Jhss Xvi

Dr.
Lari being Felicitated

by ICC Kuala Lumpur Director Y.L. Rao
Dr. Lari charing the National Writers

Meet of Sahitya Akademi at Shillong
Dr. Lari's 'HeartBeats of India' released by

NEHU Pro V.C. & Prof. Sylvanus Lamare
of Shitya Akademi at Shillong
Dr. Lari being felicitated by

NEHU Khasi Dept. Head Prof. S. Dkhar &
Principal Edmund College at Shillong
Dr. Lari addressing

The Shillong Press Club
MARCH 2015 : Vol. XVI
Dr. Lari releasing the Souvenir of

12th International AIPC
JHSS : JOURNAL OF HUMANITIES & SOCIAL SCIENCES
NEWS FROM ACADEMIA
9th YEAR OF REGULAR PUBLICATION
ISSN : 0974-8806
A GLOBALLY CIRCULATED AND REPUTED RESEARCH JOURNAL FROM SOUTH ASIA
JHSS
JOURNAL OF HUMANITIES & SOCIAL SCIENCES
Editor : Dr. M.A. Lari 'Azad'
NEWS FROM ACADEMIA
NEWS FROM ACADEMIA
Dr. Lari being felicitated by Justice

Arali Nagraj & Guruji with Gulbarga
Kannada litterateurs
Dr. Lari being felicitated by Lions Club,

Gulbarga
Dr. Lari being felicitated with 'Bhikhari

Thakur Samman' by M.P. Manoj Tiwari &
Sarita Buddhoo, Chair, Mauritius Bhojpuri Union
Dr. Lari being felicitated at

14th AIPC at Dibrugarh

Khwaja Banda Nawaz Dargah
by Dr. S. Khusrau Husain
Dr. Lari addressing

Gulbarga Press Club
Dr. Lari releasing the Souvenir of

14th AIPC at Dibrugarh.
Dr. Lari being felicitated with

'Teacher of the Year' Honour of 2014

Azra College, Azra
Dr. Lari with Union Minister

Ram Bilas Paswan in
Prof. M.I.Khan Memorial Lecture
Laying the stone of 'Poorvanchal Ratna

Dr. Lari Azad Granthalaya'
at DevBandhu Degree College, Nonapar
Laying the stone of 'Poorvanchal Ratna

Dr. Lari Azad Lalit Kala Academy'
at Dev Bandhu Degree College, Nonapar.
9th Year of Regular Publication
ISSN : 0974-8806
CONTENTS :
Editorial
1.
Akbar's Relations with the Christians

- Dr. M.A.Lari Azad
2.
Al-Beruni and Indian Social values : A micro study through his

writings
- Dr. Muzaffar Hussain
3.
Gendered Social Practices in Colonial India : A Historical

Perspective
- Dr. Renu Pandey
15
4.
Regional Sources of Medieval Gujarat

- Dr. Monika Sharma
22
JOURNAL OF HUMANITIES & SOCIAL SCIENCES
5-
26
MULTILINGUAL QUARTERLY OF LITERATURE, HISTORY, POLI TICS, ECONOMICS

PHILOSOPHY, SOCIOLOGY, EDUCATION, GEOGRAPHY, PSYCHOLOGY, LAW,
MILITARY STUDIES, HOME SCIENCE, ART, MUSIC, COMMERCE, LIBRARY SCIENCE
PHYSICAL EDUCATION, WOMEN STUDIES & BUSINESS MANAGEMENT ETC.
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&MkW- vejorh pkSgku
6-
ekWjh'kl dh fgUnh dh igpku vfHkeU;q vur

&MkW- oUnuk JhokLro
29
7-
vkpfyd miU;kl vkSj jkaxs; jk?ko

&MkW- Q+kfrek t+sgjk
35
8-
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38
9-
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&MkW- xqyke Q+jhn lkcjh
42
A GLOBALLY CIRCULATED AND REPUTED RESEARCH JOURNAL FROM SOUTH ASIA
JHSS
A PEER REVIEWED REFEREED INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL
Editor in Chief :
Dr. M.A. Lari 'Azad' Ph.D.
Head, Dept. of PG Studies & Research in History
N.R.E.C. College, Khurja (C.C.S. University, Meerut)
Board of Editors :
Dr. Zohra Afzal, Shri Nagar
Dr. Streamlet Dkhar, Shillong
Dr. Sandhya P. Meriya, Daman
Dr. Vijay Laxmi Kosgi, Gulbarga
Dr. Supriya P., Calicut
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&MkW- d`".kk 'kekZ
45
11- ^/kzqoLokfeuh* esa ukjh&osnuk ,oa ukjh&psruk dk lexz vuq'khyu

&lwjtiky flag
50
12- fnudj dh jk"Vh;rk

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53
13- oksfDr % dkO;thfore~

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58
14- oSfnd ok~e; esa laosnuk] ln~O;ogkj vkSj lekurk

&MkW- ef.kHkw"k.k feJ
62
15. The Agriculture Environment & Its Effect Climatic Change in

Upper Ganga Yamuna Doab of India
-Dr. Ajai Chhaukar
66
16- lqu lqHkko

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73
17- ukjh cks/kd 'kCn % ,d fo'ys"k.kkRed v/;;u

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86
18. Review
90
Department of Post Graduate Studies & Research in History

NATHIMAL RAMSAHAI EDWARD CORONATION COLLEGE
KHURJA, Bulandshaher
ISSN : 0974-8806
March 2015 : Vol. XVI
A Publication of AIPC (Regd. No. 987)
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Editorial :
HISTORIOGRAPHY IN ANCIENT SANSKRIT LITERATURE
Often, the European historians have declared ancient India,

deficient in historical perception, thinking and writing. But I am of
opinion that prolific historical literature was written in ancient Sanskrit
epics and Pauranic works.
It was treasured in the oral tradition of 'Sruti', which had five
distinct forms 'gatha,' 'narasansi', 'ackhyana', 'itihasa' and 'purana'.
This efforesense of the historical tradition was due to the growing
influence of the 'Bhrigvangirases' over it, and the institution of the
Sutas'. 'Itihasa', 'Purana Itvritti', 'Akhyaikas', 'Udahran',
'Dharmasastra', and 'Arthsastra' as the various organs of history. The
remnant of history lie scattered among the different sections of Vedic
literature and 'Sutras' of ' Brahmana'. It acquired a regular form through
the 'Ramayana', the 'Mahabharata' and the 'Puranas'. A special type of
writing began to be recognized as 'Aitihasik', and its authors were
known as 'Nirukta, Yajnik', 'Poorva Yajnik', and Vayakaran'. Apart from
the sutras', 'Vansha', 'Vanshanucharita' in 'Purana' literature, a part of
historical writing flourished in royal offices too.
Some Vedic 'mantras' have been recognized as rich in traits of
history. In 'Vrihadevata', a 'Sukta' is named as 'Shatpath Brahmana'
that 'Itihas' was undisputedly the preface to the historical writings. Four
type of historical literature are available in ancient Sanskrit writings. i.e.,
'Purana' tales, 'Pralekhas', 'Jeevan Charitra' and 'Itivritta.
A clear historical excerpt like 'Dasarajya Yuddha' is available in
Vedic literature. 'Puranas' comprehend and place human history in the
context of a universal history. The second stage of historical tradition,
developed in the milieu of royal courts, is represented by historical
tradition, developed in the milieu of royal courts, is represented by
historical epics, generally called Charitas i.e. 'Naisadhiya Charitra',
'Navsahsamk Charitra' and 'Harsha Charita', 'Ramayan', 'Mahavir
Charitra', 'Uttar Ram Charita', 'Balcharita'; the Yogandharayan' and
'Malvikagnimitram', 'Godwaho' and 'Vikramankadev Charita' be
considered a historical treatise in the modern sense of the term.
'Rajtarangini' developed from these only and is considered 'Itivritta'
because of its special historical semblance.
So, I have tried to establish that the tendency of recording
history, distinct in its own style and altogether different from the system
of European history existed in ancient Sanskrit epics and literature.
Dr. Lari Azad

Cheif Editor
It is a new start to debate in Humanities & Social Sciences
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- Dr. M.A. Lari Azad
HISTORY
AKBAR'S RELATIONS
WITH THE CHRISTIANS
Akbar was a crafty and tortuous politician as well as an

attentive student of comparative religion. While petting Fathers,
whom he liked personally, and keeping up friendly communications
with authorities at Goa, his real intentions towards Portuguese were
hostile. His friendly missions, sent avowedly with innocent objects
of acquiring religious instruction and purchasing European
curiosities, had a sinister political purpose also, and were utilized as
means of espionage. But at back of his ming he always had further
plan of driving his Christian friends into sea, and there can be little
doubt that his gushing courtesies to Jesuit missionaries were in part
designed to lull suspicion and divert attention from his ambitious
projects.1 If Akbar had diplomatic designs in inviting the Mission,
Fathers were also not without political motive which is admitted by
Maclagan who says that the Viceroy"impressed upon the
missionaries the good results not merely of a religious but of a
political character". Maclagan gives ample proof that Jesuits acted
as political agents for Portuguese authorities.2 Mildenhall's letter is
as affording conclusive proof of activity of Jesuit missionaries in
their capacity as political and commercial agents. At the time the
kings of Europe employed the clergy men as their pleni-potentiaries
and they became so many political hirelings under Clergyman's
3
gown scrambling for petty privileges of their countrymen. Du Jarric
describes that the presence of the Portuguese on the western coast
enabled the emperor to request for and receive at his court three
representatives of their religion. Reduction of Gujrat to a tolerable
state of order and nature of relations with authorities of Goa in 1575
A.D. were considered to justify Gulbadan Begam in then proceeding
on pilgrimage. The Emperor was very zealous whether from
conviction or polity during 1575-81 A.D. He deliberately shammed
4
devotion for political purposes (1576 A.D.). The hostilities in
Daman between the Portuguese and the Mughal officials never
ceased as the Portuguese controlled the seas and did not allow the
Haj pilgrimships to proceed to Maccah.
The incident of two priests in Bengal, who had refused for
committing frauds on revenue, convinced Akbar that Christian
principles, which condemned dishonesty, even when practised
against an alien government must possess exceptional value and
influence over the hearts of men.5 Akbar sent a letter to chief priests
of Orders of St. Paul at Goa in 1578 A.D. asking for the two of their
learned men and the books of the law. Prospect of winning a king and
1
AKBAR'S RELATIONS
WITH THE CHRISTIANS
frontier, seems to have temporarily lost interest in the religious

problems and to have feared that he might endanger success of his
military operations if he went too far in complaisance to the
foreigners whom his general distrusted and disliked,16 In 1591 A.D.
the Christians from Goa found that there was a strong faction at the
court opposed to them and their religion.
In 1594 A.D. the Viceroy at Goa was eager to accept
invitation of Akbar to send priests. The Provincial of Jesuits,
remembering previous failures, was disposed to decline it, but
ultimately yielded to Viceregal soliciation and consented to choose
missionaries.17 The members of the Third Mission, while thoroughly
convinced believers in and enthusiastic missionaries of faith, were
not without guile. They sought to serve the interests of their country
as well as those of Christian religion, and certainly were regarded
bytheir astute superiors as being in some degree political agents for
Portugal and Spain.18 Maclagan holds that it is even possible that
Third Mission was undertaken mainly on political grounds, and that
Jesuit superiors had from beginning little belief in conversion of
19
Emperor.
When seven Portuguese officers, who had apostatized and
embraced false Muhammadan religion (Saracenorum impietatem)
were brought before the Emperor, he angrily declared them worthy of
death. Xavier, a shrewd politician begged that they might be made
over to his care. The request was granted and all had become
Christian again. Many other Portuguese were placed at their
20
disposal and ultimately brought back to Goa Benedict was allowed
to carry with him a number of Portuguese prisoners who had been
21
taken at Burhanpur and Asirgarh. The Missionaries used their
influence with governor to secure release of a 'Chaldaean Christian'
22
who had been sentenced to death for killing a cow. Although
Pinheiro wielded great influence with the governor, to extent of
securing pardon of prisoners condemned to death, Lahore mission
had to face vicissitudes after 1598 A.D. Xavier in his letter dated
Sept.6,1604, described: "The Governor in those parts was 'a great
enemy of our faith', but though he was ready to persecute the
Christians, he was favourably inclined towards Pinheiro
23
personally. Measure of influence weilded by fathers is clear from
the fact that the governor of Lahore and principal judges made over
Christians convicted of crimes to the Fathers to deal with them as
they liked.24 The Fathers, however, got litle opportunity to
JHSS, March 2015, Vol. XVI
a kingdom to glory of Church and benefit of Portugal was not to be

neglected.6 Although Viceroy hesitated at first to accept invitation,
his scruples were over borne by advice of ecclesiastical authorities.
Three Fathers welcomed the task imposed upon them, with eager
anticipations of conquest to be won for Cross. Political ambition was
7
combined with missionary zeal. But in as much as the first Jesuit
Mission was not of God, it collapsed and melted away of itself, even
8
against the resistance of the king. As a matter of fact, marked favour
shown to the Fathers by sovereign, helped to inflame discontent
which found expression in two formidable rebellions undoubtedly
dangerous to both the throne and life of Akbar.9 Nevertheless,
Muslim leadership did not put up a united front against onslaughts of
Christian priests.10 The conduct of the Fathers was also marked by
racial and national prejudices. Although missionaries taking
advantage of the familiarity sermonised the emperor for some
11
deficiencies of administration. "Belief of Portuguese missionaries
that Akbar had his personal and national difficulties to become a
convert to it was the result of wishful thinking. There were of course,
other factores such as the hostility of royal harem, influence of
Queen Mother Mariyam Makani who was opposed to Christianity
12
and opposition of Hindu and Muslim clergy ana nobility.
It was on account of the outrage of harassing Muslim
pilgrims to Arabia that Akbar had sent an expedition under
Qutbuddin Khan against Portuguese of Daman in 1580 A.D. but he
13
was recalled as the emperor had invited a mission from Goa and he
did not like any obstacle to be placed in the way of his acquiring
14
knowledge of Christianity. On Qutbuddin's attack at Daman in
1582 A.D. the Fathers complained to Akbar, who falsely swore that
he had no knowledge of war alleging that Qutbud-din as a senior
official of high rank, had acted on his own initiative. Nevertheless,
when Akbar, yielding to remonstrances of the Fathers, sent orders
recalling his troops, his commands were obeyed instantly. The
Fathers were disgusted at clear evidence of duplicity of Akbar who
pretended a desire for friendship of the king of Spain, to whom
Portugal was subject, while actually ordering hostilities against
Portuguese. While still at Lahore, the Emperor had mentioned to
Aquaviva a project for sending an embassy to the king of Spain,
accompanied by the Fathers. Akbar now resumed for a short time the
theological debates, which had been interrupted by war.15 The
Emperor, who was at the time engaged in wars in Sind and on
AKBAR'S RELATIONS
WITH THE CHRISTIANS
AKBAR'S RELATIONS
WITH THE CHRISTIANS
could not obtain adequate information about their strength and

weakness so as to launch a campaign for expelling them from the
western coast of India.33 In 1599 A.D. the Fathers converted a
Muslim girl, but they were afraid of the judges that they would
hold it against the Quran and the king's regulations.34
Nevertheless, Aziz Koka, in 1601 A.D put obstacles to
proselytising activities of Christians, contrary to the Emperor's
35
order in favour of missionaries. At Surat some Christian
prisoners of war were executed on their refusal to become
36
Muslims. The charge that Qulij Khan, the governor of the
Punjab fixed September I5, 1604 A.D for the general arrest of the
Christians is mere phantom of their imagination. The Christians
were quite insignificant factor then and had not assumed so
formidable an aspect as to deter the governor from putting his
plan into practice.37 The inconsistency and uncertainty which
were running throughout their accounts also exculpates the
governor, as is evident from the sentence: "Either he (the
governor) or his brother had on one occasion actually dealt
Pinheiro a severe blow in full Durbar." This statement of
Pinheiro's letter dated August 12, 1605 A.D. is further
contradicted by the fact that "Pinheiro was received with courtesy
38
though not Corsi'. The reality seems that the governor did not at
all adopt a stern and repressive policy towards the Christians; but
withdrew himself from the active support of their religion, a
policy which marked a great contrast with the attitude of his
predcessor Shamsuddin, the governor of the Punjab and Akbar
himself.39 And as the fathers could not get any practical help from
him they began to dub him as the persecutor of their religion and
began to impute to him hostile motives.
Akbar permitted Xavier and others to be seated in his
presence in the cushion meant only for himself and his heir
apparent, an honour not shown even to the ruling princes and
highest feudatory chiefs.40 The Missionaries were not required to
perform the ceremony of prostration, which was rigorously
41
exacted even from feudatory princes. Akbar appointed Xavier as
the head of Agra mission, and allotted a handsome amount for its
support. Akbar gave them permission to build a church at the state
expense in 1602 A.D. which exists till today under the name of
influencing Akbar in favour of Christianity. But Philip II, the king of

Spain insisted that they should remain at their post of duty, and
believed that God would reward their labours.25 They were baptized.
Akbar expressed in his letter the requests of a purely secular
nature, and it is clear that his main purpose was to obtain Portuguese
support in coming struggle with his eldest son. The Emperor
expressed his desire for perpetual amity between the two
governments.26 He showed greater interest in matters relating to
Portuguese territory in India, particularly progress of Portuguese
conquest. He showed pleasure at Portuguese victory and their
27
capture of a port opposite Chaul from Ahmednagar. The Emperor
asked Xavier and Goes to write to Portuguese at Chaul for loan of
some guns and munitions. But the Fathers were not mere
missionaries; they were consumate politicians as well. They were
aware of the fact that Portuguese were on friendly terms with the
ruler of Khandesh, and also that it was not in their interest to furnish
Akbar with military assistance. Consequently, Xavier refused to
write to his compatriots on plea that it was contrary to Christianity.
Portuguese soldiers were in garrison and had fought on behalf of
Khandesh. Akbar was generous enough to hand them over to Xavier
28
to be reconverted to Christianity. Xavier was no less crafty a
politician than a zealous Christian missionary, and was like all
Jusuits who visited Akbar's court very much biased against all
Indians, and much more against Muslims. Xavier and his
companion had been indignantly expelled from the court.29
Before quitting Deccan, Akbar sent an embassy to Goa,
proposing a political alliance between him and Portuguese
authorities of India, he asked Goes to accompany it, along with a
letter dated March 20, 1600 A.D.30 The Fathers were equally anxious
to advance political and commercial interests of Portugal and Spain
and to thwart those of England or any European country. They
opposed Mildenhall, the ambassador from Elizabeth I (1603 A.D.),
and it is said, they bribed Mughal officers so that they might thwart
the grant of commercial facilities to English, from 1603 A.D.
31
onward, therefore, began a struggle between England and Portugal.
Protuguese charged from Hajies an irritating tax, and imposed on
them many needless restrictions. Being intent on increasing their
trade, territory and religion by all kinds of means, they were
alternately at peace and war with Deccan kingdoms, and were
32
carrying on proselytising activities, in their territories. Akbar
AKBAR'S RELATIONS
WITH THE CHRISTIANS
AKBAR'S RELATIONS
WITH THE CHRISTIANS
References :
1. Smith, V.A.; Akbar the Great Mogul (Oxford at the Claredon Press, 1917) pp.263264
2. Maclagan, E., The Jesuits and the Great Mogul (London, 1932) pp.108-110.
3. Roy Chowdhury, M.L. Position of Christians in the Mughal Empire (I.H.C.,
V.1941) p.350
4. Smith, Op. Cit, pp.134-136
5. Bartoli, D., Missione al gram Mogor del Padre Ridolfo Aquaviva (Rome 1714)
p.7 quoted by Smith, Op. Cit. p. 136
6. Ibid.p.10, quoted by Smith, Op. Cit, p.170
7. Smith, Op.Cit, p.170 (F.N.)
8. Monserrate, Commentarius, p.638
9. Smith, Op. Cit, p. 176
10. Srivastava, A.L., 'Akbar the Great' (Shivalal Agrawal and Co. P. Ltd. Agra, 1962)
I. P.236
11. Ibid, pp.254-255
12. Maclagan, S.E., 'The Jesuits and the Great Mogul (London, 1932)', p.34
13. Akbar Namah m, pp.280-281
14. Srivastava, Op. Cit. I, p.261
15. Smith, Op. Cit pp. 203-204
16. Ibid, p.255
17. Ibid, p. 259
18. Ibid, p.264
19. Noer, V., Emperor Akbar, I.p.489; (Tr. Beveridge) I, p.331,
20. Smith, Op. Cit, p.283
21. Ibid, p.289
22. Srivastava, Op. Cit. I, p. 405
23. Quoted in J. Panj.H.S., V,2 pp.87-88.
24. Srivastava, Op. Cit. I. p.407
25. Maclagan, Op. Cit. p.56; Akbar Namah, m,p.712.

27. Srivastava, Op. Cit. I.p.404
28. Ibid, pp. 410-411.
29. Ibid, P.454.
30. Ibid, P.411
31. Ibid, p.413
32. Ibid, Pp.417-418

33. Ibid, P.415
34. Sharma, S.R., 'The Religious Policy of the Mughal Emperors' (Calcutta, 1940)
p.40
35. Payne, Akbar and the Jesuits (London,1926) p.158
36. Maclagan, Op. Cit., p.100
37. Akbar, M., 'The Punjab under the Mughals' (Idarah-i-Adabiyat-i-Delhi, Delhi,
1974), p.271
38. Maclagan, Op. Cit, p.60
39. Akbar, Op. CiL P. 272
40. Srivastava, Op. Cit I.P.403
42. Srivastava, Op. Cit I, Pp.412-413
43. Ibid, P.415
44. Akbar Namah; IT, p.159
45. Payne, Akbar and the Jesuits, Pp.155-158; Hostan (The Examiner, Bombay,
N0v.22.1950)
46. Smith, Op. Cit. P.290
47. Srivastava, Op. Cit. I, P.413
48. Smith Op. Cit. P.171 (KN.)
Akbar's Church at Agra.42 For the first time the mission got
Akbars permission in writing to build churches at Cambay,
Lahore, Hugli and Agra at the state expense. Akbar gave
43
subsistece allowances to leaders of these missions. In 1603 A.D.
a Farman was issued permitting the Christians to make converts.44
The Farman could not be issued without the opposition from Aziz
45
Koka and other nobles. The notion that such liberty should be
confirmed by the signed and sealed orders was regarded by the
46
court officials as destructive of Muslim religion. It was the first
written order of this kind granted by a Muslim ruler of India to
47
missionaries. Xavier tells that the Hindus are in favour just now'.
Bijapur princess, a neice of Mir Ali Khan, uncle of Ali Adil Shah,
there can be little doubt that her conversion and her suites was due
to policy rather than to conviction.48
AKBAR'S RELATIONS
WITH THE CHRISTIANS
Head, Dept. of History

N.R.E.C. College, Khurja
HISTORY
AL-BERUNI AND INDIAN SOCIAL VALUES :

A MICRO STUDY THROUGH HIS WRITINGS
-Dr. Muzaffar Husain

Alberuni was a great Arab scholar and came in India at the time
of Mahmood Ghazni. He was very fond of learning so he came in contact
with the Indian learned Pandits and personalities. He has visited the many
small and big subas of Indian territory. What he experienced and seen in
the society explained in his writing 'Tarikh Al-Hind' that is the most
valuable book of the period. He has described all the subjects of
humanities as well as science. The two title as he hold 'Alustad' and
'Munajjim' has proved his scholarship. The topic concerned can be judged
through his book 'Tarikh al-Hind and 'Atharul Baqiya'.
Indian Society of Al-Beruni Time
It is very obvious that Indian society was mostly depends on the
pattern of vedic scriptures. The society was divided on the basis of caste
and colour. The varna ashrama system, the marriage ceremony and the
day by day habits were rigid. All these were described clearly by Alberuni
which can reflects the social strata and position of the time.
Four Varnas
Al-Beruni has written in detail about Hindu society and customs.
His descriptions are mainly based on Mahabharat, Geeta and Manusmriti.
He has described the four Varnas that were Brahmana, Kshatriya, Vaisya
and Sudra. Besides this he has mentioned the "Antyaja" (untouchable
class). He pointed out that the Hindu call their caste 'Varna' (colour) and
from the genealogical point of view they call them 'Jatak' (births). He has
stated that these caste are four in number from the very beginning.1
According to Alberuni and Hindu law books that the highest
caste was the Brahmana and were created from the head of the Prushukta.
The head is the best part of the body that's why Brahmana is consider as
the best and highest caste of mankind. Alberuni refers the universal duties
of the Brahmana to teach Vedas and allied subjects and to act as the
"Purohita" (Priest) of the King and other castes. Brahmanas was not
entitled to pay taxes and perform services to the King like other castes.2
The next caste are the Kshtriya who were created from the
shoulder and arms of the Purushukta. Their status is not below of
Brahmana. They are originally connected with the ruling class. He had all
the privileges that Brahmana have except teaching, receiving alms and
sacrifice. Alberuni writes that 'the Kshatriya reads the Vedas and learn it
but does not teach it. His duty was to protect the men of other three
Varnas.
Alberuni speaks about Vaishya. He were created from the Thigh
of Purushukta. In the comparison of Brahman and Kshtriya the status of
Vaisya was quite inferior in the society. Almost the entire burden of the
society falls on his shoulder. They were evolved in agriculture and trade.
Therefore they had to pay charity to Brahmanas, taxes to Kshtriyas and
salary to Sudras. However Alberuni could not find any difference
between Vaisya and Sudras. They were not allowed to recite the Vedas if
he performed, their tongue were cutoff. The last two castes were residing
in the same town. The ancient and modern writings did not favour this
statement of Alberuni.3
Alberuni says that the Sudras were created from the feet of
Purushukta. Being a non-Aryan stock Sudra was not considered twiceborn (Dvija). According to the law if the higher three caste could not
follow their orthodox customs and practices were pushed into the rank of
the Sudra. Similarly the illegimate person who were born with intercaste
marriage were called Sudras. Alberuni has cited a passage from the Gita,
"the Sudra is to endeavour to render Services and attention to each of the
preceding classes in order to make himself liked by them".4
Alberuni has mentioned about one more class that comes very
below to Sudras was the Antyaja. It is also evident from the Smriti. This
class has render various kinds of services who is not reckoned amongst
any caste. There are eight (8) classes of them who freely intermarry with
each other except of fuller, shoemaker and weaver. Vedavyasa mention
twelve names and refers sall those who eat cow's flesh as antyajas and Atri
includes seven names as 'antyajas'.5
Alberuni also refers the eight professional classes which were
introduced as guilds. These eight guilds are fuller, Shoemaker, Juggler,
the basket and shield maker, the sailor, fishermen, the hunter of wild
animal and of birds and the weaver.6
According to Alberuni Hadi, Doma, Chandala and Badhatau are
not reckoned amongst any caste or guilds. They were considered as sole
class and distinguished only by their occupations. Infact they were
considered like illegimate children. Chandalas were instructed to live
outside the villages. In the modern writing they were termed as the fifth
caste. His duty was to clean the dirt of the villages. Hemchandra
prescribes that the chandalas and Domas should make sound of sticks so
that the men of the higher caste may become aware of their presence and
avoid the pollution. Domas prepared the different articles of bamboos and
sold it in the different part of country. They were also experts in dancing.7
Varna-Ashramas (Division of life)
The entire life of a person are divided into four stages to get body
and mental satisfaction. Alberuni on the basis of Manu writings explains
the hundred years of life span of a men and divided into each twenty five
years. The first ashram Brahmacharya was important which was meant
for the pursuits of education and learning. A great significance was given
to the second ashrama Grihastha which is the basis of social and
economic life. After the marriage the family life started from 25 years to
50 years. He must cohabit with wife to produce male child as his
successors. The third is the Vanaprastha Ashrama that starts from 51


Atharvaveda a Brahman may have four, a Kshatriya three, a Vaisya two

and a Sudra one. One wife from his own caste and other from the below of
his caste, but no one is allowed to marry a woman from the upper castes.
Alberuni states 'No one exceeds four' but when one wife is died can
complete the score of four which is the legitimate number we have many
example like Prathviraj Chauhan has eight wives Chedi King
Gangyadeva alongwith hundred wives breathed his last at Prayag.11
Polyandry
Albiruni has the strong view about the existence of Polyandry. It
is also corroborated with the Indian holy book Mahabharat. The five
Pandavas brother had shared single wife Draupdi. It was a kind of
Polyandry.12 Widow remarriage culture was not frequent at the time.
Alberuni has mentioned, if the husband died without heir can marry. But
when the husband had the natural death, she can not be allow to marry to
anothermen.
Position of women
Alberuni in his writings has mentioned the position of women.
She is very much respected in all kinds. She has the strong faith on the
husband and can perform the religions duties according to the sacred
religious laws. Alberuni also mention that she was practiced as Devadasi
in the temple. She has practiced the profession of prostitution to fulfill the
expenditure of army at the time of war. There was the law of inheritance,
the daughter can inherit 1/4rth part of the share of a son. It is stated by
Alberuni as well as Manu, the law giver of India.
A very bad practices in the form of Sati was prevalent at the time.
When the husband was died by natural or accidental death, the wife was
forced to commit Sati. Even this practice was in the form of Jauhar also
found at the time of Rajput period.
Religion
Alberuni has minutely mentioned the religious aspect of the
Indian people. He has divided the society into educated and common
classes. The educated class concept of God was strictly monotheistic
'God is one, eternal, without beginning and end, acting by free will and on
the other hand there was the widely prevalent practice of Idol worship
among the masses. Alberuni perhaps think that it was of veneration for the
idols to fulfill his desire. In the writings of Al-Beruni, we had the
comparison between Islamic and Hindu religion. If it was the feeling that
the most of the scholars has given the privileges to the Islamic thought.
But I did not agree, both the religion had its own character by feelings and
upholdings of faith.
A very peculiar statement has been given by Al-Beruni that
shows the economic interest. He shows the importance of Somnath,
prohibition of cow-slaughter, the prevalence of Prostitution etc. He
10
years to 75 years of age. During this period the twice born had to leave his
family and village. They went to the forest and practiced to control over
all his desire and senses. Alberuni tells that the peoples must have spend
harsh life there. He does not take shelter under a roof, wear the bark of the
tree, sleeps on the earth without any bed and only nourishes himself by
fruits, vegetables and roots. He lets the hair grow long and does not anoint
himself with oil.
The last and fourth Ashrama was the sanyas. It lasted from 76
years onwards. Alberuni advocates that the members of this stages wear a
red garments and holds a stick in his hand. He always dipped into
meditation. He avoids the mind of friendship and enmity and roots out
desire and lusts. He does not converse with anybody at all devotes himself
to get salvation (Moksha) and think it to return in this illustrious world.8
Sanskara (Sacraments)
Sanskara was the another outstanding feature of the Hindu social
organisation. In Hindu society a large number of sanskaras were followed
that starts long before the birth of the child and continued upto Grihastha
Ashrams. According to the study of Alberuni and the sacred law book of
the Hindus 'there were sixteen Sanskaras that were performed in the
Hindu family for the religious and material development of an
individuals. Alberuni has mentioned some names of the Sanskaras like
Garbhadana, Simantonnayanam, Jatakarma, Namakarma (name giving),
Chudakarna (cutting of the child hair) and so on.9
Marriage and family life
In ancient India marriage was considered to be a sacred bond of
union between a male and female for their eternal progress through the
performance of their Dharma (duties). The Hindu thinkers stressed the
significance of the family and its biological function in the life of the
individual. Alberuni explains about the Hindu marriage that the Hindus
marry at the young age, therefore the parents arrange the marriage for
their sons on that occasion the Brahmans perform the rites of the
scarifices. Both male and female that had married surrender his will and
alms. They round seven times around altar with each other knots. Now
husband and wife can only be separated by death as they have no
divorce. Generally divorce (Moksha) was quite impossible in Hindu
society as stated by Albiruni. But Narada and Parasara recommend
divorce in case of impotency of the husband.10
Polygamy
Alberuni writes about the custom of Polygamy in Hindu society.
This was mostly founded among kings, chiefs, wealthy men and some of
the Brahmanas. Generally it was discouraged by the ancient literature.
Apastamb Dharmsastra forbids a man to take a second wife if his first
wife is of good character and has born his son. According to the

11

considered the bad manner and killing lices is not rude act.
The Hindu were basically vegetarians. However he use to take
some kinds of meat. The flesh of ganda was relished by the people even
by the Brahmana. Alberuni draws a list of animals which were socioreligiously permissible. The formidable animal was cow, horse, mules,
asses, camels, elephants tame poultry, crows, parrots and nightingales.
All kinds of eggs were also prohibited. They drink the urine of cows.
Alberuni never agree with the excuse that cow flesh is heavy for stomach.
But he observe that due to the economic reason the Hindu has giving up
the use of the cow. Alberuni reports that the killing of animals for eating
purposes was done by the method of strangulation. The wine was used
before meal. Another significant practice was the use of betel leaves
along with areca nuts and lime. He was told that the practice was very
common and it was a common belief that taking of betel leaves, nuts and
lime was conducive to digestion. Moreover, the betel nut acted as
astringent for teeth, gums and stomach and the lime helped reducing the
excessive moisture in the body. The use of betel leaves however discolour
the teeth as think Alberuni. About the dining etiquette of the Indians,
Alberuni observes that they usually take their dishes separately and one
after the other. They use a spread soiled by dung upon which the food is
served. After that have thrown away the dishes which of course are
earthen.14
Alberuni gives a very clear account of the dresses used by men
and women. Those who wears very scanty dress were probably poor,
downtrodden and low caste people. They used just a piece of rag some
two fingers wide which they bound over their loins with two cords. In the
other classes have used cotton trousers that covered the whole body from
the waist down to the feet. Alberuni referred the game of chess. This was
the only game which was interestingly played by Indians. It could be
played by four persons with eight pieces and played with a pair of dice.15
The following are the drawing of the chess.
Albiruni is credited for the introduction of the Sanskrit
translation of the Islamic Kalima on the coins promulgated by Sultan
Mahmud in his domain in India. The Kalima, Lailaha illal-Allahu
Muhammad ur Rasul Allah was rendered into Sanskrit as : avyaktam
ekam, Muhammada avatara.16
Alberuni is talking of the dhoti which is really a plain sheet of
clothes and which can be tied very masterly into various shapes. They
also uses the lower garments in the form of sidar and Kurta. The former
had buttons at the back and the latter had slashes on both the sides of the
lappets. No doubt both the clothes express the modern Sadri and Kurta.
The foot wear in the form of shoes were used by the Indian people.17
Al-Beruni states about Indian languages, script and writing
12
explains that Somnath had become so famous because it was a harbour for
sea faring people and a station for the traders operating between the eastAfrican coast and China. As far cow slaughter, it was prohibited because
of the manifold utility of the cow for agricultural and domestic purposes.
Regarding the prostitute, he observes that King used them as 'an attraction
for their cities, a bait of pleasure for their subjects, for no other but
financial reasons. The revenue earned from them as fines and taxes was
spent on the army.
Al-Beruni has very minute observation about getting the
education, uses of language, scripts etc. The children in the school were
used the slate and chalk for writings. We also get the description of
method by which writing materials were prepared from the bark and
leaves of different kind of trees and the method by which palm leaf
manuscripts were bound and preserved. Pieces of silken cloth were also
used for writing. The writings or the alphabet of the Hindu consisted of 50
letters which had developed by a gradual process. The language had many
sound which were not found in other languages. The Hindus write from
left to the right like the Greeks. They writes in between the lines. The
tradition of getting education was in the villages or a nearby religions
places. The course of education was moral and cultural with the study of
cure of diseases. In the both Hindu and Muslim community religious
education was the basic one.
Apart from that Alberuni has mentioned some peculiarities that
was existed in the Hindu societies. They do not cut any hair of the body
which was religiously and socially allowed. They had divided the
moustache into single paints. Do not cut the hair of genital due to the
cohabitation reason. They had left nails grown long. They beat the eye
brow and balls with a stick. The use of turbans was interesting. The
bathing process was unique, they begin with the feet and then wash the
face. They wash themselves before cohabit with their wife. On festive
days, they massage their body with dung instead of perfumes.13
Manners and their personal habits
Al-Beruni finds the indigenous population of India dissimilar in
habits and manners from those of his own people some where he finds the
similarities. Hindu writes from left to right while Muslim begin writings
from right to left. Some of the personal traits of the Hindus described by
Al-beruni. They seated in the meetings cross-logged and while shaking
hands they grasp the hand from the convex side. They do not seek
permission while entering the house. In their personal exchange of
articles they expect that they should be thrown towards them and not be
handed over. Alberuni finds a matriarchal touch in the Hindu society of
his times. He says that in all consultations and emergencies the advice of
women is sought and honoured. Splitting and blowing the nose are not

13
GENDERED SOCIAL PRACTICES IN

COLONIAL INDIA :
A HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE
HISTORY

- Dr. Renu Pandey

materials, numerical signs, weights and measures turns and routes and
road system. All the system that was explained by Alberuni was ancient
and is still have in modern form. In the numerical system, no doubt India
has the upper hand. The different script of India really lightened the act
and the methods of articulation of the Indian people. India at the time of
Alberuni and still in modern days, a bunch of language which was used
by the Indian people.
In brief the explanation of Alberuni can be judged that the social
stratification was rigid and harsh. The society was based on casteism.
Widow remarriage was only in case of husband death without any heir.
Prostitution was allowed to fulfill the economic crisis. The daughter share
was in father's property. The cow was respected. Spitting and blowing
nose and killing lices were not considered the bad habits. The earthen pots
were used to take food. The chess playing was in common. The Islamic
kalimah was inscribed on the coins in Sanskrit language during Sultan
Mahmood as in the form of 'avyaktam ekam, Muhammad avatara'. Thus
Alberuni has minutely observed the Indian society and its tiny parts of
habits which has really reflects the social and moral values of the time.
References :
Burni, S.H. 'Alberuni and His Magnum opus Canon Masudicus, al Quran al
Masudi (Hyderabad,) 1958, p. 3.
Nadvi, A.S., 'Alberuni', Alberuni Commemoration Volume (Calcutta, 1951),
p. 256.
Nadvi, A.S., Alberuni (in Urdu), ACU p. 255.
Alberuni's India, vol. I, I, p. 100.
Ibid., p. 100.
Ibid., p. 115.
Ibid., p. 101.
Ibid., p. 120.
Ibid., p. 101.
Ibid., p. 103.
Ibid., p. 101.
Ibid., p. 103.
Ibid., p. 102.
History of Dharmashastra, II, Pt. I, pp. 70-71.
Ibid., pp. 70-71.
Alberuni's India, p. 101
Ibid., p. 101.
Head, Department of History

J.S. (P.G.) College, Sikandrabad (Bulandshahr)
14
In ancient times, the birth of a girl child was generally not so

unwelcome, yet since the later Vedic period, the son was valued more
than the daughter. The son was considered to be a permanent economic
asset to the family. The son did not migrate like the daughter to another
family after the marriage. He perpetuated the name of his forefathers and
extended valuable co-operation to his family. The daughter was initiated
in Vedic studies and was entitled to offer sacrifices to God. The marriage
of the daughter was not a difficult problem on account of the custom of
Swayamvara. The levirate and remarriage were allowed by society and
were found common. After the Vedic age the social outlook tremendously
changed. The inter caste marriages began to be disapproved by society.
There came into existence hundreds of sub-castes all insisting upon
mutual exogamy. The field of choice for the selection of a suitable son-in
law thus became very narrow, intensifying there-by the anxiety of the
daughter's father about the selection of a proper bride-groom. If a cruel
fate inflicted widowhood upon the daughter, the calamity would break
the, parent's heart because re-marriage was not approved by the
prevailing customs.
The family, however, took keen interest in the daughter. To
impart education to children and to help them in settling in life were the
two main duties of the parents. The cause of women's education, in the
long run, suffered a good deal. The upanayana was stopped and the
custom of child marriage came into vogue. In the 9th century A.D.
education of women was confined to royal, official, rich and well-to-do
families. Girls found themselves already married before they attained on
age when they could exercise an intelligent choice in the matter. The
marriageable age was being gradually lowered, and the tendency on the
whole was to marry girls at about the time of puberty. However, during
the Maurya period, girls were usually married at about the age of 14 or 15.
In medieval India the society definitely decided in favour of pre-puberty
marriages.
On the eve of colonial encounter, there were some socio religious
practices such as infanticide, early marriage, polygamy, forced celibacy
of widows and last but not the least the burning of widows on the funeral
pyre of their husbands were some of the horrible customs, which were if
not universal, were widely prevalent. Therefore, there were intense
debates in colonial India about gendered social practices such as childmarriage, polygamy, female infanticide, oppressive high-caste
widowhood and purdah.
Social reformers during this period attempted to raise the age of
marriage. The Sarda act which laid down 18 and 14 as the minimum legal
age of marriage for boys and girls respectively followed the actual
practice of the advanced middle class of society; the Second World War
15

COLONIAL INDIA : A HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE
In the 18th century polygamy assumed monstrous proportions.

