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Reasoning
Ability for
future
planning
Abstract
Extended
Future
Concrete
Days/
Hours
Emotional
Hours/
Minutes
Reactive
Minutes/
Seconds
Reflexive
No sense
of time
State of
Arousal
Responsive Caregiving
(e.g., feeds, soothes)
Time
In the first year, interactions between parents and infants are 90%
positive. By the middle of the second year, the parent is stopping the
child from doing something, on average, once every 8 seconds.
Still need lots of parental support, but can also play and explore
independently
Can soothe themselves independently, or with the help of other adults
Emotions and emotional understanding are becoming increasingly
complex
Will take steps to soothe or show concern for others (starts as early as 14
months)
Ability for empathy and recognizing the perspective of others grows
rapidly
At 3, most children are exclusively egocentric, by 5, they can
recognize others perspectives
Still learning to tolerate frustration, but the focus has expanded to:
Understanding the impact of their behavior on others
Negotiating their needs with the needs of others
Taking active steps to communicate their needs and solve
interpersonal problems