Lesson 1: Classifying Chemicals

Chemistry- the study of matter

Matter- anything that has mass and takes up space
Matter
Pure Substance

Elements

Compounds

Mixture

Homogeneous

Heterogeneous

Video: Bill Nye

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tBQcpF_j5Xg&feature=related

The states of matter are:

Solid (s) salt
Liquid (l) water
Gas (g) air
Properties of Matter
Can be
1. Physical describes appearance (color, hardness, state or texture)
2. Chemical describes how a substance reacts
Physical Change
- the substance stays the same
- easy to reverse
Examples
Changes of state ice to liquid water to steam
Dissolving- mixing salt in water

Chemical Changes
- the original substance is changed into a new substance
- irreversible
Clues of a chemical change:
1. Colour change
2. Heat or light is given off
3. Bubbles of gas are formed
4. A solid material (called a precipitate) forms in a liquid
5. Irreversible (burning).
Activity: Determining the Types and States of Matter

Lesson 2: The Periodic Table

On Periodic Table and using overhead:
1. Table of elements; symbols are used to represent the elements.
2. Elements are grouped: Metals
red dividing line
Non-metals
Alkali metals
Alkaline earth metals
Halogens
Noble gases
Activity:
Colour the families and make a key.
Identify elements and their families.
Memorize the names and symbols of the first 20 elements.
Highlight polyatomic ions.
Video: The Element Song

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rSAaiYKF0cs Lesson

3: Bohrs Model of the

Atom
Parts of the Atom
1. Proton (p+) - positive particle in the nucleus
2. Neutron (n0)- neutral particle in the nucleus
3. Electron (e-) - negative particle orbiting the nucleus
Each element has its own number of p+.
Diagram: Atom
Video: Venus Explains the Atom http://www.youtube.com/watch?

v=hhbqIJZ8wCM
Atomic number
- the number of p+
- the whole number on the periodic table.
Atomic number = Number of protons
In a neutral atom, # of p+ = # of e-.
E.g.
1. Carbon has 6 p+, 6e2. Sulfur has 16 p+, 16eModel of the Atom
- shows where e- are in the atom

+
Positive
Nucleus

2e1st

8e2nd

8e3rd

orbit

orbit

orbit

Rules:
- e- fill the orbits in order (1, 2, then 3)

- each orbit must be full before filling the next orbit

Examples: (using Periodic Table and handout)
Hydrogen

Nitrogen

1p, 1e-

7p, 7e-

1p

1e-

7p

2-

5e-

Lesson 4: Forming Ions

Planning Notes:
Periodic Table and BR diagrams; demo- Li, Na, Ca, Cu in H 2O

Ions- form when a neutral atom gains or loses an e-.

lose egain ePositive ion Neutral atom Negative ion
E.g.: Using Models
1. Sodium 11p+, 11e-

Na: 11 p+ 11 +
Remove e- 10 eNet charge
1+

Symbol: Na1+ ionic charge sodium ion

2. Fluorine

2e- 8e- 1e- reacts to lose 1e- to have 8 e- in its outer orbit

9p, 9e-

2e- 7e-

- reacts to gain 1 eF:

9 protons 9 +
Add 1 e- 10 electrons
10 eNet charge 1 -Symbol: F1-

fluorine ion

ionic charge

Label the charges on the Periodic table: metals (1+, 2+) and non metals (3-, 2-, 1-).
Using the Periodic Table try:
1. Calcium
2. Aluminum
3. Phosphorus

Special Ions
Group B ions: Zn2+ (zinc), Ag1+ (silver)
Ions with more than one charge
copper (I) Cu1+
copper (II) Cu2+
iron (II) Fe2+
iron (III) Fe3+
tin (II) Sn2+
tin (IV) Sn4+
lead (II) Pb2+
lead (IV) Pb4+

Date: _______________

Periodic Table

Name: _______________

1. When a neutral atom loses an electron it becomes an ___________ . What is the charge on
the following elements when they become ions:
a. Ba _______

b. F_______ c. Mg _______

d. K _______ e. Br ______

2. Indicate the family for each element:

a. Ba _______________

b. I _________________

c. Rn __________________

d. K ________________

e. Br ________________

f. Rb ___________________

3. Fill in the following table.

Element

Symbol

Atomic

Number p+

Number
Hydrogen
Ne
13
Gold
Na
30
17
Kr
Potassium
29
4. List 3 types of chemical change and 3 types of physical change.
Chemical change

Physical change

1.

1.

2.

2.

3.

3.