On a single day a kulin could marry two, three or four wives. In his life
time he could marry dozens of wives, even hundred. There were parents
who offered their daughters to a single Kulin. There was no upper age
limit for the Kulin; he could be of any age. Similarly the brides of the
same man could be as tender in age a possible. Still more absurd was the
system that the Kulin husband was not required to maintain his numerous
wives. The so called wives remained in the house of their parents. But
now and again the husband would come to collect some money from the
unfortunate father-in-law. The result of such a system was dangerous. It
encouraged social immorality and vice. Kulinism developed into a social
superstition and ruined the lives of innumerable woman in Bengal while
causing degradation to the society as a whole.
The custom of Polygamy created various social and domestic
complications. The upper class Hindus and Muslims, when Polygamous,
suffered family unhappiness and economic hardships. Among the
Muslism, Polygamy made the purda system more stringent. The only
feature in regard to it was that it did not become a common vice among the
general population. Although the families of the middle classes who were
rich and affluent did not lag behind in aping this practice and they married
several times. Yet it was more of an exception than a rule.
The custom of Purda had become most obstinate for women in
the way of their resurgence. Purda was actually a device adopted for
preserving the piety of women in face of foreign aggression. Social
reformers and medical practitioners have been pointed out its evil
consequences for a long time. The education, which women have now
begun to receive in larger numbers, is proving fatal to the custom. Even
this ultimately proved very injurious and fatal to their health. Purda had
caused numerous deaths and disease among women. They often died at
the time of delivering the child. Due to confinement in the Zenanas, they
faced serious health hazards and most of them died of tuberculosis. The
non- co-operation and civil disobedience movements in the national
struggle helped a good deal in the annihilation of this custom. They
inspired many Purda ladies to come out in the public to take part in the
political movement, and their example had a magnetic influence upon the
general women of the country.
Among many irrational social customs was the custom of Sati or
the immolation of the Hindu widow on the funeral pyre of her dead
husband. Usually there was the idea of Sahamarana, i.e. the widow
mounted the same pyre that was prepared for her husband. If there were
several widows, the practice differed; sometimes the favourite wife was
selected for the honour of Sahamarana others being burnt on separate
pyres, sometimes all were placed on the same pyre. There can be no doubt
- Dr. Renu Pandey
16
caused a further rise in the marriageable age of girls. Of course early

marriage still prevailed in lower sections of the community and working
on the data of the census of 1921, the age of consent committee of 1929
computed that about 39%, of girls were married before the age of 10. The
census of 1941 and 1951 showed that percentage of girls who were
married before the age of 14 was 17 and 14 respectively.
The passing of the Sarda Act in 1929, penalising the marriages of
girls before the age of 14, produced a reaction in the orthodox section of
Hindu society, some members of which proceeded openly to break the
law. Their protests and propaganda however, did not help the cause of the
child marriage to any appreciable degree. The fact has been that all those
secular causes, which favoured the custom of the child marriage, rapidly
disappeared. In the year 1850 A.D., the British Parliament raised it to 16
both in the cases of girls and boys, partly as a reaction to the introduction
of the Sarda Bill in the Indian legislature.
Female infanticide, destruction of female children at their birth,
was practiced secretly. It had been more prevalent among the upper
sections of the people in certain areas. In 1789, Jonathan. Ducan, at that
time the British resident at Benaras, discovered the practice among the
Rajkumars of the place. It was also discovered among the Jadejas of
Kalhiawar and Kutch. Subsequently it was seen that the custom was
familiar among the Kuchwah, Rajputs, near Allahabad. The Chauhan
Rajputs and the Pathak Ahirs of Mainpuri were addicted to the crime. In
the Punjab too, it was widely practised. The Bedis of Jallandar and certain
Muslims of the Rat tribes were also practicing it. Reasons for the
existence of this inhuman practice vary from paying heavy dowry,
preserving caste purity and honour. Therefore, the British Govt., with the
tacit support of social reformer, had legislated against the female
infanticide as early as 1795. It had obtained pledge from many of the
Rajput families to give up this cruel practice. The act VII in 1870 further
introduced a system of registration of births and deaths in every village
and town to check the practice of infanticide.
Polygamy has been an old social evil. It prevailed among the
Hindus and the Muslims both. But the evil crossed all limits in course of
time. It was confined mostly to the richer and higher sections of society.
With their affluence and wealth, the rich became polygamous and
licentious. It was neither a matter of shame nor sorrow to maintain a
harem and to keep many wives. Rather, it was considered to be the
personal pride and social prestige if one could afford it. The worst
example of polygamy prevailed in the 18th century Bengal, and that too,
among the highest classes of Brahmins, their families ultimately came to
be regarded as superior to the rest and became famous as the Kulin
families.

17

she did not became a sati, but passed under the tutelage of other male
relations. Though the husband's proprietary right in the wife was
theoretically recognized, its actual exercise met with a stern social
disapprobation. It was felt that only intoxicated or inhuman persons could
think of exercising it. In course of time the scope of Stridhana was
enlarged. Gifts given by the husband even subsequent to the marriage
were included in it. These were often extensive and would sometimes
include even the whole of the husband's property. Women came to be
gradually invested with full powers over the property thus conveyed to
them. That women could exercise absolute control over such gifts, which
constitute their Stridhana, was a principle that came to be recognized
fairly early in Hindu society. But gifts given by non-relations subsequent
to the marriage, and the wages earned by the wife for her work are not
included in Stridhana. They were usually earned only by the women of
the working classes. The rest of the Stridhana was Asaudayika Stridhana:
women could not alienate it, but only enjoy its usufruct during their life
time. From about C 500 A.D. nobody has called, into question of a
daughter's right to inherit her father's property in the absence of a brother.
An inscription of this period, discovered in Kolhapur, refers to the sale of
a piece of land by woman who had inherited it from her father. The
Bombay law on this point has been working smoothly and has caused no
havoc in the joint family.
It is suggested that the share of the unmarried sister should be
half that of her married brother as she lead a single life, her family
responsibilities would be naturally less than those of her married
brothers. Several steps were taken to provide the daughters the property
rights. In 1936 a bill was introduced in the Imperial Legislative Assembly,
which inter alia sought to give the daughter the same share in the
patrimony as the son. This clause, however, had to be withdrawn, as the
public opinion was not in its favour. Secondly, a draft by the B. N. Rao
Committee proposed, that an unmarried daughter should get half a share;
but this measure also could not pass. The same was the fate of a third bill
1952 which sought to give to the daughter half a share unconditionally.
The legislatures in India both provincial and central began to champion
measures to liberalise the law since 1936. In Feb. 1956 there was a
measure before the Indian Parliament, sponsored by the Govt., which
seeks to give the married daughter a share in patrimony equal to that of the
brother.
If we compare Muslim women with the women of other communities,
they definitely lagged behind, in every sphere of life in employment,
education, emancipation, politics etc. Muslim women in general have not
been able to take full advantage of the modernization in India due to
dominance of certain social and cultural factors such as early marriage,
- Dr. Renu Pandey
18
that in some cases unwillingly widows were forced to burn themselves.

Alberuni described it in the eleventh century, 'If a wife of a Hindu loses
her husband by death, she can not marry another man. She has only to
choose between two things, either to remain a widow as long as she lives
or burn herself; and the latter eventually is considered the preferable
because as a widow she is ill treated as long as she lives. Undoubtedly, the
percentage of widows who ascended the funeral pyre was highest in the
warrior families of Rajputana. As far as general population was
concerned perhaps one widow in a thousand became a Sati. Although
many step were taken in order to eradicate this evil custom. Some Muslim
rulers in India like Akbar had attempted to abolish Sati. Even the Sikh
Guru, Amardas and the Maratha Peshawar tried to stop it in their spheres
of influence. But the custom was so much a matter of blind faith among
the orthodox people. The East India Company at Bombay, in the period
from 1770 to 1780, tried to stop the custom of Sati in the territories under
their control. Elsewhere the English rulers in 18th Century showed a
timid approach towards the rite in fear of general Hindu discontent.
When therefore, Lord William Bentick issued his famous
regulation in Dec.1829, making the custom illegal in British India, he was
strongly supported by Raja Ram Mohan Roy. It undoubtedly created a stir
in the orthodox community. The Journal Chandrika wrote vehemently
against the step. But the appeal to the Privy Council to annul new
regulation, it could get only 800 signatures. The new regulation was
welcomed by the enlightened Hindu public opinion, and its mouth piece
the journal Kaumudi went on defending the action of the Government. A
memorial was presented to the Governor General thanking him for his
human regulation. Raja Ram Mohan Roy the morning star of Asian
Renaissance went to England and pleaded before the members of the
parliament and the Privy Council that the new regulation should not be
annulled. Strengthened by this advocacy, the authorities in England
rejected the memorial of the pro Sati Party in 1832. The credit for the
suppression of the Sati custom belongs, however, undoubtedly to Lord
Bentick, who resolved to take the step in spite of the almost general
opposition of his subordinate English officers. Enlightened Hindu
opinion came to support him only when he had promulgated the
regulation, left to itself it would certainly have taken a few decades more
to stamp out the custom.
Among the Hindus, the woman did not enjoy any property rights
except Stridhana for a long time. There was no question of the woman
holding any property; she herself was on item in the moveable property of
the husband or the patriarch. The wife was under the tutelage of her
husband and could possess no separate property at all, if she was married
according to the orthodox religious rites even after the husband's death

19

Ibid P.12
Ibid P.12
Ibid P.13
Ibid P.13
Ibid P. 21
Ibid P 22
Ibid P.23
Ibid P.23
B.P.N. Chopra; "A social, Cultural and economic History of India," Vol.
- Dr. Renu Pandey
resistance to go to co-educational institutions, Polygamy, Unilateral

divorce, segregation and Purda. These may be because of maladjustment
with the family environment. Whatever might be the reason, the problems
related with marriage, separation and divorce increased day by
day.Legally their status was not different as Islam fosters on approach of
fairness and justice. According to a precept of the prophet, divorce was
condemned as the most reprehensible of all things permitted. The right to
get freedom from marriage is given to men as well as women. Women
have to observe iddat for 3 months. Quran does not permit any outsider to
separate any couple who wants to live with each other in spite of fact that
one of them has a certain defect, though this could be a legitimate cause
for divorce in either case. If there is any hope in the union the couple
would reassert themselves, otherwise they shall separate after iddat, (The
holy Quran, P.899). The adage 'A woman enters her lord and master's
house in a bridal palanquin and leaves it only on the pyre.' This unwritten
law has been accepted by the well-to-do Muslims.
The majority of Indian Muslim girls were taught the rudiments of
religion. They were also taught to read Quran. They received primary
education in Maktabs where they studied. After that they were confined
within the four walls of the house and married off as soon as they attained
the age of puberty. Some were taught by women teachers at home. In the
eighteenth century, during the breakup of the Mughal Empire, a number
of 'nautch girls' danced on the Kothas to please the males who came there
in the evenings. This was the greatest blot on Indian society which taught
the Indian people to be respectful towards the women. Despite the
passage in 1939 of the Muslim marriage act, the stronghold of social
traditions, the inevitable vagaries of human nature, family troubles, caste
problems when it came to women seeking divorce. Quite thoughtlessly,
many Muslims did not stipulate conditions for s divorce in the nikahnama
or the marriage contract. Eventually, the women suffered in case they
want to leave her husband. In almost all the parts of the country the
enlightened men started a crusade against the age long social anomalies.
Mahadev Govind Ranade, Mahirshi karve, Mr. Malabari supported social
legislations. Swami Dayanand encouraged the women to be educated and
be self independent. Swami Vivekanand advised the women to be the
teachers and social workers. The entire atmosphere in India was replete
with the ideas of social transformation of the women. The reformers
agreed that if India was to be free, the women of the country must be
provided equality and freedom.

III, Modern India,
Macmillan India, 1974, PP. 76-139
Ibid, PP. 76-139
P.N. Chopra, Op.Cit, P.91
Ibid, P .96
A. S. Altekar, Op.Cit, P.178
Asthana, Pratima "Social transformation of U.P. Women Published from
Agra, 2001, P.67
Ibid, P.142
Ibid P.212
Ibid P.218
Ibid PP. 220-221
Ibid PP. 224-225
Ibid P.245
Asthana, Pratima, Op.Cit, P.89
Ibid.
Jamila Brijbhushan, "In Purdah and out of it-Muslim women". Vikas
Publishing House , 1980.
Zakia A. Siddhiqui & Zuberi, Muslim Women, Muslim Women problem
and Prospects" M. D.
Publications Pvt.Ltd., New Delhi, P.6
Zakia A. Siddhiqui & Zuberi, Op.Cit., P.7
Asthana, Pratima, Op.Cit, P.97
Ibid.
Babasahab Bhimrao Ambedkar University

Lucknow
References :
A.S. Altekar, The position of women in Hindu civilisation from
prehistoric times to the present day, Motilal Banarasidas, Banaras, 1956.
20
21
HISTORY
REGIONAL SOURCES OF
MEDIEVAL GUJARAT
Dr. Monika Sharma
A.D. to eighteenth century. Interesting information is supplied on the

prominent natives, chiefly the merchants and traditions etc.
IshwarlalIchharam Desai'sSurat Sonani Murat (A Beautiful
City Surat) is an interesting account of Surat city. It gives detailed of
history of Surat city,about the European travellers - Hawkins, Tavernier
and Thomas Roe. It also provides details of Maratha attack on the city.
The other features are interesting details on Bohra community and
prominent Bohra merchants like Abdul Ghafur, Sheikh Hamid and
Sheikh Faziletc, and titles and honours given by Mughal Emperors to
them. It also gives information and economic prosperity of the city of
Surat.
Deepak Bardolikar'sSunni Vahora contains some rare
information of Bohra community, especially the Sunni Bohra, their
customs, traditions, origin, social life. It gives the detailed information
about their conversion into Islam andwhy they were preferred to be Sunni
Bohras. It also provides informationabout their profession and
classification into different groups etc.
In Vahora VibhutiyoBardolikar supplies significant information
of prominent Bohras in Gujarat and other places.
Jain Aitihasik Rasmala of Buddhisagarjias its name suggests,
deals with the history of Jain community in Gujarat and gives interesting
information about the community, and the tradition of Nagarsheths of
this community. It gives detailed information about the court jeweller of
the Mughals Shantidas, his works, business and family. This source
gives the detailed information of the family of ShantidasZaveri and says
that he was a Kshatriya by caste and belongs to the Marwar region of
Rajasthan.
Parsi Vishayogives valuable information of Parsi community,
their different genealogical suffix, exhaustive details are found on
Customs and marriages.
Parsi Praja,in this account, Piloo Nanvutty has given important
information about origin and native domicile of Parsis, their religion,
ideology, deity and religious traditions. Their diaspora in Indian subcontinent structural morphology, trade and industry, and professions are
some other significant aspects.
Mahagujaratno Musalmano deals with the larger Muslim
communities in Gujarat, like - Khojas, Bohras, Memons, Lohanas,
Karalia, Mahedavi and others. It gives valuable information of Muslim
merchant communities.
In Khambhat Shaherno Itihas, the author JugalbhaiMangalran
Pandya has given rare information on structural layout, origin and
locality of Cambay. He traces its history from ancient period and also
gives information about Parsis and Muslims of Cambay. He also gives
-Monika Sharma
Gujarat was the most prosperous subah in Mughal period. It

enjoyed the identity of high incidence of urbanisation and well developed
trade and commerce.The ports in Gujarat provided commodities to
different places as far as south-east and west Asia. It was also a
manufacturing centre for high quality textiles which had a large demand
in internal and international market. Due to its accelerated commercial
activities and ports, it played an important role in the development of
trade and commerce, Gujarat has always been acknowledged as
commercial, urbanized and affluent region in Indian History.
One can gauge the broad spectra of this region in order to
understand the larger vision of sixteenth seventeenth century. M.S.
Commissariat's pioneer work A History of Gujarat in two volumes and
Studies in the History of Gujarat was the first attempt to write the history
of this region in a systematic manner, in which he has dealt with all the
possible aspects in detail such as political, social, administrative and for
some extant the economic.
To know more about the socio-cultural history of any particular
region, it is quit necessary to explore the regional literature of the period.
In this way we arevery fortunate that we have rich profusion of regional
Gujarati sources which can be tapped for studies. Ample supply of data
can be culled from the varied nature of sources on Gujarat.
It seems worthwhile to give due attention to regional Gujarati sources.
The main Gujarati sources for the study of Medieval Gujarat can be
broadlined thus:
The Khatpatras, these documents are the sale deeds, which contains rich
information of property dealings of different merchant communities. The
document contains the names of buyer and seller, date of sale or purchase,
place of dealing and presence of people during the dealing and
guarantor's name.
Maganlal Vakatchand'sAmdabadno Itihas (History of
Ahmadabad) in which author discusses political and social history of the
city from ancient period. He has also investigated geographical features
of the city and utilized water resources. The author ascribes reasons to
develop such a city, its buildings etc. The main feature of this source is the
reflection on tradition of Nagarsheth and its hierarchy in Ahmadabad.
Author also gives the information of famous court jeweller Shantidas and
an interesting anecdote behind his title of Nagarsheth.
Narmada Shankar in his Suratni Mukhtasir Haqiqat (A Brief
History of Surat) provides a graphic layout of city of Surat and its
morphology in detail.It gives detailed information about the different
fortresses and gates of the city. The account speaks aboutmarkets, inn and
ports.It also gives information about the port of Rander and area of
Machhiwada. It provides history of Surat city from sixteenth century
22
REGIONAL SOURCES OF
MEDIEVAL GUJARAT
23
REGIONAL SOURCES OF
MEDIEVAL GUJARAT
Vakhatchand, Maganlal, AmadabadnoItihas, Ahmadabad, 1977 (Reprint).

Shankar, Narmada,SuratniMukhtasirHaqiqat, Union Press, Mumbai, 1866.
Desai, IshwarlalIchharam, Surat Sonani Murat, Surat, 1958, (Reprint- 2004).
Bardolikar, Deepak, Sunni Vahora, BohraPrakashan, Malir City, Karachi, 1984.
Buddhisagarji, Jain AitihasikRasmala, Eds. MohanlalDalichand Desai, 2 Vols.,
Ahmadabad, 1912.
Desai, S.M., ParsiVishayo, Navsari, 1914.
Nanavutty, Piloo, ParsiPraja, National Book Trust, 1997.
Master, Karim Mehmud, MahagujaratnoMusalmano(part 1 & 2), Prachya Vidya
Mandir, M.S. University, Baroda, 1969.
Pandya, JugalbhaiMangalram, KhambhatShahernoItihas, Ahmadabad Gujarat Gazette
press, Ahmadabad, 1899.
Jote, RatanraoBhimrao, KhambhatnoItihas, Ahmadabad, 1935.
Bhatt, NarmadashankarTriyambakram, KhambayatnuSanskritikdarshan, Cambay,
1976.
Shastri, HariprasadGangashankar&RasiklalChhotalal Parikh, Mughal Kaal (Gujarat
RajkiyaAneSanskritik Itihas,Vol.-6, Bhulabhai.Jaisinghbhai Institute, Ahmadabad,
1979.
Jote, RatanraoBhimrao, KhambhatnoItihas, Ahmadabad, 1935
Amarji, DeewanRanchhorji, Tarikh-i-SorathvaHaalar, Junagarh, 1978.
Surat ItihasDarshan, Published by Surat MahanagarPalika, 1999.
Rajgor, Sivaprasad, GujaratnaBandaro EkParichaya, Ahmadabad, 1987.
Padmanabh, KanhadadePrabandh, Tr. By V.S. Bhatnagar, Aditya Prakashan, New
-Monika Sharma
some interesting stories about Parsis and Muslims of Cambay.

Khambhatno Itihas is a history of Cambay from ancient period to early
modern period. It gives information about geography, climate, rivers,
monuments, organizations, Trade and commerce, Industries and
employment, Social development, Political structure and economy of the
Cambay.
Khambhatna Sanskrutik Darshan gives details of cultural and social
aspects of Cambay. It gives information of the operative trade and
commerce, role of European merchants, officials in port administration Mutasaddi and Peshkaar etc. Information pertaining to climate, trade
routes and gardens etc. is also incorporated.
Gujaratno Rajkiyaane Sanskrutik Itihas was published by Bhulabhai
Jaisinghbhai Institute, Ahmadabad, in the several volumes. Volume-5 &
6 of this series is dedicated to Gujarat Sultanate and Mughal period
(Mughal Kaal). This series as its name indicates, contains, information
about political and cultural history of Gujarat.
Gujaratno Sanskrutik Darshan, Ratnamanirao Bhimrao Jote has made
an attempt to write the history of Gujarat form ancient to late medieval
period in different volumes. He discussed administrative and political
aspects of the region.
Tarikh-i-Sorathva Haalar by Diwan Ranchhorji Amarji, is the history of
Saurashtra region, which gives details administrative and political
structure of the sarkar of Junagarh, Saurashtra and Jamnagar.
Surat Itihas Darshan traces history of the development of the city of
Surat. The different regimes of Gujarat, like Solankis, Vaghelas and
Mughals are noted. It also discusses the European trading companies and
their factories. Interesting information about Parsis and Jains in Surat is
also found.
Gujaratna Bandaro as its name suggests, contains rich information
about the ports and harbours of Gujarat. The geographical intricacies are
amicably dealt.
Kanhadade Prabanadh is versified contribution of Padmanabh,
dedicated to Kanhada Deva Chauhana, which give details of society and
politics of the medieval Gujarat.
There is a rare repository of Gujarati sources on history and
culture of Gujarat, which is unexplored. The above analysis of sources is
based only on the Mughal Gujarat and very helpful for the researchers of
medieval history of the region as well as history of India.
REGIONAL SOURCES OF
MEDIEVAL GUJARAT
C.A.S., Department of History

A.M.U., Aligarh.
References :
24
Commissariat, M.S., A History of Gujarat, 2 Vols., II, Bombay, 1957; Commissariat,

M.S., Studies in the History of Gujarat, Ahmadabad, 1987.
These documents are preserved in BhulabhaiJaisinghbhai Institute of Research and
Learning, Ashram Road, Ahmadabad.
25
HISTORY
1920 ls 1939 rd
la;qDr izkUr vkxjk o vo/k esa efgykvksa dh fLFkfr

1920 ls 1939 rd
&Mk0 vejorh pkSgku
izkUr dh efgykvksa dk LFkku lekt esa vf/kd vPNk ugha Fkk] mudh
fLFkfr n;uh; FkhA muesa ls vf/kdrj efgykvksa dk dk;Z ?kj ij jgdj [kkuk
cukuk rFkk cPpksa dh ns[kHkky djuk FkkA ijEijkxr izFkkvksa tSls inkZ izFkk] cgw
fookg vkSj ifjokj esa fuEu fLFkfr vkfn ls ihfM+r FkhaA vf/kdrj efgyk;sa inkZ
izFkk ls izfrcfU/kr gksus ds dkj.k ?kj dh pkj nhokjh rd lhfer FkhA mudh
1
lkekftd n'kk cgqr gh n;uh; FkhA cgqr ls lekt lq/kkjdksa us mudh n'kk
lq/kkjus ds fy, dne mBk;sA muds iz;klksa ls gh izkar esa efgykvksa dh lkekftd
n'kk esa lq/kkj Hkh gqvkA jk;lkgc gjfcykl 'kkjnk ds iz;Ruksa ls 1929 esa cky
2
fookg fujks/k vf/kfu;e ikfjr gqvkA ;g dkuwu 1930 ls ykxw gqvkA blesa 14 o"kZ
ls de vk;q dh dU;k rFkk 18 o"kZ ls de vk;q ds yMds ds fookg dks dkuwuh :i
ls izfrcfU/kr djds n.Muh; ?kksf"kr fd;k x;kA ijUrq 1931 esa gqbZ tux.kuk ls
Kkr gksrk gS] fd xzkeksa esa bl vf/kfu;e dks /keZ fo: ekuk x;k rFkk cky&fookg
3
ds mRlo pyrs jgsA
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gh bl vf/kfu;e dks Lohd`fr ,oa oS/krk iznku dj nh FkhA4 fo/kok fookg ds
lEcU/k esa lekt esa vusd iz;kl fd;s tk jgs FksA y[ku esa bl mn~ns'; ls fgUnw
fo/kok lq/kkj la?k LFkkfir fd;k x;kA fdUrq vc Hkh fo/kok iqufoZokg dk izpyu
O;ogkfjdrk esa izk; ux.; gh FkkA5 dqN tkfr esa rks fo/kok iqufoZokg gksrs gh ugha
Fks] tcfd 1931 esa dqy tula[;k ds 13-9 izfr'kr O;fDr mPp tkfr ds FksA6
fo/kok iqufoZokg dh leL;k dsoy fgUnw tkfr esa gh ugha Fkh cfYd eqlyekuksa ds
7
mPp oxZ esa Hkh bldk izpyu ugha FkkA
vk;Z lekt rFkk vU; lkekftd laxBuksa us efgyk f'k{kk gsrq vusd
f'k{k.k laLFkku izkjEHk fd;s] ysfdu Nk=kvksa dh la[;k de gksus ds dkj.k izxfr
vf/kd ugha gks ldhA vk;Z lekt f'k{kk ds {ks= esa loZizFke lcls vkxs vk;k]
blds }kjk f'k{kk ds izpkj izlkj gsrq vusd fo|ky; [kksys x;sA buesa QStkckn]
y[ku esa [kksys x;s fo|ky; izeq[k FksA vk;Z lekt laLFkk f'k{kk ds ek/;e ls
vKkurk o vU/kfo'oklksa dks nwj djuk pkgrs FksA Lokeh n;kuUn us 'kwnz] xaokj]
8
<ksy i'kq vkSj ukjh] ldy rkM+uk ds vf/kdkjh dh vkykspuk dhA mUgksaus lekt
ds lHkh oxksZa ds fy, leku :i ls f'k{kk izkfIr ds fy, izksRlkgu fn;kA mUgksaus
dgk fd loZizFke ?kj dh ekrkvksa vkSj cguksa dks f'k{kk nsuh gksxhA ljdkj us Hkh
efgyk f'k{kk ij fo'ks"k /;ku fn;kA eq[;ea=h us efgyk f'k{kk gsrq vuqnku rFkk
Nk=o`fr;ka iznku dh] ijUrq ckfydkvksa esa f'kf{krksa dh la[;k cgqr de FkhA
xouZj lj eSYde gSyh la;qDr izkUr esa fL=;ksa ds f'k{kk ds {ks= esa
9
fiNM+siu ls vR;ar fpafrr FksA os pkgrs Fks fd efgykvksa esa f'k{kk dk izlkj gksuk
pkfg,A o"kZ 1931&32 esa dU;kvksa ds fy, lEiw.kZ izkUr esa 6 dkWyst 13 gkbZLdwy]
47 vaxzsth fefMy Ldwy] 186 oukZD;wyj fefMy Ldwy rFkk 1179 izkbejh Ldwy
10
FksA lEiw.kZ fczfV'k Hkkjr esa 1917 esa 13]90]000 yMfd;ka f'k{kk izkIr dj jgh FkhA
11
ftudh la[;k 1937 eas c<dj 28]90]000 gks xbZA
egkRek xka/kh dh Hkkjrh; jktuhfr esa vkxeu ls u dsoy jktuhfrd

fLFkfr cfYd Hkkjr dh lkekftd O;oLFkk Hkh vkanksfyr gqbZA xka/kh th us efgykvksa
dh n'kk lq/kkjus ds fy, vusd iz;Ru fd;sA12 mUgha dh izsj.kk ls tuojh 1927 esa
,d vf[ky Hkkjrh; efgyk ifj"kn~ dh LFkkiuk dh xbZA13 ftldk izFke lEesyu
iq.ks esa gqvk rFkk ns'kHkj dh efgyk izfrfuf/k;ksa us blesa Hkkx fy;kA vf[ky
Hkkjrh; efgyk ifj"kn~ ds iz;Ru Lo:i gh 1932 esa yM+fd;ksa ,oa fL=;ksa ds fodkl
ds fy, jk"Vh; f'k{kk dks"k dh LFkkiuk dh x;hA14 MkW0 ljkstuh uk;Mw us fL=;ksa
ds fo/kkue.My pquko esa Hkkx ysus ds lEcU/k esa ,d izLrko izLrqr fd;k tks
15
/ofuer ls ikfjr gqvkA
fL=;ksa dks ?kj ls ckgj fudydj iq:"kksa ds lkFk dU/kk ls dU/kk feykdj
vkanksyu esa fgLlk ysus dk volj rc feyk tc egkRek xka/kh us lfou; voKk
vkanksyu dh ?kks"k.kk dhA16 Mk0 ljksftuh uk;Mw us 25000 Lo;a lsod ,oa
lsfodkvksa dk usr`Ro djrs gq, n'kZuk esa ued dkuwu dks Hkax djds efgykvksa ds
17
fy;s vuqdj.kh; mnkgj.k izLrqr fd;kA la;qDr izkar esa deyk usg:] tks bl
18
le; bykgkckn dkaxzsl lfefr dh v/;{kk Fkh ] Lo:i jkuh] fot; y{eh] mek
usg:] ';ke dqekjh usg: vkfn us lf; :i ls lfou; voKk vkanksyu esa Hkkx
fy;k rFkk fxjrkjh gqbZA lgkjuiqj esa uxj dkaxzsl lfefr dh v/;{kk Jherh
lkfo=h nsoh lfgr egklfpo] Jherh 'kjcrh nsoh] Jherh y{eh nsoh] Jherh
fo|kifr nsoh] 'kdqUryk nsoh] lw;kZizHkk nsoh] tkfo=h nsoh] Jherh pUnzorh19]
cqyUn'kgj tuin esa Jherh xkserh nsoh] lkfo=h nsoh] xaxk nsoh] pUnzeq[kh]
fo|korh] ikoZrh nsoh] ukjk;.kh nsoh rFkk nsgjknwu esa 'keZnk R;kxh] rFkk ljLorh
nsoh us lfou; voKk vkanksyu esa fo'ks"k Hkwfedk fuHkk;hA20 1930&32 ds vkanksyu
esa Hkkjr esa yxHkx 17 gtkj fL=;ka tsy xbZA21 yUnu esa gq, xksyest lEesyuksa esa
Hkh L=h&izfrfuf/k;ksa us Hkh Hkkx fy;k ftuesa izeq[k Fkh felst lqCckjko] csxe
22
'kkguokt ,oe~ ljkstuh uk;MwA
26 tuojh 1931 esa usg: us ,d izLrko ikfjr dj lfou; vfoKk
vkanksyu ds nkSjku Hkkjrh; efgykvksa }kjk fd;s x;s ;ksX;nku dh iz'kalk dhA23
dkaxzsl fL=;ksa dks lekurk fnykbZ tkus dh i{kikrh Fkh ljdkj us 1932 esa ftyk
ifj"kn dh /kkjk&2 dks la'kksf/kr djds ifj"knksa esa fL=;ksa dks izfrfu/krRo fn;s tkus
dk izko/kku fd;kA izkUrh; fo/kku ifj"kn us igys ls gh fL=;ksa dks izfrfu/krRo dh
O;oLFkk dh gqbZ FkhA ysMh ts-ih- JhokLro la;qDr izkar esa fo/kku ifj"kn~ dh
uketn lnL;rk FkhA ysMh ts0ih0 JhokLro ifj"kn~ dk /;ku fL=;ksa dh
leL;kvksa ds izfr vkdf"kZr djrh jgha FkhaA25
bl izdkj mPp oxZ dh fL=;ksa esa gh ugha vfirq fuEu oxZ dh fL=;ksa esa Hkh
vius vf/kdkjksa ds izfr tkx:drk dh Hkkouk ijius yxh] og Hkh vkanksyu esa
fgLlk ysus yxh FkhA f'k{kk ds izfr lHkh oxksZa us mRlkg izdV fd;kA ysfdu
26
ukS&nl o"kZ dh voLFkk ls iwoZ yM+fd;ksa dks Ldwy ugha Hkstk tkrk FkkA eqfLye
yM+fd;ksa ds e/; f'k{kk dk izlkj de FkkA fL=;ksa dks jkstxkj ds vf/kd volj
&Mk0 vejorh pkSgku
26
27
ekWjh'kl dh fgUnh dh igpku vfHkeU;q vUkr
HINDI

1920 ls 1939 rd
&MkW0 oUnuk JhokLro

lqyHk ugha FksA fQj Hkh v/;kiu] fpfdRlk ,oa jktuhfr ds {ks= esa fL=;ka lkeus
vkdj lekt ,oa jk"V dh lsok esa dk;Zjr FkhaA
lUnHkZ %
1
23456789101112131415161718192021222324.
2526-
yhMj
etwenkj vkj0lh0 lEikfnr
izdk'k pUnz lEikfnr
dqiqLokeh ch0
etwenkj jk;pkS/kjh ,oa nRr
uank ch0vkj0 lEifnr
% 20 fnlEcj 1940 bykgkckn

