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Lexus ( Rekusasu) is the luxury vehicle division of Japanese automaker Toyota Motor Corporation. First introduced in 1989 in the USA,* [1] Lexus
is now sold globally and has become Japan's largestselling make of premium cars. The Lexus marque is
marketed in over 70 countries and territories worldwide,* [2] and has ranked among the ten largest Japanese
global brands in market value.* [3] Lexus is headquartered in Nagoya, Japan. Operational centers are located
in Brussels, Belgium and Torrance, California, USA.
History
1 HISTORY
1.1.1
Brand development
In 1989, after an extended development process involving 60 designers, 24 engineering teams, 1,400 engineers,
2,300 technicians, 220 support workers, approximately
450 prototypes, and over US$1 billion in costs, the F1
project was completed.* [27] The resulting agship, the
Lexus LS 400, had a unique design that shared no major
elements with previous Toyota vehicles, with a new 4.0 L
V8 gasoline engine and rear-wheel drive.* [28]* [29] The
LS 400 debuted in January 1989 at the North American
International Auto Show in Detroit,* [14] and ocially
went on sale the following September at a network of 81
new Lexus dealerships across the U.S.* [30] The LS 400
was sold along with a smaller sibling, the Toyota Camrybased ES 250.* [17] The launch of Lexus was heralded by
a multimillion dollar advertising campaign in both television and print media.* [31]
1.2
1.2
3
became Lexus' top seller.* [42] At the conclusion of 1991,
Lexus had become the top-selling premium car import in
the U.S.,* [45]* [46] with sales reaching a total of 71,206
vehicles.* [43] That year, Lexus ranked highest in J.D.
Power and Associates' studies on initial vehicle quality, customer satisfaction, and sales satisfaction for the
rst time.* [47] The marque also began increasing U.S.
model prices past those of comparable American premium makes, but still below high-end European models;* [46] by 1992, the LS 400's base price had risen 18%
to nearly US$45,000.* [48]
In 1993, Lexus launched the mid-size GS 300 sports
sedan, based on the Toyota Aristo using the Toyota S
platform from the Toyota Crown, which had sold for two
years prior in Japan.* [42] The GS 300 was priced below the LS 400 in the marque's lineup.* [49] That same
year, Lexus also became one of the rst marques to debut a certied pre-owned program, with the aim of improving trade-in model values.* [50] In 1994, the marque introduced the second generation LS 400, a complete redesign of its agship model.* [51] In May 1995,
sales were threatened by the U.S. government's proposal
of 100% taris on upscale Japanese cars in response to
the widening U.S.-Japan trade decit.* [52] SUVs were
exempt from the proposed sanctions.* [53] Normal sales
operations resumed by late 1995 when the Japanese auto
manufacturers collectively agreed to greater American investments, and the taris were not enacted.* [52]
1.3
1 HISTORY
1.4
1.4
3 AUTOMOBILES
creases of 40% and 27% in Europe and Japan respectively,* [125]* [126] for a global sales total of 410,000
units.* [127] Lexus' streak of eleven consecutive years
as the best-selling luxury marque in the U.S. ended that
year, with the title going to BMW followed by MercedesBenz.* [128] For 2011 while 45 percent of Lexus sales
in the United States relied upon the RX luxury crossover
SUV, rival Mercedes-Benz's best-selling oering was the
E-Class mid-luxury sedan which commands considerably higher prices.* [129] Subsequently, Toyota chairman
Akio Toyoda vowed to restore passion to the marque and
further increase its organizational independence, admitting that "...back then we did not regard Lexus as a brand,
but as a distribution channel. As a result of Toyoda's
organizational changes, Lexus senior managers report directly to the chairman for the rst time in the marque's
history.* [128]* [129]
2
2.1
Corporate aairs
Management
Financial data of Lexus operations are not disclosed publicly.* [147] However, automotive analysts estimate that
the Lexus division contributes a disproportionate share
of Toyota's prots, relative to its limited production and
sales volume.* [147] Interviews with retired division ofcials indicate that depending on sales volume, vehicle
product development cycles, and exchange rates, Lexus
sales have accounted for as much as half of Toyota's annual U.S. prot in certain years.* [147] Division executives have employed pricing strategies aimed at sustaining
prot margins rather than sales volume, with historically
fewer price incentives than rival brands.* [147] In 2006,
Lexus entered Interbrand's list of the Top 100 Global
Brands for the rst time, with an estimated brand value
of approximately US$3 billion annually.* [148] In 2009,
Interbrand ranked Lexus as Japan's seventh largest brand,
between Panasonic and Nissan, based on revenue, earnings, and market value.* [3]
3 Automobiles
3.1
Vehicle lineup
3.2
F marque
audio purveyor Mark Levinson.* [168] For reduced European models allow operation in motion.* [178]
cabin noise, the rst LS 400 introduced sandwich
steel plating,* [164] and later models added acoustic
glass.* [169] In 2006, the LS 460 debuted the rst
ceiling air diusers and infrared body temperature
sensors in a car.* [170]* [171] Telematics services include
G-Book with G-Link in Asia and Lexus Enform in North
America.* [172]
The Lexus agship has been oered in hybrid form since 2006
as the LS 600h and LS 600h L.