Number e-

Lesson 5: Binary Ionic Compounds

Recall:
Ions- form when a neutral atom gains or loses an e-.
Binary Ionic compounds:
1. form between a positive ion (metal) and a negative ion (non metal)
2. result from a transfer of e- from the positive ion to the negative ion
Rules for Naming (Binary) Ionic Compounds
1. positive ion (metal) goes first; include Roman numerals if needed
2. negative ion (non metal) is second and change the ending to ide
3. overall charge on the compound must be zero
Eg:
1. sodium and chlorine
Na + Cl Na 1+ Cl 1-

NaCl

Crossover Rule for Ionic Formula (p.145)

1. Write symbol and charge of element
Al + S Al3+ S22. Drop charges only and crossover the number
Al3S2 Al2S3
3. Reduce to lowest common number& check
E.g.: Determine the chemical formula.
1. lithium and oxygen
Li1+ O2- Li2O lithium oxide
2. calcium iodide
Ca2+ I1- CaI2

Sodium chloride

For ions with more than 1 charge

To determine the formula
Copper (II) nitride Cu2+ + N3-Cu3N2
Iron (III) iodide

Fe3+ + I1- FeI3

To name the cmpd (compound)..

Cu2O

copper (I) oxide

E.g. Name the compound

1. MgCl2
magnesium chloride
2. Na2S
sodium sulfide
3. CuO
copper (II) oxide
4. Pb3N2
lead (II) nitride

Date: ___________

Binary Ionic Compounds

Name: ___________________

Use your periodic table to complete the questions below.

Name the compounds.

Determine the formula.

1. LiF

_____________________

1. sodium oxide ____ + ____ ___________

2. CaO

______________________

2. calcium nitride____ + ____ ___________

3. Na2S

______________________

3. lithium chloride____ + ____ ___________

4. AlCl3 ______________________

4. aluminum sulfide____ + ____ _________

5. Zn3N2 ______________________

5. zinc phosphide ____ + ____ ___________

6. MgBr2 ______________________

6. silver bromide ____ + ____ ___________

7. K2O

______________________

7. copper (II) fluoride ____ + ____ _______

8. CuCl2 ______________________

8. lead (IV) oxide ____ + ____ ___________

9. SnBr4

______________________

9. tin (II) bromide ____ + ____ __________

10. PbS2

______________________

10. iron (III) nitride ____ + ____ _________

11. Fe2O3 ______________________

11. magnesium sulphide ____ + __________

12. Mg3P2 ______________________

12. potassium phosphide ____ + __________

Lesson 6: Polyatomic Compounds

Polyatomic cmpds- contain more than 2 elements
Polyatomic ion- a group of atoms bonded together that carry a charge
Rules for Naming Polyatomic Cmpds:
1. Positive ion goes first; negative ion goes second
2. Do not change the name of the polyatomic ion
3. The total charge must add up to zero
4. Roman numerals are used for ions with more than one charge
5. Brackets are placed around the polyatomic ion if there is more
than on in the formula
Eg: Name the cmpd:
1. Na2CO3 sodium carbonate (washing soda)
2. Mg(OH)2 magnesium hydroxide (Milk of Magnesia)
3. AgNO3 silver nitrate
4. CuSO4 copper (II) sulfate
5. Pb(NO3)2 lead (II) nitrate
Eg: Determine the formula
1. potassium hydroxide K1+ + OH1- KOH
2. sodium sulphate Na1+ + SO42- Na2SO4
3. calcium nitrate Ca2+ + NO31-Ca(NO3)2 brackets are for the
polyatomic ions only.
4. copper (II) hydroxide Cu2+ + OH1- Cu(OH)2

Date: ___________

Polyatomic Compounds

Name: ___________________

Use your periodic table to complete the questions below.

Name the compounds.

Determine the formula

1. MgSO4

_____________________

1. sodium sulphate____ + ____ __________

2. Na3PO4

_____________________

2. calcium carbonate ____ + ____ ________

3. Ca(NO3)2 ____________________

3. magnesium nitrate ____ + ____ ________

4. Ag2SO4

____________________

4. iron (II) nitrate ____ + ____ ___________

5. Zn(NO3)2 ____________________

5. zinc hydroxide ____ + ____ ___________

6. Cu(OH)2

____________________

6. tin (IV) nitrate____ + ____ ___________

7. Fe(OH)2

____________________

7. potassium phosphate____ + ____ _______

Lesson 5: Lab Activity: Testing for Ions

Chemical Names and Formula

Ionic Compounds
Write the formulas for the following compounds.
a. magnesium oxide