% LVxy QkWj hMe i`0&994] 2003] ubZ fnYyhA
% esjB vk;Z lekt ds 100 o"kZ] i`0 83] esjB 1978 A
% lks'ky psat bu bf.M;k] i`0 113] ubZ fnYyh 1973
% vk/kqfud Hkkjr] [k.M&3] i``"B 322] fnYyh 1980 A
% bf.M;u oweSu kWe inkZ Vw ekWMfuZVh i`050]
fnYyh 1976A
uank ch0vkj0 lEikfnr
% bf.M;u oweSu kWe inkZ Vw ekWMfuZVh i`0 51]
fnYyh 1976A
ljLorh lh-,e.
% bf.M;u ikWfyfVDl fFkadj] i`0 40] esjB] 1993 A
izsflfMaXl
% 16 twu 1932
fjiksVZ vkWu ,MfefuLVs'ku vkWQ ;w0ih0 1931 ls 1932A
etwenkj vkj0lh0 lEifnr % LVxy QkWj hMe] i`0 997] ubZ fnYyh&2003A
dqIiw Lokeh ch0
% lks'ky psat bu bf.M;k] i`0 92] ubZ fnYyh&1973A
pkSiM+k ih0,u0 lEifnr
% fn xtsfV;j vkWQ bf.M;k] [k.M&11 i`0&636]
ubZ fnYyh&1888A
dqIiw Lokeh ch0
% lks'ky psat bu bf.M;k] i`0 193] ubZ fnYyh&1973A
bf.M;u ,U;q;y jftLVj
% tu0&twu [k.M&4] dydRrk i`0 375] 1946 A
uank ch0vkj0
% bf.M;u owEkSu kWe Vw ekWMfuZVh i`0 2] fnYyh 1976A
csx rkjk vyh
% bf.M;u oweSu ikWoj i`0 216] ubZ fnYyh&1976A
fn VkWbEl vkWQ bf.M;k
% 14 vxLr 1983] ubZ fnYyh A
dkSf'kd ';keyky
% ftyk lgkjuiqj esa dkaxzsl ds lkS o"kZ] i`0 20 A
lgkjuiqj 1986 A
usg: ts0,y0
% fMLdojh vkWQ bf.M;k i`0 41] fnYyh 1951 A
Ogksjk vk'kk jkuh
% eqfDr la?k"kZ esa efgykvksa dh Hkwfedk] 'kh"kZd ls
nSfud fgUnqLrku esa 14 vxLr 1983 dks
izdkf'kr ,d ys[kA
uank ch0vkj0
% bf.M;u oweSu kWe inkZ Vw ekWMfuZVh i`035]
fnYyh 1976A
usg: ts0,y0
% fMLdojh vkWQ bf.M;k i`0 42] fnYyh 1951 A
fjiksVZ vkWu ,MfefuLVs'ku vkWQ ;w0ih0 1932 ls 1933] i`0 32 A
[kku lj ekS0 vgen lbZn
% ;kns v;~;ke] i`0 45] vyhx<+ A
fjiksVZ vkWu fn ,MfefuLVs'ku vkWQ ;w0ih0] 1930&31] i`0 28 A
usV ih&,p0Mh0
[kqjtk cqyUn'kgj
28
v/kqfud fooifjn`; esa fgUnh dk ijpe lEiw.kZ foo f{kfrt esa ygjk
jgk gSA fgUnh dks ;g varjkZ"Vh; Lo:i nsus esa Hkkjr ds lkFk fofHkUu nskksa ds
fo)ku] Hkkjroakh o izoklh lkfgR;dkjksa] laLFkkvksa rFkk fgUnh izsfe;ksa dk ;ksxnku
gSA ysfdu bl izf;k esa ekWfjkl dh Hkwfedk lokZf/kd egRoiw.kZ jgh gSA
vR;kpkjksa] neu vkSj ;krukvksa dh ijkdk"Bk dks th&tku ls >sydj gh ekWfjkl
dh fgUnh l`tukRed izsj.kk rFkk kfDr ik ldhA ekWfjkl esa fgUnh dk ;g la?k"kZ
lkgl] ;kruk vkSj cfynku dh xkFkk jgh gSA fgUnh dks vUrjkZ"Vh; egRo nsus esa
ekWfjkl ds lkfgR;dkjksa &lksenRr c[kksjh] jkenso /kqj/kaj] iwtkuan usek] cztsanz
dqekj Hkxr e/kqdj]t;ukjk;.k vkfn dh Hkwfedk lk/kkj.k ugha ekuh tk ldrh
fdarq vfHkeU;q vur tSlh lkfgR; lk/kuk vkSj fgUnh dks fooeap ij izfrf"Br
djus dh tkZ] {kerk ,oa leiZ.k fdlh vkSj esa ugha gSA Hkkjr ds ckgj tc Hkh
fgUnh Hkk"kk vkSj lkfgR; dh ppkZ gksrh gS rks vfHkeU;q vur dk uke lcls igys
vkrk gSA vfHkeU;q oLrqr% fgUnh dks fooeap ij LFkkfir djus rFkk mldh
ltZukRedrk ds foLrkj ds izrhd cu x;s gSaA ^^,d ys[kd ds fy, ;g de xkSjo
dh ckr ugha fd cg vius nsk dk izrhd cu tk;s tSls VkyLVk; &:l vkSj
ksDlfi;j &baXyS.M ds izrhd jpukdkj gSA oSls gh Hkkjr esa ekWfjkl dh igpku
vfHkeU;q vur ls gqbZ A og ekWfjkl dh Lora=rk] vfLerk] ekWfjklh;rk vkSj
Hkkjrh;rk ds laxe ds lkfgR;dkj gSaA^^1
vfHkeU;q vur ,dek= ,sls Hkkjr oakh ys[kd gSa tks vk/kh lnh ls Hkh
vf/kd le; ls iw.kZ ,d fu"Bk ds lkFk sap o vaxzsth ds izyksHku dks R;kxdj
fgUnh esa ,d ls ,d mRre jpuk nsrs jgs gSA ekWfjkl esa fgUnh dks Lohd`fr o
ekU;rk fnykus ds fy, mUgksus la?k"kZ fd;k lRrk ds dksiHkktu cus] vusd
rdyhQksa dks lgrs gq, mUgksuas fgUnh dks fooeap ij LFkkfir fd;kA ekWfjkl
foo ds leLr fgUnh izseh nskksa esa vdsyk ,slk nsk gS tgk fgUnh] yksxksa dh
vfLerk] kfDr vkSj laxBu dh Hkk"kk jgh gSA ;gh dkj.k gS fd ekWfjkl dh fgUnh
dh viuh ,d igpku gSA
ekWfjkl dh fgUnh dh igpku crkrs gq, vfHkeU;q vur dgrs gS] ^êkWfjkl
dh fgUnh viuh ekVh dh lksa/kh xU?k dks vkRelkr djds gh viuh fgLls dh nks
&pkj cwnsa tksM+ ik;h gSA vkt bldh lcls cM+h miyfC/k ;g gS fd ekWfjkl esa
lkfgR; le`) djus esa mlus cgqr cM+h Hkwfedk fuckgh gSA lkFk gh lkFk ml
lkfgR; esa Hkkjr vkSj vU; nskksa esa ekWfjkl ds Loj dks cqyUn fd;k gsA^^ 2
vfHkeU;q vur ekWfjkl ds ,sls ys[kd gSa tks gesa ekWfjkl ls tksM+rs gSaA
viuh jpukvksa }kjk mUgksus Hkkjrh; ikBdksa dk /;ku ekWfjkl dh vksj vkdf"kZr
fd;kA ;gh dkj.k gS fd mUgs Hkkjr esa ekWfjkl ds lkaLd`frd nwr ds :i esa tkuk
tkrk gSA tc Hkkjr o ekWfjkl nksuks ljdkjksa us feydj egkRek xk/kh laLFkku ^
dh uhao Mkyh rks vfHkeU;q vur dks laLFkku ds fgUnh foHkkx ds v/;{k dk in
nsdj tgk lEekfur fd;k x;k ogha Lo;a fgUnh Hkh mUgsa ikdj lEekfur gqbZA
vfHkeU;q dh d`fr;ksa ls ;g fl) gqvk fd fgUnh lkfgR; Hkkjr ds ckgj Hkh
le`) gks jgk gSA os cgqeq[kh izfrHkk laiUu lkfgR;dkj gSA og miU;kldkj]
29
ekWjh'kl dh fgUnh
dh igpku vfHkeU;q vUkr
muds iko fgUnh txr esa teus yxs A 15 lky ds v/;kiu ds nkSjku mUgksus
^kcue^ miuke ls 7 iqLrdsa izdkfkr djok;h A os kt dsuu ds bl ckr ds
dk;y Fks fd eq>s cl izu djus dh vktknh ns nksA blhfy, os dgrs gS] ^êSa cl
vius lekt vkSj vius bnZ fxnZ dh lRrk vkSj O;oLFkk ls tks izk;% vO;oLFkk gksrh
gS izu djrk gwA ;g izu esjk rcls tkjh gS tc eSa uks&nl lkYk dk Fkk vkSj
Ldwy tkrs le; tc esjh ek eq>s vU; cPpksa dh rjg fcu iscanks ls Hkjs diM+s nsus
vlQy gksrh FkhA esjk igyk izu Fkk tks eq>s vkt Hkh ;kn gS] ^^ ek bu yksxksa dks
brus vPNs diM+s dgk ls fey tkrs gSA^^6
;g muds izu gh gSa ftUgksus ekWjhkl ds bfrgkl ,oa orZeku lekt dh
fod`fr;ksa] folaxfr;ksa dk ,d O;kid lalkj vkSiU;kfld d`fr;ksa rFkk dkO;kRed
vuqHkwfr;kas ds }kjk gekjs lEeq[k [kksy fn;k gSA ,d krkCnh ls Hkh vf/kd le;
rd Hkkjrh; izokfl;ksa us ekWfjkl esa tks ikqor~ thou th;k neu] kks"k.k vkSj
ihM+k ds chp Hkh viuh Hkkjrh; igpku] /keZ vkSj laLd`fr dks cpk;s j[kk og ^xwxk
bfrgkl ^ rFkk ^yky ilhuk ^ dh egkxkFkk, vfHkeU;q us gh igyh ckj dFkkRed
:i esa izLrqr dh A Hkkjr ls ckgj igyh ckj fgUnh esa f=[kaMh egkdkO;kRed
miU;kl ^yky ilhuk]^ ^xk/kh th cksys Fks]^ ^vkSj ilhuk cgrk jgk]^ ^viuh gh
rykk vkfn miU;kl^ &fy[kk x;k tks ekWfjkl dh igpku] vfLerk rFkk
laHkkoukvksa ds ;FkkFkZ dk vadu djrk gSA bu miU;klksa esa vrhr dh ihM+k dk
bfrgkl gS rks orZeku es nsk dks folaLd`fr dj.k ls cpkus dk ladYi gS A ^Ykky
ilkhuk^ ftldk ssap esa vuqokn Hkh gqvk ds lUnHkZ esa vfHkeU;q dgrs gSa] ^^vrhr
dh ijk/khurk esa Hkkjrh; etnwjksa us tks dqN >syk gS mldh ppkZ rks eSa viuh dbZ
jpukvksa esa dj pqdk gw ysfdu ml dkj.k n.M vkSj mu ;krukvksa dks eSa ekufld
:i esa vius miU;kl ^yky ilhuk ^ dh jpuk ds le; >syrk jgk vkSj lp
ekfu;s og vrhr ds kkjhfjd ihM+u ls vf/kd d"Vnk;d FkkA vkt dh Lok/khurk
esa Hkh vrhr dh ijk/khurk esjh jpukvksa esa jg&jg dj blfy, mHkj vkrh gS
D;ksafd esjs nsk ds folaLd`frdj.k dk lcls cM+k dkj.k gS vius bfrgkl dh
;krukvksa dks Hkwy tkuk A ge ,d jktuhfrd lkezkT;okn ls NwVdj ,d
laLd`frd lkezkT; ds paxqy esa Qlrs pys tk jgs gSaA ,d ijk/khurk ds ckn
nwljh ijk/khurk ds ge fkdkj gSaA^^7
muds lHkh 32 miU;klksa esa ekWjhkl ds jk"Vh; thou dh jktuhfrd]
lkekftd] ikfjokfjd] vkfFkZd] /kkfeZd lkaLd`frd vkfn fLFkfr;ksa dk thoUr
o.kZu gSA Lo;a bldk dkj.k crkrs gq, vfHkeU;q dgrs gaS] ^îzkd`frd vk/kh] rwQkuksa
dh rjg gekjs lkekftd] jktuhfrd] lkaLd`frd vkSj vkfFkZd thou esa Hkh
vfLFkjrk jgh gSA bl thou dks js[kkfdar djus ds fy, eSus fy[kk gS vkSj eSus mu
tqYeks adks vius bnZ&fxnZ gj oDr vuqHko fd;k gS & dHkh ljdkj esa] dHkh lekt
esa] dHkh nrjh ,oa dHkh tehnkjh O;oLFkk esa A og tqYe dHkh lkaLd`frd jgk gS]
dHkh jktuhfrd dHkh Hkk"kk ds lkFk gks jgs O;fHkpkj esa eSus ml tqYe dks >syk gS]
dHkh folaLd`frdj.k dh pDdh esa filrs yksxksa easA vkt og tqYe viuh ijkdk"Bk
dks Nwrk izrhr gks jgk gAS ,l
s h fLFkfr eas ejsh lkfgR;/kferZk e>
q s piq dl
S s jgus nx
s hA^^8
&MkW0 oUnuk JhokLro
30
dgkuhdkj] y?kqdFkkdkj] ukVddkj] dfo] thouhdkj] i=dkj] laiknd

fp=dkj] QksVksxzkQj] ukV;funsZkd] vfHkusrk vkfn vusd :iksa esa lkfgR; ,oa
dyk ds fy, lefiZr gSA lu~ 1960 ls fujUrj l`tujr vfHkeU;q dh yxHkx 75
iqLrdsa izdkfkr gks pqdh gS] ftuesa 32 miU;kl] 8 dgkuh laxzg]5 ukVd] 5
dfork ladyu] 4 thouh] vkRedFkk rFkk yxHkx 20 vU; iqLrdsa lkfEefyr gSaA
sap] fvksy vkSj vaxzsth ds izyksHkuks dks NksM+dj dsoy fgUnh esa gh lkfgR; l`tu
djus dk dkj.k crkrs gq, Lo;a vfHkeU;q dgrs gS& ^^fgUnh esa vkSj dsoy fgUnh esa
blfy, fy[krk gw D;ksa fd ;g Hkk"kk esjh viuh /kefu;ksa esa nkSM+rs jgus okyh Hkk"kk
gSA^^3 fgUnh ds izpkj izlkj ds fy, gh mUgksus ôlar^ vkSj fjef>e ^ tSlh
if=dkvksa dk lEiknu fd;kA vfHkeU;q eaMy esa ys[kdksa dh ihf<;k rS;kj dh]
fgUnh ukVdksa dks eafpr djds mudk ys[ku rFkk funsZku djds ekWfjkl esa
yksdfiz; cuk;kA MBC ij mUgksus vusd jsfM;ks Iys izLrqr fd;sA nwjnkZu ij
vusd ukfVdk;sa djus ds lkFk gh mUgksus ;qok ,oa hM+k ea=ky; esa ukV~; izfk{kd
ds in ij Hkh dke fd;k A ekWfjkl dyk dsUnz ds laLFkkidksa esa og Hkh ,d gSa]
ftlus ekWfjkl esa yksd xhr vkSj jaxeap dks iquthZou fn;k A bl dasanz us ;qok
,oa hM+k ea=ky; dh ukV~; izfr;ksfxrkvks esa fgUnh ukVdksa dk LFkku fnyk;k A
ekWfjkl vkSj Hkkjr ds lkaLd`frd lkfgR; lacU/kksa dks izx<+ djus ds fy, Lo;a 50
ls vf/kd ckj Hkkjr dh ;k=k;sa dh vkSj Hkkjr ds vusd fgUnh ys[kdksa dks ekWfjkl
vkeaf=r djds mudk lEeku vkSj laokn djk;kA oLrqr% bruh foiqyrk rFkk
brus leiZ.k yxu ls fgUnh dks vius thou dk i;kZ; cuk ysus okyk lkfgR;dkj
fonsk esa nqyZHk gSA
9 vxLr 1937 f=yksys] ekWfjkl esa ifr flag ,oa lqHkkxks dh nloha lUrku
ds ;i esa tUes vfHkeU;q dks firk mnkjr] lnkk;rk lekt ds izfr mRrjnkf;Ro]
kks"k.k o vU;k; dk fojks/k ,oa ekrk dh lgu kfDr] /kS;Z] fttho"kk] lkfgfR;d
vfHk:fp fojklr esa feyh ftlus muds Hkhrj lekt ds izfr lgkuqHkwfr cpiu ls
gh txk nh A vkSj ckyd vfHkeU;q cpiu esa gh le> x;k fd ^^gj vkneh dh
ftUnxh dgkfu;ksa dk leanj gS vkSj pwfd mls feyh Fkh gj fdlh dh ,d &,d
lkl i<+ ysus okyh vk[ksa og vkneh dks ckgj dh] vis{kk vUnj ls T;knk ns[kus
yxk FkkA mlds NksVs ls ekfLr"d esa dgkfu;k djoVas ysus yxh FkhaA rsjg o"kZ dh
mez esa mlus igyh dgkuh fy[kh ftldk ukV~; :ikUrj ckn esa mlus jsfM;ks ij
izLrqr fd;kÂ4
ek cki kkjhfjd vkSj vfFkZd :i ls Fkddj vHkko esa jgus yxs Fks] vfHkeU;q
dh i<+kbZ cUn gks x;h A ?kj dk [kpZ mBkus ds fy, mUgksus bZ[k ds [ksrksa esa dke
fd;k] flj ij Vksdjh mBkdj Qsjh yxkdj lkfCt;k csph] xzkeh.k fdlku dk
lknk thou fcrk;kA kk;n ;gha muds eu esa ^vkSj unh cgrh jgh^ vkSj ^,d ch?kk
I;kj ^ dk vkfoHkkZo gqvk gksxkA 5
nks vlQy izse lEcU/kksa ds ckn mUgsa iRuh ds :i esa lfjrk th feyh
ftUgksus muds thou vkSj ys[ku dks fnkk ,oa lrr fy[krs jgus dh izsj.kk nh A
1956 esa vfHkeU;q dh igyh dgkuh NihA 1958 esa os ljdkjh v/;kid cus vkSj
ekWjh'kl dh fgUnh
31
ekWjh'kl dh fgUnh
lkFk&lkFk ekbdy kksyks[kso] misUnz ukFk vd^] vapy vkSj lkfo=h nsoh oekZ dh
jpuk;sa Fkh tks ml fnu esjs dkj.k ?kfV;k lkfgR;dkj ?kksf"kr fd;s x;s A ^^13
bZ";kZ vkSj }s"k ds ;s nak vfHkeU;q dk pyrk lQj jksd u lds vkSj vur dh
lkfgR; dh vuar ;k=k pyrh jghA muds jpukdkj esa muds dfo :i dh
egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk gSA muds ikpks dfork laxzg dh dforkvksa esa ekuoh; ihM+k]
fookrk vieku] vlgk;rk ds nkZu gksrs gSaA ,d mnkgj.k nsf[k;s&
rqEgkjk ;g nkok fd
rqe nsk dh mUufr ds fy,
lcls dfBu dke dj jgs gks
esjh utjksa dksbZ vFkZ ugha j[krk
mUufr voufr dh NksM+ks
esjh rjg ukSdjh dh rykk es yxdj
fQj crkvks dkSu dke fdruk dfBu gSA^^ 14
vfHkeU;q viuh dforkvksa esa ekuoh; ihM+k] fpUrk vkSj kks"k.k dh vHks|
nhokjksa dh ;FkkFkZrk dks mn~?kkfVr djrs gaS vkSj bl izdkj og tuihM+k vkSj
tu&eqfDr ds dfo gks tkrs gSaA os dfo cus gh blfy, gaSA os Lohdkj djrs gaS]
^^;gk dh izd`fr vkSj tuthou ds chp mBrs rwQkuks vkSj Tokj HkkVksa us eq>s ys[kd
cuk;k gSA ;gk ds tu&thou ds la?k"kZ] mudh ;krukvksa vkSj mudh ftthfo"kk us
eq>s dye mBkus dh kkfDr iznku dh gSA foijhr fLFkfr;ksa es vius dks VwVus ls
cpk;s j[kus ds muds ladYi vkSj lkaLd`frd vkfLerk ij mudh vkLFkkus eq>s
cy fn;k A^^ 15
bfrgkl ds ;g nak] ;g tqYe] ifjfLFkfr;ksa dh ;g foMEcuk gh gS tks
mUgs ;g dgus dks fook djrh gS&
^^rqeus vkneh dks [kkyh isV fn;k
Bhd fd;k
,d izu gS js fu;fr
[kkyh isV okyksa dks
rqeus ?kqVus D;ksa fn;s
QSyus okyk gkFk D;ksa fn;k^^ 16
bu dforkvksa es dfo dk rsoj] ljksdkj vkSj izu esa fonzksgiw.kZ
dkO;psruk fn[kkbZ nsrh gSA mudh dfrk iz;ksx/kehZ gSA ;g fonzksg ,oa iz;ksx/kfeZrk
fkYi ds {ks= esa Hkh fn[kkbZ nsrh gS tc os ^,d Mk;jh c;ku^ dkO;laxzg esa Mk;jh
kSyh esa dfork;sa fy[krs gSA blds iwoZ Mk;jh fo/kk esa miU;kl] dgkuh] fjiksrkZt
vFkkZr x|kRed fo/kk;as gh fy[kh x;h FkhA dforkvksa ds fy, Mk;jh fo/kk dk
iz;ksx loZFkk uohu gSA
vfHkeU;q O;kid laosnuk ds dfo gSaA lkFk gh os tkrh; psruk ds Hkh dfo
gSA mudh dfork ekWfjkl vkSj Hkkjr ds lkekU; tu dh fu;fr] lksp o
lekarjrk dh ifjp; nsrh gSA mlesa ge Hkkjroklh Lo;a dks gh ns[krs gSA ,slk
yxrk gh ugha fd fdlh nwljs nsk dk ys[kd] fdlh nwljs nsk ds lekt dk
&MkW0 oUnuk JhokLro
32
Li"V gS fd vfHkeU;q vur dh jpuk;as vrhr dh nk:.k ihM+k] =klnh]

kks"k.k ,oa orZeku dh Hkz"V] vekuoh; ifjfLFkfr;ksa rFkk Hkfo"; dh Hk;Hkhr djus
okyh laHkkoukvksa ls iw.kZ gSaA os vius nsk ds bfrgkl ,oa nklrk ds vuqHkoksa dks
blfy, mn~?kkfVr djrs gSa fd ubZ ih<+h nlrk] vHkko ,oa vieku ds nak dks tku
ldsA og tku lds fd iwoZtksa us fdl izdkj] fdu ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa Hkh viuh
Hkkjrh; igpku dks cuk;s j[kdj Lo;a dks thfor j[kkA vfHkeU;q ds lkfgR; dh
egRrk dks js[kkafdr djrs gq, Jh dey fdkksj xks;udk dgrs gS] ^^ys[kd izse
dFkk;sa cqurk gS fdarq Hkw[k] csdkjh] Hkz"Vkpkj] kks"k.k] fjor] rLdjh vkfn dh
vekuoh; ,oa vyksdrka=h; fLFkfr;ksa dk Hkh mn~?kkVu djrk pyrk gSA ekWfjkl
ds bl dky [k.M dk tc Hkh bfrgkl fy[kk tk;sxk vfHkeU;q dk dFkk lkfgR;
izkekf.kd ekuk tk;sxkA ^^9
vfHkeU;q ds 8 dgkuh laxzg izdkfkr gq;s gS] ftudh dgkfu;k ekWfjkl ds
tu&thou dh dykRed >kfd;k gSa] tks gekjs eu&efLr"d ij xgjk izHkko NksM+
ges vkanksfyr dj tkrh gaSA ^[kkekskh ds phRdkj^ 1976 ls ysdj ekre iqjlh^
2007 rd izdkfkr lHkh dgkfu;k dgha gekjh Hkkoukvksa dks Nwrh gSa rks dgha fopkj
rUrq dks >ad`r dj nsrh gSaA vur ^^bu dgkfu;ksa esa thou dks cM+h ckjhdh ls
idM+rs gSa vkSj viuh l`tukRedrk ls bls ,d dykRed bdkbZ esa cny nsrs gSaA
foLrkj vkSj O;kidrk esa tkus okys miU;kldkj ds fy, ,slh jpuk izf;k ls
xqtjuk fdruk dfBu gSA vur dh dgkfu;k fup; gh blh dksfV esa vkrh gaSA
og viuh dgkfu;kas eas ekuo thou ds iesz] ?k.`kk] b"Z;k]Z }"sk] LokfHkeku] nEHk] k/sk] neu]
kk"sk.k] e=
S hz vkfn Hkkokas dks lkdkj ,oa thoUr cukus eas i.wkrZ% lQy g,q gAaS^^10
ekuo thou dh ,slh O;kidrk ,oa xgjh vkReh;rk gesa ek= izsepUn ds
lkfgR; esa fn[kkbZ nsrh gSA ;gh dkj.k gS fd xks;udk th mUgs êkWfjkl dk
izsepUn ^ dgrs gSaA ^^ os okLro esa ekWfjkl ds izsepUn gS] tks ,d vksj Hkkjrh;
ewY;ksa ls izfrc) gSa vkSj nwljh vksj neu] kks"k.k ,oa vekuoh;rkvksa dks uaxk djus
ds lkFk ,d LoLFk ekuoh; lekt dk fuekZ.k dk LoIu latks;s gSA^^11
êkWjhkl dk izsepUn^ cuus dk ;g lQj drbZ vklku ugha FkkA vHkkoksa ls
yM+us ls Hkh T;knk dfBu Fkk fgUnh txr dh vkilh bZ";kZ }s"k dk lkeuk djukA
vfHkeU;q dk igyk miU;kl ^vkSj unh cgrh jgh^ jktdey izdkku ls izdkfkr
gqvkA Hkkjr ls izdkkfkr ekWjhkl dk ;g igyk miU;kl FkkA bldh [kwc ppkZ
gqbZ A ekWjhkl es muds vfgUnh Hkk"kh fe=ksa o lgdfeZ;ksa ;gk rd fd pijklh us
Hkh mldh izfr;k [kjhnh] ijUrq mudh gh ikBkkyk ds fdlh fgUnh v/;kid us
iqLrd dh ,d Hkh izfr ugha [kjhnh cfYd mldks ns[krs gh ukd fldksM+ yh FkhA
vkSj Lo;a vfHkeU;q ds kCnksa esa og Fkh ^êssjs fgUnh ys[kd gksus dh igyh ihM+kA^^12
^;knks dk igyk igj^ esa os ,d nwljh ?kVuk dk mYys[k djrs gSa tc xko ds
ftl Ldwy esa os dke djrs Fks ml Ldwy ds vkpk;Z us ^vktdy^ dk og vad
ftlesa vfHkeU;q vur dh dgkuh Nih Fkh QkM+ dj Qsad fn;k Fkk vkSj mlss fuEu
dksfV dk lkfgR; dgdj Nk=ksa ls i<+us ds fy, euk fd;k FkkA ml ihM+k dks
O;Dr djrs gq, vfHkeU;q crkrs gS fd] ^^vktdy ds ml vad esa f}osnh th ds
ekWjh'kl dh fgUnh
33
vkpfyd miU;kl vkSj jkaxs; jk?ko
HINDI
ekWjh'kl dh fgUnh
&MkW- Q+kfrek ts+gjk

fp=.k dj jgk gSA gekjh o mudh leku laLd`fr lHkh nwfj;k dks ikV nsrh gSa A
vfHkeU;q viuh jpukvksa ds ek/;e ls Hkkjrh; ewY;ksa ,oa Hkkjrh; vfLerk dh gh
yM+kbZ yM+ jgs gSA Hkkjrh; laLdkj muesa c)ewy gSa blhfy;s Hkkjrh; feFkdh;
lanHkkZsa tSls& ;q;qRlq] ufpdsrk] f=kadq];e]xaxk] lkxjeaFku] vkdkkok.kh] lqjlk
vkfn dk viuh dforkvksa esa os [kqydj iz;ksx djrs gSA mudh jpukvksa esa Hkkjrh;
thou ewY; rFkk Hkkjrh;rk ,d thoar] izk.koku ,oa izcy kfDr ds :i esa
fo|eku gSA mudh dforkvksa dh izkalk djrs gq, MkW0 xksfoan jtuhk ekurs gSa fd
^^ mlesa ;FkkFkZ cks/k vkSj dykRed la;e nksuks dk mfpr lketL; gqvk gSA^^17
vfHkeU;q vur dh d`fr;ksa esa Hkkjrh; thou ewY; ,oa ifpeh ewY;
vkeus lkeus gSaA vfHkeU;q dh tUeHkwfe o deZHkwfe rks ekWfjkl gS fdarq lkaLd`frd
Hkwfe Hkkjr gSA mudh jpuk;sa nksuks dk laxe gSA ys[kd dh vkLFkk ekuo dh
xfjek es gS] thou kfDr] vfLrRo j{kk] lerk vkSj ln~Hkko esa gSA os ekuo lekt
dh v[k.Mrk ij fookl djrs gSa vkSj ,d footuhu lekt dh dYiuk djrs gSa]
ftlls lekt ds izR;sd O;fDr dks lerkiw.kZ o] lEekuiw.kZ thou thus dk volj
fey lds A os vius nsk dh vfLErk] ,drk vkSj jk"Vh; vkdka{kkvksa vkSj jk"Vh;
vfLerk ds i;kZ; gSaA ;gh dkj.k gS fd bfrgkl esa mudk ;qx ^vfHkeU;q vur ;qx^
ds uke ls tkuk tk;sxk vkSj fgUnh Hkk"kk ds bfrgkl esa ekWfjkl dk uke Lo.kkZ{kjksa
esa pedrk jgsxkA
lanHkZ %
1234567891011121314151617-
Hkwfedk & uo fud"k &flr 2013 &vfrfFk la0&dey fdkksj xks;udk] i`-6
ds-ds- fcM+yk QkmaMsku] ubZ fnYyh esa 5 fnl- 1994 dks fn;s x;s O;k[;ku ls
vfHkeU;q vur ls dey fdkksj xks;udk ds laokn dk vak
vfHkeU;q vur% thou ifjp; &iwtkuan usek] uofud"k flr- 2013 i`-63
ogh i`-64
ogh
ogh
vfHkeU;q vur% ekWjhklh; vfLerk vkSj Hkkjrh;rk ds ys[kd &dey fdkksj
xks;udk & i`-76
Hkwfedk &,d Fkkyh leanj dgkuh laxzg & vfHkeU;q vur
Hkwfedk& vkRefoKku jpuk ladyu & vfHkeU;q vur
;knksa dk igyk igj & vfHkeU;q vur
& ogh
fdruk dfBu &ukxQuh esa my>h lkls& dkO; laxzg &vfHkeU;q vur
[kkyh isV & ukxQuh esa my>h lkls dkO;laxzg& vfHkeU;q vur
MkW0- xksfoan jtuhk&u;k fk{kd &tqykbZ flr- 1983
ofj"B izoDrk] fgUnh foHkkx

Jh t;ujk;.k LukrdksRrj egkfo|ky;] y[ku
34
Lora=rk ds i'pkr~ lkfgR;dkjksa dh n`f"V yksd&laLd`fr dh vksj vf/kd