In 2006, Lexus incorporated the rst production eightspeed automatic transmission in an automobile with the
LS 460,* [170] and the gearbox was later adapted for
the GS 460 and IS F models. Continuously variable
transmissions, regenerative brakes, and electric motors
have been used on all Lexus hybrid models.* [63] In
2007, Lexus executives signaled intentions to equip further models with hybrid powertrains,* [111] catering to
demands for a decrease in both carbon pollution and oil
reliance.* [173] Hybrid models have been dierentiated
by separate badging and lighting technology; in 2008, the
LS 600h L became the rst production vehicle to use
LED headlamps.* [174]
Safety features on Lexus models range from stability and handling programs (Vehicle Stability Control
and Vehicle Dynamics Integrated Management)* [175]
to backup cameras, swivel headlights, and sonar warning systems. The Lexus Pre-Collision System (PCS) integrates multiple safety systems.* [175] In 2007, Lexus
introduced the rst car safety systems with infrared
and pedestrian detection capabilities, lane keep assist, a
Driver Monitoring System with facial recognition monitoring of driver attentiveness, and rear pre-collision
whiplash protection, as part of the LS 460 PCS.* [170]
As a safety precaution, Lexus GPS navigation systems in
many regions feature a motion lockout when the vehicle
reaches a set speed; to prevent distraction, navigation inputs are limited, while voice input and certain buttons are
still accessible. This safety feature has attracted criticism
because passengers cannot use certain functions when the
vehicle is in motion.* [176] Pre-2007 models came with a
hidden manufacturer override option,* [177] and updated
Production models in development have included convertibles, crossovers, and dedicated hybrids.* [179]* [180]
Under the F marque, Lexus plans to produce highperformance vehicles with its rst expressions being
the IS F and the LFA. Lexus ocials have also discussed standard production model usage of varying
platforms.* [181] The LS agship uses a dedicated platform,* [29] while the entry-level Lexus ES had been
criticized for being too similar to the Toyota Camry,
with which it shared platforms until its sixth generation,* [131] in both styling and powertrain design.* [182]
The Nrburgring test track in Germany has also seen
Lexus prototype testing.* [183]
4.1 L-nesse
See also: Lexus LF
Lexus introduced a new design language known as Lnessein the mid-2000s with its LF series concepts
and the 2006 Lexus GS.* [184]* [185] L-nesse is represented by three Japanese kanji characters which translate
as Intriguing Elegance, Incisive Simplicity, and Seamless Anticipation.* [185] Design characteristics, including a fastback prole, lower-set grille,* [186] and the use
of both convex and concave surfaces,* [186] are derived
from Japanese cultural motifs (e.g. the phrase kirikaeshi
in arrowhead shapes).* [187] While earlier Lexus models
were criticized for reserved and derivative styling, and often mistaken for understated domestic market cars,* [186]
automotive design analyses described L-nesse as adding
a distinctive nature and embrace of Japanese design identity.* [184]* [185] Opinions varied for L-nesse's debut
on the GS; Sports Car International's analysis praised the
vehicle's in-person appearance;* [188] Automobile Magazine criticized the daring of its forward styling,* [189]
and compared subsequent rival models for design similarities.* [190] In 2012, the arrival of the redesigned
fourth generation Lexus GS featured the introduction of
a spindle-shaped grille design, intended to be used on all
5.2
Quality rankings
forthcoming Lexus models.* [138] L-nesse exhibitions city of Cambridge, in Ontario, Canada, which is the rst
were presented at Milan's Salone del Mobile from 2005 Lexus production site located outside of Japan. In 2005,
through 2009.* [191]
J.D. Power and Associates bestowed its Platinum award
for worldwide plant quality on the Tahara plant for the
fourth consecutive year, stating that it has the fewest defects of any manufacturing plant in the world.* [200] In
5 Production
2006, J.D. Power named the Miyata plant, then the site
of ES and IS model production, as its recipient of the
5.1 Assembly plants
Platinum award for worldwide plant quality,* [201] and
in 2009 the Higashi Fuji plant, site of SC production, received the same recognition.* [202]