________________

b. sodium fluoride

_________________

c. aluminum nitride

________________

d. potassium sulfide

_________________

e. lead (IV) fluoride

________________

f. copper (I) bromide _________________

g. tin (II) iodide

________________

h. iron (II) oxide

_________________

Write the names for the following compounds.

a. MgS

___________________

b. CaO

____________________

c. KBr

___________________

d. BeF

____________________

e. PbS

___________________

f. SnO2

____________________

g. FeP

___________________

h. CuI

____________________

Polyatomic Compounds
Write the formulas for the following compounds.
a. magnesium sulfate ________________

b. calcium carbonate

_________________

c. aluminum nitrate

________________

d. potassium hydroxide_________________

e. lead (II) nitrate

________________

f. copper (I) nitrate

g. lithium phosphate

________________

h. iron (III) phosphate _________________

_________________

Write the names for the following compounds.

a. Li2CO3

___________________

b. CuNO3

____________________

c. K2SO4

___________________

d. NaOH

____________________

e. Pb3(PO4)2

___________________

f. Sn(ClO3)2

____________________

g. Al(OH)3

___________________

h. FeSO4

____________________

Lesson 6: Binary Molecular Compounds

Planning Notes:
1.
Demo: salt and sugar
2.
Nomenclature Bingo

Molecular (Covalent) Bonds

- formed when e- are shared by atoms no ions.
- formed between non-metal elements only.
- cmpds containing covalent bonds are called molecules.
Atom 1

e-

Atom 2

shared eDiatomic molecules, when alone, always come in pairs.

E.g.: Cl2, O2, N2, H2, F2, Br2, I2 (upside L; gen)
Nomenclature for Molecular Compounds (2 elements)
1. A prefix is used to indicate the number of atoms in the formula
1 - mono (used on second element only)
2 - di
3 - tri
4 - tetra
5 - penta
6 - hexa
7 - hepta
8 - octa
2. The second element ends in ide
E.g.
1. sulfur trioxide SO3
2. dinitrogen monoxide N2O
3. carbondisulfide CS2
4. CO carbon monoxide
5. CCl4 carbon tetrachloride

Date: __________

Determine the Formula

Name: _________________
/33

Binary Ionic Compounds

1. zinc chloride

________ + ________ _________________

2. sodium sulphide

________ + ________ _________________

3. iron (III) bromide

________ + ________ _________________

4. magnesium fluoride ________ + ________ _________________

5. tin (IV) nitride

________ + ________ _________________

6. aluminum oxide

________ + ________ _________________

7. copper (I) phosphide

________ + ________ _________________

Polyatomic Compounds
1. lithium sulfate

________ + ________ _________________

2. calcium carbonate

________ + ________ _________________

3. aluminum sulfate

________ + ________ _________________

4. iron (II) nitrate

________ + ________ _________________

5. sodium phosphate

________ + ________ _________________

6. tin (II) hydroxide

________ + ________ _________________

7. ammonium carbonate________ + ________ _________________

Binary Molecular Compounds

1. sulphur trioxide

___________________

2. carbon tetrachloride

___________________

3. dinitrogen monoxide

___________________

4. phosphorus pentafluoride

___________________

5. carbon dioxide

___________________

Lesson 7: Law of Conservation

Lab: Conservation of Mass

Lesson 8: Law of Conservation of Mass and Balancing Equations

Planning Notes:
1. Jujubes
2. HO- Balancing Equations

Law of Conservation of Mass

In a chemical reaction, the mass of the reactants (R) always equals the
mass of the products (P).
All the atoms present at the beginning of the reaction are present after
the reaction they are only rearranged.
E.g.
1. C (s)+ O2(g) CO2(g)
O + O-O O-O-O
Count atoms: R P
C
1
1
O
2
2
2. H2 +
O2 H2O
O-O + O-O O-O-O
Count atoms: one O left over need another H2 (cant change the
formula)
O-O O-O-O
Count atoms: R
P
H
4
4
O
2
2
Balanced equation: 2H2 + O2 2H2O
coefficient(show how much there is of a substance)
Balanced equation
- is an equation where the R and P have equal number of atoms of
each type of element.