mUeq[k gqbZ fn[kk;h nsrh gSA ys[kdksa us thou ds ;FkkFkZ dks le>dj tuoknh
lkfgR; ys[ku dh vko';drk dks vuqHko fd;kA ;gh dkj.k gS laLd`fr ds fofHkUu
:iksa dks lesVdj ys[kdksa us vkpfyd miU;klksa dh jpuk dhA vpy dk vFkZ
gksrk gS& tuin ;k {ks=A ;g ,d ,slk 'kCn gS tks Lo;a esa fdlh {ks= fo'ks"k dh
lkaLd`frd] lkekftd ,oa vU; fo'ks"krkvksa dks fy;s gq, gSA vkpfyd miU;kl]
miU;kl dh ,d fo/kk gS ftlds laca/k esa Mk- jkenj'k feJ us viuh iqLrd esa
fy[kk gS&^^vkpfyd miU;kldkj ,d fn'kk esa cgus dh vis{kk iwjs vpy dh
prqeqZ[kh ;k=k djrk gS vkSj mu miknkuksa dks ;gk ls ogk ls pqurk gS] tks feydj
vpy dh lexzrk dk fuekZ.k djrs gSaA**1 blls Li"V gksrk gS fd vkpfyd
miU;kl u rks ?kVuk&iz/kku miU;klksa dh rjg ek= dqN eq[; ik=ksa vFkok
leL;kvksa dks ysdj pyrk gS u gh euksoSKkfud miU;klksa dh rjg dqN fxus&pqus
ik=ksa ds eu dk fo'ys"k.k ek= djrk gS] cfYd vkpfyd miU;kl esa fdlh vpy
fo'ks"k dk ;FkkFkZoknh thou viuh lexzrk ,oa lw{e foLrkj ds lkFk ikBdksa ds
le{k mHkjdj izdk'k esa vkrk gSA
lu~ 1953 bZ- esa izdkf'kr ^dkdk* jkaxs; jk?ko dk izFke vkpfyd
miU;kl gSA ;g eFkqjk ds iqtkfj;ksa ds thou ij vk/kkfjr ,slk miU;kl gS ftlesa
muds vuSfrd dk;ksZa dk Hk.MkQksM+ fd;k x;k gSA ys[kd us rVLFk Hkko ls ml
vpy dh /kkfeZd] lkaLd`frd rFkk lkekftd ifjfLFkfr;ksa dk fp=.k fd;k gSA
blds dFkkud dh i'zkl
a k djrs g,q Mk- ljq'sk flUgk us fy[kk g&
S ^^bldk dFkkud cgrq
ll
q x
a fBr gS vkjS vU; miU;klkas dh vi{skk blds ik= ;FkkFkrZk ds vf/kd fudV gS vkjS
mudk pfj=&fp=.k Hkh vf/kd LokHkkfodrk ,oa Lor=
a rk ls gv
q k gAS**2
bl miU;kl esa fofHkUu tkfr ,oa oxZ ds yksxksa dh ijLij Li/kkZ] eBksa dk
ckgjh vkMEcj rFkk Hkhrjh Hkksx foykl] cqM~<ksa dk fookg ij fookg djrs tkuk]
iwthifr;ksa ds izfr iqfyl dk i{kikr ,oa fujhg turk ij vR;kpkj] tkfrokn dk
dqp vkfn vusd izlaxksa dk lekos"k djds ys[kd us ijelq[k] gfjnkl xkslkbZ
vkfn pfj=ksa ds ek/;e ls lkekftd fod`fr;ksa dks iw.kZ :is.k vuko`k djds izR;{k
dj fn;k gSA
cztfd'kksj dh e`R;q ds i'pkr ijelq[k us dkdk ls dgk&^^tkurs gks]
fcfV;k jkr yk'k ds ikl iM+h jksrh jgh] fd pksjksa us lkjs ?kj esa >kMw yxk nhA
vdsyh jg x;h gS] cki ejk iM+k gSA**3 dkdk ds ?kj fo/kok dkUrk ds #nu dk
lqudj fcfV;k] ;gk ds fuokfl;ksa ds vkpj.k dks O;Dr djrh gqbZ dgrh gS&^^rqe
ugha #d ldksxh ;ksa chch thA ;s yksx rqEgsa [kk tk;saxsA rqe&lks ,d ekLVjuh FkhA
,slk iki fd;k yksxksa us mlls /kks[ks ls fd og fdlh dks eqg fn[kkus yk;d ugha
jghA tequkth esa Mwcdj ej x;hA eFkqjk dks rks tequk dk lgkjk gS] tks blds
lkjs iki cgkdj ys tkrh gS] ugha rks lc vxj ;gha jg tkrs rks 'kk;n eFkqjk uxjh
gh Mwc tkrhA**4 /kkfeZd vkMEcjksa ds [kks[kysiu ij izgkj djrs gq, ys[kd us
fy[kk gS&^îkuh okys egkjkt vkSj ôu egkjkt* Hkh vius ?k`f.kr dk;ksZa dks fNikus
ds fy, lk/kq&os'k esa yksxksa dks Bx jgs FksA ouegkjkt dh dqfV;k iDdh Fkh] ftl
35
vkpfyd miU;kl
vkSj jkaxs; jk?ko
vkpfyd miU;kl gSA ys[kd us cSj uked xko vkSj mlds ifjos'k esa jgus okys
yksgihVksa dks miU;kl dk vk/kkj cuk;k gSA ^dc rd iqdk:* miU;kl dk
dFkkud Hkh ys[kd us blh i`"BHkwfe ls pquk gS ijarq blesa djuV tkfr dks vk/kkj
cuk;k x;k gS rks ^/kjrh esjk ?kj* esa yksgihVksa ds thou dksA nksuksa gh tkfr;k
[kkukcnks"k] misf{kr vkSj 'kksf"kr gSaA bl miU;kl esa yxHkx iPphl o"kksZa esa fujarj
cnyrs gq, ,d xko dh xkFkk gSA cSj dk ifjp; nsrs gq, ys[kd dgrk gS&^cM+k
xko FkkA pkjksa vksj dPpk x<+ FkkA ?kqlrs gh fdyk fn[krk FkkA cxy esa ugj FkhA--dHkh dHkkj vaxzst+ nhoku vkrk Fkk] blfy, Mkdcaxys dh jkSud ns[kus yk;d FkhA
lkeus ckx yxk gqvk Fkk ihNs guqeku th ds iqjkus eafnj ds ikl dusj cxgjk ds
ikS/ks Fks] tks fo'kky cjxn ds uhps eksjksa dks txg nsrs FksA**9 bl izdkj ys[kd us
xko dk ltho fp=.k dj Mkyk gSA mUgksaus u dsoy xko ij cfYd ogk jgus okyksa
dk Hkh lw{erk ds lkFk o.kZu fd;k gSA miU;kl dk ik= izks- 'kekZ ;gk ds fuokfl;ksa
dh fo'ks"krkvksa dk o.kZu djrs gq, dgrk gS&^^fL=;k vius ckyksa dks flj ij mYVs
twM+s ds :i esa cka/ks FkhaA eq>s yxk tSls gM+Iik&eksgu tksnM+ks dkyhu dksbZ iqjkuh
lTtk FkhA ;wjksi dh nkSM+ vkSj bl xko dh xfrghurk dSlh FkhA vkSj ,d gh
le; nksuksa ekStwn gSaA iq#"kksa dks [ksrh gS vkSj thuk gSA ;gk f'k{kk ugha] u mldh
dksbZ vko';drk gSA etnwjh] x+jhch iSlk gksus ij mldk iz;ksx u tkuuk] ,slh gh
fdruh ckrsa gSa tks buds thou esa lek x;h gSaA**10
vius vHkkoxzLr thou dks O;Dr djrh gqbZ ykyh vius iq= d`".kizlkn
ls dgrh gS&^^ge ?kj esa ugha jgrs] ge tehu ugha tksrrs] ge fVd dj ugha jg
ldrsA xkM+h gekjk ?kj gS] xkM+h gekjk lalkj gSA ge yksgs esa lky Nsn ugha
djrsA ge jLlh ls dq, esa ls ikuh ugha fudkyrsA**11
blls Li"V gksrk gS fd fganh ds vkapfyd miU;klksa esa ;s miU;kl viuk
xkSjoiw.kZ LFkku j[krs gSaA tks Mk- jkaxs; jk?ko dh mPpdksfV dh izfrHkk dk
ifjpk;d gSaA ys[kd us viuh vUrnZ`f"V dks ckjhd Nsuh ls x<+dj] laosnuk ,oa
ekuork dh izfrHkk ls vyad`r dj] vopsru eu esa nch ltho Le`fr;ksa dks fofo/k
jaxksa ls jaxdj mijksDr miU;klksa dks iw.kZ :i ls vkpfyd cuk fn;k gS] tks ys[kd
ds lekt ls LFkkfir HkkoukRed laca/k dk ifjpk;d gSA
lanHkZ %
1234567891011-
&Mk- Q+kfrek ts+gjk
36
ij tksM+h p<+h gqbZ FkhA ogk rd psys igqpus gh ugha nsrs FksA 'kgj ds dbZ eupys
ogk blfy, igqprs Fks D;ksafd ogk toku vkSjrsa cgqr igqprh FkhaA tSls esyksa esa
vkSjrsa HkhM+ esa dqxr dks izkIr gksrh gSa ogk mlls dqN de lek u FkkA**5 miU;kl
dh ik= dkUrk dk thou oS/kO; ds nq%[k esa chr jgk Fkk ijUrq og lkekftd cU/kuksa
dks Bqdjkdj jke/kqu ds izse dks Lohdkj dj ysrh gSA og jke/kqu ls dgrh
gS&^^Hkys gh ;g iki gks ij vPNk gSA esjs os';k cuus ls ;k psyh cuus ls ;g ifo=
gSA L=h gw rks L=h tSlk thou D;ksa u fcrk \ vxj /keZ bls ugha ekurk] rks /keZ
xyr gSA bu yksxksa us /keZ dks Hkh vius uQs&uqdlku dh pht+ cuk fy;k gSA**6
vkpfyd miU;klksa esa ;FkkFkZoknh fp=.k dks vf/kd izHkko'kkyh cukus ds
fy, LFkkuh; Hkk"kk dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA viuh cksyh esa ;s ik= fof'k"V
LFkkuh; gksus dk vkHkkl lgt gh ns nsrs gSaA ys[kd us vkpfyd 'kCnksa ds iz;ksx ds
lkFk&lkFk mudk 'kq) :i Hkh dks"Bd esa ns fn;k gS] ftlls ikBd dks le>us esa
vklkuh jgs tSls&vc dh iwT;kS iwjueklh] ifjdEek ifjek] lkS dk yksV
uksV feyk vkfnA
blh dM+h esa Mk- jkaxs; jk?ko dk nwljk vkpfyd miU;kl ^dc rd
iqdk:* vkrk gSA bl miU;kl dk dFkkud jktLFkku jkT; dh lhek ij cls ^cSj*
uked xzke vkSj mlds vkl&ikl [kkukcnks'k thou O;rhr djus okys uV is'ks ds
yksxksa ij vk/kkfjr gSA djuVksa dh laLd`fr] jhfr&fjokt] fo'okl] va/kfo'okl ,oa
uSfrdrk dk ys[kd us ltho o.kZu fd;k gSA ys[kd dgrk gS&^^va/kfo'oklksa dh
lnhZ esa fldqM+rs gq, lH;rk dh /kwi ls dkslksa nwj uVksa dk ;g lekt vi<+ vkSj
vf'kf{kr gSA muds Loj esa fonzksg ugha] le>kSrk gSA mudk fo'okl gS fd tehankj
gqdqe pykrk gS--- og gekjk cki gS] ge mldh fjvk;k gSaA mldk dke gS gekjk
isV Hkjuk] lnk ls mlds lkeus flj >qdkrs gh vk;s gSaA**7 bl miU;kl esa eq[;
:i ls ;kSu leL;k] vkfFkZd fo'kerk,] lkekftd ;kruk,] czk.k Bkdqj vkfn
dqyhu dgs tkus okys yksxksa ds vdqyhu dk;ksZa dk fo'ys"k.k] iqfyl dk neu ,oa
vR;kpkj vkfn dks fpf=r fd;k x;k gSA
ys[kd us djuVksa ds lekt esa izpfyr jhfr&fjoktksa] va/kfo'oklksa vkSj
mudh lkaLd`frd ijEijkvksa dk lw{e fujh{k.k fd;k gSA ^pUnu gkM+h pykrk gS]
ej?kV tkrk gSA*8 pqMSy uaxh gksdj vekol dh jkr dh vaf/k;kjh esa ej?kV tk;k
djrh gSA rkcht nsus ls] >kM+us&Qwdus ls cq[kkj mrj tkrk gSA nsoh&nsorkvksa dks
eukSrh djus ls lc flf);k izkIr gks tkrh gSaA bl izdkj dh :f<+;ksa vkSj
ekU;rkvksa dk o.kZu dj ys[kd us vpy dks lthork iznku dh gSA
bl miU;kl esa ,d vksj lkearh O;oLFkk vkSj mldk mRihM+u gS rks
nwljh vksj djuVksa dk cqHkqf{kr vkSj misf{kr thou djkg jgk gS] ftudh fL=;k
ekuoh u gksdj Hkksxfoykl dh oLrq ek= cudj jg x;h gSa] tks czk.kksa ,oa iqfyl
ds flikfg;ksa vkfn lHkh dks rÌr djrh gSa vkSj Lo;a vrÌr jgrh gSaA jkaxs; jk?ko
dk laiw.kZ thou ekuorkoknh rRoksa ls vksrizksr FkkA ;gh dkj.k gS fd mUgksaus bl
miU;kl dks ekfeZd ,oa n;xzkgh o.kZuksa ls ifjiw.kZ dj fn;k gSA
blds vfrfjDr ^/kjrh esjk ?kj* Hkh Mk- jkaxs; jk?ko dk e/;edk; dk
vkpfyd miU;kl
vkSj jkaxs; jk?ko
fganh miU;kl] ,d losZ{k.k] jkenj'k feJ] i`- 190

fganh miU;kl] mn~Hko vkSj fodkl] Mk- lqjs'k flUgk] i`-502
dkdk] jkaxs; jk?ko]vkRekjke ,aM lal]fnYyh]o"kZ 1963]i`-104
dc rd iqdk:] jkaxs; jk?ko]jktiky ,aM lal]fnYyh]o"kZ 1957]i`-37
dc rd iqdk:] jkaxs; jk?ko]jktiky ,aM lal]fnYyh]o"kZ 1957]i`-25
/kjrh esjk ?kj] jkaxs; jk?ko]jktiky ,aM lal]fnYyh]o"kZ 1961]i`-6&7
/kjrh esjk ?kj] jkaxs; jk?ko]jktiky ,aM lal]fnYyh]o"kZ 1961]i`-17
/kjrh esjk ?kj] jkaxs; jk?ko]jktiky ,aM lal]fnYyh]o"kZ 1961i`125
flfoy ykbu] vyhx<+
37
HINDI
tuekul ls tqM+s dFkkdkj izsepan
tuekul ls tqM+s
dFkkdkj izsepan
&MkW- v'kksd ckpqGdj

xzke thou dk ;FkkFkZ fp=.k
izsepan lkfgR; dks gh lPpk bfrgkl ekurs gSaA nsk vkSj dky dk tSlk
fp= lkfgR; esa gksrk gS] oSlk bfrgkl esa ugha gksrk gSA lkfgR; vius ;qx ls
izHkkfor gksrk gSA
izsepan ds vuqlkj] lkfgR; thou dh leL;kvksa ij fopkj djrk gS vkSj
mUgsa gy djrk gSA og gekjs eu dk laLdkj djrk gSA mUgha mn~ns;ksa dks ysdj
izsepan lkfgR; ds {ks= esa vorfjr gq, FksA muds lkfgR; esa rRdkyhu ;qxhu
ifjosk ;FkkFkZ&:i esa vfHkO;Dr gqvk gSA lkfgR; ds {ks= esa izsepan ds vkxeu ds
le; egktuh lH;rk vkSj iwthoknh O;oLFkk ds paxqy esa thou&ewY; Ql x, Fks]
fo[kafMr gks jgs FksA vkSn~;ksxhdj.k ds dkj.k Hkkjrh; fdlku viuh tehu [kksdj
etnwj cu jgs FksA Lo;a ,d xzkeoklh gksus ds ukrs izsepan us ;g utnhd ls ns[kkA
blhfy, Hkkjrh; xzke&thou ds varfoZjks/kksa] o.kksZa vkSj tkfr;ksa ds Hksn] ncko]
fonzksg bR;kfn dks lexzrk ds lkFk os fpf=r dj lds gSaA *jaxHkwfe^ ds lwjnkl dk
lgt rdZ gesa lkspus ds fy, ck/; djrk gS] vkSn~;ksxhdj.k ls *eqgYys dh jkSud
c<sxh] ogk rkM+h&kjkc dk Hkh rks ijpkj c< tk,xkA dlfc;k Hkh rks vkdj cl
tk,xhA ijnslh vkneh gekjh cgw&csfV;ksa dks ?kwjsaxsA fngkr ds fdlku viuk
dke NksM+dj etwjh ds ykyp esa nkSMsaxsA ;gk cqjh&cqjh ckrsa lh[ksaxs vkSj vius
vkpj.k xko esa QSyk,axsA fngkrksa dh yM+fd;k&cgq, etwjh djus vk,axh vkSj ;gk
iSls ds yksHk esa viuk /kje fcxkM+saxhA^ ;g izsepan gh lksp ldrs gSaA os ugha ftUgsa
xko ds fodkl dh fpark ugha gS] ftUgsa xko ds fcxM+us dk Mj ugha gSA
tehankjksa ds paxqy ls eqDr gksus ds fy, izsepan fdlkuksa dks izsj.kk nsrs gSaA
fdlku&tehankj la?k"kZ dks ysdj mUgksaus dgfu;k fy[kh gSaA îzsekJe* fy[kk gSA
izsepan izR;sd leL;k dh tM+ rd igqpdj mlds dkj.kksa dh [kkst djrs gSaA
*deZHkwfe^ esa tehu vkSj yxku dh leL;k] [ksr&etnwjksa vkSj xjhc fdlkuksa dh
leL;k ij tksj fn;k gSA fdlku thou dh leLr fo"kerkvksa ,oa nqnZkkvksa dks
^xksnku* esa fpf=r fd;k gSA lkFk gh NqvkNwr ij izdkk Mkyk gSA izsepan Hkkjrh;
fdlku] Hkkjrh; laLd`fr ds fgek;rh FksA fdlku dks bl nsk dk jktk ekurs gq,
mUgksaus mlds thou ij izdkk Mkyk gSA
la;qDr ifjokj ds fgek;rh
la;qDr ifjokj Hkkjr dh igpku gSA Hkkjrh; lkfgR;dkj izsepan
lfEefyr ifjokj ds izfr vkLFkkoku~ FksA *vyX;ks>k*] *csVksaokyh fo/kok^] lok lsj
xsgw* dgkfu;ksa esa ifjokj ds VwVus dh ihM+k gSA *lsoklnu*] *ojnku* esa os fookg ds
laca/k esa izkphu vknkksZa ds iks'kd fn[kkbZ nsrs gSaA ysfdu va/k&ijaijkvksa dk fojks/k
djrs gSaA os vuesy fookg ds fojks/kh vkSj fo/kok&fookg ds leFkZd FksA ;gk ,d
ckr dguk vko;d gS fd izsepan dsoy vknkZ dh ckrsa ugha djrs FksA mudk
vkpj.k Hkh oSlk FkkA fo/kok&fookg ds i{k esa O;k[;ku nsus ds fy, izsepan
bykgkckn x, FksA ogk fkojkuh th ds firk Hkh FksA mUgksaus izsepan ls dgk fd
yksx Hkk"k.k rks djrs gSa] ijarq oSlk dk;Z djuk dfBu gSA rc izsepan us ml pqukSrh
dks Lohdkj fd;kA bl izdkj gekjs lkeus ,d vknkZ izLrqr fd;kA izsepan tkurs
&Mk- v'kksd ckpqGdj
38
izLrkouk
izsepan Hkkjrh; turk ds lPps izfrfuf/k FksA dsoy fganh vkSj mnwZ esa
fy[kus ds ckotwn os Hkkjrh; lkfgR;dkj gSaA fganh &mnwZ&lkfgR; vius
kSkodky esa Fkk] rc izsepan dk lkfgR; ds {ks= esa vkxeu gks x;kA mudh
dgkfu;k dsoy fny&cgyko dh oLrq ugha Fkha rks lkekftd lq/kkjksa ds ukjs yxkus
dk dke dj jgh FkhaA rc mUgsa bl dSn ls eqDr djus dk vHkwriwoZ dk;Z izsepan us
fd;k gSA ,slk ugha fd os lkfgR; esa euksjatu ds f[kykQ FksA os ekurs Fks fd
jpukdkj dk izFke dRrZO; vius ikBdksa dk xe gYdk djuk gSA mudh n`f"V esa
lkfgR; thou dh vkykspuk gSA lkfgR; esa thou dk lPpkb;ksa ,oa vuqHkwfr;ksa dk
O;Dr gksuk t#jh gSA lkfgR; vius le; dk izfrfcac gksrk gSA blfy, os lkfgR;
dks dsoy eu&cgyko dh pht ugha ekurs gSaA D;ksafd **;g rks HkkVksa vkSj enfj;ksa]
fonw"kdksa vkSj el[kjksa dk dke gSA lkfgR;dkj dk in blls dgha pk gSA og
gekjk iFk&iznkZd gksrk gS] og gekjs euq";Ro dks txkrk gS] geesa ln~Hkkoksa dk
lapkj djrk gS] gekjh n`f"V dks QSykrk gSA**1
lkfgR;dkj dk y{; cgqr pk gSSA lPpk lkfgR; og gS] ftlesa mPp
fparu gks] Lok/khurk dk Hkko gks] lkSan;Z dk lkj gks] ltZu dh vkRek gks] lPpkb;ksa
dk izdkk gksA og gesa la?k'kZ dh izsj.kk nsrk gS] geesa cspSuh iSnk djrk gS] gesa
xfreku cukrk gSSA bu lHkh dlkSfV;ksa ij izsepan dk lkfgR; [kjk mrjrk gSSA
tuekul ls tqM+k dFkkdkj
izsepan Hkkjrh; tuekul ls tqMs dFkkdkj FksA Lok/khurk&vkanksyu ds
iwoZ vke Hkkjrh; D;k lksp jgk Fkk] D;k dj jgk Fkk] D;k djuk pkgrk Fkk&bldk
;Fkkor~ fp=.k mUgha dh Hkk"kk esa mUgksaus izLrqr fd;k gSA dgha dksbZ vkMacj ughaA
muds miU;kl ,oa dgkfu;ksa esa ftl thou dk fp= gS] og Hkkjr ds fdlh ,d
xko] dLcs] uxj ;k egkuxj dk ugha gS] cfYd leLr Hkkjrh; thou viuh
vPNkb;ksa&cqjkb;ksa] laiw.kZ fofk"Vrkvksa ds lkFk muds lkfgR; esa lkdkj gks mBk
gSA Li"V gS fd lkfgR; dh lksn~ns;rk&mikns;rk dks ysdj muds eu esa dksbZ
lansg ugha FkkA
fdlh nsk dh ekufldrk dks le>us esa lkfgR; gh lgk;d gksrk gS] u
fd bfrgklA Lora=rkiwoZ ds Hkkjrh; tuekul dksa mldh lexz foks"krkvksa ds
lkFk tkuus&le>us ds fy, izsepan&lkfgR; ftruh lgk;rk djrk gS] mruk
bfrgkl ugha A D;ksafd izsepan vius vkiesa ,d bfrgkl FksA os gh [kqn bfrgkl jp
jgs FksA bl lanHkZ esa vCnqy fcfLeYykg dk dFku nz"VO; gS] **izsepan Lo;a ,d
bfrgkl jp jgs Fks] ;g ckr Lo;a izsepan Hkh tkurs Fks ;k ugha] ge ugha dg ldrs!
Ysfdu bruk t#j gS fd lkfgR; esa vc e/;dkyhu izo`fRr;k ugha py ldrha] bl
fopkj dk cyiwoZd izfriknu djds izsepan us bl ckr dk ifjp; ns fn;k gS fd os
lkfgR;] laLd`fr vkSj bfrgkl&cks/k dk izklafxd uohuhdj.k pkgrs FksA ;gh
dkj.k gS fd muds ;gk jpuk ds ewy esa Hkkjr ds os fdlku gSa] tks
bfrgkl&fuekZrk gSa] u fd os yksx tks bfrgkl vkSj laLd`fr ds miHkksDrk gSaA**2
39
tuekul ls tqM+s
dFkkdkj izsepan
lsB&lkgwdkjksa dh vkSyknsa gS] ftuds fo#n~/k izsepan us tax NsMh FkhA ;s vkt
xkoksa ls vkdj uxjksa esa cl x, gSaA /ku&oSHko esa yksVusokyksa ds eu esa ;gh fopkj
vk,axsA mUgsa lekt ls D;k ysuk&nsuk\os rks lekt esa fookn&fuekZ.k dj yksxksa
dks vkil esa] ,d&nwljs ds fo#n~/k yMkrs gSa( rksM+&QksM+] ekj&dkV] naxksa ds fy,
HkM+dkrs gSaA fQj jk"Vh; laifRr dk uqdlku gqvk] bl izdkj dh MksaMh fiVokrs gSaA
bl lcds fy, [kqn ftEesnkj gksdj Hkh nks"k izsepan ds ekFks e<+ nsrs gSaA os Hkwy
tkrs gSa fd vHkh Hkh xko dk *gksjh* tks fnu&jkr ,d djrk gS] viuk [kwu&ilhuk
,d djrk gS] fQj Hkh nks twu dh jksVh ls nwj gSA vHkh Hkh og kks"k.k dh pDdh esa
fil jgk gSA dsoy kks"k.k djus okyksa ds uke cnys gSaA dsoy jSij cnys gSaA
lsB&lkgwdkjksa dh xf<;k <gus ls ;g kks"k.k feVsxk ughaA ;g ekufld izo`fRr gS]
tks ih<h&nj&ih<h ladzkar gksrh gSA
fu"d"kZ
var esa bruk gh fd gesa ;g ugha Hkwyuk pkfg, fd izsepan lPps lkfgR;
ds fgek;rh FksA mUgsa fdlh ds fojks/kh ;k muds lkfgR; dks vizklafxd dgusokys
;g le> ys fd&**lPpk lkfgR; dHkh iqjkuk ugha gksrk gSA og lnk u;k cuk
jgrk gSA nkZu vkSj foKku le; dh xfr ds vuqlkj cnyrs gaS( ij lkfgR; rks
n; dh oLrq gS vkSj ekuo esa rCnhfy;k ugha gksrhA g"kZ vkSj foLe;] ks/k vkSj
n~os"k] vkkk vkSj Hk; vkt Hkh gekjs eu ij mlh izdkj vf/kd`r gS] tSls vkfndfo
okYehfd ds le; esa Fks vkSj dnkfpr~ vuar rd jgsaxsA *jkek;.k* ds le; dk
le; vc ugha gS( *egkHkkjr* dk le; Hkh vrhr gks x;k] ij ;s xzaFk vHkh rd u,
gSaA**3 *jkek;.k*] *egkHkkjr* fdlh jktk ;k ,d ifjokj dh dgkuh ugha gS] bl rF;
ls bUdkj djus dk nqLlkgl dksbZ Hkh ugha dj ldsxkA rc izsepan dks Hkh ladh.kZ]
vizklafxd dgus dk dksbZ loky gh ugha mBrk gS] D;ksafd mudk lkfgR; Hkkjrh;
lekt dk lkfgR; gSA ml lekt ds eu ds Hkkokas dk izfrfcac mlesa gSA izsepan dk
egRRo vf[ky Hkkjrh; gSA izsepan dk ;ksxnku *cM+s ?kj dh csVh* dh rjg gS] tks
ijk, ?kj tkdj Hkh vius khy ls mls fo?kVu ls cpkrh gSA
&Mk- v'kksd ckpqGdj
40
Fksa fd vktknh feydj jgsxhA blfy, uSfrd iru dks jksdus ds fy, ûed dk
nkjksxk* dh jpuk dj vknkZ izLrqr fd;k gSA os vPNs uSfrd&ewY;ksa ds i{kikrh
FksA L=h esa ln~xq.kksa ds izkald FksA
jk"Vh; vkanksyu dk fp=.k
izsepan ds miU;kl jk"Vh; vkanksyu ds izkekf.kd nLrkost gSaA jk"Vh;rk
;k nskisze dks ysdj iszepan us *tekuk^] *gal* bR;kfn if=dkvksa esa le;≤ ij
vius fopkj O;Dr fd, A MkWDVj jkefoykl kekZ us mUgsa *Lora=rk&lxzkae* dk
lSfud lkfgR;dkj* dgk gSA izsepan dh iz[kj jk"Visze dh Hkkouk dh >yd muds
dgkuh&laxzg *lkstsoru* lu~ 1908 esa feyrh gSA jk"Vh; vkSj tkrh; lokyksa ls
tqMh bu dgkfu;ksa ls fonskh kklu FkjkZ mBk FkkA laxzg dh izfr;k tCr djds
tyk nh xbZ FkhaA *nqfu;k dk lcls vueksy jru*] *ks[k e[kewj*] *lkalkfjd izse
vkSj nskizse*&tSlh dgkfu;ksa ds dkj.k fczfVk ljdkj dk ijskku gksuk LokHkkfod
FkkA
*vkgqfr*] *tqywl*] *lej;k+=k*] *lR;kxzg*] *krjat ds f[kykM+h* bR;kfn
dgkfu;ksa esa os LojkT; dh ifjdYiuk Li"V djrs gSaA *e;kZnk*] *jkuh lkja/kk*]
*tqxuw dh ped*] *lrh*] *otzikr*] *ijh{kk* bR;kfn dgkfu;ksa esa mUgksaus R;kx ,oa
vkRecfynku dks js[kkafdr fd;k gSA
ekuork ds leFkZd
/keZ ds uke ij ekuo dk cVokjk izsepan dks eatwj ugha FkkA blfy, os
o.kZ&O;oLFkk] NqvkNwr] fganw&eqfLye&HksnHkko dk fojks/k djrs gSaA os
lkaiznkf;drk&fojks/kh ,oa ekuork ds izcy leFkZd FksA lkaiznkf;d] /kkfeZd
ik[kafM;ksa ij O;ax djrs gq, mUgksaus fganq&eqfLye&,drk ij tksj fn;k gSA
*dk;kdYi* miU;kl esa fganw&bZlkbZ&eqfLye lkaiznkf;drk dks fpf=r fd;k gSA
*eqfDr/ku*] *{kek*] *Le`fr dk iqtkjh*] *fgalk ijeks/keZ%*] czg~e dk Lokx*] *[kwu*]
*ftgkn* bR;kfn dgkfu;ksa esa izsepan us lkaiznkf;d ,drk dks uqdlku igqpkusokys
fojksf/k;ksa dh iksy [kksyh gSA nsk dh eqfDr ds fy, nks dkSeksa dh ,drk] esytksy
ij mUgksaus tksj fn;k gSA Li"V gS fd leL;k vkSj mlds mik; dks ysdj izsepan ds
eu esa dksbZ n~oan~oa ugha FkkA
izsepan dh izklafxdrk
vkt izsepan dh izklafxdrk ij izufpg~u yxk, tk jgs gSaA izsepan dh
rjQ mxyh mBksusokyksa dks ;g ugha Hkwyuk pkfg, fd mudk ;qx LFkkfir
ekU;rkvksa dk ;qx ugha Fkk] cfYd LFkkiuk&;qx FkkA lekt dk fuekZ.k gks jgk FkkA
izsepan us jk"Vh; ,drk] lkaiznkf;d ln~Hkko] vNwrksn~/kkj] lekt&lq/kkj ds ckjs esa
tks Hkh fy[kk] og lrgh gS] izpkjkRed gSA bl izdkj dk vkjksi djusokys le> ys
fd ;g mudk fudEekiu gS] ckSfn~/kd fnokfy;kiu gSA ,d&,d leL;k dks
ysdj izsepan us c`gr~~ miU;klksa dk ltZu fd;k gSA ;g mUgha ds ok dh ckr gSA
yksx dgrs gSa fd izsepan;qxhu lekt cny pqdk gSA xko&dLcs cny x, gSaA ,slk
nkok djusokys cgknqj yksx Hkkjr ds xkoksa esa tkdj ns[k ysaA lhesaV&dafdzV ds
YkSVksa esa jgdj xkoksa dks ugha le>k tk ldrk gSA ge rks dgsaxs fd ;s rks mUgha
tuekul ls tqM+s
dFkkdkj izsepan
lanHkZ %
123-
izsepan] dqN fopkj] i`"B 51

vCnqy fcfLeYykg] vYifojke] i`"B 88&89
izsepan] dqN fopkj] i`"B 95
41
HINDI
nkEiR; ds ifjofrZr ewY; vkSj

lkr ?kw?kV okyk eq[kM+k

&MkW- X+kqyke Q+jhn lkcjh
and women as husband and wife the rite or act marrying also, the
married state, marriage wedlock. blls Li"V gS fd oSokfgd thou dh
42
vk/kkjf'kyk gh nkEiR; gSA ;g og lw= gS ftlesa ifr&iRuh ca/kdj ,d ifjokj

dk fuekZ.k djrs gSaA
nkEiR; dh n`f"V ls ij[kus ij ^lkr ?kw?kV okyk eq[kM+k* miU;kl esa
lqxfBr nkEiR; thou dk vHkko fn[kkbZ nsrk gSA csxe le: 'kS'kokoLFkk esa 'kdwj
[kk dks izkIr gksrh gSA mudk nkEiR; iwoZ izse 'kdwj [kk ds iq= c'khj [kk ls gks
tkrk gSA 'kdwj [kk us csxe le: dks cpiu esa gh fnykjke ds fo"k; esa c'khj [kk
dks lkSxU/k ns nh Fkh fd ;g dU;kjRu gqdwer djus dks mRiUu gqvk gSA bl ij
gqdwer ugha dh tk ldrhA c'khj [kk ikp o"kZ rd fnykjke ls izse dk <ksax djrk
jgkA fQj og ykyp esa vkdj fnykjke dks uokc le: dks csp nsrk gSA nkEiR;
iwoZ izse dh >yd miU;kl esa ukxj th ds c'khj [kk vkSj fnykjke ds iwoZ izse
laca/kksa esa fn[kkbZ gSA fnykjke lksprh gS&^^fiNys ikp o"kksZa esa blus fdruk <ksax
fd;k eq>ls] eSa gj iy mlls Bxh x;hA esjk gj lp >wB fudyk] fnykjke jkr
Hkj ri&ri dj ftl u;s gks'k dks ikrh jgh Fkh mlds ihNs ,d /kks[kk FkkA exj
rc Hkh og vius VwVrs fny ds lgkjs lklsa ikyrh jgh Fkh fd c'khj [kk mlls
ut+js feykrs gh fQj mldk gks tkosxk] lksus dh v'kfQZ;k foyk;rh uokc dks
ykSVk nh tk;saxhA**2 blls Kkr gksrk gS fd csxe le: ds lkFk dsoy Ny gks jgk
Fkk mlesa izse dk ys'k ek= Hkh ugha FkkA
ukxj us c'khj [kk ds pfj= }kjk ;g Li"V fd;k gS fd ykyp ,d cgqr
gh cqjh cyk gSA c'khj [kk fnykjke ls izse djrk FkkA vxj og fnykjke ls fookg
dj ysrk rks gesa ,d lqxfBr nkEiR; ds n'kZu gks tkrs] ijUrq ykyp us mlds izse
dks fuxy fy;k vkSj og fnykjke dks nl gtkj v'kQhZ ds cnys csp nsrk
gS&^êqUuh dk lQsn xqykc lk glhu eq[kM+k ks/k dh csclh ls viuk jax cny
dj mldh BqM~Mh ij ehBh lh pqVdh Hkj dj cksyk&vjs NksM+ks Hkh] dqN vkSj ckrsa
djksA ;g gekjh [kqf'k;ksa dk vkf[k+jh fnu gSA dy ls rk mez rqEgsa [+;kyksa esa---A**3
nkEiR; thou ij vkjksfir ;s u;s ewY; oSokfgd thou ij iz'u fpg~u
yxkrs gSa c'khj [kk fnykjke dks v'kfQZ;ksa ds ykyp esa uokc le: dks csp nsrk
gSA le:&fnykjke dk nkEiR; thou vkjksfir nkEiR; thou gSA vkjEHk esa
izxk<+ izse ds n'kZu Hkh gksrs gSA ,d LFkku ij fnykjke dgrh gS&^^D;k ;g vPNk
u gksxk fd ge vanj pysaA ;g vkQrkc viuh vufxur Hkqtkvksa ls ;gk gekjh
ckrksa dk Hksn ys ldrk gSA**4 fdUrq vkjaHk dk ;g izse vf/kd fnuksa rd ugha py
ikrk vkSj csxe le: uokc le: ls fliglkykj Vkel dh vksj vkdf'kZr gksrh
gSA og mls viuk thou] fo'okl vkSj I;kj ns nsrh gSA ,slh fLFkfr esa nkEiR;
thou ij u;s iz'u mHkj dj lkeus vkrs gSa] csxe le: ekufld vlarks"k ds
dkj.k Vkel dks eu o ru dk leiZ.k dj nsrh gSA blh leiZ.k ds dkj.k nkEiR;
thou fNUu&fHkUu gks tkrk gSA csxe le: uokc ds izfr fonzksfg.kh gks tkrh gS
vkSj ifr ls ?k`.kk djus yxrh gS&^ôg ;gk ij lksprh gS fd le: ejsxk vkSj og
lq[kh gksxhA tqvkuk ds lq[k ds fy, mls ejuk gh gksxkA vxj viuh ekSr u ejk
rks ekjk tkosxkA ?kqyk&?kqykdj ekjk tkosxkA mldk eu vius ifr ds fy, otz
dBksj gks mBkA**5
vius tUe&fnu ij uokc le: vkRe&gR;k dj ysrs gSaA muds ejus ij
csxe le: vius oS/kO; dk izn'kZu djrh gSA eu esa Vkel dks lefiZr gksrs gq, Hkh
dqN le; ckn nkEiR; dk fo?kVu gksus ij Hkh og viuk leiZ.k yolwy dks dj
nsrh gSA tc yolwy tk;nkn ds dkxt ysdj vkrk gS rc og dgrh gS&^^gkA
gkA esjk gh gS vkSj rqe esjs gh gks yolwyA yks vkSj blds lkFk gh lkFk esjk gkFk Hkh
Fkke yks] esjs geneA [kqnk vkSj ;h'kw ds ckn vc rqEgha esjk lgkjk gksA**6
fnykjke csxe le: cuus ij le: dks vkRe&leiZ.k ugha dj ldhA
Vkel dh vksj vUrje n; ls vkdf'kZr gksdj Hkh iw.kZ lefiZrk ugha gks ldhA og
nkEiR; dh dYiuk vo'; djrh gS fdUrq mldk eu fLFkj ugha gS og lksprh
gS&^ôg eqnkZ gSA dqN {k.k i'pkr fopkjrh gS og thfor gS vkSj mlds vjeku ,d
fnu vo'; iwjs gksaxsA og fnu vo'; vk;sxk tcfd og Vkel ls fookg djsxh]
mlds thou lkxj esa vkuUn dh fgyksjsa mBsaxhA og lUrkuorh] lq[kh]
&MkW- X+kqyke Q+jhn lkcjh
ve`ryky ukxj fganh miU;kl lkfgR; esa ,slk uke gS tks loZfofnr gSA
muds ys[ku esa ,d vn~Hkqr {kerk ik;h tkrh gS rFkk mudh vuqHkwfr lexz lekt
ds lkFk fn[kkbZ nsrh gS ;gh dkj.k gS fd lekt ds lq[k&nq[k miU;kldkj dks g"kZ
vkSj ihM+k nsrs gSaA ukxj th us êgkdky*] ^cwn vkSj leqnz*] ^ve`r vkSj fo"k*]
^,dnkuSfe'kkj.;s*] ^'krjat ds eksgjs*] ^lkr ?kw?kV okyk eq[kM+k*] êkul dk gal*]
^[katu u;u*] ûkP;kS cgqr xksiky*] ^djoV] ^lsB ckdsey* rFkk îhf<+;k* tSls
miU;kl fy[kdj fganh miU;kl lkfgR; esa viuk ;ksxnku fn;kA
oSls rks ukxj ds miU;klksa esa lekt dh laiw.kZ fonzwirkvksa ds n"kZu gksrs gSa
^fo'ks"kr% ;fn fL=;ksa dks ns[kk tk;s rks mudk thou Hkh vusdkusd leL;kvksa ls
xzLr fn[kkbZ nsrk gS tSls&os';k thou] nkl&izFkk] va/kfo'okl ,oa :f<+;k] ukjh
fo;] cykRdkj] voS/k ;kSu laca/k] ikfjokfjd vR;kpkj] vkfFkZd ijra=rk]
cky&fookg] csesy fookg] fo/kok fookg] izse fookg] ifr ifjR;kx] vlarq'V
oSokfgd thou] vrÌr okRlY;] lkSr d"V] vlQy izse] vUrtkZrh; fookg ,oa
,dkdh thou vkfnA fdUrq ,d ,slh leL;k Hkh mHkjdj gekjs lkeus vkrh gS
ftldh vksj vU; ys[kdksa dk /;ku de x;k gSA og gS nkEiR; thou ds ewY;ksa esa
gksus okyk ifjoruZA nkEiR;xr eYw;kas eas iy
z ;dkjh ifjoruZ ykus okys miU;kldkjkas eas
ukxj th dk iFzke LFkku gAS bUgkuass nkEiR; eas fc[kjko] VdjkgV] d.qBk vkjS ld
a h.krZk
dks nf`"Vxr j[k vius miU;klkas eas bl leL;k dks mBk;k gAS
bl leL;k ij vk/kkfjr ukxj th dk ^lkr ?kw?kV okyk eq[kM+k* ,d
pfpZr miU;kl gSA ftlesa ukxj th us csxe le: ds thou dh ?kVukvksa dks u;s
nkEiR; ewY;ksa ds lkFk bl izdkj latks;k gS fd izkphudky ds nkEiR; thou ds
vkn'kksZa ij ,d iz'ufpg~u lk yx tkrk gSA vaxzst+h ds izfl) 'kCn ^diy* dk
fganh vuqokn nkEiR; dgykrk gSA vaxzsth 'kCn dks'k ds vuqlkj&^îq#"k vkSj L=h
dk og feyu tks mUgsa ifr vkSj iRuh cukrk gS] og fof/k vFkok dk;Z ftls fookg
dgrs gSa vFkok oSokfgd fLFkfr ;k fookg ;k fookg cU/ku**1 (The Union of man
43
HINDI
fujkyk ds dkO; esa O;aX; fo/kku