The rst Lexus vehicles were manufactured in Toyota's agship Tahara plant, a highly sophisticated, computerized manufacturing plant in Japan.* [149]* [192]
Lexus production techniques include methods and standards of quality control that dier from Toyota models.* [193]* [194] At the Tahara plant, separate assembly
lines were developed for Lexus vehicles,* [195]* [196]
along with new molds and specialized manufacturing
equipment.* [196] Welding processes, body panel t tolerances, and paint quality requirements are more stringent.* [193]* [197] Lexus plant workers, typically veteran
technicians, are identied via repeated performance evaluations and ranked according to skill grade, with limited applicants accepted.* [198] The highest level takumi
(Japanese for artisan) engineers are responsible for
maintaining production standards at key points in the assembly process, such as testing engine performance.* [64]
Production vehicles are given visual inspections for aws,
individually test-driven at high speeds, and subjected to
vibration tests.* [193]
Through the 2000s, most Lexus sedan and SUV production has occurred in Japan at the Tahara plant in Aichi and
Miyata plant in Fukuoka.* [68]* [149] In addition to the
Tahara factory, Lexus vehicles have been produced at the
Miyata plant (Toyota Motor Kyushu, Inc.) in Miyawaka,
Fukuoka, Higashi Fuji plant (Kanto Auto Works, Ltd.)
in Susono, Shizuoka, and Sanage plant (Toyota Boshoku
Corp.; Araco) in Toyota City, Aichi.* [68]* [149] Frontwheel drive cars, such as the ES and HS, are produced
in the Fukuoka Prefecture.* [149] The Kokura plant in
Kitakyushu, Fukuoka, which opened in 2008, is a dedicated hybrid production site for Lexus models such as
the gasoline-electric RX.* [199] The North American
market RX 350 (since the 2004 model year) is produced
at the Cambridge plant (Toyota Canada, Inc.) in the
6 Service
Lexus has become known for eorts to project an upscale image, particularly with service provided after the
sale. The waiting areas in service departments are replete
with amenities, ranging from refreshment bars to indoor
10
MOTORSPORT
Motorsport
In 2006, 2007, and 2008, Lexus won the Rolex Sports Car Series
Manufacturers' Championship.
11
totype also competed on the Nrburgring since 2008 in
VLN endurance races* [243] and in the 24 Hours Nrburgring, also with the IS F.* [244] On May 14, 2011,
a CT 200h tuned up by Gazoo Racing competed in the
Adenauer ADAC Rundstrecken-Trophy, a six-hour endurance race.* [245]
Marketing
Lexus LFA Crystallised Wind, a full-size glass art model
From its inception, Lexus has been advertised to luxury consumers using specic marketing strategies, with
a consistent motif used for the marque's advertisements.
Beginning in 1989, television ads were narrated by actor James Sloyan (the voice of Mr. Lexusuntil
2009),* [31]* [246] and accompanied by vehicles that performed unusual stunts onscreen.* [247] The rst decade
of Lexus commercials (198999) consisted primarily
of disjunctive verbal descriptions, such as relentless,
pursuit,andperfection,* [248] while vehicles were
used to claim superiority in precision, idling, and interior quiet and comfort on camera.* [247] Examples included the champagne glass "Balance" (1989) and rolling
"Ball Bearing" (1992).* [247] In the 2000s, commercials
included descriptions of novel features,* [249] or a narration of the events onscreen, and were often targeted
at the marque's German competitors.* [250] An annual
December to Remembercampaign featured scenes of
family members surprising loved ones with the gift of
a new Lexus.* [251] The marque returned to the champagne glass theme in a 2006 LS 460 spot showing the
sedan maneuvering between two stacks of glasses using
its self-parking system, and in a 2010 LFA spot showing its engine sound shattering a glass via resonance frequency.* [252]
Industry observers have attributed Lexus' early marketing successes to higher levels of perceived quality
and lower prices than competitors, which have enabled
the marque to attract customers upgrading from massmarket cars.* [7]* [35] A reputation for dependability,
bolstered by reliability surveys, also became a primary
factor in attracting new customers from rival premium
makes.* [253]* [254] Lexus has since grown to command
9 See also
The Championship by Lexus
10 References
10.1 Notes
[1] The History of Lexus (Press release). US: Toyota.