Balance:
E.g.
1. ____ C + ____ Cl2____ CCl4
2. ____ Li + ____ Br2 ____ LiBr
3. ____ CaO + ____CO2 ____ CaCO3
HW:
1. Handout- Balancing Equations

Balancing Equations
Use only coefficients to balance the following equations.
1. ____ Mg +
2. ____ H2 +

____O2 ____ MgO

____ I2

____ HI

3. ____ C + ____F2 ____ CF4

4. ____ HgO ____ Hg + ____ O2
5. ____ Al + ____O2 ____ Al2O3
6. ____ Cl2 + ____ NaBr ____ NaCl + ____ Br2
7. ____ Mg +

____HCl ____ MgCl2 + ____ H2

8. ____ SiCl4 + ____H2O ____ SiO2 + ____HCl

9. ____ Cu + ____ AgNO3 ____ Ag + ____ Cu(NO3)2
10.____ Na2SO4 + ____CaCl2 ____NaCl + ____ CaSO4
11. ____KNO3 + ____BaCl2 ____ KCl + ____ Ba(NO3)2

12.

____ Fe +

____ O2 ____ Fe2O3

Lesson 9:

Writing Balanced Molecular Equations

Recall:
1. diatomic molecules- upside down L; gens
2. polyatomic ions- on the back of the periodic table
3. naming rules for binary ionic, polyatomic and binary molecular
compounds
Word Equation- chemistry written in words; convert the words into
chemistry.
Skeleton Equation- replace words with chemical formulas
Balanced Equation- balance atoms of reactants and products
Process:
E.g.:
1. Word Equation: Carbon reacts with oxygen to form carbon
monoxide.
carbon + oxygencarbon monoxide
reactants
products
2. Skeleton Equation: C+ O2CO
3. Balanced Equation: ___ C + ____ O2____CO
E.g.

1. zinc + tin (IV) chloride zinc chloride + tin

SE: Zn + SnCl4 ZnCl2 + Sn
BME: 2 Zn + SnCl4 2 ZnCl2 + Sn

2. silver nitrate + sodium chloride silver chloride + sodium nitrate

AgNO3 + NaClAgCl + NaNO3

Date: ______________

Writing Equations

Name: _______________

Write out the balanced equations from the word equations.

1. WE: silver oxide silver + oxygen
SE/BE: ________________________________________________________________________
2. WE: iron + copper (II) chloride iron (II) chloride + copper
SE/BE: ________________________________________________________________________
3. WE: barium oxide + sulfur trioxide barium sulphate
SE/BE: ________________________________________________________________________
4. WE: calcium + oxygen calcium oxide
SE/BE: ________________________________________________________________________
5. WE: calcium oxide + carbon dioxide calcium carbonate
SE/BE: ________________________________________________________________________
3. WE: sodium + phosphorous sodium phosphide
SE/BE: ________________________________________________________________________

Lesson 10: Types of Reactions

1. Synthesis Reactions
element + element small cmpd
small cmpd + small cmpd larger cmpd
Pattern: A + B AB
O + O OO
Demo: burn magnesium
magnesium + oxygen magnesium oxide
2 Mg (s) + O2(g) 2 MgO(s) ** use proper nomenclature &
balance**
2. Decomposition Reactions
binary cmpd element + element
larger cmpd small cmpd + small cmpd
Pattern: AB A + B
OO O + O
2H2O (l) 2H2(g) + O2(g)
3. Single Displacement
element + cmpd element + cmpd
Pattern: A + BC AC + B
O + OO OO + O
Demo: copper wire and silver nitrate
copper + silver nitrate copper (II) nitrate + silver

Cu + 2 AgNO3 Cu (NO3)2 + 2 Ag
4.

Double Displacement
cmpd + cmpdnew cmpd + new cmpd
Pattern: AB + CD
AD + CB
OO + OO
OO + OO

compounds switch partners

Demo: lead (II) nitrate + potassium iodide lead (II) iodide +
potassium nitrate
Pb(NO3)2 + 2 KI PbI2 + 2 KNO3

Types of Reactions
Write the balanced equation and identify whether the reaction is a combination,
decomposition, single displacement, or double displacement.
zinc + copper (II) chloride zinc chloride + copper

______________

2. magnesium carbonate magnesium oxide + carbon dioxide

______________

3. zinc nitrate + sodium sulphide zinc sulphide + sodium nitrate

______________

4. lithium oxide + sulphur dioxide lithium sulphite

______________

5. silver chloride silver + chlorine

______________

6. calcium + oxygen calcium oxide

______________

7. chlorine + potassium iodide potassium chloride + iodine

______________

1.