&MkW0 d`".kk 'kekZ

ln&x`gLFkh cusxhA gtkj rjg ls jh>&jh>dj og vius ifr&ijes'oj dh iwtk

djsxhA**7 mldh ;g dYiuk dHkh pfjrkFkZ ugha gks ikrhA yolwy ds vuSfrd
laca/kksa dk irk yksxksa dks py tkrk gSA vius lEeku dh [kkfrj og Lo;a
vkRegR;k dj ysrk gSA csxe le: dh lgk;rk mldk iqjkuk izseh lg;ksxh c'khj
[kk djrk gSA mlds izk.k rks cp tkrs gSa fdUrq lEeku ughaA lekt dh n`f"V esa og
?k`f.kr ukjh cudj jg tkrh gSA csxe le: okLro esa c'khj dh gh lPph izsfedk
FkhA ijUrq c'khj yksHk o'k mls viuk cukus dh ctk; nwljksa dks csp nsrk gSA nksuksa
ds n; ijLij brus tqM+ pqds Fks fd os thou i;ZUr ,d&nwljs dks ugha Hkwyk
ldsaA foifk vkus ij c'khj [kk gh mldh lgk;rk djrk gSA bl ckr dks og
Lo;a Lohdkj djrh gSA tc ukS o"kZ ckn og c'khj [kk ls feyrh gS rks mlds tkus
ds i'pkr og dgrh gS&^îjh rkSj ij og ftlds uke ls uQjr djrh Fkh] mlh
c'khj [kk ls mls njvly I;kj FkkA ukS cjlksa ds ckn ns[k ysus dh bPNk iwjh gksrs
gh vkt og [kwc le> xbZ gS fd mls dsoy c'khj [kk ls I;kj gSA**8
varr% ;gh fu"d"kZ fudyrk gS fd fnykjke rFkk c'khj [kk dk izse gh
nkEiR; dh LFkk;h uhao FkhA ;fn bu nksuksa dk iz.k;&cU/ku gks tkrk rks lq[kh
nkEiR; ds n'kZu gks ldrs FksA eu ls csex le: vkSj c'khj [kk gh lPps
iz.k;&cU/ku esa ca/ks gq, ekufld :i ls ifr&iRuh FksA ;|fi ifjfLFkfro'k ckg~;
:i esa csxe le: ckn'kkg le: dh ; dh gqbZ fookfgr iRuh Fkh blhfy, og
u rks thou esa Lo;a larq"V gks ldh vkSj u dHkh mls larq"V dj ldhA
lanHkZ %
12345678-
International Encyclopedia of Social science, Ibid. Sill, Vol. 5, page-302
lkr ?kw?kV okyk eq[kM+k] ve`ryky ukxj] jktiky ,aM lal] fnYyh]1968]i`- 11
flfoy ykbu]
vyhx<+
44
fujkyk th ds dkO; dh izofk esa lu~ 1942 ds ipkr~ ,d eksM+ mifLFkr

gqvkA bl eksM+ dk dkj.k oS;fokd eu% fLFkfr Hkh gS vkSj lkekftd ,oa
jktuhfrd ifjfLFkfr HkhA nksuksa gh dkj.kksa ls muds eu esa tks [khl mRiUu gqbZ og
O;aX; vkSj fouksn nksuks gh :iksa esa ges ns[kus dks feyrh gSA bl O;aX; dh lrg esa
tgk ,d irZ lkekftd thou ds oS"kE; ds izfr fonzksg dh gS ogha nwljh vksj ekuo
thou ds izfr O;kid lgkuqHkwfr dh Hkh gSA lEHkr% fujkyk th dk O;aX; vR;Ur
fk"V pqHkrk gqvk ifj.kkedkjd mrjkA
O;aX; dk rkRi;Z Hkk"kk dk O;atuk kfDr ls izrh;eku vFkksZa ls ugha fy;k
tkrkA O;aX; jpuk og fo|k gS tks ;FkkFkZ ds ckgjh psgjs ds vUnj fNis vlyh
psgjs dks m/kkM+ nsrh gSA thou ds vUrZfojks/kksa dks iwjh pksV ds lkFk izdV djrk
gSA fujkyk dh dfork esa mudh O;aX;&n`f'V thou ds ;FkkFkZ dk vukoj.k djds
cgqr gh dkjxkj fo/kk cudj iz;qDr gqbZ gSA
fujkyk th dk O;aX; dHkh fdlh O;fDr dks ysdj u mrjk] u mldk
Lo:i dHkh ladqfpr] LokFkhZ ,oa /oalkRed jgkA lkekftd thou dks
foHkhf"kdkvksa dks fujkyk th us [kqyh vka[kksa ls ns[kk] fny ls vuqHko fd;kA tu
lkekU; ds xkyksa ij yjtrs vklqvksa esa mUgksaus muds nq%[k ,oa ihM+k dh dgkuh
ns[kh vkSj lquhA dgha ihM+k vkSj nq%[k muds dkO; esa O;aX; ds :i esa eq[kj gq,A
txhnkjksa ,oa lkgwdkjksa }kjk kksf"kr&mRihfM+r "kd dh nqnZkk ns[kdj dfo
djkg mBk &
^^th.kZ ckgq gS] th.kZ kjhj]
rq>s cqykrk "kd v/khj]
,s foIyo gS mldk lkj]
gkM+ek= gh gS vk/kkj]
,s thou ds ikjkokjA**
LkkeUrokn] tkfrokn] NqvkNqr vkfn ds dks<+ us lekt dks xzl j[kk FkkA
jktuhfrKksa dh eq[kkSVksckth & lkfgR; & {ks= dh xqVoUnh] lEikndksa ds vU;k;
,oa iSrjsckth ls fujkyk cgqr {kqC/k FksA fujkyk dk dfo fonzksgh gks mBkA îfjey*
rFkk ^vufedk* ls ysdj &lkU/;&dkdyh* rd mudh O;aX; iz;ksx & izxfr ;k=k
Li"V fn[kkbZ nsrh gS] ^^lkekftd thou ds vuqHkoksa vkSj yksd&n`f"V ls lEiUu
gksus ds dkj.k fujkyk esa kq: ls gh O;aX; dk LikZ feyrk gSA**2
fujkyk ds îfjey* dh dforkvksa ls gh O;aX; dk e vkjEHk gks tkrk
gSA ^fHk{kd
q * ,oa egkjkt fkokth dk i= eas cgrq l;ar O;Xa; i;zkx
s fn[kkbZ nrsk gS &
pkV jgs gS twBh iRru ds dHkh lM+d ij [kMs+ gq,
vkSj >iV ysus dks muls dqks Hkh gSa vM+s gq,A 3
lekt dh vFkZ&O;oLFkk ij dVq O;aX; gSA êgkjkt fkokth* dk i=* esa
vkSj Hkh djkjk O;aX; izgkj gS &
dkfQj rks dgrs u gksaxs dHkh os \
foftr Hkh u gksaxs rqe vkS^ xqyke Hkh ugha \
dSlk ifj.kke ;g lsok dkA
45
fujkyk ds dkO;
esa O;aX; fo/kku
fujkyk th us thou ds izR;sd {ks= esa Hkrh&Hkkfr ns[k pqds FksA vuqHkwfr;ksa
dh dVqrk ds dkj.k muds O;aX; iz;ksx esa rhozrk vk xbZA bldk Jhx.ksk
^dqdqjeqkk* ls gqvk gSA ;g O;aX; dh n`f"V ls fujkyk th dk lQyre dkO; gSA
^dqdqjeqkk* loZgkjk oxZ dk izrhd gS vkSj ^xqykc* iwathifr oxZ dkA fujkyk us
kks"kd iawthifr oxZ dh ^dqdqjeqkk* }kjk HkRlZuk djkbZ gS &
vcs] lqu os xqykc]
Hkwy er tks ikbZ [kqkcw jaxks vko]
[kwu pwlk [kkn dk rqus vfk"V]
Mky ij brjkrk gS dSfiVfyLVA
cgqrksa dks rqus cuk;k gS xqyke]
ekyh dj j[kk] f[kyk;k tkM+k /kkeA10
^dqdqjeqkk* ds ek/;e ls kfUrjk"V dfo iawthifr oxZ ds lgt&likV
Hkk"kk esa le>k nusk pkgrk gS fd og oxZ egsur ok lk/kkj.k turk dk [kuw pl
w dj
iy jgk gS ;g vc ugha pyx
s kA ^dd
q jqeqkk* eas oxZ l?ak"kZ dk Li"V ld
a rs gAS
^dqdqjeqkk* esa iz;qDr O;aX; esa gkL; dk gYdk iqV Hkh gSA bfrojoknh
dfo;ksa ij O;aX; djrs gq, gkL; dh ,d Qqy>M+h fuEu vak esa nz"VO; gS &
dgha dk jksM+k] dgha dk fy;k iRFkj]
Vh0 ,l0 bfy;V us tSls ns ekjk]
i<+us okyksa us ftxj ij gkFk j[kdj]
dgk] ^^dSlk fy[k fn;k lalkj lkjkA 11
^dqdqjeqkk* esa ewy dF; ls vlEc) ls yxus okys dqN LorU= O;aX;ksa dh
Hkh l`f"V gqbZ gSA O;aX; dfork ds dsUnzh; Hkko ls iw.kZ :is.k tqMs+ gq, gSa &
phu esa esjh udy Nkrk cuk]
N= Hkkjr dk ogh] dSlk ruk]
gj txg rw ns[kys]
vkt dk ;g :i iSjkkwy ys
eSa gh MkaMh ls yxk iYyk]
lkjh nqfu;k rksyrh xYykA 12
mi;qZDr foospu ls Li"V gS fd ^dqdqjeqkk* ds dkO;ksa esa vusdksUeq[krk gS]
dsUnzh; O;aX; kks"kd ,oa kksf"kr oxZ ls gh lEc) gS &
û;s iks* laxzg dh vf/kdkak dfork;sa O;aX; iz/kku gSA ^jkuh vkSj dkuh*
^jkts us viuh j[kokyh dh*] ^xeZ idkSM+h* vkfn dforkvksa esa lkekftd] vkfFkZd
,oa jktuhfrd oS"kE; ij O;aX;ksa dh izpqjrk gSA ;g fgUnh dk J"sB tuoknh dkO;
lx
a gz gS ftleas ;FkkFkZ thou dk fp=.k gAS thou ds ;FkkFkZ dks mHkkjdj dfo us fofo/k
kk"sk.k ifz;kvkas ds fkdkj tu&lk/kkj.k ds ifzr gkfnd
Z lgkuHqkfwr O;Dr dh gAS
fujkyk th dh O;aX; dh ;g /kkjk vkjk/kuk esa fn[kk;h nsrh gS fdUrq ;gak
O;aX; esa igys tSlh rh{.krk ugha gSA dfo ns[krk gS fd lalkj esa vusdkusd
ifjorZu gks pqds gS fdUrq muls dksbZ ykHk ugha gqvk gSA bldk dkj.k gS lUrqyu
dk vHkkoA uohurk dh >ksad esa lalkj us fdl izdkj ls vius :i dks for dj
&MkW0 d`".kk 'kekZ
46
yksHk Hkh u gksxk rqEgsa esok dk egkjktA4

O;aX; ds nq/kkjs dh /kkj ^vukfedk* esa ^lku* ij p<+dj vkSj rst gks tkrh
gSA bl laxzg dh ^fe= ds izfr* ^nku* ^[kaMgj ds izfr* ^cuosyk* ^fgUnh ds lqeuksa ds
izfr* ,oa ^ljkst&Le`fr* O;aX; ijd jpuk;sa gSa] ^ dqN esa kq) O;aX; rFkk lkekftd
n`;ksa dk pqHkrk gqvk fp=.k gqvk gSA* 5
jke HkDr] fko&iwtd] jkek;.k ds ijk;.k dkkZ fuR; lfjrk&Hktu
djus okus <ksaxh f}t cUnjksa dks rks iqvk f[kykrs gS fdUrq dadky&jks"k
e`R;qizk;&fHk{kqd dh vksj ns[krs rd ugha &
>ksyh ls iq, fudky fy;s]
c<+rs dfi;ksa ds gkFk fn;s]
ns[kk Hkh ugha m/kj fQjdj]
ftl vksj jgk og fHkIrq&brjA6
izLrqr dfork esa lekt ds <ksaxh] ik[k.Mh vkSj vkMEcj&fooklh HkDrksa
ij rhoz izgkj fd;k x;k gSA bl izdkj ds yksx lekt ds dyad gS tks euq"; dks
ikqvksa ls Hkh fxjk&xqtjk le>rs gSA ,sls /keZ ,oa /kkfeZd HkDrksa dks f/kDdkj gS tks
brus chp gS ftuds n; esa euq"; ds fy;s fcydqy Hkh lgkuqHkwfr ugha izse ughaA
dfo us nl Vds ij fcd tkus okys dfo;ksa vkSj lkfgfR;d laLFkkvksa
foks"k :i esa fgUnh lkfgR; lEesyu ds [kks[kysiu ij Hkh pksV dh gSA lkfgfR;d
eBk/khk gh <ksaxh usrkvksa dk xq.kxku] Lokxr ,oa vfHkuUnu djrs gSa &
iSls esa nl jk"Vh; xhr jpdj mu ij]
dqN yksx csprs xk&xk xnZe&enZu&Loj]
fgUnh lEesyu Hkh u dHkh ihNs dks ix]
j[krk fd vVy lkfgR; dgha ;g gks MxHkxA7
^ljkst Le`fr* esa dfo dh O;aX;&kSyh esa vf/kd fu[kkj fn[kkbZ nsrk gSA
;gk og /kkfeZd ,oa lkekftd :f<+;ksa ij fuHkZ; izgkj djrk gSA ^tUe dq.Myh* esa
fy[ks HkkX; vadksa ij fookl djus okyksa dh mlus f[kYyh mM+kbZ gSA lkFk gh
:f<+oknh dkU;dqCt czk.kksa ij rh[kk O;aX; fd;k gS &
;s dkU;dqCt dqy dqykaxkj]
[kkdj iRry esa djs Nsn]
buds dj dU;k vFkZ & [ksnA
fujkyk us rqylhnkl esa mPp tkfr;ksa dh uiaqldrk vkSj pkVqdkfjrk ij
pksV dh gS &
Hkkjr ds mt ds jktiwr]
mM+ x;s vkt os nsonwr
tks jgs ks"k] e`.k osk lwr oUnhx.kA
rFkk
f}t pkVqdkj] gr brj oxZ o.kksZa dsA 9
vr% fujkyk th ds O;aX; esa vc rd i;kZIr rh{.krk vk xbZ FkhA mUgksaus
lkekftd valxfr;ksa dk inkZQkk djus dk iz;kl fd;kA
fujkyk ds dkO;
esa O;aX; fo/kku
47
fujkyk ds dkO;
esa O;aX; fo/kku
fujkyk ds dkO;
esa O;aX; fo/kku
891011121314-
&MkW0 d`".kk 'kekZ
fy;k gS bl rF; dk mn~?kkVu fujkyk us fuEu iafDr;ksa esa fd;k gS &

V&cSy dk lkFk gqvk gS]
dqkk idM+s gq, tqvk gS
;g lalkj lHkh cnyk gS
fQj Hkh uhj ugha cnyk gSA 13
^xhrxqat* dh ckiw rqe eqxhZ [kkus ;fn* jpuk egkRek xka/kh dh vfglak
uhfr ij O;aX; gSA ^lkU/;dkdyh* esa khr dh xgjh foHkkojh* esa Hkh fujkyk us O;aX;
dh vuqie l`f"V dh gS &
Dkais ru r:.kh r:.kksa ds]
izkr% [kqys v/kj v:.kksa ds]
iq"i izk.k iyrs <d <d dj]
".k uxj uxjhA khr dh
lka; kkseu dksM+ksijkUr]
lH; ldy caxyks ds mikUr]
rki jgs fo|qr d.Mh] Ng
cSBh ijh&ijh khr dhA 14
khr dh xgjh foHkkojh esa lk/ku lEiUu iawthifr ds vkuUn gSA os Hkksx
foykl esa Mwcs gq, gSaA tkM+s dk mu ij D;k izHkko gSA os rks fo|qr df.M;ksa ls xeZ
caxyksa esa jg jgs gSaA ij ;s lk/ku dgak ls vk;s gSa\fujkyk ".kuxj uxjh esa ,d
dwj O;aX; djrs gSaA ;g ".kuxj dkokuxj gS dkys cktkj ls iksf"kr gS & ;s lc
lk/ku nsk ds Jfed "kd ds kks"k.k ls rjdj O;kikj tek [kksjh vkfn dqR;ksa
ls tqVk;s gSaA
oLrqr% fujkyk th O;aX; ds lQy iz;ksDrk gSA os ml Js.kh ds dfo gS tks
lekt ds nqxqZ.kksa dks Li"V djus esa ugha fgpdrs gSaA ;g ,d ,sls tjkZg gS tks
lekt] /keZ] jktuhfr ,oa lkfgR; ds {ks= esa O;kIr QksM+ksa dk O;aX; & Nqjh ls
vkijsku djrs gSaA fujkyk ds O;aX; iz;ksx lkekftd] jktuhfrd ,oa lkfgfR;d
vuqHko lR;ksa ij vk/kkfjr gS mudh x| i| fr;ksa esa leku :i ls O;aX; iz;ksx
feyrs gSaA îfjey ls lkU/;dkyhu* rd O;aX;ksa dk U;wukf/kd iz;ksx gqvk gSA O;aX;
iz/kku dh n`f"V ls fujkyk kfUr n`"Vk dfo ds :i esa gekjs lkeus vkrs gSaA okLro
ess O;aX; muds thou vuqHkoksa dk i;kZFk gSA
fujkyk % vukfedk i`0 129

fujkyk % rqylhnkl i`0 14
fujkyk % dqdqjeqkk i`0 3
fujkyk % vjk/kuk i`0 12
fujkyk % lkU/;dkdyh i`0 61
fgUnh foHkkx
,u-vkj-bZ-lh- dkWfyt] [kqjtk
lUnHkZ %
48
1234567-
fujkyk & ifjey i`0 159&160

MkW0 uxsUnz % fgUnh lkfgR; dk bfrgkl i`0 658
fujkyk % ifjey i`0 115
fujkyk % ifjer i`0 198
MkW0 cPpu flag kfUrdkjh fujkyk i`0 142
49
HINDI
/kzqoLokfeuh esa ukjh&osnuk ,oa

ukjh&psruk dk lexz vuq'khyu

ukjh&psruk dk lexz vuq"khyu
&MkW- lwjtiky flag

/kqzoLokfeuh] jkexqIr ds vR;kpkj dks ns[kdj mlls Li"Vr% dg nsrh gS
fd iq:"kksa us fL=;ksa dks viuh i'kq lEifRr le>dj mu ij vR;kpkj
djus dk vH;kl cuk fy;k gSA og esjs lkFk ugha py ldrk] ;fn rqe esjh
j{kk ugha dj ldrs rks eq>s csp Hkh ugha ldrsA4mi;qZDr oDrO;
/kzqoLokfeuhesa ukjh&psruk dks mtkxj djrk gSA
egknsoh vkSj lSdM+ksa fL=;ksa dks tc k=q fkfoj esa Hkstus dh iwjh ;kstuk
cuk nh tkrh gS rks bl ij ml ukjh dk lks;k gqvk LokfHkeku tkx`r gks mBrk gS]
vkSj og lksprh gS fd ftl ekuo lekt esa ukjh tkfr dk lEeku ugha gksrk vkSj
ukfj;ksa dks k=q fkfoj esa Hkstdj dk;jrk dks Nqik;k tkrk gS vkSj ckn esa mlh
dk;jrk dks {kf=;rk ds <ksax esa ikxdj isk fd;k tkrk gSA ,sls iq:"k lekt dks
xrZ esa tkus ls dksbZ ugha jksd ldrkA
bl ukVd esa ukjh&psruk ,oa ukjh&osnuk dh xkFkk izLrqr djus okyh
,d vU; ukjh ik= eUnkfduh Hkh gS]ftlus vius fopkjksa ls ukjh tkx`fr dh Nki
NksM+h gS vkSj lkezkT; j{kk ds fy;s Hkh vius fopkjksa ls lcdks vkp;Z pfdr fd;k
gSAmi;qZDr ds lUnHkZ esa ,d m)j.k izLrqr gS&ew[kksaZ us LokFkZ ds fy;s lkezkT;
ds xkSjo dk loZuk'k djus dk fu'p; dj fy;k gSA lp gS tc ohjrk
gkjrh gS] rc mlds iSjksa ls jktuhfrd Ny NUn dh /kwy mM+rh gSA5
eUnkfduh nsk dks izkFkfedrk nsrh gS og jk"V ladV ds le; mldh
j{kk ds fy, lrdZ jgrh gSA og ukjh&psruk ,oe~ jk"Vh; ds izfr vius drZO;
vkSj jk"V izse dks mtkxj djrh gSA
eankfduh vU;= Hkh dgrh gS fd D;k fL=;ksa ds cfynku dk dksbZ
ewY; ugha gS\tc og vius fucZy vkSj voyEc [kkstus okys gkFkksa ls iq:"k
ds pj.kksa dks idM+rh gS rks iq:"k mldks lnSo frjLdkj] ?k`.kk vkSj nqnZ'kk
dh fHk{kk ls D;ksa mid`r djuk pkgrk gS\6
/kqzoLokfeuh eglwl djrh gS fd ijk/khurk dh ijEijk ukjhtkfr dh
ulksa esa?kql xbZ gSA mUgsa le> dj Hkh Hkwy djuh iM+rh gSA eUnk ds fopkjksa ls
ukjh&psruk dks cy feyk gSa og dgrh gS fd jktk dk Hk; eUnk dk xyk ugha
?kksaV ldrkA rqe yksxksa dks ;fn rfud Hkh cqf) gksrh rks viuh bl dqy
dh e;kZnk dks 'k=q ds f'kfoj esa ;ksa u HkstrsA Hkxoku us fL=;ksa dks mRiUu
djds gh vf/kdkjksa ls oafpr ugha fd;k gS cfYd rqe yksxksa dh nL;qo`fRr
us mUgsa ywVk Hkh gS vk;Z leqnzxqIr dk fo/kku rksM+dj ftu yksxksa us
jkT;fdfYo"k fd;k gS mUgsa n.M feyuk pkfg,A7
bl ukVd esa ukjh dh tks osnuk gS ogh ukjh tkfr ds fy;s psruk cu
x;h gS vkSj ;gh ugha og vkpk;Z dks psrkouh ds Loj esa dgrh gS fd rqEgkjh
izopukvksa us ftl ujd dh l`f"V dh gS] mldk vUr lehi gSA ;g
lkezkT; fdldk gS\vk;Z leqnzxqIr us fdls ;qojkt cuk;k Fkk\pUnzxqIr
dks ;k bl Dyho jkexqIr dksA ftlus Ny] cy ls fookg djds bl ukjh
dks vU; iq:"k dh vuqjkfxuh crkdj n.M nsus dh vkKk nh gS] ogh
jkexqIr ftlus dk;j iq:"kksa dh rjg bl L=h dks 'k=q ds nqxZ esa fcuk
&MkW- lwjtiky flag
50
ukVd] lkfgR; dh izkphu fo/kk gSA ftls ikpos osn ds :i esa Hkh Lohdkj
fd;k x;k gSA ^/kzqoLokfeuh* ,d ,sfrgkfld ukVd gSA blesa eq[; :i ls
xqIrdkyhu Hkkjrh; ukjh dh leL;kvksa dk vadu fd;k x;k gSA bl ukVd ds
ek/;e ls fookg dh leL;k dk vadu fd;k x;k gSA foOkkg dh ;g leL;k tks
/kzqoLokfeuh esa gS] og vkt Hkh Hkkjrh; lekt esa kkor gSA ukVd esa jk"Vh;
tkxj.k dk egku lansk fn;k x;k gSA
vk;Z leqnzxqIr] xqIrdky ds loZJs"B jktk gq, Fks] ftudh nks jkfu;ka
FkhaA igyh ls pUnzxqIr rFkk nwljh ls jkexqIr uked iq= gq,A buesa pUnzxqIr
lkglh] la;eh] rstLoh] ohj] ekr`Hkwfe ds fy, loZLo vfiZr djus okyk Fkk] vkSj
jkexqIr e|ih] dk;j] fuyZTt] pfj=ghu vkfn vusd voxq.kksa dh [kku FkkA
lezkV leqnzxqIr dh e`R;wijkUr jkexqIr Ny] cy ls jktk cu tkrk gS vkSj
/kzqoLokfeuh ls kknh dj ysrk gS vkSj og lqjk] lqUnjh esa rUe; jgrk gSA mls jkT;
dh tjk Hkh fpUrk ugha gSA jkexqIr ds jkT; lapkyu dh fLFkfr;ksa dks ns[kdj kd
k=qvksa us lkezkT; dh lhekvksa dks ?ksj fy;k vkSj jkexqIr dks ,d nwr ds
ek/;e ls lansk Hkstk fd j{kk pkgrs gks rks viuh iRuh /kzqoLokfeuh dks esjs
fy;s vkSj vius jkT; dh fL=;ksa dks esjs lSfudksa ds fy;s Hkst nks vU;Fkk ;q)
ds fy;s rS;kj gks tkvksA bl ij jkexqIr viuh iRuh dks lg"kZ k=q fkfoj esa
Hkstus dh vuqefr nsrk gSA
pUnzxqIr bldk fojks/k djrk gS] rks jktk jkexqIr] pUnzxqIr o
/kzqoLokfeuh nksukas dks Hkstus dh vuqefr nsrk gS] nksuksa k=q ds fkfoj esa /kzqoLokfeuh
ds :i esa tkrs gSaA vkSj kdjkt dks ekj nsrs gSaA bl ij lHkh /kzqoLokfeuh dh t;
gks] pUnzxqIr dh t; gks] dk ukjk yxkrs gSa] vkSj lHkh pUnzxqIr dks jktk ds :i esa
Lohdkj djrs gSaA /kzqoLokfeuh] jkexqIr dk ifjR;kx djus ds fy;s m|r gks tkrh
gSA ml ij iqjksfgr vkfn lHkh bl ckr dk leFkZu dj mls eqfDr fnykrs gSaA
izLrqr ukVd esa ukjh vusd LFkyksa ij Ny] iziap] "kM;U= vkfn ls xzflr
gqbZ gSA /kzqoLokfeuh ls ,d nklh muds oSokfgd iz.k; ds ckjs esa iwNrh gSA
/kqzoLokfeuh mls tokc nsrh gqbZ dgrh gS fd eq> ij jktk dk fdruk vuqxzg
gS] ;g eSa vkt rd ugha tku ikbZ gw] eSaus rks mudk dHkh e/kqj lEHkk"k.k
rd ugha lqukA1
izlkn us ukjh ik=ksa ds ek/;e ls ukjh&psruk dh tkx`fr dk fcxqy
ctk;k gSA bl ukVd dh ukjh vknkZokfnrk dks Lohdkj djrh gS] ysfdu tc
;FkkFkZ mlds lkeus vkrk gS rks og mldk lkgliwoZd lkeuk djrh gS] ijUrq
mlds g`n; esa ,d Vhl cjkcj jgrh gS] ftls og n; esa eaFku djds nq%[kh gksrh
gqbZ dgrh gS &;g dld vjs vklw lg tk! cudj fouez vfHkeku eq>s]
esjk vfLrRo crk jg tkA**2
/kqzoLokfeuh fookg ca/ku esa ca/kus ds dkj.k jkexqIr ls djc) fuosnu
djrh gS fd&esjh j{kk djks] esjs vkSj vius xkSjo dh j{kk djksA jktk vkt
esa "kj.k dh izkfFkZuh gwA rqe eq>s 'k=q ds ikl vR;kpkj lgus dks ugha Hkst
ldrsA3ijUrq jkexqIr mldh fourh dks vulquh dj nsrk gSA
51
HINDI
fnudj dh jk"Vh;rk

ukjh&psruk dk lexz vuq"khyu
&MkW0 jks'ku vkjk
fojks/k fd;s Hkst fn;k FkkA ogh rqEgkjs xqIr jkT; dk lezkV gS vkSj ;g
/kqzoLokfeuh gS] ftls dqN fnuksa rd rqeus egknsoh dgdj lEcksf/kr fd;k
Fkk] ;g lc D;k gS\bldk dSlk vfLrRo gS] dgha /keZ'kkL= gks rks mldk
eqg [kqyuk pkfg,A
bl izdkj ;gh ukjh&psruk iqjksfgr }kjk /kzqoLokfeuh dks jkexqIr Dyho
iq:"k ds paxqy ls /keZ vkSj kkL= dh nqgkbZ nsrs gq, eqDr djk nsrh gSA
ukVd esa ,d ukjh ik= dksek gS tks kdjkt ls izse djrh gS ysfdu ogh
kdjkt ij L=h ds vkus ij lq/kcq/k [kks cSBrk gS] vkSj mls ikus dks ykykf;r jgrk
gS] vkSj ekjk tkrk gSa dksek dks tc ekywe gksrk gS rks og cgqr nq%[kh gksrh vkSj
eglwl djrh gS fd ukjh dk nq%[k nnZ blls c<+dj vkSj D;k gks ldrk gS fd
ftl iq:"k dks og izse djrh gks] vkSj ogh iq:"k ij L=h esa vuqjDr gksA ;g osnuk
izLrqr ukVd esa dne&dne ij ns[kus dks feyrh gSA blesa ukjh dks iq:"kksa ds
}kjk vf/kdkak Ny&cy ls dyqf"kr djus dk iz;kl fd;k x;k gSA ukVd esa ukjh
bl osnuk dks nckrh gqbZ vUrZ}U}ls ijskku fn[krh gS rFkk lkFk gh ukjh
dgha&dgha rdZkhyrk dk ifjp; Hkh nsrh gSA iqjksfgr ds kkfUr deZ ds fy, dgus
ij og iqjksfgr ls dgrh gS fd&vki /keZ ds fu;ked gSa] fL=;ksa dks vki /keZ
cU/ku esa cka/kdj mudh lEefRr ds fcuk vki mudk vf/kdkj Nhu ysrs gSa]
vkSj /keZ dh nqgkbZ nsrs gSaA9
bl izdkj izLrqr ukVd esa ukjh vusd ijskkfu;ksa ls ihfM+r gSA og mlls
eqfDr ikus ds fy;s viuh vkokt dks cqyUn djrh gS] la?k"kZ djrh gS vkSj vUr esa
lQy gksrh gSA
vk/kqfud le; esa Hkh Hkkjrh; ukjh vusd izdkj dh leL;kvksa dks >sy
jgh gSaA bu leL;kvksa ls eqfDr ikus dks og vkt Hkh rM+i jgh gSA mls /kedh Hkjh
psrkouh nh tkrh gS] vkSj nf.Mr Hkh fd;k tkrk gSA ftlds pyrs og vius dks
detksj egll
w djrh gAS cgrq de efgyk,a gh bldk ifzrdkj dj ikrh gAaS ogha dN
q
ykx
s budk leFkuZ djrs fn[kkbZ nrss g]aS rks dN
q ykx
s bls jktuhfrd jx
a eas <y
q fey
dj nrss gAaS D;k okLro eas vkt Hkh L=h dk ;gh nk"sk gS D;kfasd og ,d L=h g\S
vkt le; vkSj mldh ekax cny jgh gS] blfy, iq:"k oxZ dks ukjh ds
izfr viuh lksp esa ifjorZu ykuk gksxk rHkh ge ,d lqlaLdkjiw.kZ ifjosk iSnk
djus esa l{ke gks ik,axsA
lUnHkZ %
13579-
/kzqoLokfeuh
/kzqoLokfeuh
/kzqoLokfeuh
/kzqoLokfeuh
/kzqoLokfeuh
i`"B&
i`"B&
i`"B&
i`"B&
i`"B&
21
24
28
42
46
2468-
/kqzoLokfeuh
/kqzoLokfeuh
/kqzoLokfeuh
/kqzoLokfeuh
i`"B&23&24
i`"B& 27
i`"B& 41
i`"B& 46
'kks/k Nk=] fgUnh

