaya


Semivariabel:
1. Metode Titik tertinggi dan terendah
2. Metode Scattergraph
3. Metode Least Square

To accompany Cost Accounting 12e, by Horngren/Datar/Foster. Copyright 2006 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved.

10-17

Metode Tinggi-Rendah
Metode analisis kuantitatif paling sederhana
Menggunakan hanya nilai-nilai teramati yang

tertinggi dan terendah

To accompany Cost Accounting 12e, by Horngren/Datar/Foster. Copyright 2006 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved.

10-18

Langkah-langkah dalam
Metode Tinggi-Rendah
1.

Hitung biaya variabel per unit aktivitas

To accompany Cost Accounting 12e, by Horngren/Datar/Foster. Copyright 2006 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved.

10-19

Langkah-langkah dalam
Metode Tinggi-Rendah
2.

Hitung Biaya Tetap Total

3.

Buat ringkas dengan menuliskan persamaan linear

To accompany Cost Accounting 12e, by Horngren/Datar/Foster. Copyright 2006 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved.

10-20

High Low Method


Penentuan bagian Biaya Variabel dan biaya tetap didasarkan
pada pengamatan data masa lalu yaitu data pada posisi
ekstrim tinggi dan posisi ekstrim rendah.
Keunggulan:
- Mudah dilakukan
- Tidak perlu banyak data
Kelemahan :
-Tidak memperhatikan fluktuasi dan tendensi perkembangan
data biaya
To accompany Cost Accounting 12e, by Horngren/Datar/Foster. Copyright 2006 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved.

10-21

Contoh :
Dari penelitian biaya pemeliharaan selama 5 (lima)
bulan terakhr sbb :
Bulan
Januari
Februari
Maret
April
Mei

Jam Kerja
9.870
9.234
9.100
9.875
9.650

Total Biaya
Rp. 109.415.000
Rp. 106.553.000
Rp. 105.950.000
Rp. 109.437.500
Rp. 108.425.000

To accompany Cost Accounting 12e, by Horngren/Datar/Foster. Copyright 2006 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved.

10-22

Pemisahan biaya
Tertinggi
Terrendah
Perubahan

9.875
9.100
775

Rp. 109.437.500
Rp. 105.950.000
Rp.

3.487.500

3.487.500
Biaya Variabel = --------------------- = Rp. 4.500/jam kerja
775
Total Biaya Bulan Maret
Biaya Variabel 9.100 X 4.500
Komponen Biaya Tetap

Rp. 105.950.000
Rp. 40.950.000
Rp. 65.000.000

To accompany Cost Accounting 12e, by Horngren/Datar/Foster. Copyright 2006 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved.

10-23

To accompany Cost Accounting 12e, by Horngren/Datar/Foster. Copyright 2006 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved.

10-24

Metode Scattergraph:
Langkah-langkahnya:
1. Buat grafik
2. Buat titik-titik di grafik
3. Tarik garis lurus dengan melewati titik-titik
4. Hitung biaya variabel dan biaya tetap

seperti dalam metode titik tertinggi dan


terendah

To accompany Cost Accounting 12e, by Horngren/Datar/Foster. Copyright 2006 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved.

10-25

Metode Stand By Cost


Metode ini diterapkan apabila ada

kesempatan perusahaan dihentikan


semetara.
Padasaat perusahaan dihentikan maka biaya
yang tetap harus dikeluarkan disebut dengan
Stand by Cost yang dianggp setara dengan
Fixed Cost.

To accompany Cost Accounting 12e, by Horngren/Datar/Foster. Copyright 2006 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved.

10-26

Biaya Variabel per unit dihitung dengan rumus


Rata-rata Total Biaya Stand by Cost
BVU = ------------------------------------------------------Rata-rata Kapasitas
Dari data contoh sebelumnya :
Rata-rata Total Biaya = 539.780.500 / 5 = Rp. 107.956.100
Rata-rata Jam kerja
= 4.729 / 5
= 9.546 jam kerja
Jika diketahui Stand by Cost = Rp. 67.000.000 maka sesuai dengan
rumus yang ada
107.956.100 67.000.000
Biaya Variabel = ------------------------------------- = Rp. 4.290/jam
9.546
To accompany Cost Accounting 12e, by Horngren/Datar/Foster. Copyright 2006 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved.

10-27

Analisis Regresi / Least Square


Analisis Regresi adalah metode statistik yang

mengukur jumlah rata-rata perubahan dalam variabel


dependen yang terkait dengan suatu unit perubahan
dalam salah satu atau lebih variabel independen
Lebih akurat dari metode Tinggi-Rendah karena
persamaan regresi mengestimasi biaya menggunakan
informasi dari semua pengamatan; metode TinggiRendah menggunakan hanya dua pengamatan

To accompany Cost Accounting 12e, by Horngren/Datar/Foster. Copyright 2006 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved.

10-28

Jenis-jenis Regresi
Simple mengestimasi hubungan antara

variabel dependen dan satu variabel


independen
Multi mengestimasi hubungan antara
variabel dependen dan dua atau lebih
variabel independen

To accompany Cost Accounting 12e, by Horngren/Datar/Foster. Copyright 2006 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved.

10-29

Untuk mendapatkan persamaan garis regresi


Y = a + b X dapat dihitung dengan rumus
( Y ) (X2) - ( X)( X Y)
a = ---------------------------------------n X2 (X) 2
nX Y - ( X)( Y)
b = -------------------------------------nX2 - (X) 2
To accompany Cost Accounting 12e, by Horngren/Datar/Foster. Copyright 2006 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved.

10-30

X.Y

X2

9.870

109,4

1.079.778

97.416.900

9.234

106,5

983.421

85.266.756

9.100

105,9

963.690

82.810.000

9.875

109,4

1.080.325

97.515.625

9.650

108,4

1.046.060

93.122.500

47.729

539,6

5.153.274

456.131.781

Persamaan garis projeksi menurut metode


least square :
Y = 64.615.260 + 4.537 X
To accompany Cost Accounting 12e, by Horngren/Datar/Foster. Copyright 2006 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved.

10-31

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