8. iron (III) sulphate + sodium chloride sodium sulphate + iron (III) chloride
______________

Name: __________ Types of Chemical Equations Date: ___________

Balance the equations using coefficients only. On the line, write the type of reaction
(synthesis, decomposition, single displacement or double displacement).
Type of reaction

1.___Ag2O ___ Ag + ___ O2

______________________

2. ___Fe + ___CuCl2___FeCl2 + ___Cu

______________________

3. ___BaO + ___SO3___BaSO4

______________________

4.___NH4NO3___H2O + ___N2O

______________________

5.___BaCl2+___K2SO4___BaSO4 +___KCl

______________________

6. ___Li2O + ___H2O ___LiOH

______________________

7. ___CaBr2 +___Na2CO3___CaCO3 +___NaBr

______________________

8. ___Cl2 + ___CaBr2___CaCl2 + ___Br2

______________________

9.___Pb(NO3)2 + ___NaCl ___NaNO3 +___PbCl2

______________________

10. ___Na + ___Cl2___NaCl

______________________

11. ___KClO3___KCl + ___O2

______________________

12. ___Mg + ___AgNO3___Mg(NO3)2 + ___Ag

______________________

Word Equations: Types of Reactions

Complete the word equations and determine the type of reaction. Do not write the balanced equation.
1. magnesium + aluminum chloride

2. barium nitrate + sodium carbonate

3. chlorine + lithium iodide

4. potassium sulphate + copper (II) bromide

5. zinc + iron (III) nitrite

Textbook

Lesson 11: Lab- Types of Reactions

Lesson 12: Acids and Bases

Properties of Acids
- taste sour
- has a H in the formula
- corrosive; reacts with certain metals
- conduct electricity
- turns litmus from blue to red
Name
Hydrochloric acid
Sulfuric acid
Phosphoric acid
Acetic acid

Chemical
Formula
HCl
H2SO4
H3PO4
HC2H3O2

Use
- stomach acids, glass etching
- car batteries, detergents
- sour taste in pop and candy
- vinegar

Properties of Bases
taste bitter
feel slippery
can be corrosive
- turns litmus from red to blue
- usually contain hydroxide ions (OH1-)
Name
Sodium hydroxide
Magnesium
hydroxide
Calcium
hydroxide
Video: Acids and Bases

Chemical Formula
Use
NaOH
-making soap, oven cleaner,
draino
Mg(OH)2
- antacid (TUMS)
Ca(OH)2

- controls acidity in pools and

soil

Lab Activity: Acid/Base Indicators

Indicator- substance that identify whether a solution is an acid or a base
Indicator
Litmus
Bromothymal blue
Methyl orange
Phenolphthalein
Red Cabbage Juice

Colour in
Acid
red
yellow
red
colourless

Colour in
Base
blue
blue
yellow
pink

Lesson 13: pH Scale

pH scale
- is used to indicate the acidity or basicity of a substance.
- goes from 0-14.
- for every one unit away from neutral, the solution becomes 10 times
stronger.
more acidic 0_1__2__3__4__5__6__7__8__9__10__11__12__13__14 more basic

10 times more acidic

(Colour the above chart)

pH and Consumer Products

1. Shampoo- hair has an outer protein (cuticle) layer and an inner
shaft.
Basic shampoo- causes the inner shaft to expand and push apart
cuticle resulting in dry, damaged hair.
Acidic shampoo- shrinks shaft allowing the cuticle to lie flat
around the hair giving shine and flexibility.
2. Soaps- skin is slightly acid using alkaline soaps removes outer
layer of dead cells.
3. Carbonated beverages- contain phosphoric and carbonic acids that
can damage teeth and stomach.
4. Juices- low acid orange juice to decrease the effect on the stomach;
apple juice and rotten baby teeth.

Lesson 14: Neutralization Reactions

Neutralization Reactions
- are double displacement reactions between an acid and a base
Pattern:
acid + base water + salt
H1+Cl1-(aq) + Na1+OH1-(aq) H2O + NaCl
HNO3(aq) + KOH KNO3 + H2O
E.g.:
1. Stomach acids are neutralized by magnesium hydroxide
2 HCl + Mg(OH)2 MgCl2 + 2 H2O
2. Fire extinguishers when activated, sulfuric acid reacts with
sodium bicarbonate
sulfuric acid + sodium bicarbonate sodium sulfate + carbon
dioxide + water
H2SO4(aq) + 2 NaHCO3(s) Na2SO4 + 2 CO2 + 2 H2O
Neutralization Reactions Cleaning acid spills- use sodium
bicarbonate
Effect of Neutralization on pH
- acid is neutralized by a base pH increases to 7
- base is neutralized by an acid pH decreases to 7
Lab Activity: Neutralization Reactions

Neutralization Reactions

Predict the products and balance the equation.

1. HCl(aq)+ Mg(OH)2 ____________ + ____________
2. H2SO4(aq)+ NaOH ___________ + ____________
3. HNO3(aq)+ Ca(OH)2 ___________ + _____________
4. HCl(aq)+ KHCO3 ____________ + _______________