,u0vkj0bZ0lh0 dkWfyt] [kqtkZ
52
egkdfo fnudj dHkh dky dh lhekvksa esa ugha ca/ks mUgskaus mu lhekvksa
dks vfre.k fd;k gSA os 'kk'or vkSj lkoZHkkSe lR;ksa dk lkSUn;Ze; vk[;ku
djrs gSaA ;gh dkj.k gS fd ns'kdky vkSj ifjos'k ds cU/kuksa dks rksM+rk gqvk mudk
dkO; dkyt;h gks tkrk gSA muds frRo esa bfrgkl cks/k] lelkef;drk]
ifjos'k ds izfr xgjh Lopsruk vkSj Hkfo"; n`f"V dk xw<+ la'ys"k feyrk gSA
eSfFkyh'kj.k xqIr ds ckn fnudj dks gh jk"Vdfo dgk xk;A mUgksaus
vkt+knh ds vkanksyu ds nkSjku fy[kuk 'kq: fd;k Fkk vkSj vius pkjksa vksj dh
fLFkfr;k mu ij tcnZLr vlj Mky jgh FkhA gekjs jk"Vh; vkUnksyu dk ftruk
lqUnj] fu#i.k fnudj ds dkO; esa miyC/k gksrk gS] mruk vU;= ughaA mUgksaus
nf{k.k iaFkh vkSj mxziaFkh nksuksa fopkj /kkjkvksa dks vkRelkr djrs gq, jk"Vh;
vkUnksyu dk bfrgkl gh dkO;c) fd;k gSA vkanksyu dh lQyrk] vlQyrk]
mRlkg] vk'kk] fujk'kk vkfn lHkh rF; muds dkO; esa iwjh lkeF;Z ds lkFk feysaxsA
1928 esa ykgkSj dkaxzsl }kjk iw.kZ ok/khurk dk izLrko ikfjr fd;k x;kA1 ml
le; mRlk ls vfHkHkwr gksdj mUgskaus fy[kk%&
^^VqdM+s fn[kk&fn[kk djrs D;ksa e`x&ifr dk vieku\
vkS en lkk ds erokyksa cuksa u ;ksa uknkuA**2
lR;kxzfg;ksa dk vkUnksyu oLrqr% muds /kS;Z dh ijh{k FkhA 'kL= dk
mkj 'kL= ls nsus okys dh vis{kk fgalk dk lkeuk vfgalk ls djus okys dk
nkf;Ro dfBu gksrk gSA fnudj us lR;kxzfg;ksa dks vk'oLr fd;k%&
^^fn'kk nhIr gks mBh izkIr dj@iq.; izdk'k rqEgkjk]
fy[kk tk pqdk vuy v{kjksa@esa bfrgkl rqEgkjk]
ftl feh us ygw fi;k@og Qwy f[kyk;sxh gh]
vEcj ij /ku ou Nk;sxk@gh mPN~okl rqEgkjkA
vkSj vf/kd ys tkp nsork bruk wj ugha gSA
Fkd dj --------------- D;k HkkbZ! eaft+y nwj ugha gSA
LorU=rk feyus ds ckn Hkh dfo ;qx /keZ ls tqM+k jgkA mlus ns[kk fd
LorU=rk ml O;fDr ds fy, ugha vkbZ tks 'kksf"kr gS] ihfM+r gS( cfYd mldk
miHkksx rks os dj jgs gSa tks lkk ds dsUnz esa gSaA dfo vuqHko dj jgk Fkk fd
O;oLFkk ds f'kdats esa tdM+h ns'k dh turk vc Hkh oSls gh fil jgh gS] tSls igys
fil jgh FkhA mUgksaus usrkvksa ij dBksj O;aX; djrs gq, ekuksa iwjs jktuhfrd <kaps
dks gh vkM+s&gkFkksa fy;k%&
^^Vksih dgrh gS] eSa FkSyh cu ldrh gwA
dqjrk dgrk gS eq>s cksfj;k gh dj yksA
bZeku cpkdj] dgrk gS vk[ksa lcdh]
fcdus dks gw rS;kj] [kq'kh ls tks ns nksA**3
1939&40 bZ- ds nkSjku mudh rhu iqLrdsa izdkf'kr gqbZ ^jloarh*]
^}U}&xhr* vkSj ^gqadkj*A os crkrsa gSa fd ^gqadkj* ds izdk'ku ls mUgsa ;'k feyk]
ftlesa jk"Vh;rk ds Hkkoksa dh tksjnkj vfHkO;fDr FkhA blds ckjs esa os Li"V djrs
gSa% ^^jk"Vh;rk esjs O;fDrRo ds Hkhrj ls ugha tUeh mlus eq>s ckgj ls vkdj
53
fnudj dh jk"Vh;rk
dfo ugha Fks]tks fd egkRek xka/kh vkSj dkaxzsl }kjk fufnZ"V Fkk mudh ,d fo'ks"krk
;g Fkh fd lkezkT;okn ds lkFk&lkFk og lkeUrokn ds Hkh fojks/kh FksA**5 blfy,
dfo us Li"V dj fn;k gS fd xka/kh th ds izfr J)k j[krs gq;s Hkh og mudh vpZuk
fUr ds vaxkjksa ls gh djsxk%&
^^lalkj iwtrk ftUgsa fryd]
jksyh] Qwyksa ds gkjks ls]
eSa mUgsa iwtrk vk;k gw
ckiw vc rd vaxkjksa lsA6
vkjEHk ls gh dfo vius vkn'kZoknh n`f"Vdks.k dks vkradoknh vkUnksyu
ls tksM+dj jk"VHkDr ohjksa ds pfj= dks dkO;c) djrk gSA
^êk dh ehBh xksn NksM+dj
iz.k;&osfy ij f[kyuk
fdruk mUen vkg! jgk
gksxk Qklh ls feyukA**7
ns'k dh tM+rkvksa esa fnIs pSrU; dk lk{kkrdkj dfo dks vkfn ls vUr rd
vHkh"V jgk gSA vkSj ;gka dfo jk"Vh;rk dh lhekvksa dks yk?k dj
vUrjkZ"Vh;rkokn dk leFkZd cu tkrk gSA og ns'k dh dkO;kRed ifjHkk"kk bu
'kCnksa esa djus yxrk gS%&
^^Hkkjr ugha LFkku dk okpd] xq.k fo'ks"k uj dk gS]
,d ns'k dk ugha] 'khy ;g HkweaMy Hkj dk gSA
tgka dgha ,drk v[kafMr] tgk izse dk Loj gS
ns'k&ns'k esa ogk [kM+k Hkkjr thfor HkkLdj gSA
fuf[ky fo'o dh tUeHkwfe&oUnu dks ueu d: eSa
fdldks ueu d:W eSa HkkjrA fdldks ueu d:W eSa\8
fnudj ds laLdkj lektksUeq[k gSa fdUrq mudk vUreZu dksey fdyl;ksa
ds uhM+ esa cl tkuk pkgrk gSA vUr esa fot; laLdkjksa dh gh gqbZA dfo us
l`tu&izf;k dk izkjEHk ikz;% ^LoIu yksx] lfjrrV ek/koh dqUt] 'kksHkk forku]
Jàxkj lnu] pfUnzdk iV ,oa jl ifjjEHk ln`'; midj.kksa dh lgk;rk ls gh
fd;k ijUrq volj ikrs gh muds lektksUeq[kh laLdkj e/kqj dYiuk dks nckdj
Lo;a mHkj vk,A9 tkfr&izFkk us euq";&euq"; ds chp fdruh cM+h [kkb;ka mRiUu
dj nh gS] ;g dgus dh vko';dk ugha] dfo us ;g vuqHko fd;k gS fd tkfr izFkk
;k oxZ&Hksn dks feVk;k ugha tk ldrkA lekt us euq";&euq"; ds chp brus Hksnksa
dh l`f"V dj nh gS fd euq"; pkg dj Hkh tkfr;ksa] oxksZa] lEiznk;ksa dh fo"ksyh
psruk ls vNwrk ugh jg ldrkA dfo us bl dVq lR; dks O;Dr fd;k gS%&
^êSa dgrk gwW] vxj fo/kkrk uj dks eqV~Bh esa Hkj dj
dgha NksV ns cz yksd ls gh uhps Hkwe.My ij
rks Hkh fofo/k tkfr;ksa esa gh euqt ;gk vk ldrk gS
uhps gS D;kfj;kW cuh] rks cht dgkW tk ldrk gS\**10
dfo ftu laLdkjksa esa iydj ;qok gksrk gS] ftl okrkoj.k esa lkl ysdj
&MkW0 jks'ku vkjk
54
vkkar fd;kA vius le; dh /kM+du lquus dh tc Hkh eSa ns'k ds n; ls dku
yxkrk] esjs dku esa fdlh ce ds /kM+kds dh vkokt vkrh] Qklh ij >wyus okys
fdlh ukStoku dh fuHkhZd iqdkj vkrh vFko eq>s nnZ Hkjh ,saBu dh vkokt+ lqukbZ
nsrh tks xk/khth ds n; esa py jgh Fkh]tks mu lHkh jk"V uk;dksa ds n; esa py
jgh Fkh] ftuls c<+dj eSa fdlh vkSj ds J)s; ugha le>rk FkkA esjh le> esa ml
le; lkjs ns'k esa ,d fLFkfr Fkh tks lkoZtfud la?k"kZ dh fLFkfr Fkh] lkjs ns'k dk
,d drZO; Fkk tks LorU=rk laxzke dks lcy cukus dk drZO; Fkk vkSj lkjs ns' dh
,d euksfn'kk Fkh tks ks/k ls {kqC/k vk'kk ls papy vkSj etcwfj;ksa ls cspSu FkhA
;g og le; Fkk tc ^^lkewfgd vuqHkwfr;ksa dk lkezkT; Nk tkrk gSA izlkn]
fujkyk] iar tSls vius ledkyhuksa dh ppkZ djrs gq, os fy[krs gSa] os fQj Hkh
la;e'khy jgs] fdarq eq> tSls yksx jk"Vh; ,oa kafrdkjh Hkkoukvksa ds izokg esa cg
x,A**
fnudj ds dkO; esa laLfr dh lqnh?kZ ijaijk vkSj lelkef;d Lopsruk
nsuksa dk lehdj.k lk/kus dk iz;Ru ns[kk tk ldrk gSA muesa ,d vksj dkfynkl]
johUnz vkSj izlkn dh rjg lkSUn;Z ds lk{kRdkj dh yyd gS rks nwljh vksj jk"Vh;
LokrU=; vkUnksyu ds HkkokukRed :i ls tqM+s jgus dh NViVkgV Hkh ns[k tk
ldrh gSA fnudj dh lelkef;drk ls izsfjr jk"Vh; dkO; dks ge nks oxksZa esa
foHkkftr dj ldrs gSa 1 Lora=rk laxzke ls lac) lelkef;d jk"Vh; dkO;
vkSj 2 LokrU=;ksrj lelkef;d ifjos'k ls izsfjr jk"Vh; dkO;A bl izdkj ds
lEiw.kZ jk"Vh; dkO; esa fnudj dh k=k ijaijk ls vk/kqfudrk dh vksj jghA vius
vxzt dfo;ksa eSfFkyh'kj.k xqIr] ek[ku yky prqosZnh vkSj cky".k 'kekZ uohu dh
Hkkfr fnudj gqadkj rd Lora=rk laxzke dh ?kVukvksa] ifjfLFkfr;ksa vkSj uk;dksa
dks vkosx&/kfeZrk ds /kjkry ij dkO;c) djrs jgsA 4
fnudj us ek= jk"Voknh mn~?kks"k djus okys ij ns'k izse O;td dfork,a
gh ugha fy[kha] Hkkjrh; jk"V dh lkaLfrd ijEijk dh [kkst djrs gq, ^^laLfr
ds pkj v/;k;** tSlk xzaFk Hkh fy[kkA fdUrq jk"Vh; dkO; ifjek.k dh n`f"V ls
vU; jpukvksa dh rqyuk esa cgqr vf/kd gSA viuh vkosx/kfeZrk] izklkfndrk rFkk
foLrkj ls mlus tu&eu dks fujUrj izHkkfor Hkh fd;kA ;gh dkj.k gS fd muds
dkO; dk ;g i{k vusd fo'ks"krkvksa ls eafMr gSA dfo us u dsoy fgUnh ds jk"Vh;
dkO; dh lEiw.kZ ijaijk dh izeq[k miyfC/k;ksa dks viuh jpukvksa esa vkRelkr
fd;k gS cfYd cnyrs gq, ;qx lanHkksZa ds vuq:i mlus jk"Vh;rk ds vusd uohu
vk;ke Hkh mn~?kkfVr fd, gSaA dF; dh n`f"V ls mudh jk"Vh;rk ftu #iksa esa
mudh jpukvksa esa vfHkO;Dr gqbZ gS os gSa & vrhr ds izfr jk"Vh;rk] lelkef;drk
ls izsfjr jk"Vh;rk] jk"Voknh ohjksa dk fp=akdu] jk"Vokfl;ksa dk vkoku vkSj jk"V
vkSj ns'kokfl;ksa dk vaduA
xk/kh ds izfr viuh dkO;&;k=k ds vkjEHk ls gh fnudj ds eu esa ,d
fofp= lEHkze dk Hkko jgk gS tks le; chrus ds lkFk J)k Hkko esa ifj.kr gksrk
x;k gSA fdUrq xka/kh th ds izfr dfo dh lgkuqHkwfr mldk vkn'kZ dHkh u cu
ldhA ^^fnudj th lkezkT;okn ds fojks/k esa la?k"kZ ds :i dks Lohdkj djus okys
fnudj dh jk"Vh;rk
55
fnudj dh jk"Vh;rk
67891011-
fnudj] ckiw i`- 5

fnudj iz.kHkax ^'kghn v'kQkd ds izfr i`- 54
fnudj] jf'eyksd i`- 253
feFkd vkSj fnudj i`- 124
fnudj jf'ejFkh fn-l- i`- 23
feFkd vkSj fnudj i`- 124
&MkW0 jks'ku vkjk
c<+rk gS] og okrkoj.k vkSj os laLdkj mlds Hkkoksa vkSj lans'kksa dk vius vki
fu'p; dj nsrs gSa] dh mfDr Lo;a fnudj ds lEcU/k esa Hkh v{kj'k% lR; izekf.kr
gksrh gSA bl izdkj dkO; dh izsj.kk tgkW ls mxrh gS mlh dk dY;k.k djrh gSA
lwjt fdl dks[k ls vkrk gS Mwcrs&Mwcrs mlh fn'kk dks viuh fdj.ksa lkSai tkrk
gSA oLrqr% ;gh fnudj dh dfork dk Lo:i gSA fnudj bl /kjrh ds lwjt Fks
vkSj os viuk lkjk vkst blh dks lkSai x,A mudh dfork dk ,d gh y{; gS
tuekul dks vkstLoh cukukA ;FkkFkZrk ^fnudj* us tks Hkh fy[kk gS] vkste;h
ok.kh esa gh fy[kk gSA**11
fnudj us fgUnh dfork dks viuk lEiw.kZ thou lefiZr dj fn;k FkkA
fgUnh txr us Hkh mUgsa vlhe I;kj fn;k ] lEeku fn;kA ^dq#{ks=* ds iz.ksrk] ohj
jl ds iqjks/kk ^fnudj* dks 1948&1949 bZ- esa ^dq#{ks=* ij lSdr Hkwfe esa vk;ksftr
lkfgR;dkj] laln] iz;kx dk'kh ukxjh izpkfj.kh lHkk] mRrj izns'k ljdkj }kjk
lEekfur fd;k x;k FkkA dk'kh ukxjh izpkfj.kh lHkk dk i- egkohj izlkn f}osnh
ind mUgsa nks ckj iznku fd;k x;k&igyh ckj ^dq#{ks=* ds fy, vkSj nwljh ckj
^jf'e&jFkh* ds fy,A 6 uoEcj] 1956 dks ^lLfr ds pkj v/;k;* xzUFk ij mUgsa
dsUnzh; lkfR; vdkneh iqjLdkj ls foHkwf"kr fd;k x;k FkkA dfoJh fnudj Jh
lkfgfR;d lsokvksa ls vkdf"kZr gksdj rRdkyhu jk"Vif r Mk- jktsUnz izlkn }kjk 8
vizSy 1959 bZ- dks mUgsa ineHkw"k.k mikf/k ls vyar fd;k x;kA ljLorh if=dk
dh ghjd t;Urh ij 12 tuojh 1962 dks jk"Vdfo eSFkfyh'kj.k xqIr }kjk vkidks
ekui= iznku fd;k x;k vkSj lEekfur fd;k x;kA 1965 esa fnudj dks
fo|kokpLifr dh mikf/k ls xq#dqy fo'ofo|ky;] Hkkxyiqj }kjk foHkwf"kr fd;k
x;kA mudh lsokvksa ds fy, jktLFkku fo|kihB mn;iqj us 8 uoEcj] 1968 dks
vkidks lkfgR; pwM+kef.k dh mikf/k ls lEekfur fd;k x;kA 1973 esa ^moZ'kh* ij
mUgsa ,d yk[k #i;s dk KkuihB iqjLdkj iznku fd;k x;k FkkA dsUnz ljdkj]
mRrj izns'k ljdkj] lkfgfR;d laln] dk'khukxjh izpkfj.kh lHkk fcgkj jk"VHkk"kk
ifj"kn~] iVuk vkfn us fnudj dks vusd iqjLdkjksa ,oa lEekuksa ls vyar fd;k
FkkA
^fnudj* dh ;'k% irkdk ns'k esa gh ugha] vfirq fons'kksa esa Hkh ygjkbZ]
1955 eas okjlk iksys.M eas vUrjkZ"Vh; dkO; lekjksg esa mUgksaus Hkkjrh; f'k"V
e.My dk usr`Ro fd;k Fkk] blls Hkkjr xkSjokfUro gqvkA phu] :l] kal] ;w-ds-]
fLoV~tjyS.M ,oa ekjh'kl esa Hkh mUgsa lEeku feyk Fkk vkSj mudh fr;ksa dk
vusd Hkkjrh; Hkk"kkvksa esa vuqokn gqvk FkkA
fnudj dh jk"Vh;rk
fudV fot; flusek

nsofj;k m-iz-
lanHkZ %
1234556
fnudj ds dkO; esa ijEij vkSj vk/kqfudrk i`- 159

fnudj iz.kHkax ok;ljk; dh ?kks"k.kk ij i`- 54
fnudj uhe ds iRrs igyh o"kZxkaB i`- 18
fnudj ds dkO; esa ijEijk vkSj vk/kqfudrk] i`- 165
uUn fd'kksj uoy] fnudj dk iwoZorhZ dkO;] MkW- xksikynkl l-
jk"Vdfo fnudj i`- 25
57
SANSKRIT
oksf % dkO;thfore~
& MkW- jatuk >k

'kkL=O;ogkjs yksdO;ogkjs p 'kCnkFkZ;ks% izlf)dFkuizdkjkn~ foy{k.k%
viw.kZpeRdkjksRiknd% dFku izdkj% oksfDr%A vFkkZr~ dFkuL; ;ks fg lk/kj.k
izdkj% rLekn~ fHkUuizdkjs.k rnFkZizdVua oksfDr%A oksfDrokn laLFkkidsu
vkpk;ZdqUrdsu Lodh;s ôksfDrthfors* mDre~&
^ôksfDrjso oSnX;Hkh Hkf.kfr#P;rs** bfrA1 ,rL;k'p oksDrs% Lo:ia
Li"V;rk rsu r=So izfrikfnre~A izfl)kfHk/kuO;frjsfd.kh fofp=SokfHk/k dhn`'kh]
oSnX;Hk~xh Hkf.kfrA oSnX;a fonX/Hkko%] dfodeZ dkS'kye~ rL; Hk~xh foPNfr%
rFkk Hkf.kr% fofp=SokfHk/k oksfDrfjR;qP;rsA** ,op dkO;fuekZ.kdkS'kysu
peRdkjksRiknd% fofp=% dFkuizdkj% oksfDrfjfr iQfyre~A dqUrdsu
^ôksfDrthfors** f="kq LFkkus"kq fofp=kfHkkk?kVd fofp='kCnL; O;k[;k d`r%A
^'kkL=kfn&izfl)&'kCnkFkksZifucU/O;frjsdsfrA vFkkZr~ 'kkL=knkS iz;qDr
'kCnkFkZ;ks% lk/kj.kiz;ksxkn~ fHkUudFkueso fofp=dFkue~ v= izfl)%
'kkL=iqjk.kknkS iz;qDr bfrA
^îzfl) izLFkku O;frjsfd oSfp=;e~**A ^îzfl) izLFkkukfrjsfd.kk oSfp=;s.k** vFkkZr~
'kCnkFkZ iz;ksxL; izfl)ekxkZn~ fHkUueso fofp=e~A
2
vfrkUrizfl)O;ogkj ljf.k%* vFkkZr~ lkekU; izpfyr'kCnkFkZ;ks%
iz;ksxkn~fHkUue~A v= izfl)L;kFkZ% yksdO;ogkj%A ,rsu 'kkL=&yksdO;ogkj;ks%
iz;qDr 'kCnkFkZ;ks% jpukrks foy{k.k'kCnkFkksZfDr% fofp=ksfDrjso oksfDr bfr
iQfyre~A fofp=L; izfl)dFku'kSyhrks fHkUuLRo;eFkZ% vHkkokRed%A
HkkokRedksFkZLrq dfodeZdkS'ky tU; peRdkjs.k ;qDr] bfrA dqUrdersu dfo deZ
dkS'kyL;kFkZ% dfoO;kikj%A dfo O;kikjL;kFkZ% dfo izfrHkkfJr deZ%A izfrHkk;k%
vFkZ% izkkQuk|rulaLdkjifjikdizkS<+k izfrHkk dkfpnso 'kfkQfjfrA
,oplaLdkjikfjikdizkS<dfo'kfDr:Ik izfrHkktU; dfodeZ dkS'kysu pk:Roiw.kZ
dFkua oksfDrfjfr iQfyre~A v;esokFkZ% fofp=ksfDr:ik;k% oksDrs%A
vfLeUusokFksZ p ln; n;kg~ykndfjRoe~A dos% lkiQY;a u dsoya izfl)
O;frjs f d 'kCniz ; ks x s . k lEi|rs ] vfi rq rkn` ' kiz ; ks x }kjk
ln;n;kg~ y knlEikndRos u S o A vr% uS o oks f Dr% oks f Dr;kZ
ln;n;ekg~ykn;frA
1'kkL= yksds O;ogkj izfl) 'kCnkFkZiz;ksxfHkUuRoe~A
2izkDruk|ru izfrHkktU;peRdkj%A
3ln; n;kg~ykn lEiknu {keRoe~A
vr ,o oksfDrthfordkjL;&
^'kCnkFkksZ lfgrkS odfoO;kikj'kkfyfuA
oU/ks O;ofLFkrkS dkO; rf}nkg~ykndkfjf.k*A3
bfr dkO;y{k.ks iwoksZDrkfu f=fo/kU;fi rokfu leqiyH;UrsA oksDrs%
Lo:ia izfrikn;rk efgeHkV~VsukI;soeqDre~&
îzfl) ekxZeqRl`T; ;= oSfp=&fl);sA
vU;;SoksP;rs lksFkZ% lk oksfDr:nkrkAA4
^mifo';rke~* bR;L; LFkkus ^vklueyaf;rke~* bR;lk/kj.ka op% u

dsoya uokxUrqdL; ekula lksYykla djksfr] vfirq iz;ksDrqjfi dqyhurk 'kkyhurka
p izdV;frA n/hpL; ifjp;a ftKklekuk;k% fodqf{k i`PNUR;k% lkfo=;k% ^dkfu
ok iq.;Hkkft HktfUr vfHk[;ke{kjkf.k\ v=kxeusu viq.;Hkkd~ dreks
foetwfEHkrjgfojgO;Fk;k 'kwU;rka uhrks ns'k%\*
bR;kfniz'us"kq
oksfDrekxZfuiq.ksu ok.kHkV~Vsu ;k fg pk:rk iznf'kZr lk ukLR;izR;{kk
izs{kkorke~A vr ,o Hkkegkpk;sZ.k&
^lS"kk loZ= oksfDrju;kFkksZ foHkkO;rsA
;RuksL;ka dfouk dk;Z% dksyadkjksu;k fcukAA
okfHk/s;'kCnksfDrfj"Vk okpkeyad`fr%A
okpka okFkZ'kCnksfDrjyadkjk; dYirsAA5
bR;kfn:is.k oksDrseZgRoe~ vyadkjL; oksfDrewydeso pk:Roa psfr
;r~ izfrikfnr rr~ loZFkk lehphue~A
,sfrgkfld fodkl n`"V;k fopkjs.k oksDrs% fofo/kfu Lo:ikfu n`f"V
xkspjh HkofUrA
ô% iUFkk ;nfi Hkor% izfLFkrL;kskjk'kke~A*6
bR;kfn&dkfynklh;s iz;ksxs ôL;* dqfVyRoeFkZ%A
ck.kHkV~Vsu ôksfDrfuiq.ksu foykfltusu* bR;knkS okDNy hMkdyki
ifjgkl tfYirk|FksZ"kq] oksDr fuiq.ksu vk[;kf;dk[;kuprqjs.k* bR;knkS p
fofPNfr tud dFku izdkjs"kq oksDrs% iz;ksx% d`r%A vr,o ,rr~ izfl)e~&
^lqcU/qckZ.kHkV~VL; dfojkt bfr =;%A
oksfDrekxZfuiq.kk'pprqFkksZ fo|rs u okAA**
vkpk;ZHkkegeuqljrk nf.Muk rq LoHkkoksfDrfHkUuka peRdkjiw.kkZesoksfDr
oks f DreU;ekus u yks d lhekfrofrZ u h okxh'kefgyk vya d kjks kek
vyadkjkUrjk.kkeI;oyEcuHkwrk vfr'k;ksfDrjso oksfDrfjfr LohpsA
lkn`';e~ydy{k.kkLFkys ,oa oksfDr LohdqokZ.ksu okeusu oksDrs% {ks=a egoa p
LoYi;kapdsA #nzV eEeV izHk`frfHk% oksDrs% 'kCnkyadkjRoesok~xhdqoZn~fHk% rL;k
;kFkkF;Zeso mUewy;kpsA
vkuUno/Zukpk;sZ.k oksDrsukZEuk funsZ'kedqokZ.ksukfi oksfDRroL;
izfriknua lk/qd`re~A rnso o dqUrdkpk;ZL; dkO;thforHkwrk;k% oksDrsjk/kj%A
HkkegL; oksfDr:ikfr'k;ksfDr lEcU/s rsuksDre~]&îzFke* rkonfr'k;ksfDrxHkZrk
lokZyadkjs"kq 'kD;f;kA7 dqrSo o lk egkdfofHk% dkefi dkO;PNfo iq".kkrhfr
dFka fg vfr'k;;ksfDrrk Lofo"k;kSfpR;su f;ek.kk lrh dkO;suksRd"kZekogsr~A
r=kfr'k;ksfDr;Zeyadkjef/fr"Bfr dfoizfrHkkoo'kkr~ rL;
pk#okfr'k;;ksxksU;L; rq vyadkjek=rSosfr lckyadkjLohdj.k;ksX;Rosu
vHksnksipkjkr~ lSo lokZyadkj bR;;esokFkksZoxUrO;%A vkuUnL; ouks dqUrdL;
p oksDrkS vusd= ,sD;eso orZrsA
vfHkuoxq I rs u kfi ^yks p us ;kfr'k;ks f DryZ f {krk lS o lokZ
& MkW- jatuk >k
58
oksf % dkO;thfore~
59
oksf % dkO;thfore~
izkd`rinkFkkZukeuqdj.ka ;r% dkO;er% bna lR;knfrnwjrje~A vrLrfLeu~ ;qxs

oksfDrfoospuekdk'kdqlqekf;resoA iwoksZDr/kj.kk;ka la'kks/u dqoZrk
vjLrqegksn;su izfrikfnra ;r~ dkO;s ^dFkuL; izpfyr lkekU;izdkjkn~ foy{k.ke~
11
vU;a loZizdkj oSfp=;efHkizsre~A vusna dFkua fuHkzkZUra oksfkQ lwpde~A
& MkW- jatuk >k
60
oksfDrjyadkjizdkj% loZ%* bR;kfn dFk;rk Hkkegizfrikfnrfn'kk

vfr'k;ksfDr:ik;k% oksDrseZgoe~xhd`re~A vusukfi vyadkj&lekU;:is.kSo
oksDrsxzZg.k d`re~A
oksDrsfL=fo/a :ia LohdqokZ.ksu Hkkstjktsu&
1
^;noa op% 'kkL=s yksds p op ,o rr~A
8
oa ;nFkZiknknkS rL; dkO;fefr Le`fr%AA
bR;snfi lokZyadkj lk/kj.ka y{k.keuqlrZO;e~ vfLeu~ lfr
lokZyadkjtkr;ks oksDR;fHk/kuokP;k HkofUrA rnqDre~&ôRoeso dkO;kuka
ijkHkw"ksfr Hkkeg%* bR;kfnuk oksDrsjyadkjlkekU;:iRoa izfrikfnre~A
2
ôksfDr'p jlksfDr'p LoHkkoksfDr'p ok~e;e~A
bR;soa dFk;rk rsu miek|yadkj&izk/kU; fo"k;s ,o oksfDr%
izfr&ikfnrkA
3
okeuL; lkn`';y{k.kewydoksfDr% :nzVL; p okDNy:ik
9
oksfDrLrsu izfrikfnrksA
ôks f Dr%dkO;thfore~ * bfr eU;ekus u oks f Drthfordkjs . k
o.kZfoU;klknkjH; izcU/s ;kon~ oksDrs% lkezkT;a O;oLFkkfire~A dkO;lkSUn;Z
lEikndkfu fuf[kykU;fi rokfu oksDrkoso rsu iznf'kZrkfuA ;Fkk vkuUno/Zusu
ous% lkoZHkkSelkk jlijdn`"V~;k O;ptuko`R;k laLFkki;kps rFkSo
dqUrdsukfi vyadkj lkSUn;Z lef"V:ioksksQ% lkezkT;a oLrqijdn`"V~;k
fofp=kfHk/;k izfrikn;kpsA ousHksZn izHksnk bo oksfDrjfi fofo/k HksnizHksnkLrsu
izfrikfnrk% rFkkfg&
dfoO;kikjoRo izdkjklHkofUr "kV~A
izR;sda cgoks HksnkLrs"kka fofPNfk'kksfHku%AA
o.kZ foU;kl oRoa iniwokZ)Z orkA
ork;k% ijksI;fLr izdkj izR;;kJ;%AA
okD;L; oHkkoksU;ks fHk|rs ;% lgLkz/kA
;=kyadkjoxksZlkS loksZI;UrHkZfo";frAA
oHkko% izdj.ks izcU/sokfLr;kn`'k%A
mP;rs lgtkgk;ZlkSdqek;Zeuksgj%AA10
,oa fg o.kZfoU;klork] iniwokZ)Zork] inijk)Zork] okD; ork]
izdj.kork] izcU/ork bfr ork;k% "kM~fo/k;k%A vusd&Hksn&izHksnk%
lksnkgj.kkLrsu iznf'kZrk%A
ik'pkR; dkO;'kkL=s oksfDr%
Hkkjrh;dkO;'kkL=s ;Fkk dkO;L;lkksikM~xa foospua orZrs u rFkk
ik'pkL; dkO;'kkL=s] rFkkfi vU;rofeo oksfkQroefi r= la{ksis.k
izfrikfnra orZrsA vjLrq egksn;kr~ izkd~ vkn'kZokfnu% IysVksegksn;L; dkO;a izfr
lk/q/kj.kk uklhr~A rUers okLrfodkn'kZHkwrlR;L; vuqdj.k:ik.kka
oksf % dkO;thfore~
lUnHkkZ %
1234567891011-
oksfDr thfors&1@10 A
r=So dkfjdk;ka o`fk%&1]7 A
r=So&1]8 A
oksfDrthfors&1@7 A
O;fkQfoosd%&1@66 A
g"kZpfjrs i`0 la0&65 A
Hkkegkyadkjs&2]85 A
es?knwrs iwoZes?ks&29 A
:nzVkyadkjs&2]14] dkO;izdk'ks 78 A
k`kjizdk'ks&9]6 A
ljLOkrhd.BkHkj.ks&5]8 A
O;k[;krk]
fujlks ukjk;.k flag egkfo|ky;]
fla?kkjk] oS'kkyh] fcgkj
61
SANSKRIT
oSfnd ok~e; esa laosnuk]

ln~O;ogkj vkSj lekurk
&MkW- ef.k Hkw"k.k feJ

laizfr gekjs lekt esa tks O;oLFkk, leqifLFkr gSa] os lHkh
1
osn&lEer ,oa _f"k&egf"kZ;ksa&}kjk dfFkr gSaA i`Fkd~&i`Fkd~ pkjksa o.kZ] rhuksa
yksd] pkjksa vkJe rFkk Hkwr] Hkfo"; vkSj orZeku uked rhuksa dky lHkh osn
ls gh izfl) gksrs gSaA fgj.;xHkZ us bUgsa i`Fkd~ djus dk dk;Z osn ds 'kCnksa
2
ls tkudj gh fd;kA
^'kqDy ;tqosZn* ds fuEufyf[kr ea= esa fo}ku~ v;olk;h v;;u'khy
'kL=&la/kkj.k vkSj 'k=qvksa ij fot; izkIr djusokys ijkeh ;ks)kvksa]
loZxq.klaiUu efgykvksa] dk;Zdq'ky] fuHkZ; vkSj oDrk ;qokvksa dh vkdka{kk ds
lkFk&lkFk lqo`f"V] Qyorh vks"kf/k vkSj lHkh yksxksa ds ;ksx{kse ds ogu dh dkeuk
dh xbZ gS&
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10
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62
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63

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64
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65
The Agriculture Environment & Its Effect Climatic

Change in Upper Ganga Yamuna Doab of India
- Dr. Ajai Chhaukar

Abstract:
Water is the most important input to assure production of crops
where agriculture suffers due to irregular rain and water scarcity. To
obtain desired crop yields, the application of chemical fertilizers,
pesticides, incenticides and water supply is required at regular intervals
according to the crops demand. The irrigation water is the most costly
input but the most of the natural water harnessed by man is used in
agriculture and the precise water management techniques of irrigation
and over doses of chemicals are regularly in practice to produce optimum
crop yields. This uneconomic and inefficient use of water with other
inputs can not be imperative. The integrated development of water
resources, judicious method of water application, maintenance of proper
soil moisture and crop management practices, scientific scheduling of
irrigation and comprehensive irrigation development programme can
develop a regular rhythem of crops. Therefore, the water resource
management, necessary and optimal use of irrigation, fertilizers and
manures is the prime requisite for long time development of agriculture
and agro-friendly environment.
Object of Study:
The amount of water transpired may vary greatly according to
climatic conditions and the estimation of transpiration and soil
evaporation separately is difficult. The water requirements and soil
fertility for all crops must be the same if they are grown on the same soil
and in the same growing season. The maximum yield of sugarcane may
be obtained with five inches depth of irrigation at two week intervals
while three inches of irrigation at the interval of four week would produce
maximum yield in wheat crop. The rice cannot give good crop production
at less than 8 to 9 inch of water supply. The surplus supply of water can be
used for other miscellaneous crops of lesser importance. The increasing
and variable conditions of temperature and raintall lead more frequent
and intense droughts and floods and may reduce availability of water for
irrigation which can be devastating for agriculture. The entire area of
agriculture will convert into nonproductive land if temperature rises
beyond 4celicius and the variability of irrainfall goes high.
The climatic parameter and proper manuring play predominant
role in governing the needs of crops and the criterian of soil water
availability. The organic contents for scheduling fertility and irrigation to
maintain soil moisture cannot be considered in isolation. The soil, plants
and climatic factors influence the water and organic needs of the crops.
Therefore, the consumptive use of water, organic and inorganic contents
by a crop is first worked out by recording soil moisture and other contents
losses through out the growth, correlating with the values of parameters
and thus deriving quantitative relationships. The study region is fertile
and agriculturally rich, therefore, to maintain the crop production for

millions, the strategy to develop soils richness through organic
agriculture is the main object of the study.
Study Area :
The upper Ganga-Yamuna doab flows in an interfluvial area
falling between the two great river systems, the Yamuna and the Ganga
demarcating the western and the eastern boundary respectively. This
upper part of Ganga Yamuna doab lies between 2816? ? north to
3012? north latitudes and 7303? east to 7815? east longitudes,
spreading over an area of 21156 sq. kms. The upper doab comprises
Saharanpur, Muzaffar nagar, Meerut, Baghpat, Ghaziabad, Hapur,
Gautambudh nagar and Buland Shahr districts of western Uttar Pradesh.
It is a fertile plain except khadar areas of ravinous terrain and sandy soils
sloping from north to south or south east with an elevation of 200-300
metres above sea level. It is almost a flat and gently undulating featureless
plain. The study region enjoys sub-tropical climate characterzed by
general dryness except during brief span of summer monsoon. Normal
rainfall varies from 400-700 mm. Being agriculturally developed, it is the
best producer of wheat, rice and sugarcane and the agriculture more or
less depends on irrigation covering 80 to 90 per cent of irrigated area for
cereal crops and only 10 percent for fodder crops.
Discussion:
The invension of agriculture is one of the great revolution of
human history and agriculture even today is a viable source of livelihood
but low production and productivity variations are the result of inferiority
of climate. Agriculture is highly sensitive to climate variability, weather
extremes, available resources, socio-economic pressures and philosophy
and culture of farmers. The most agronomists believe that agricultural
production will be affected by the severity and pace of climate and
physical environmental change. The man has changed atmospheric
characteristics such as increased temperature, decreasing water quality
and quantity, levels of carbon dioxide and ground level ozone could harm
agriculture. The continuous accumulation of heat trapping and
greenhouse in the temperature is eventually leading the change in the
agriculture environment. An increase in atmospheric concentrations of
greenhouse gases equivalent to a doubling of carbon dioxide will force a
rise in average surface temperatures of 1.0 to 3.5 degree celcius by 2100.
Average precipitation may also rise as much as 10 to 15 percent because
the warmer atmosphere holds more water. The agriculture in potential
environmental change conditions may be inextricable in comperision to
agriculture of normal climatic agriculture because of its entwinedness to
climate.
The warmer conditions are likely to speed the natural
- Dr. Ajai Chhaukar
GEOGRAPHY
66

67

range of problems to increase yields linked to climate change but no crop

has actually been engineered for yield increase. These crops are only to
some temporary reduction of losses. The crops have led to problem of
serious herbicides resistance among weeds requiring additional
herbicides applications with negative impacts on environment and
climate. The application of genetically modified micro-organisms and
enzymes to reduce the required energy and greenhouse gas emissions has
intended to sequest carbon in soils. The soil carbon sequestration has the
potential to offset some 5-15 percently uses in crop land and relies on
chemical fertilizers that are responsible for most anthropogenic nitrous
oxide emissions. The scientists unanimously agree that warming is
largely due to emission of carbon dioxide and other gases responsible for
greenhouse effect. The concentration of CO2, CH4, and N2O has increased
by 34%, 153% and 17% respectively as compared to pre-industrial level.
The agriculture is ranked third after energy consumption and
chlorofluorocarbon production as a contributer to the enhanced
greenhouse effect. During Earth summit (1992) at Rio-De Janerio has
agreed to reduce GHG to 1990 level to avoide dangerous consequences of
climate change and signed their commitments in Framework Convention
on Climate Change.
The excessive use of irrigation waters, highbride varieties of
seets, fertilizers, pesticides, herbicides and insecticides is the most
troubling and complex environmental problem which is expected to have
considerable impacts on natural resources thereby affecting the future
agricultural production and productivity. The agriculture has had
destructive impacts on climate, ecosystems, soils, waters and
biodiversity resource. Intensive industrial monoculture production is
proposed as a means to produce agrofules and biochar on a massive scale
in which a larger percentage of fuels and industrial materials are produced
from biomass instead of fossil fuels. The growth rate of yields of major
cereals (wheate, rice and maize) has been stagnated or slowed sharply
since 1980. The growth rate of yield of wheat has declined from 5.8
percent in 1960 to 2.2 percent in 2005. Similarly, the growth rate of yield
in rice and maize have declined approximately thrice since 1960. If the
climate change continues unabated, the increasing extremes could lead to
the collapse of agriculture systems.
Strategies to Save Environment :
The reducing of emissions, producing normal conditioins of
climate and adequate increase in agricultural production doubtlessly is
complicated by accompanying changes in agriculture inputs and climate
but it imposes a responsibility upon agricultural researchers to devise
ways to continue improving yields while holding down emissions. The
challenges of agriculture need to be paid attention to improve farm
- Dr. Ajai Chhaukar
68
decomposition of organic matter and to increase the rate of other soil

processes that affect soil fertility. The continuous cropping on land
accompanies steep declines in soil nitrogen, phosphorus, potessium and
sulfer which effect soil fertility and creates the need for substantial
applications of chemical fertilizers. Additional application of fertilizers
to take advantage of the potential to enhance crop growth that can result
from increased atmospheric carbon dioxide and may impactwater and air
quality. The application of synthetic fertilizers in agriculture is identified
major contributer to N20 emissions which is around 300 times more
powerful than green house gas as carbon dioxide. The continuous
cyclining of artificial plant nutrients like carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus,
potassium and sulfur in the soil plant atmosphere, the system is also likely
to accelerate in warmer conditions enhancing CO2 and N2O greenhouse
gas emissions. The nitrogen is made available to plants in a biologically
usable form through the action of bacteria in the soil. This process of
nitrogen fixation, associated with greater root development, is also
predicted to increase in warmer conditions and with higher CO2 if soil
moisture is not limiting.
The role of climate as a determinant of agriculture has long been
recognized. The environmental factors act either synergistically or
antagonistically with factors in determining yields. The role of
agriculture has the reciprocal effect and works as a potential contributor
to climate change. Clearing of forests for fields, buring crop residues,
submerging land in rice and release of other ruminants all release
greenhouse gases to the atmosphere. The main gases emitted are CO2,
CH4 and N2O. Conditions are more favourable for the proliferation of
insects and pests if the climatic conditions takes change from severe cold
to warmer. The longer growing seasons will enable insects to complete a
greater number of reproductive cycles during to complete a greater
number of reproductive cycles during warm conditions and thus causing
greater infestation in the crop season. The wind patterns may also change
the spread of wind borne pests and of the bacteria and fungi that are the
agents of crop discase. The climate change also disrupts and alters pests
and disease patterns posing risks to agriculture.
The no-till agriculture practice causes water logging and
reduction in fertility because nutrients at deeper soil levels are not
brought up without tillage to a level where the crop roots can reach them.
Compacted soils also contributes to higher N2O emission because denitrification is more intense in water filled pore spaces. No till
agriculture also contaminates the soil and water and also damages biodiversity in aquatic system. The contaminated soil and polluted waters
may well lead to less resilience in the face of climate change. The
genetically modified corps are being advocated as solutions to a wide

69

3. No-till agriculture reveals negative impacts on the environment and

climate, therefore, no-tilling or conservation agriculture is not
appropriate, so, the proper tillage up to necessary depth must be the
base of agriculture.
4. The application of charcoal to soils would create a reliable and
virtually permanent carbon sink to mitigate climate change and make
soils more fertile. Recent researches show that adding charcoal in to
soils could even increase soil organic carbon losses, resulting in CO2
emissions.
5. About 17 percent of carbon dioxide emission comes due to
deforestation and subsequent release of carbon. The climate
negotiations calls for conservation, sustainable management of
forests and enhancement of forest carbon stockes. The farmers may
approach the positive incentives on inssues relating to reduce
emissions from deforestation and forest degradation and many of the
risks associated with agri-climate pollution can be diminished by
avoiding present technology and accepting early or delaying practice
of the cropping.
6. The biodiverse ecological agriculture and agro-forestry can increase
food production and can reduce the foot print of climate change
effects and also can restore and maintain the ecosystem and can
reduce the undoing of the harm of industrial agriculture.
7. A powerful tool can be developed by empowering farmers to
innovatively manage soils, water resources, biological resources,
pests, disease vectors, genetic diversity and conserve and control
natural erosion and disasters with the help of ecofriendly pricise or
organic agriculture. The solution of environmental pollution is
technical and requires structural change. The farmers need to shift
from technology to available past knowledge, experience and
resource fullness of sustainable climate friendly farming system.
References :
1.
2.
3.
4.
Airaksinen, S., Heiskanen, M.L., Heinonen-Tanski, H., 2007.

