2.

Adsorbents for Dyeing Wastewaters

Adsorption has been applied either in a single mode, mainly for dyes removal from
simulated/synthetic wastewaters, or in a combinational mode for total cleaning of real
wastewaters. Recently, other materials, more economical, have been attempted to be used as
adsorbents at the tertiary stage of effluents treatment, replacing the activated carbon: natural
materials, biosorbents, waste materials from industry and agriculture, clay materials (bentonite,
kaolinite), zeolites, siliceous material (silica beads, alunite, perlite), agricultural wastes (bagasse
pith, maize cob, rice husk, coconut shell) [2426], industrial waste products (waste carbon
slurries, metal hydroxide sludge, coffee wastes) [24,2729], biosorbents (chitosan, peat,
biomass), and others (starch, cyclodextrin, cotton) [24,30].
3. Low-Cost Agricultural Wastes as Adsorbents
There have been many attempts to find inexpensive and easily available adsorbents to remove
pollutants such as agricultural solid wastes where, according to their physicochemical
characteristics
and low cost, they may be good potential adsorbents [114]. Agricultural productions are available
in
large quantities around the world; thus large amounts of waste are rejected. Table 1 shows
agricultural
production (ton/year) in some countries. Agricultural wastes are lignocellulosic materials that
consist
of three main structural components, which are lignin, cellulose, and hemicelluloses. These
components