Signal

Processing
First

Copyright Monash University 2009

Lecture4
Spectrum
Representation

READING ASSIGNMENTS
ThisLecture:
Chapter3,Section31

OtherReading:
AppendixA:ComplexNumbers
NextLecture:Ch3,Sects32,33,37&38

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LECTURE OBJECTIVES
SinusoidswithDIFFERENT Frequencies
SYNTHESIZEbyAddingSinusoids

x (t ) Ak cos(2 f k t k )
k 1

SPECTRUM Representation
Graphical FormshowsDIFFERENT Freqs

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Eulers Formula Reversed

Solveforcosine (orsine)

e
e

j t

cos( t ) j sin( t )

j t

cos( t ) j sin( t )

j t

cos( t ) j sin( t )

j t

j t

cos( t )
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2 cos( t )

1 ( e j t
2

j t

)
4

INVERSE Eulers Formula

Solveforcosine

cos( t )

1 ( e j t
2

j t

Solveforsine (youtryit)

sin( t )
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1
2j

(e

j t

j t

)
5

SPECTRUM representation
Cosine=sumof2complexexponentials:

A cos(7 t )

A
2

A
2

j7t

j0

j7t

e e

A
2

j7t

e
A
2

j0 j7t

One has a positive frequency = 7

The other has negative freq = -7
Amplitude of each is half as big A/2
Phases
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GRAPHICAL SPECTRUM
A cos(7t ) Ae e

j 0 j 7t

1
2

1
2

( A )e

Ae e

j0

Re

Re

Im

-7

j 0 j 7t

1
2

1
2

( A )e

j0

Im

AMPLITUDE, PHASE & FREQUENCY are shown

Two-sided Spectrum : {(ej0A/2,7), (e-j0A/2,-7)}

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NEGATIVE FREQUENCY
Isnegativefrequencyreal?NO
DopplerRadarprovidesanexample
PoliceradarmeasuresspeedbyusingtheDoppler
shiftprinciple
Letsassume400Hz60mph
+400Hz meanstowardstheradar
400Hz meansaway(oppositedirection)
Thinkofatrainwhistle
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SPECTRUM of SINE
Sine=sumof2complexexponentials:
j 7t
j 7t
A
A
A sin(7t ) 2 j e 2 j e
j 0.5 j 7 t
j 0.5 j 7 t
1
1
2 Ae
e 2 Ae
e
1
j

je

j 0.5

Positivefreq.hasphase=0.5
Negativefreq.hasphase=+0.5
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GRAPHICAL SPECTRUM
EXAMPLE of SINE

A sin(7t )

( 12

A)e

1
2

Ae j 0.5 e j 7t 12 Ae j 0.5 e j 7t

j 0.5

1
(2

Im

A) e

j 0 .5
Im

Re
-7

Re
0

AMPLITUDE, PHASE & FREQUENCY are shown

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10

SPECTRUM SINUSOID
Addthespectrumcomponents:

4e

j / 2

7e

250

j / 3

10
7e

j / 3

4e
100

100

j / 2

250

f (in Hz)

What is the formula for the signal x(t)?

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11

Gather (A,) information

Frequencies:

250Hz
100Hz
0 Hz
100Hz
250Hz

Amplitude&Phase

4
7
10
7
4

/2
+/3
0(DC)
/3
+/2

Note the conjugate phase

DC is another name for zero-freq component
DC component always has or (for real x(t) )
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12

Add Spectrum Components-1

Frequencies:

Amplitude&Phase

250Hz
100Hz
0Hz
100Hz
250Hz

4
7
10
7
4

/2
+/3
0
/3
+/2

x (t ) 10
7e
4e

j / 3 j 2 (100) t

j / 2 j 2 ( 250) t

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7e

4e

j / 3 j 2 (100) t

j / 2 j 2 ( 250) t

13

Add Spectrum Components-2

4e

j / 2

7e

j / 3

10
7e

j / 3

4e

250

100

100

j / 2

250

x(t ) 10
7e
4e

j / 3
j / 2

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j 2 (100 ) t

j 2 ( 250 ) t

7e
4e

f (in Hz)

j / 3 j 2 (100 ) t

j / 2 j 2 ( 250 ) t

14

Simplify Components
x (t ) 10
7e
4e

j / 3 j 2 (100) t

j / 2 j 2 ( 250) t

7e

4e

j / 3 j 2 (100) t

j / 2 j 2 ( 250) t

Use Eulers Formula to get REAL sinusoids:

j

A cos( t ) Ae e
1
2

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j t

Ae
1
2

j j t

15

FINAL ANSWER
x (t ) 10 14 cos(2 (100)t / 3)
8 cos(2 ( 250)t / 2)
So, we get the general form:

x (t ) A0 Ak cos(2 f k t k )
k 1

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16

Summary: GENERAL FORM

N

x (t ) A0 Ak cos(2 f k t k )
k 1
N

x (t ) X 0 e X k e j 2 f k t
k 1

e{ z}

1
2

z
N

1
2

x (t ) X 0
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Phasor : X k Ak e j k

k 1

1
2

Frequency f k

Xke

j 2 f k t

1
2

j 2 f k t
Xke

17

Vowel Waveform
(sum of all 5 components)

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18

Example: Synthetic Vowel

Sumof5FrequencyComponents

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19

SPECTRUM of VOWEL
Note:Spectrumhas0.5Xk(exceptXDC)
Conjugatesinnegativefrequency

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20

SPECTRUM of VOWEL (Polar

Format)
0.5Ak

k
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21

Frequency is the vertical axis

Another FREQ. Diagram

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A-440

Time is the horizontal axis

22

Synthesize Complicated Signals

SynthesizeComplicated Signals
MusicalNotes
Pianouses3stringsformanynotes
Chords:playseveralnotessimultaneously

HumanSpeech
Vowelshavedominantfrequencies
Application:computergeneratedspeech

Canall signalsbegeneratedthisway?
Sumofsinusoids?

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23

Fur Elise WAVEFORM

Beat
Notes

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24

Speech Signal: BAT

NearlyPeriodic inVowelRegion
Periodis(Approximately)T=0.0065sec

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