Contamination of surface run-off water and soil in two hourse
paddocks. Bioresour. Technol. 98, 1762-1766.
Allen, A.G., Jarvis, S.C., Headon, D.M., 1996. Nitrous oxide
emission from soils due to inputs of nitrogen from excreta return by
livestock on grazed grassland in the UK. Soil Biol Biochem. 28, 297607.
Borggaard, O.K., Jorgensen, S.S., Moberg, J.P., Lange, B.R., 1990.
Influence of organic matter on phosphare adsorption by aluminium
and iron oxides in sandy soils. J. Soil Sci. 41, 443-449.
Borling, K., 2003. Phosphorus sorption, accumulation and teaching
effect of long-term inorganic fertilization of cultivated soils.
Doctoral thesis Agraria no. 428. Swedish University of Agricultural
- Dr. Ajai Chhaukar
70
production and productivity, better utilization of agricultural inputs,

adoption of advanced precise technology and relevant farm
mechanization, support of appropriate measures and planning for organic
agricultural and stepping up of investment with the emphasts on
environmental concerns. The agricultural recovery and progress is based
on integrated attention to the conservation of the ecological foundations
essential for sustainable agriculture. The harms of polluted physical
environment of agriculture are every time affects the climate either in the
form of impact of climate change or by adopting to the consequences of
climate change or while mitigating the effects of climate change.
Therefore, it is not only the need but a compulsion to search the way of no
harm agriculture. The strategies can be formulated in short and long
phases.
1. Organic and precise agriculture has considerable potential for
reducing emissions of greenhouse gases because of requirement of
less fossil fuel due to avoidance of synthetic fertilizers. The precise
and organic farming utilizes the whole gamute of geospatial
techonologies and infromations to determine field variability for
ensuring optimal use of inputs and maximising out-puts of farms. The
organic agriculture also improves the soil fertility and nitrogen
supply by using manures, leguminous crops, crop residues and cover
crops. The enhanced soil fertility leads to a stablization of soil organic
matter and in many cases to a sequestration of carbon dioxide in to the
soils which in turn increases the soils water retention capacity. The
organic agriculture is a better adaptation in unpredictable climate
conditions with higher temperatures and uncertain precipitations.
The organic production methods emphasizing soil carbon retention
are most likely to withstand climatic challenges. The loss of CO2 from
soils through erosion may effectively be reduced by the practices of
organic agriculture. The organic agriculture can contribute to develop
agro-forestry production system. The use of organic systems is highly
adaptive to climate change because of the application of local skills,
soil fertility building, standardised traditional techniques, high
degree of diversity and traditional knowledge of farmers. The
transformation of knowledge and mode of ancient techniques are the
base of further development of agriculture which may also be passed
to the next generation and the present problem of production
variations may be stopped and will go for determinism of
development with an aim of providing uniform growth without
degrading environment.
2. Soil carbon emissions are supposed to be reduced by no use or
reducing use of chemical fertilizers, pesticides, insecticides,
herbicides and to control over irrigation.

71
& eueksgu tSu

5.
6.
7.
8.
Sciences, Uppsala ISSN 1401-6249 ISBN 91-576-6466-6468.

Hira, G.S. and K.L. Khaira, (2000) Water resource management in
Punjab under rice-wheat production system, Research Bulletin,
Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, India.
Hart, Quin, B.F., Nguyen, M.L., 2004. Phosphorus runoff from
agricultural land and direct fertilizer effects: a review. J. Environ.
Qual. 33, 1954-1972.
Kang. J., Hesterberg, D., Osmond, D.L., 2009. Soil organic matter
effects on phosphorus sorption: a path analysis. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J.
73, 360-366.
Sidhu, R.S. and S.S. Johl, (2002) Three decades of intensive
agriculture in Punjab: Socio-economics and environmental
consequences, In: Future of Agriculture in Punjab, Eds: S.S. Johl and
S.K. Ray, Chandigarh: Centre for Research in Rural and Industrial
Development.
Associate Professor & Head,

Department of Geography,
N.R.E.C. College, Khurja
72
mn~ns; % vkpk;Z rkj.k rj.k }kjk ftu 572 kwU; dh flf) dh xbZ Fkh ] mldk
1
2
3
mYys[k ^Hk; fkifud eey ikgqM* ]^Nn~eLFk ok.kh* vkSj fBdkuk lkj* xzaFkksa esa
4
feyrk gSA ogha ^ lqau lqHkko* xzaFk esa kwU; LoHkko dh vo/kkj.kk vkSj flf) ds
mik;ksa dk o.kZu gSAkwU; vk/kkfjr flf) dh vo/kkj.kk kks/kkfFkZ;ksa ds fy, kks/k dk
fok; cus ,oa mi;ksafxrk dk ykHk tu&tu rd igqps] ;gh bl] ys[k dk mn~ns;
gSA
orZeku izpfyr fgUnh esa ^lqau lqHkko* dk vFkZ ^kwU; LoHkko* gSA Hkkkk essa
iz;ksDrk euq; vkSj mlls cus lekt esa gksrs ifjorZu ds lkFk gh vU; izHkkoh
dkj.kksa ls Hkh] iz;qDr Hkkkk esa ifjorZu gksrk gSaA bUghsa dkj.kksa ls vkfn Hkkkk ds :i
esa ekU; laLd`r vkSj izkd`r dh O;kdj.kh; fDyVrk ds pyrs tuHkkkk gsrq feJ ;k
xkFkk laLd`r dk tUe gqvk] ogha fodze dh igyh krh ls laLd`r vkSj izkd`r dh
rjg gh O;kdj.k ds ladh.kZ lhek esa ca/krs gh viHkzak dk u;k Lo:i X;kjgoha krh
rd vkrs & vkrs vog gks x;k tks vUrr% Hkkkk foKkfu;ksa dh n`fV ls izkjfEHkd
fgUnh dh vk|fLFkfr dk ladsr Fkk 5A Hkkkk :i dh fujarj ifjoZru khyrk ls
mith fgUnh vc nskh vkSj {ks=h; Hkkkkvksa ds lkFk gh vkdzkUrkvkssa dh vjch vkSj
Qkjlh ls Hkh eqDr ugha Fkh A bl Hkkkkf; ladze.k dky esa jfpr pancjnkbZ]
ukFkfl)ksa vkSj jkekuan ] ehjk] dchj vkfn ds lkFk gh vkpk;Z rkj.k rj.k fojfpr
xzaFkksa dh Hkkkk dk izu Hkh iwjh rjg ugha lqy>k;k tk ldk gSA fQj Hkh ekSfyd]
vykSfdd^lqau lqHkko *tSlh vo/kkj.kk dks vkRe&dY;k.k dh n`fV ls le>uk ]
vkRelkr~ djuk le; dh vko;drk gSA iqu%] kwU; ds vfodkjd ds :i esa
izfrfBr HkkjrokZ ds lkFk gh ] Hkkkkf; tfVyrk ls ;qDr ^lqau lqHkko* dh
vo/kkj.kk ftukxe dks Hkh izfrBk dh ubZ pkb;ksa rd igqpk,xh A kks/kkfFkZ;ksa
,oa ftKklkvksa ls lg;ksx dh vis{kk gSA
kwU; vkSj mlds Hksn% fdlh Nk= dks izkIrkad kwU; ;k thjks zerofeys rks
mlds nq%[k ls Nk=] mlds ifjokj lfgr l[kk&fe= Hkh nq%[kh gksrs gSa vkSj vxj
lsysjh ds psd esa ,d thjks vkSj tqM+s tk, rks iRuh ]ekrk&firk lfgr ?kj&ifjokj
dh [kqkh dk fBdkuk ugh jgrk A kwU; ds ,ls gh /kukRed] _.kkRed izHkko okys
dqN egRoiw.kZ Hksn uhps nkkZ,s tk jgs gSa %
Hkkjr dk kwU; thjks% iwjh nqfu;ksa dks igyk ifjp; Hkkjr us djk;kA blds
fcuk vk/kqfud le; dh gj rjg dh x.kuk csdkj gS A pkn vkSj /kjrh ds chp dh
nwjh dk irk yxkuk gks ;k fdlh cM+s xf.kfr; lehdj.k dks gy djuk gks] kwU; ds
fcuk foKku dh gj izxfr v/kwjh gSA ekuk tkrk gS fd vk;Z HkV~V us kwU; dk
vfodkj fd;k FkkA yxHkx 650 bZLoh esa czxqIr us igyh ckj kwU; dk iz;ksx
fd;kA blds ckn vjc xf.krKksa us kwU; dks le>k A blds ckn og bVyh rd
igqp x;k A 1600 bZLoh rd kwU; ;wjksi esa igqp pqdk Fkk A Lokeh foosdkuan }kjk
vesfjdk esa nh xbZ kwU; dh izHkkoh O;k[;k] okkZs chrus ds ckn vkt Hkh izHkkoh gS6 A
thjks le xse% ;g fLFkfr;ksa dk ,d xf.krh; fjiztsaVsku gS A blds iz;ksx xse
F;ksjh vkSj bdksuksfed F;ksjh esa gksrs gSaA
thjks xzsfoVh% thjks xzsfoVh esa Hkkj ghurk dh fLFkfr jgrh gS A ijarq bZ- lu~ 1915
PHILOSOPHY
lqau lqHkko

73
lqau lqHkko
esa loZizFke vkbULVhu us Lohdkj fd;k fd vkdkk varfj{k ,d vlhe

xq:RokdkZ.k dk {ks= gSA tc Hkkjghu ijek.kq ikfVZdy vkdkk iznsk esa izosk
djrk gS rks ml ikfVZdy esa vkdkk iznskksa dh xq:RokdkZ.k kfDr ds dkj.k Hkkj
Mass dk vuqHko gksrk gSA Hkkj iznku djus dk fl)kar ;qfuQkbM QhYM F;ksjh
Unified field Theory ,oa F;ksjh vakQ ,ofjfFkax Theory of everything
ds vuq:i gSaA
xzkaM thjks % vesfjdk ij 11flrEcj 2001 dks gq, vkradoknh geys ds ckn
xzkmaM thjks ml {ks= dks dgk tkrk gS tgkW ij oMZ VsM lsaVj [kM+k Fkk A
lc thjks % ;g ,d ohfM;ksxse dsjsDVj gS A
thjks eksVjlkbfdy % ;g vesfjdk dh ,d daiuh gS tks bysfDVd eksVj
lkbZfdy cukrh gSA
thjks vkWoj % ;g ,d lalnh; kCn gSA ;g izk;% izudky ds ckn kq: gksrk gSA
bl vof/k esa lakln vlwphc) ekeys mBk ldrs gSa
izkstsDV thjks% nkkZfud uhylu xqMesu }kjk LFkkfir izkstsDV thjks dk eq[;
Qksdl fk{kk ij Fkk A
lkbt thjks % ;g vk/kqfud QSku dh nsu gSA
,ClY;wV thjks% HkkSfrdh esa bls ije kwU; dgk x;k gSA ;g U;wUre laHko rkieku
gS vkSj dsfYou Ldsy ij ekik tkrk gSA
lqau lqHkko% vFkkZr~ kq) Lo:iA oLrq ds laca/k esa kq) Lo:i oLrq ds ewy xq.k]
fodkj jfgr Lo:i ls gSA ,d edku gSA ijarq mlesa eky vlckl] dwM+k&dpjk]
lHkh Hkjk gSA ;g lc mi;ksxh gS ;k vuqi;ksxh] izu ;g ugha gS] izu gS fd D;k
edku vius kq) Lo:i esa gS\mijksDr fLFkfr esa edku] edku ugh LVksj gks
ldrk gS] vtk;c?kj gks ldrk gS] vkfQl gks ldrk gS ;k mi;ksx ds vuqlkj
dqN Hkh gks ldrk gS ] ijarq edku ugha gks ldrk A edku] edku rHkh gS tc
edku ds flok; mlesa nwljk dqN ugha gks ldrkA ;g edku dk kq) Lo:i gSA
bl fLFkfr esa edku ^dsoy* edku gSA vius vki esa edku gS A edku dh ek=k
,d lRrk gS A
vkRek vkSj v/;kRe ds fy;s bl ,d lRrk dk cgqr egRo gS A
v/;kReokfn;ksa dk vafre y{;]ftlesa vkRek vius kq)&Lo:i esa vk
tkrh gSA bl fLFkfr esa kq) LoHkko esa vc dksbZ ijHkko ugh jgkA ;gh rks ftuJsf.k
dk Lo:i gSA
mo mou mRiau ftuJsf.k] rkj.k rj.k mou deyAA2AA7
lw=kFkZ %fodflr gksrs dey ds leku gh ] rkjus okys vkSj rjus okys vFkkZr~ vkRek
ds dze lsmn; gksrs kq) LoHkko ls ftu Jsf.k mRiUu gksrh gSAA 2AA
bl lw= esa deyor~ ftuJsf.k ds mn~; dk o.kZu gSA ;g ftuJsf.k dk
dze lE;d~ ifj.kkeksa ds vuqlkj pkSFks xq.kLFkku ls pkSngosa xq.kLFkku i;Zar] X;kjg
xqq.kLFkkuksa esa gksrk gSA ifj.kkeksa dh fokqf) ftl dze esa o`f)xr gksrh gS ] mlh dze
ls xq.kLFkku Hkh cgrs tkrs gSaA blh flf) foksk dks Lo;a ds LoHkko esa vorfjr
djus gsrq fd;s x,] vuqHkwr iz;klksas dks] eks{k ekxZ dh jkg loZtu ds fy;s lqyHk
djkus gsrq ^dsoy er* ds xzaFk ^lqau lqHkko* esa latks;k x;k gSA ^;s dsoy er ds
xzaFk dsoy ;kus vdsys ds gSa ]blfy, dsoyer gS8A ;g dsoy] ;g vdsyk Lo ls
tqM+k gS] mldh vuqHkwfr ls tqM+k gSA dksbZ vkpk;Z@eqfu tks pkSFks xq.kLFkku esa
vfojr lE;DRo esa gksrk gS ] blls ;fn iwNk tk;s fd vki D;k] dSlk vuqHko djrs
gSa] D;k fey x;k gS] D;k fey jgk gS] igys esa vkSj vc esa D;k varj gS \D;k tokc
nsxk og vkidks\ftl vikj vkuan dh vuqHkwfr mldks gS og o.kZukrhr gSA mldks
O;ogkj dh kCnkoyh ls iw.kZr% crk;k gh ugha tk ldrk A vius vuqHko dks ;fn
O;ogkj ds kCnksa esa crkuk Hkh pkgs rks og Hkh lw= :i esa gksxk A vufxur
vfLr&ukfLr ds iz;ksxksa }kjk A ^lqau lHkko* xzaFk Hkh lw= :i gSA vr% lw+=ksa ds
jgL; dks le>dj] loZizFke vke turk ds bl Hkze dks nwj djuk gksxk fd fdlh
oLrq dk vHkko kwU; gSA okLro esa ,d oLrq esa nwljh oLrq dk vHkko gksuk kwU; gSA
kwU; dh ifjHkkkk gS ^lRrk ,d laqUu&fcanq*9 vFkkZr~ ,d gh lRrk dks
kwU; dgrs gSaA oLrq vdsyh gks vkSj vius kq) Lo:i esa gks] rc ml le; dh
vuqHkwfr ;k Hkko ;k fLFkfr kwU; gSA ck vis{kkd`r kwU; vkSj vuar xq.kksa ds lkFk
jguk vkwU; gSA ;gkW ij ls i`Fkd dks kwU; dgk A vis{kk ds lkFk ;gk L;k}kn dh
n`fV gSA vis{kk ls dguk funksZk dFku gSaA
tho ,d gS ] vdsyk gS ] ;gh rks ,dRo & foHkDr Hkko gSA bldk Kku
gksus ij tho fQj vius dks ij ds lkFk ugha j[kuk pkgrk vkSj var esa lalkj ls
eqqDr gksus ij eks{k esa vuardky i;Zar vdsyk jgus ds fy;s gh rks vV deksZa ls
eqDr gqvk gSA bl rjg tho Hkh vdsyk gS vkSj kwU; Hkh vdsyk gSA ;gh rks flf)
foksk gS A
10
flf) folsk lqau lqHkko AA2AA
lw=kFkZ% foksk flf) lE;DRoksn;ls LokHkko essa kwU;rk vkrh gSa AA2AA
bl lw= esa foksk flf) ds }kjk vkRek dks vius kq) ] fufoZdkjh Lo:i
esa vorfjr djus dk ekxZ fufnZV fd;k x;k gSA fufoZdkjh kq) Lo:i vFkkZr~
tgk ek= ,d oLrq dh lRrk gks] oLrq ds lkFk vU; dqN Hkh u gks] rks og oLrq
vius vki rd esa lhfer gS ] vr% ckg;% vis{kkd`r kwU; gSA ;gh kwU; LoHkko
vkReksiyfC/k ;k eks{k izkfIr gsrq fLFkfr foksk gS tks lE;DRoksn; ls izkIr gksrh gS A
bl izdkj lE;DRo dh foksk flf) izkIr djds] pkSng izdkj izdkk :i
ekxZ.kkvksa ls vkRe lRrk dk Kku izkIr djds] lE;d~ J)ku dks ;Fkkor~ tkudj
] pkSng xq.kLFkkuksa ij vkjksg.kkFkZ la;e :i pkfj= ls lkr ljksojksa dks voxkgu
djrs gq, ] vafre ljksoj ;Fkk[;kr~ la;e dh izkfIr ds ckn] uo dsoy yfC/k iw.kZ
djds] rhu yksd ds Kkrk }kjk cuus dh fdz;k dks uhps fy[ks lw= eas fufnZV fd;k
gS A ;Fkk %
11
nhfIr pkSng fnfV pkSng lj lkr mRiau uo mRiau f=yksd AA3AA
12
fBdkuklkj xzaFk esa pkSng nhfIr ds fuEufyf[kr Hksn feyrs gS %
1- xxu xafe vxafe nhfIr
2- lq;a |qzo nhfIr
3- fgrdkj jeu nhfIr
4- dzkafr jeu nhfIr
5- flr lkafr nhfIr
6- flr mRiau lkafr nhfIr
&eueksgu tSu
74
lqau lqHkko
75
lqau lqHkko
7- U;kukS nhfIr
8- U;kukS vdZ lqHkko nhfIr
9- lq;a jeu lqHkko nhfIr
10- :fp fiz;s dzkafr nhfIr
11- dey mRiau dzkafr nhfIr
12- jeu dey rRdky nhfIr
13- jeu dey jeu fn< nhfIr
14- lgdkj jeu lg;ksifur nhfIr
nhfIr vFkkZr~ izdkkA mUufr ds fk[kj ij p<+us ds fy;s] iFk iznkZu gsrq
ftl izdkk dh vko;drk iM+rh gS] euq; xfr esa og pkSng ekxZ.kkvksa ls izkIr
gksrh gS ekxZ.kk vFkkZr~ ftlds }kjk vusd voLFkkvksa esa fLFkr tho dk Kku gks A
13
xbZ bafnz;s lq dk;s tksxs osns dlk; j.kjks;A
late nl.k ysLlk Hkfo;k lEeRr lf..k vkgkjsAA 4AA xks- th- dka AA
xfr
]bafnz;]dk;];ksx]osn]dkk;] Kku] la;e]nkZu] ys;k] HkO;Ro ] lE;DRo] laKk
vkgkj ds Hks n ls pkS n g iz d kj ekxZ . kk dgh xbZ gS a A
fBdkuklkj14 xzaFk esa fnfV ds tks pkSng Hksn feyrs gSa] os fuEukuqlkj gSa%
1- fnfV
2- bfV
3- fjfV
4- jfV
5- flfV
6- lfV
7- mRiau bfV
8- lgdkj bfV
9- vkSdkl bfV 10- leS bfV
11- vUeksn bfV 12- fkid bfV
13- eqfDr bfV 14- lqfk bfV
pkSng nhfIr vkSj pkSng fnfV ds lQy flf) ds dze esa] pkj xfr]
pkSjklh yk[k ;ksfu;ksa esa HkVdrs gq,] euq; ;ksfu esas igqph lalkjh vkRek dh lkr
ljksoj ij djus dk dze fufnZV gS A budk fooj.k lkalkfjd ikSn~xfyd :i esa
Hkh feyrk gS vkSj vk/;kfRed :i esa Hkh ! vr% ^lj* ls lEcaf/kr lHkh fooj.k
izLrqr gSa%&
15
lj
1- lCn lj
2- bV mRiau
3- vlCn lj
4- bV mRiau
5- xqfgt lj
6- xqfir lj
7- dey lj
16
lj
1- i|
2- egki|
3- frfxaN
4- dskjh
5- iq.Mjhd
6- egkiq.Mjhd
uksV %& izFke lkr lj dk o.kZu ^fBdkuk lkj* xzaFk esa feyrk gS] ogha cz- t;lkxj
th egkjkt us ^lqau lqHkko* xzaFk dh Vhdk esa] fBdkuklkj xzaFk esa of.kZr lkr lj
ds vfrfjDr Ng lj ds Hkh uke fn, gSaA
lj17
vk/;kfRed n`fV ls la;e :ih lkr lj Hkh ekus x, gaS] tks fok;kuqdwy
Hkh gSa A fooj.k uhps fn;k tk jgk gS A
1- izFke lj
&
vla;e
2- f}rh; lj
&
la;ekla;e
3- r`rh; lj
&
lkekf;d
4- prqFkZ lj
&
NsnksiLFkkiuk
5- iape lj
&
ifjgkj fokqf)
6- kBe~ lj
&
lw{e lkaijk; la;e
7- lIre~ lj
&
;Fkk[;kr la;e
bl rjg pkSng nhfIr ] pkSng fnfV ds dze esa lkr ljksa dk voxkgu
dj {kkf;d lE;DRo dk mn; djds] dsoy Kku izkIr vkRek cuus dk ekxZ izkLr
gksrk gSA dsoyKku rsjgoha xq.kLFkku orhZ dsoyh ds gksrk gSA blh rsjgoha
xq.kLFkku ds lkFk uo yfC/k;ka18 Hkh gksrh gSaA ;Fkk%
1- U;ku
2- nlZu
3- nku
4- dke
5- Hkksx
6-mi;ksx
7- lafHkDr
8- pkfj=
9- oh;Z
19
mijksDr uo yfC/k;k loZekU; gSaA fBdkuklkj xzaFk] cklksnk] ftyk
fofnkk e-iz-ls izkIr gLrfyf[kr izfrfyfi ds lkFk gh ,d vU; fBdkuklkj
20
xzaFk dh gLrfyf[kr izfrfyfi fooj.k vLiV esa feyrk gSA ijarq fBdkuklkj
xzaFk dh laor~ 1889 dh gLrfyf[kr izfrfyfi esa mijksDr yfC/k;ksa dks miyfC/k
ekudj] ftu uo yfC/k;ksa 21dk fooj.k fn;k x;k gS] og izLrqr gS%
1- xfr
2- ks=q
3- dky
4- ysaxq
5 - frFkq
6- pkfj=q
7- izfrbanzq
8- Hk;
9- Hkkm
;s uo yfC/k;k U;wukf/kd :i esa lHkh lalkjh vkRekvksa ds gksrh gSa] pkgs os
fdlh Hkh xq.kLFkku esa gkas] ijarq {kkf;d lE;DRo ds lkFk tc uoyfC/k;ksa dh
miyfC/k] tc rsjgosa xq.kLFkku orhZ l;ksx dsoyh dks gkssrh gSa rc bu miyfC/k;ksa
dk Lo:i mUgha dh lRrk:i gksrk gS ftls kwU; dgk tkrk gS A rnuqlkj
22
uoyfC/k;ksa dk Lo:i fuEukuqlkj gksrk gS%
1- U;ku
&
vkRe cks/k
2- nlZu
&
vkRefookl
3- nku
&
vkRek }kjk vkRek dks vkRehd vkuan dk nku
4- ykHk
&
vkRek }kjk vkRek dks vkRehd vkuan dk ykHk
5- Hkksx
&
vkRek }kjk vkRehd vkuan dk Hkksx
6- miHkksx
&
vkRek }kjk vkRehd vkuan dk miHkksx
7- lafeDr
&
vkRek dk ewy LoHkko
8- pkfj=
&
varjax vkRe ifj.kfr
9- oh;Z
&
vkRek }kjk vkRehd cy dh tkx`fe djuk
lw= esa ^mRiau uo* ds vFkZ esa ûo yfC/k;ksa* dk fooj.k fn;k x;k gS ]
ijarq izdkjkarj ls mRiau uo*23 esa fuEukuqlkj dk Hkh lekosk ekuk x;k gS%
mRiau uo % vFkZ &3]
dey & 6] fnkk&10 ] mRiau & 5] lj& 7
jeu&3 izdkjkarj ls 5] prqV; & 4] ijesBh & 5] vax & 8
vFkZ & 3 %
mRiau vFkZ
&
vklk foyh
& U;ku mRiau
vLusg foyh
& nkZu mRiau
xkjo foy
& nku mRiau
fgrdkj vFkZ
&
vkyl foyh
& ykHk mRiau
&eueksgu tSu
76
lqau lqHkko
77
lqau lqHkko
lqau lqHkko
dey&6
fnkk&10
mRiau&524
78
lj &7
jeu&3
25
izdkjkarj ls
jeu&5
& HkSfkidjeu] vfe; jeu] oSfnfIrjeu] ftujeu] ftuukFk
jeu
prqV;&4
& vuar nlZu] vuar U;ku ] vuar lq[k ] vuar cy
ijeskBh &5
& vgZar] fl)] vkpk;Z] mik/;k; ] lk/kq
nhfIr pkSng] fnfV pkSng ] lj lkr ds kwU; LoHkko dks izkIr djds ]
uoyfC/k;ksa ds mRiau gksrs gh f=yksd mRiau gks tkrk gS] vFkZkr~ rhu yksd dk
Lokeh cu tkrk gSA ;gh kwU; LoHkko dh efgek gSA bl ,dRo Hkko dks ;fn
vadxf.krh; ^,d* dk vaad fn;k tk;s] rc bl ,d ]ds lkFk ] vius&vius
kq)Lo:i dh lRrk okyh lSarkyhl oLrq,sa tqM+rh gaS] rc gj ,d oLrq ds kwU;
:i ls ] izkjfEHkd ,d dk eku nl xquk c<+rk tkrk gSA egRo Hkh c<+rk tkrk gSA
bl rjg kwU; vius vki esa kwU; vo; gS] ijarq vkRek dks fufoZdkjh cukdj] ml
izkjfEHkd ,d ij ,d kwU; j[kus ij vkRek dh efgek nl xquk c<+ tk;sxhA nwljh
ckj kwU; j[kus ij lkSxquk egRo c<+ tk;sxkA lqau lqHkko xzUFk ds lw= 3] i`B 4 esa
pkSng nhfIr] pkSng fnfV] lkr lj] mRiau uo vkSj rhu f=yksd :i kwU; LoHkko
dks ,d vkRek ls tksM+dj mldk eku uhps fn, x, lw= essa crk;k gS %
00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 lSrky
26
laquAA4AA
mijksDr foysk.k ds vk/kkj ij ^lw= 4* dk vadxf.krh; egRo
vuarkuar gks tkrk gSAblh vuar kwU; /;ku dh flf) ls fl)ksa us vuar xq.kksa dks
ik fy;kA fdruk iq:kkFkZ fd;k gksxk \
okLro esa Lo;a dh vkRek dks efgeke;h Lo:i esa ykus ds fy;s tks dqN
djuk gS]ogh kwU; LoHkko gSA feF;kRo vkSj dkk; ls vkosfVr vkRek dks vius
fufoZdjh]kq) Lo:i esa vkus nks A vkRek dk Lo:i ftruk&ftruk fufoZdkjh
gksrk tk,xk] bldh efgek mruh gh c<+rh tk,xh A
kwU; je.k dh Hkkouk esa ;gh >ydrk gS fd vkRek fut LoHkko ls loZ
izdkj deZ ds ca/kksa ls o deksZ ds Qyksa ls jfgr fcydqy kq) gSAvkRek okLro esa
27
vuqHkoxE; gS]fufoZdYi gS]vFkkZr~ loZ fodYiksa ls kwU; gSAlelkj dyk esa dgk
gS&
; ,o eqDRok u;i{kikra Lo:ixqIr fuolfUr fuR;a A
fodYitky P;qr kkUrfpRrkLr ,o lk{kkne`ra ficfUr AA 24&3AA
vkdzkeUufodYiHkkoepya i{kSuZ;kuka fouk ]
lkjks ;% le;L; Hkkfr fue`rSjkLok|eku% Lo;e~ A
foKkuSdjl% l ,.k Hkxrku~ iq.;% iqjk.k% iqeku~]
Kkua nkZueI;;a fdeFkok ;fRdapuSdksI; ;e~ AA48&3AA
HkkokFkZ%28 tks dksbZ fup; O;ogkj ds i{kikr dks NksM+dj vius Lo:i
esa xqIr gks tkrs gSa] os fuR; gh fodYiksa ls kwU; gks o kkarfpr gks] lk{kkr~ vkuanke`r
dk iku djrs gSaA lc u;ksa ds i{k dks NksM+dj tks ,d fufoZdYi kwU; Hkko dk
vkJ; ysrs gSa ] muds Hkhrj le;lkj ;k kq)kRek ,slk >ydrk gS fd ;g Lo;a
Kkfu;ksa ds }kjk vuqHkoxkspj gSA ogh Kkue;h ,d LoHkko dk /kkjh gS] ogh Hkxoku
gS] ogh ifo= gS ] ogh lukru vkRek gSA mldk Kku dgks ;k nkZu dgks] tks dqN
dgks] og ,d :i gks vuqHkoxE; gSA
bl izdkj ;g kadkjfgr ekxZ gS fd lSrkyhl kwU; ds /;ku }kjk vkRek
29
dh flf) gksrh gS A lSrkyhl kwU; dk mYys[k ^ Hk; fkifud eey ikgqM xzaFk
dh Qwyuk dzekad & 152 ] ^lqau jeu pkSrhlh xkFkk* esa bl izdkj feyrk gS %
lSrky lqau mo mou lks gksbZ] lksbZ dksfM mou ftu dksfM jesbZAA14AA
okLro esa ^lSrky lqau** vuar kwU;ksa ds tud ;k vk/kkj gSA buds uke Hkh
jgs gksaxs ijarq izkphure lkfgR; vkt Hkh yqIr izk;% gSA fQj] vkReflaf) gsrq] kwU;
dh vo/kkj.kk u;k fok; gks ldrk gS A tcfd iaFk ls ijs ];g lPpkbZ gS fd
vkpk;Z rkj.k rj.k us 572 kwU;kssa dks fl) fd;k Fkk A bldk mYys[k^Hk; fkifud
eey ikgqM*xzaFk dh Qwyuk dzekad152&^lqau jeu pkSrhlh xkFkk* esa bl izdkj
feyrk gS %
lS iap cgrj lqau lesbZ] lksb lqau dyu ftu ftuoj gksbZ AA35AA
&eueksgu tSu
lgdkj vFkZ
ijiap foyh
& Hkksx mRiau
foHkze foyh
& miHkksx mRiau
&
ykt foyh
& ohtZ mRiau
yksHk foyh
& lafeDr mRiau
Hk; foyh
& pkfj= mRiau
flj dey
ine dey
daB dey
fgrdkj dey
xfgj dey
xqfgj dey
iwoZ
&
mRiau flj
vkXus; &
lqdZ
nf{k.k &
fnfLV
uS+_R; &
dey
ifpe &
n;
ok;O; &
xqfir
mRrj &
xfgj
bZlku &
lkg
vk/kZ
&
in
/kZ
&
rkyq
1- bV vk;ju mRiau vk;ju
2- xqfgj
3- xqfir
4- bV tku mRiau tku
5- bV in mRiau in
& iwoZ esa mYysf[kr
& fgrdkj jeu] fg;;kj jeu] gqardkj jeu
79
lqau lqHkko
fBdkuklkj xzaFk eas ^lqau jeu pkSrhlh ds fBdkus* mikhkZd ls] kwU; dk
LFkwy Lo:i feyrk gS ]tks bl izdkj gS %
ewy lafeDr AA 8 AA
lqau ukeq nlZuq AA 0 AA
U;kuq AA -0 AA
pkfj= AA3AA
frV lqau AA4AA
bV lqau ijfefLV ikpAA5AA
kVq jeuq laqau AA 6 AA
lj lkr AA 7AA
nlZu ds vax vkB AA8AA
yof/k u AA 9 AA
lqau nl oSn lfo/kks /keZ AA10AA
lqau X;kjg vax AA0AA
ckjg i;ksx lqau ,sdq AA 0 AA
lqau rsjg fof/k pkfj= lqau ,sdq AA0AA
lqau pkSng iwoZ dks ,sdq AA0AA
lqau iUnzg frfFk dks ,sdq AA0AA
vadqj ycf/k lksygh dks lqau ,sdq AA0AA
okj lkr rrq dS fu:iSAArkds lkrb lqauAA23AA
vad lqau rsbl ftusbZ AA vad lqau rs bZl ftusbZ AA
fBdkuklkj dh ^^ fBdkus ** dh fu:i.k dh mijksDr fof/k tks kkskkfFkZ;ksa
ds fy, u;k fok; gks ldrk gS] ds vfrfjDr ^lqau jeu pkSrhlh ** Qwyuk rFkk
vU; Qwyukvksa dk kwU; dh n`fV ls ] voyksdu djus ij] ftu ^kwU;* dk
fnXnkZu gksrk gS] os fuEukuqlkj gSa%
1- foan lqau
2- mou laqu
3- jeu lqau
4- frB lqau
5- bV lqau
6- lgt lqau
7- nlZ lqau
8- yku lqau
9- vax lqau
10- i;ksx lqau
11- pju lqau
12- iwoZ lqau
13- vad lqau
14- lcn lqau
15- fg;Mksfj lqau
16- gqo lqau
17- j;u lqau
18- mRiau le; laqau
19- mRiau lqau
20- mo mou lqau
21- fg;;kj laqu
22- daB lqau
23- vo;kl mou lqau
24- izdV lqau
25- mRiau fg;kj lqau
26- mo rkyq lqau
27- mRiau lkg lqau
28- fnlkax lqau
29- ;oa lqau
30- iz;ksx lqau
31- mRiau jeu lqau
32- mou le; lqau
33- dey lqau
34- dksM lqau
35- fnfIr lqau
36- fnfV lqau
37- lqdksM lqaqu
38- gqardkj lqau
39- vk/kZ dksM lqau
40- lqnhfIr lqau
41- izdV dyu lqau
42- lqfnl laqu
43- vpkfj lqfu lqau
44- lokZFkZ lqau
45- mRiau dksM lqau
46- vo;kl lqau
47- mRiau gqo lqau
Hk; fkifud eey ikgqM xzaFk dh 152 ua- Qwyuk ^lqau jeu pkSrhlh dh
xkFkk dzekad 35 esa ftl* lS iap cgrj & 572 kwU; dk mYys[k gS] mldk vfr
laf{kIr fooj.k fBdkuk lkj xzaFk esa bl izdkj feyrk gS%
vdZ lqau AA24AA
fnfl vax lqau vBkjg AA 18AA
pkSchl vBkjg pkfj lkS crhl AA432AA i;ksx lqau ckjg AA12AA
vax lqau X;kjg AA11AA
ckjg X;kjg crhl lkS AA132AA
izosl vkB AA8AA

dqy ;ksx & 432
izosl uke
AAykSdzkrhd izosl AA1AA
AAfuoarjs izoslAA2AA
AAfxzod rhfu AA 3 AA 5AA AAiap iapksrjh izosl AA6AA
AAlokZFkZ flf) izoslAA9AA
AAeqfDr izosl AA8AA
izdkjkarj ls 572 kwU; ds Hksn
dksM lqau 48
&
fnl lqau 24
fnV lqau 2
4
lqdksM lqau 72 &
lcn lqau24
&
leS lqau 24
&
fg;Mksj lqau 24
mRiau dksfM lqau108
&
gqardkj lqau 24
pj.k lqau 24
vo;kl laqu 24
mRiau lqau 36
vk/kZ dksM lqau 342
&
lqfnfIr laaqu 24
mRiau leSlqau 24
mRiau fg;;kj lqqau 24
mRiau gqo lqau 24
modaB lqau 24
morkyq lqau 24
mRiau jeu lqau 24
mRiau lkg lqau 24
monlZ lqau 24
mopkju lqau 24
mo vo;kl lqau 24
mo mou vo;+kl lqau 24
izdV dyu lqau 28
dey lqau 24
bV mRiau lqau 2
;oa laqu2
dqy ;ksx & 572]
vHkh rd of.kZr kwU; ;k lkeqfgd kwU; ds ukeksa ds vfrfjDr
^Nn~eLFkok.kh* xzaFk esa kwU; ds 27 uke Hkh feyrs gSa] tks bl izdkj gSa %
1- lqYi lqau
2- lqYi bV lqau
3- mRiau lqYi lqau
4- egk mRiau mRiau lqau
5- lqYi lq;a lqYi lqau
6- lq;a lqYi mRiau lqau
7- lq;a lqYi vkyki lqau
8- lq;a lqYi vkjk/; lqau
&eueksgu tSu
80
lqau lqHkko
81
lqau lqHkko
9- lq;a lqYi vkyki lqau