2013-04-19. Retrieved 2011-07-07.
[2] Wilson, Tom (2009-02-13).2010 Lexus RX 350 & RX
450h - First Drive. Road & Track. Retrieved 2010-0515.
[3] Japan's Best Global Brands 2009. Interbrand. 2009.
Retrieved 2010-09-20.
12
10
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10.1
Notes
13
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14
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10.1
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15
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[230] Lexus Virginia Festival of Speed race report. Motor- [252] Bowman, Zach (2010-06-02). Video: Lexus LFA
breaks champagne glass with science. Autoblog. Resport.com. 2001-07-01. Retrieved 2009-05-20.
trieved 2010-10-09.
[231] Grand-Am arrives at historic Mont-Tremblant. Mo[253] Caulkin, Simon (2004-11-07). Vorsprung durch Techtorsport.com. 2002-09-13. Retrieved 2009-05-20.
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2006-05-26. Archived from the original on September 18,
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[233] Takagi, Kay (2006-11-06). Lexus SC 430 title in nal
race(in Japanese). Response.jp. Retrieved 2012-04-03.
[255] Lexus (in the lap of latent luxury)". AutomoBear.com.
2004-09-23. Retrieved 2007-04-09.
[234] Super GT Rd. 1 Suzuka Race Results. 247Motoring.com. 2007-03-22. Retrieved 2007-05-06.
[256] Welch, David (2006-01-09). A Lexus Aimed at Mercedes' S-Class. BusinessWeek. Retrieved 2007-05-06.
[235] Lexus GS 450h in 24 Hours of Tokachi(in Japanese).
Response.jp. 2006-07-18. Retrieved 2009-05-20.
[257] Pearley Human, John (2007-04-19). Full Test: 2008
[236] Robinson, Beintema (2007). Lexus tests hybrid power
. York Region. Retrieved 2008-06-22.
[237] SUPER GT top rankers awarded at JAF Awards presentation. SuperGT.net. 2009-11-28. Retrieved 2010-0112.
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[240] Rolex 24 at Daytona nal results. Associated Press.
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[241] DeCotis, Mark (2008-01-28). Ganassi wins three in a
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Partner. Sports Business Daily. Retrieved 2009-06-08.
[243] Rennwertung 39. Adenauer ADAC Rundstrecken- [264] Lexus Golf Tourney Benets Charities. The Oregonian,
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Trophynach Klassen-Pltzen. Retrieved 2009-10-23.
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Sponsor. Sports Business Daily. 2006-03-14. Retrieved
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10.2 Bibliography
Dawson, Chester (2004). Lexus: The Relentless Pursuit. Hoboken, NJ: Jon Wiley & Sons. ISBN 0-47082110-8.
Long, Brian (2001). Lexus: The Challenge to Create the Finest Automobile. Dorchester, Dorset, UK:
Veloce Publishing. ISBN 1-901295-81-8.
18
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External links
EXTERNAL LINKS
19
12
12.1
12.2
Images
File:1996-1999_Lexus_ES_300_(MCV20R)_LXS_sedan_(2011-10-25)_01a.jpg
Source:
http://upload.wikimedia.org/
wikipedia/commons/4/4c/1996-1999_Lexus_ES_300_%28MCV20R%29_LXS_sedan_%282011-10-25%29_01a.jpg
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jpg/50px-1996-1999_Lexus_ES_300_%28MCV20R%29_LXS_sedan_%282011-10-25%29_01.jpg'
width='50'
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%282011-10-25%29_01.jpg/100px-1996-1999_Lexus_ES_300_%28MCV20R%29_LXS_sedan_%282011-10-25%29_01.jpg
2x' data-le-width='3632' data-le-height='1848' /></a>
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Original
artist:
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1991.jpg/50px-Lexus_SC400_1991.jpg' width='50' height='31' srcset='//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Lexus_
SC400_1991.jpg/75px-Lexus_SC400_1991.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Lexus_SC400_1991.jpg/
100px-Lexus_SC400_1991.jpg 2x' data-le-width='381' data-le-height='236' /></a>
Original artist: Lexus_SC400_1991.jpg: [1]
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12.3
Content license
21
12.3
Content license