11- lq;a lqYi vlglkg lqau
13- lq;a lqYi vxgxkg lqau
15- lqau lq;a lqYi v/kzqo foyh/kzqo mRiau lqau
17- lqY; lq;a foan vuar lqHkko
19- lq;a lqYi lqau lq;a lqYi fgrdkj
vuar lqHkko
21- lq;a mRiau lqYi lqau lq;a lqYi
eqfDrje.k lqau
23- vYi lqau vuarkuar izosl
10- lq;a lqYi lg lkg lqau

12- lq;a lqYi vFkg Fkkg lqau
14- lq;a lqYi vyg ykg lqau
16- lq;a lqau vdZ mRiau lqYi lqau
18- mRiau lqYi lq;a lqYi
vfpUR; vuarkuar
20- lq;a lqYi lqau lq;a lqYi
gqardkj eqfDr lqHkko
22- lq;a mRiau lqYi lqau vYi
lqau lq;a izosl
24- lqYi lqau lq;a /kzqo izosl
vuarkuar
26- vYi lqqau lq;a Jo.k je.k
izosl
25- vYi lqau lq;a mDr lkg

vuarkuar izosl
27- vYi lqau lq;a lqYi lqau mRiau
izosl vuarkuar izosl
34
mijksDr uke lw=ks dh dzekuqlkj O;k[;k uhps nh tk jgh gS %
1- lE;Xn`fV NLFk dh fufoZdYi voLFkk LoYikwU; gSA
2- lE;Xn~fV vYiK dh fufoZdYi & lk/kuk LoYibV kwU; voLFkk gSA
3- lE;Xn~fV NLFk dh Lo:i esa izdV gksrh gqbZ vHksn]lk/kuk mRiaUu LoYi
kwU; gSaA
4- egku~ kq)ksi;ksx dh vksj ckj&ckj izdV gksusa okyh fufoZdYi lk/kuk
egkmRiUu mRiUu kwU; gS A
5- lE;Xn`fV lk/kd dh Lo;a lgt ckj&ckj gksus okyh ifj.kfr dh
fufoZdYilk/kuk LoYi Lo;a LoYikwU; gSA
6- Lo;a kq)ksi;ksx dh kwU; voLFkk Lo;a LoYi mRiUu kwU; lekf/k gSA
7- Lo:ikpj.k LoHkko dh ,dkxzrk Lo;a LoYi vk;j.k kwU; gSA
8- Lo;a vkjk/; vkSj vkjk/kku dh kwU;rk Lo;a LoYi vkjk/; kwU; gSA
9- Lo;a kq)ksi;ksx dh opu kwU;rk] ekSu lekf/k Lo;a LoYi vkyki kwU; gSA
10- Lo;a kwU; LoHkko dh lkfrk; fuoZfodYi lk/kuk Lo;a LoYi lgkkg kwU;
gSA
11- kq)ksi;ksx dh izp.M kwU; lk/kuk Lo;a LoYi vlgkkg kwU; lekf/k gSA
12- kq)ksi;ksx dh vFkkg kwU;rk dh Fkkg esa tkus dk iq:kkFkZ Lo;a LoYi
vFkgFkkg kwU; lekf/k gSA
13- kq)ksi;ksx dh dV lk/; kwU;rk dks xzg.k djus dk Hkko Lo;a LoYi
vxgxkg kwU; uked lekf/k gSA
14- kq)ksi;ksx dh vyH; ykHk dh kwU; lk/kuk Lo;a LoYi vygykg kwU; gS A
15- kq)ksi;ksx dh vfLFkjrk dks foy; djus dh /kqzqo lk/kuk kwU; Lo;a LoYi
v/kzqo foyh /kzqoksRiUu kwU; gSA
16- kq)ksi;ksx esa 36 vdZe; kwU; lk/ku Lo;a LoYi Lo;a vdZ mRiau LoYikwU;
gSaA
17- vuar LoHkko dh Lo;a izkfIr kwU; lk/kuk LoYi Lo;a foan vuar LoHkko lekf/k
kwU; gSA
18- vfpaR; vuarkuar LoHkko dh kwU; vfpaR; lk/kuk mRiUu Lo:i kwU; LoYi
Lo;a vfpaR; vuarkuar kwU; lekf/k gSa
19- vuar fgrdkj LoHkko dh kq)ksi;ksxe; fufoZdYi lk/kuk Lo;a LoYi kwU;
Lo;a LoYi fgrdkj vuar LoHkko kwU; gSA
20- kq)ksi;ksx esa gqardkj eqfDr LoHkko dh kwU;rk dk lk/ku Lo;a LoYi kwU;
gqardkj eqfDr LoHkko kwU; gSA
21- Lo;a mRiUu kq)ks;ksx esa eqfDr je.k dh kwU; lk/kuk Lo;a mRiUu LoYi kwU;
Lo;a LoYi eqfDrje.k kwU; gSA
22- Lo;a mRiUu NLFk kwU; lk/kuk esa Lo;a izosk dh kwU; lk/kuk Lo;a mRiUUk
LoYi vYi kwU; Lo;a izosk kwU; gSA
23- NLFkkoLFkk esa iw.kZrk dh vuarkuqHkwfr vYikwU; vuarkuar izosk kwU; gS A
24- lE;Xn`fV ds kq)ksi;ksx dh vuarkuar /kzqo iznsk dh kwU; lk/kuk LoYi
kwU; Lo;a /kzqo izosk kwU; gSA
25- kq)ksi;ksx esa mDr kkg }knkkax ds vuarkuar fparu dh kwU; lk/kuk
vYikwU; Lo;a /kzqo izosk kwU; gSA
26- Lo;a kq)ksi;ksx dh Lo;a je.k Lo;a Jo.k Lo;a kCn kwU; lk/kuk vYi kwU;
Lo;a Jo.k je.k vuarkuar izosk kwU; gSaA
27- vius Lo:i kq)ksi;ksx esa fLFkj gksus okyk fufoZdYi lk/kd viuh bl kwU;
lk/kuk ls vius vuarkuar Lo:i dh izkfIr vFkZ] mlesa izosk djrk gqvk] vkxs
c<+rk gh tkrk gSA ;g kwU; lk/kuk vYi kwU; Lo;a kwU; mRiUUk izosk
vuarkuar izosk kwU; lekf/k gSaA
kwU; dk leFkZu%
35
Jh ukxlsu eqfu rRokuqkklu esa dgrs gSa %
vr,okU;&kwU;ksfi ukRek kwU;% Lo:ir%A
kwU;kkwU;&LoHkkoksekReuSoksiyH;rsAA173AA
HkkokFkZ&vr,o vU; ls kwU; gksrk gqvk Hkh vkRe Lo:i ls kwU; ugha gksrk(vkSj ;g
kwU;kkwU; LoHkko vkRek ds gh }kjk miyC/k gksrk gSaAvkRek ,dkxzrk dk Qy
gSaA
lq..ka .k gksb lq..ka nhlb lq..kaa pfrgqo.ks lq..ka A
36
vogjb iko iq..ka lq..k lgkos xvks vIik AA213AA ikgqM nksgkAA
vFkZ&lc nzO;ksa esa vHkko dk uke kwU; ugha gS A ;g dgk tkrk gS fd
kwU;okn esa lkekU; vkSj foksk Hkkoksa jfgr gS] fdUrq tks iki&iq.; ls jfgr
fufoZdYi LoHkkoh vkRek gS] og kwU; gSA
lq..ka im >k;arkga ofy ofy tksb;Mkg A
37
lejfl & Hkkm ijs.k lgq iq..kq foikm .k tkgaAA 159 AAv 2AA
&eueksgu tSu
82
lqau lqHkko
83
lqau lqHkko
lqau lqHkko
lanHkZ%
84
1- vkpk;Z rkj.k rj.k fojfpr eey er dk xzaFk

2- vkpk;Z rkj.k rj.k fojfpr dsoy er dk xzaFkA
3- rRdkyhu rkj.k rj.k fo}r ifjkn }kjk fyf[kr bfrgkl xzaFk laor~ 1889
4- vkpk;Z rkj.k rj.k fojfpr dsoy er dk xzaFk
5- Hkkkk & foKku& ys[kd Mk- HkksykukFk frokjh
6- euksjek b;j cqd ,oa baVjusV ls izkIr lwpuk,sa
7- vkpk;Z rkj.k rj.k fojfpr ^NLFk ok.kh* v/;k; izFke] lw= 28- lekt jRu cz- t;lkxj }kjk lk/kkj.ktu dks le> vk ldus okyh O;k[;k
9- lekt jRu cz- t;lkxj }kjk lk/kkj.ktu dks le> vk ldus okyh O;k[;k
10- vkpk;Z rkj.k rj.k fojfpr ^lqau lqHkko *lw= 2]
11- vkpk;Z rkj.k rj.k fojfpr ^lqau lqHkko lw= 312- lanHkZ 3 ds vuqlkj i`B 12
13- vkpk;Z usfepUnz fl)kar pdzorhZ jfpr xksEeVlkj thodzkaM xkFkk 141
14- lanHkZ 3 ds vuqlkj]i`B 12
15- lanHkZ 3 ds vuqlkj ]i`B 27
16- ^lqau lqHkko * xzaFk dh Vhdk& Vhdkdkj lekt jRu cz- t;lkxj
17- ^lqau lqHkko * xzaFk dh Vhdk & ia- izoj pEikyky tSu] lksgkxiqj
18- lanHkZ 3 ds vuqlkj] i`B 13
19- bfrgkl xzaFk]Jh cakhyky leS;k cklkSnk ds ikl miyC/k gLrizfrfyfi
20- bfrgkl xzaFk]fooj.k vLiV
21- bfrgkl xzaFk] lanHkZ 3 ds vuqlkj] i`B 13
22- ^lqau lqHkko* Vhdkdkj ia- izoj pEikyky tSu] lksgkxiqj
25- lanHkZ 3 ds vuqlkj]i`B 46
26- lqau lqHkko xzaFk]lw= 4]
27- vkpk;Z ve`r pUnz jfpr ^le;lkj dyk] yksd 24-3 vkSj yksd 42-3
28- /keZ fnokdj lekt Hkwkd cz- khryizlkn

29- lanHkZ 1 ds vuqlkj
30- lanHkZ 3 ds vuqlkj i`B 24
31- lanHkZ 3 ds vuqlkj i`B 24 ,oa 25
32- lanHkZ 3 ds vuqlkj i`B 24
33- NLFk ok.kh] v/;k; 9] lw= 9
34- NLFk ok.kh] Vhdk & O;k[;kdkj lektjRu cz- t;lkxj] i`B 311 ,oa 312 rFkk 313
35- rRokuqkkj] yksd 173 Jh ukxlsu eqfu jfpr] Vhdkdkj /keZ fnokdj] lektHkwk.k
cz- khry izlkn ]Lyksd vuqoknd - Mk- vkj- ds- caly] vksih- feYl] veykbZ
36- ikgqM nksgk& kwU; xkFkk 213]eqfu jkeflag d`r ] nksgk vuqokn- Mk- vkj- ds- caly] vks- ihfeYl] veykbZ 37- ;ksxhUnqnso fojfpr & ijekRe izdkk ] v 2] nksgk 159 nksgk vuqokn- Mkvkj- ds caly] vksih- feYl ] veykbZ
38- v/;kRe jgL;& ia- vkkk/kjth] yksd 46] yksd vuqokn Mk- vkj- ds caly] vksih- feYl] veykbZ
39- lanHkZ 3 ds vuqlkj ] i`B 41-
&eueksgu tSu
vFkZ & fodYijfgr czin dks /;kous okys ;ksfx;ksa dh eSa ckj&ckj eLrd
uekdj iwtk djrk gw ]ftu ;ksfx;ksa ds vU; inkFkksZ ds lkFk lejlh Hkko gSa] vkSj
ftuds iq.; vkSj iki nksuksa gh mikns; ugha gSaA
Vhi& kwU; dk vFkZ fodYiksa ls jfgr kwU;ysuk pkfg,A fufoZdYi] ohrjkxh]
fut kq)kRek kwU; ;k cz dk okpd gSA
38
/oLrseksgareL;Urg kkLrs{k&euksfuysA
kwU;ksI;U;S% LorkskwU;kse;knk;s;eI;ge~ AA46AA
vFkZ& eksgkU/kdkj ds uV gksus vkSj bfUnz; rFkk eu :i ok;q dk lapkj :dus ij
;g vU;ksa ls kwU; ij inkFkksZa ls rFkk Lor% vkwU; vius lE;XnkZukfn xq.kksa las
kwU; ugha]fdUrq ifjiw.kZ gS A eSa gh vUrZn`fV ls esjs }kjk fn[kkbZ ns jgk gw A
thou&eqfDr 39
vdZ lekusk fcanq esa] fcanq lekuksa lqau esaA
lqau lekuks vkSdkl esa] vkSdkl lekuks fl) esa AAfBdkuklkAA
802] vkj-ih- uxj- Qsl&1] dkslkckM+h

dksjck ]NRrhlx<+
85
ukjh cks/kd 'kCn %

,d fo'ys"k.kkRed v/;;u
&MkW- vkjk/kuk
lalkj esa gj oLrq dk ,d bfrgkl gS ftlls mlds vrhr o Lo:i dk
Kku izkIr fd;k tkrk gSA mlh rjg gj 'kCn dk Hkh bfrgkl gSA 'kCnksa ds bfrgkl
ls 'kCn ds orZeku Lo:i] mlds izkphu Lo:i mlesa vk, fed ifjorZu] mlds
viHkza'k :i rFkk 'kCn dh O;qRifk vkfn dh tkudkjh izkIr gksrh gSA ukjh ds fy,
iz;qDr gksus okys 'kCnksa ls Hkh ukjh ds fo"k; esa cgqr dqN tkuk tk ldrk gSA
izeq[kr% L=h] ukjh] efgyk lqanjh vkfn 'kCn ukfj;ksa ds fy, iz;ksx fd, tkrs gSaA
ijarq osnksa esa ukjh ds lkezkKh] dY;k.kh] iqjfU/k] dqyik vkfn 'kCnksa dk iz;ksx Hkh
fd;k x;k gSA
izLrqr 'kks/k i= esa eSaus ukfj;ksa ds fy, iz;qDr gksus okys dqN uohu
oLrqr% izkphu 'kCnksa dk fo'ys"k.k djus dk iz;kl fd;k gSA
esuk&
_Xosn esa ukjh ds fy, ^êsuk** 'kCn iz;qDr gqvk gSA ^êku;fUr ,uk%**
1
iq#"k%A iq#"kksa }kjk vknj fd, tkus ds dkj.k ukjh dks _Xosn esa esuk dgk x;kA
O;ogkj :i esa blh êsuk* 'kCn ls êkU;k* 'kCn Hkh izpfyr gqvkA ;Fkk&
esuk&ekuk&ekU;kA ekU;k vFkkZr~ ftudh ckrksa dks ekU; ekuk tk,A ifjokj esa
ukfj;ksa dk vknj fd;k tkrk FkkA vr% ukfj;ksa ds fy, esuk] ekU;k 'kCn iz;qDr
fd, x,A
Xuk%&
_Xosn esa ukfj;ksa nsoifRu;ksa ds fy, vkSj czke.k xzaFkksa esa lk/kkj.k
ukfj;ksa ds fy, ^Xuk* 'kCn dk iz;ksx fd;k x;k gSA laLr dk xE;k 'kCn xe~ /kkrq
ls cuk gSA bl izdkj Xuk&xek&xE;k vFkkZr~ ftuds ikl iq#"k xeu djrs gSaA
xeu djuk vFkkZr~ lalxZ dh dkeuk ls tkuk iq#"kksa dk lalxZ dh dkeuk ls ;k
lUrkuksRifk dh dkeuk ls ukfj;ksa ds ikl tkukA blh ls ukfj;ksa ds fy,
Xuk@xE;k 'kCn dk iz;ksx fd;k x;kA2
L=h&
izkphu dky ls gh ukfj;ksa ds fy, lokZf/kd izpfyr 'kCn jgk gS ^L=h*A
lEHkor;k L=h ds izeq[k xq.k yTtk ls 'kekZuk fldqM+uk ds dkj.k ukjh dks L=h
dgk x;kA D;ksafd L=h 'kCn ^LR;S* /kkrq ls cuk gSA ikf.kuh ds vuqlkj LR;S dk vFkZ
3
^'kCn djuk* cksyuk] galuk rFkk bdV~Bk djuk gSA vFkkZr~ tks gal&cksydj
le; O;rhr djsa vkSj ifjokj ds fy, ,df=r djsA ,df=r djus ds vFkZ esa
lEifk] tehu] ?kj] i'kq] xgus dksbZ Hkh vFkZ xzg.k fd;k tk ldrk gSA izkjEHk ls
gh ;g ekU;rk jgh gS fd ladV ds le; L=h ennxkj lkfcr gksrh gSA pkgs og
iRuh] iq=h] ek fdlh Hkh :i esa gksA ladV dh ?kM+h esa viuh lw>cw> ls og lnSo
gh lgk;d gksdj lEekfur gksrh jgh gSA
okek&
ukjh dks lkSUn;Z dh ewfrZ dgk tkrk gSA ;g t:jh ugha fd mldk ek=
jax] :i ukd&uD'k gh lqanj gks] oju~ Hkkjr esa rks eu dh lqanjrk dks gh egRo
iznku fd;k x;k gSA okek vFkkZr~ oke tks izfrdwy ckr dgrh gSA ;Fkk& gk ds
cnys ij ^ûgha** ;k ^ûk** vkfnA ukjh nwjn`f"V j[krh gS] nwj dh] Hkfo"; dh ckr
lkspdj gh og viuk i{k j[krh gSA tks dHkh&dHkh udkjkRed izrhr gksrk gSA
5
vr% mls okek dgk tkrk gSA nqxkZ nsoh dks Hkh okek dgk x;k gSA ukjh dks okekaxh]
v/kkZafxuh Hkh dgk tkrk gSA vFkkZr~ og iq#"k dk vk/kk Hkkx fgLlk gSA ;Fkk&
v)Z&ukjh'oj :i esa tc f'ko&ikoZrh ds lkFk ,dkdkj gq,A rc og ,d vuks[ks
eu&eksgd uohu :i esa utj vk;sA
vcyk&
izkphu dky ls gh L=h dks vcyk vFkkZr~ ftlesa ^^cy 'kkjhfjd cy
de gks** ,slk dgk x;k gSA oLrqr% ukjh dh 'kkjhfjd lajpuk iq#"k ls fHkUu gSA
blhfy, mlesa og 'kkjhfjd cy ugha gksrk] tks iq#"kksa esa gksrk gSA blhfy, mls
6
vcyk dgk x;kA ;|fi ekufld cy esa L=h lnSo iq#"k ls vkxs fn[kk;h nsrh gSA
fdlh dfo us dgk gS&
vcyk thou gk;! rqEgkjh ;gh dgkuh
vkpy esa gSa nw/k vkSj vk[kksa esa ikuhA
'kkjhfjd :i ls v'kDr gksus ds dkj.k gh ukjh dks lfn;ksa ls vU;k;]
mRihM+u o 'kks"k.k >syuk iM+k gSA orZeku le; esa rks vcyk dgh tkus okyh ukjh
pkn ij Hkh igqp x;h gSA
lqanjh&
ukjh dks lqanjh dgdj lEcksf/kr fd;k tkrk gSA D;ksafd lq$mUn xhyk
djuk nzfor djuk $ m $ hi lqUnjhA vFkkZr~ ukjh dks ns[kus ek= ls gh
7
iq#"k dk fpk xhyk n`for ;k papy gks mBrk gSA lqanjh dsoy dk;k ls gh ugha
oju~ tks eu ls Hkh lqanj gksA _Xosn esa mek ds fy, ^lwujh* 'kCn iz;ksx fd;k x;k
gSA8 lwujh dk vFkZ gS& 'kksHkk'kkyh] 'kksHkk;qDr] lqanjhA vFkkZr~ lqanj ukjh ftldh
,d >yd Hkh cjcl viuh vksj vkdf"kZr djrh gSA blfy, izkphu dky esa ukjh
dks ^^gs lqanjh** dg dj Hkh lEcksf/kr fd;k tkrk FkkA
ekfuuh&
ukjh dks ekufiz; vfHkekuh ekuk x;k gSA blh dkj.k og :Brh gSA
ukjh LokfHkekuh gS] mlesa Lo&vfHkeku vf/kd gSA vr% og fdlh Hkh izdkj dh
vkykspuk dks lgu ugha dj ikrhA vkykspuk mlds jax] :i] xq.k] dk;Z] f'k{kk]
;ksX;rk fdlh dh Hkh gks] ukjh mldk izR;qkj vo'; nsrh gSA vr% ukjh dks ekfuuh
dgk x;k gSA /;krO; gS fd ekfuuh gksus ds dkj.k gh ukjh vU; yksxksa dks Hkh
lEeku iznku djrh gSA ifjokj esa vius ls cM+ksa dk vknj] lEeku dj og viuh
iqjkru ijEijkvksa dks thfor j[krh gSA vius ls NksVks vkSj cPpksa dk ykM+&nqykj
dj mUgsa Hkh ;Fkk&;ksX; eku iznku djrh gSA
efgyk&
eg~$byr~$vk efgykA eg~ vFkkZr~ iwtk] iwT; gksus ds dkj.k ukjh dks
efgyk dgk tkrk gSA _Xosn vkSj vFkZoosn esa Hkh efgyk dks iwtuh; ekuk x;k gSA
;Fkk& cU/kqesa ekrk i`fFkoh egh;e~A9 ekrk Hkwfe iq=ksaga i`fFkO;kA10 ekrk :i esa ukjh
dks iwtuh; ekuk x;k gSA osnksa ls ukfj;ksa ds osn fo/kkvksa esa ikjaxr gksus ds
&MkW- vkjk/kuk
WOMEN STUDIES
86
ukjh cks/kd 'kCn % ,d fo'ys"k.kkRed v/;;u
87
ukjh cks/kd 'kCn %

lUnHkZ %
1- egf"kZ ;kLd êsuk* 'kCn dh O;qRifk djrs gq, dgrs gSa eku;fUr ,uk%
iq#"k%&fu:Dr 3@21@2
2- egf"kZ ;kLd ds vuqlkj& Xuk xPNfUr ,uk%A vkSj nqxkZpk;Z ds vuqlkj
ukfj;ksa dks Xuk dgus ds ihNs dkj.k gS iq#"kksa dk muds ikl lalxZ dh
dkeuk ls tkukA fu:Dr 3@21@2
3- LR;S'kCn la?kkr;ks%& /kkrq ikB 1@935 ;kLd ds vuqlkj Hkh 'kCn Li'kZ
vkfn dk la?kkr L=h gSA fL=;% ,o ,rk% 'kCn Li'kZ :i ijl xa/k
gkfj.;%A & fu:Dr v 14 [k 20
4- okekxh
5- nsohiqjk.k v 46& okea fo:) :ia rq foijhra lqxhr;sA
okesu lq[knk nsoh okek rsu erk cq/kS%AA
6- _Xosn 8@33@17& fL=;ka v'kkL;a eu%A
7- {khj Lokeh] vej 3@1@52
8- vk ?kk ;ks"kso lwu;qZ"kk ;kfr izHkqtrhA _Xosn 1@48@5
9- _Xosn 1@164@33
10- vFkoZosn 12@1@12
11- eU= nf'kZdk _f"kdk & fo'ookjk] vkes;h& _Xosn 5@28] vikyk
ogh& 8@91] ?kks"kk] d{kh&orh&ogh 10@39&40
12- Hkkjr esa ekU;rk gS fd iq=&dqi= Hkys gks tk,A ?kj ekrk dHkh dqekrk
ugha gksrhA
13- v|ks ok ,"k% vkReu% ;r~ iRuhA rSfkjh; czkg~e.k@czkge.k 3@3@3@5
14- _Xosn 10@85@33
15- iR;quksZ ;K l;ksxsA & v"Vk/;k;h 4@1@33
16- eRL; iqjk.k& 58@21
17- vkiLrEc /keZ lw= 2@6@17&19
18- xksfey xz;kfXu& 1@3@15
19- _Xosn& 3@53@6] 3@53@4] vkfn ioZ 74@37 ouioZ 12@70
&MkW- vkjk/kuk
88
lkFk&lkFk] ;K djus] 'kkL=kFkZ djus o ea= nf'kZdk gksus ds Hkh mnkgj.k izkIr gksrs
11
gSA ,slh lHkh ukfj;ksa ds iwtuh; gksus ds dkj.k mUgsa efgyk dgk x;kA
ekrk&
ek dk LFkku LoxZ ls Hkh apk ekuk x;k gSA ^^tuuh tUe Hkwfe'p
LoxkZfi xjh;lhA** ekrk lnSo ekrk gksrh gSA12 ekrk dk vFkZ gS vknj.kh;]
lEekuuh;A ek dk LFkku gj izk.kh ds fy, loksZPp gksrk gSA ek ds :i esa ukjh
lnSo iwtuh; jgh gSA ;gh dkj.k gS fd Hkkjr esa vkfn dky ls gh nsoh iwtk vius
fofHkUu :iksa esa fn[kk;h nsrh gSA
nqfgrk&
ukjh dks iq=h] csVh] yM+dh] cgu :i esa nqfgrk dgk tkrk gSA izkphu
dky esa dU;k;sa vius firk ds ?kj xk; dk nw/k nqgk djrh FkhaA vr% mUgsa nqfgrk
dgk tkrk FkkA ysfdu ckn esa muds fookg vkfn esa firk }kjk vf/kd /ku [kpZ
djus ds dkj.k] rht&R;kSgkj o vU; voljksa ij /ku [kpZ djus ds dkj.k mUgsa
13
nqfgrk lnSo nksgu djus okyh dgk tkus yxkA nqfgrk] nqfgZrk] nqjsfgrkA tks
nwj fuokl djsA dU; ds pys tkus ij gh firk pSu dh lkal ysrk gSA vFkkZr~ dU;k
ds fookgksijkar gh firk lq[kh gksrk gSA Lora= Hkkjr esa Hkh ;gh ekU;rk fn[kkbZ nsrh
gSA ;g de rks gq;h gS ij lekIr ughaA
iRuh&
iRuh :i esa ukjh dks iq#"k dh v/kkZafxuh ekuk x;k gSA13 fcu ?kjuh ?kj
Hkwr dk Msjk vFkkZr~ iRuh ds fcuk ?kj] ?kj ugha gksrkA iRuh gh ifr dk] ifjokj dk]
14
iq=&iq=h dk Hkyk o eaxy pkgus okyh gksrh gSA
15
L=h dks iRuh rHkh dgk tkrk gS] tc og ifr ds lkFk la;qDr gksrh gSA
eRL; iqjk.k ds vuqlkj ;Kh; e.Mi esa liRuhd izos'k djuk eaxy&nk;d ekuk
x;k gSA16 fookgksi'pkr~ ukjh iRuh :i esa ifr ds izR;sd dk;Z esa lgHkkfxuh ekuh
tkrh gSA17 xksfHky x`g;lw= esa iRuh dks x`g~;kfXuh Hkh dgk x;k gSA18
tk;k&
ukjh ds fy, iRuh :i esa tk;k 'kCn dk Hkh iz;ksx fd;k x;k gSA tk;k
vFkkZr~ ftlus tUe fn;kA ,slh ekU;rk gS fd iq#"k ifr iq=@iq=h :i esa Lo;a gh
tk;k ls tUe ysrk gSA blfy, ukjh dks tk;k mRiUu djus okyh dgk tkrk
19
gSA bl fo'ys"k.k ls Li"V gS fd Hkkjr esa ukjh dk gj :i esa lEeku FkkA iRuh
iq=h] ek] cgu] csVh] HkkHkh vkfn ds fcuk lEcU/kksa esa vkReh;rk o LFkkf;Ro dh
dYiuk Hkh ugha dh tk ldrhA vkt la;qDr ifjokj dh ijEijk Hkys gh de
fn[kkbZ nsrh gksA ij ukjh vkSj mlls tqM+s gj fj'rs esa tks viukiu gSA og ukjh ds
fy, iz;qDr gksus okys 'kCnksa ds ek/;e ls tkuk tk ldrk gSA
ukjh cks/kd 'kCn %

,lksfl,V izksQslj] bfrgkl foHkkx

pkS0 pj.k flag fo'ofo|ky;] esjB
89
REVIEW
'Socio-Cultural Life of Merchants

in Mughal Gujarat'
Review by -Dr. Lari Azad
Dr. Monika Sharma is a budding historian from Aligarh, at
present she is working on a Post-Doctoral Project on regional sources of
medieval Gujarat. Her area of specialization is the history of medieval
Gujarat. She has written and published varied research papers on
mercantile communities of Gujarat in reputed journals and in edited
books.
The region of Gujarat has always been acknowledged for its
commercial activities and contribution in trade and economy since
ancient times. Different historians and authors had written a lot about it.
But Monika Sharma has come up with a new dimension in the history of
Mughal Gujarat. In the book 'Socio-cultural Life of Merchants in Mughal
Gujarat'she has analyzed varied aspects of merchant communities, their
social life, their participation in social mores and religious customs, their
relations with Mughal emperors and administrators, their living
standards, their philosophy about the money and their institutions.The
merchant communities which included in this book are: Bania, Bohra,
Parsi, Khoja, Memon, Ghanchi, Armenians and Europeans.
The most interesting chapter of the book is Idea of Money for
Different Communities in which the author has analyzed how the
various merchant communities invested their money to acquire political
and social advantages. The items of luxury availed by the merchant
Prince and their assets outside the region.
In the living standards, viz. housing, system of education,
entertainment, the status women, food habits, dresses, ornaments and
other aspects of their daily life etc. are investigated in order to make a
comparative study of the different cultures. The study intends to know
about the religion, social activities, festivals, rituals, marriages,customs
and mores followed. The present work entails the investigation of
custom, rituals and mores related to society and religion of the various
merchant communities. One can also discern the existing social evils like
sati, polygamy and enforced widowhood.
Overall this book brings a fresh air in the area of socio-cultural
history. It will be useful material for those interested in cultural history.
Book : 'Socio-cultural Life of Merchants in Mughal Gujarat'

Author : Dr. Monika Sharma
Area : History
Pages : 212
ISBN : 978-1-4828-4038-4
Publisher : Partridge
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Dr.

Lari being Felicitated

Dr. Lari charing the National Writers

Dr. Lari's 'HeartBeats of India' released by

Dr. Lari being felicitated by

Dr. Lari addressing

MARCH 2015 : Vol. XVI

Dr. Lari releasing the Souvenir of

JHSS : JOURNAL OF HUMANITIES & SOCIAL SCIENCES

NEWS FROM ACADEMIA

9th YEAR OF REGULAR PUBLICATION

A GLOBALLY CIRCULATED AND REPUTED RESEARCH JOURNAL FROM SOUTH ASIA

Editor : Dr. M.A. Lari 'Azad'

NEWS FROM ACADEMIA

NEWS FROM ACADEMIA

Dr. Lari being felicitated by Justice

Dr. Lari being felicitated by Lions Club,

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Dr. Lari being felicitated at

Dr. Lari addressing

Dr. Lari releasing the Souvenir of

Dr. Lari being felicitated with

Dr. Lari being felicitated at

Dr. Lari with Union Minister

Laying the stone of 'Poorvanchal Ratna

Laying the stone of 'Poorvanchal Ratna

9th Year of Regular Publication

Akbar's Relations with the Christians

Al-Beruni and Indian Social values : A micro study through his

Gendered Social Practices in Colonial India : A Historical

Regional Sources of Medieval Gujarat

JOURNAL OF HUMANITIES & SOCIAL SCIENCES

MULTILINGUAL QUARTERLY OF LITERATURE, HISTORY, POLI TICS, ECONOMICS

la;qDr izkUr vkxjk o vo/k esa efgykvkas dh fLFkfr 1920 ls 1939 rd

ekWjh'kl dh fgUnh dh igpku vfHkeU;q vur

vkpfyd miU;kl vkSj jkaxs; jk?ko

tuekul ls tqMs dFkkdkj izsepUn

nkEiR; ds ifjofrZr ewY; vkSj ^lkr ?kw?kV okyk eq[kM++k*

A GLOBALLY CIRCULATED AND REPUTED RESEARCH JOURNAL FROM SOUTH ASIA

A PEER REVIEWED REFEREED INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL

MARCH 2015 : Vol. XVI

10- fujkyk ds dkO; esa O;aX; fo/kku

11- ^/kzqoLokfeuh* esa ukjh&osnuk ,oa ukjh&psruk dk lexz vuq'khyu

12- fnudj dh jk"Vh;rk

13- oksfDr % dkO;thfore~

14- oSfnd ok~e; esa laosnuk] ln~O;ogkj vkSj lekurk

15. The Agriculture Environment & Its Effect Climatic Change in

16- lqu lqHkko

17- ukjh cks/kd 'kCn % ,d fo'ys"k.kkRed v/;;u

Department of Post Graduate Studies & Research in History

ACCREDITED GRADE 'A' BY NAAC (UGC)

(Affiliated to Chaudhary Charan Singh University, Meerut)

Contact for Editorial -

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Degree Department of History started in 1946

Contact for Business -

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Printed by Litho Offset Printer, Achal Tal, Aligarh-202001

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Prof. K.D. Sharma