: 1. (ASASTRONOMY).

.

2. -
.,
3.- .,
:1., 2.


HISTORY OF ASTRO-PHYSICS


..4241- 12
.
. 3100 ,
,
.
(. 611-547) ,
.

(.
540-510)- .
(..500-428)
.
.
,
.
.

 (THALES)
..636-546
..585-
28-
,


.
,
.


.

 (THALES)

.

1. ,
.
2.
90 ( )
.
3.
.
.
4. (ISOCELES )
.
5.
(CONCURRENT
6. ) .
.

 (ARISTOTLE)
(.
.384-322)
.
.

.

.

(PHYSICS ),
(CHEMISTRY ), (ANOTOMY ),
(ASTROLONOMY ),
(GEOGRAPHY )

.
.

..384-322

 (ARISTOTLE)

(THE TOPIC ),

(HYPOTHESIS ),

(TESTING HYPOTHESIS ),

?
(RESEARCH LITERATURE ),
( DATA
REGARDING BASIC QUESTION),

INTERPRETATION OF DATA ),
(RESULT ).


(NICHOMACIAN ETHICS)..335-
.

 ,
(..276-192).
675 .
(POLAR AXISPOLAR),
(ELIPTICELIPTIC AXIS) 23
,
(


) ,
92
.( 93 ).
24,830

 (GLADIUS PTOLEMI )
.140-
13
.

1022
.
,

(PTOLEMAIC THEORY)
.

,
.
1400
,

.130- (160-125 .) 850

.

.

(..375-415),
.

.
..640-

.600 ,

27
.
..450


(LONGITUDES) .

(..588-660)
.
..1194-
.
.1700-

.


..2000
.
,
.
(HALLEYS
COMET ) ..240
. ..100
.

,
.


(MAYANS)
(CALENDER) ,
,

.
..485 12-


.

26
(LATITUDE)
. 26
.
1562

.

(MAYANS)

 (ARYABHATA)
..476-550

.
,

.
.

.

.

(ARYABHATA
SIDDHANTA) .

 (VARAHAMIHIRA) ..505-587

.
,
.

..


.

 (LEONARDO DA VINCI)
..13

,
,

.

,
.

.

 NICOLAUS COPERNICUS

,
.

.
, ( DE
REVOLUTIONIBUS ORBIUM COELSTIUM)

,
.

. ,
REVOLUTION .

14731543

 (NICOLAUS COPERNICUS)
14731543
.
.
,
.
,
.
.
.
, , ,

.

.
(REVOLUTION)

 ( )
,

.

15-
(1548-1600)
.

. .

.

?

1548-1600

 (GALILEO GALILEI)

,
9
,

.


.
.

, 176


.

15641642

 (GALILEO GALILEI)
, ?
?
.
30
,,
()
500 ,

1632- 1400
DIALOGO SOPRA I DUE
MOSSIMISISTEME DEL MOUDO

.
.
10
.
..

 (JOHANNES KEPLER)

1571-1630


1.

.
2.
,

.
3.
,

 (ISSAC NEWTON )

- , ,
-
.
,
PHILOSOPHIAE NATURALIS
PRINCIPA MATHEMATICA

.
.
,

.

.

1642-1727

 (FUSION REACTION IN SUN)

(1882-1944)
,

1926- .
,

(FUSION )
1939-

 (ALBERT EINSTEIN )
12
.
(QUANDAM
PHYSICS), &
(GENERAL & SPECIAL RELATIVITY
THEORY), (BROWNIAN
MOTION), -
(E=MC)
.

.

.

18791955
-

 (ALBERT EINSTEIN )

(SPACE)
(MATTER)
. ,

(SPACE) .
(GEOMETRY)
.
1921-

.

NUCLEUS

ATOM

SOLAR
SYSTEM

GALAXY

&

,
(LIGHT YEAR AND ASTRONOMICAL UNIT)

 ( LIGHT YEAR)
2,99,792.5 .
,
, 5,87,460,1766400
(9454256280000 . 9.4X 10 . ).
, 9 46 .
.
( ASTRONOMICAL UNIT)
,
. 14,96,00,000 . .
( ANGSTROM UNIT)

( ANGSTROM
UNIT) .
( SPECTROMETER)
(WAVE LENTH ) (18141874)
.


( UNIVERSE)
1. ( OUR SOLAR SYSTEM)

2. (PRECESSION )
(MILANKOVIC
CYCLES)
3. ( GALAXIES)
4. (CONSTELLATION )
5. ?
6. (RED GIANT STAR )
7. (WHITE DWARF
STAR)
8. (NEUTRON STARS)
9. ( BLACK HOLE)
10. (QUASARS)
11. ?
12. ( LIFE OF STARS)
13.
14.
15. 8 ?

 (EARTH )

. (PLANETS )
.
(AASTROIDS )

.
.

( MMERCURY), ( VENUS),
(EARTH ), (MARS ),
(JUPITERJUPITER ), (SASATURN ),
(URANUS ), (NEPTUNE ),
8 (PLANETS ),
.
(PLUTO)
,

2006-


.

1.

 (ASTROIDS BELTS )
(ASTROIDS ) ,
.
.

(Name of

Planets)
(DIAMETER)
(.)

13,91,400
4878
12,104
12,756
6787
1,42,800
1,20,660
50,800
48,600

(MASS)
(.)

1.99X10

(Time Taken for

one Revolution)
-----------

(Distance from
Sun)

(Escaping
Velocity)
./

617

3.30X10

89 DAYS

0.387 AU

4.2

4.87x10

225 DAYS

0.723 AU

10.4

5.98X10

365 DAYS

1.00 AU

11.2

6.44X10

687 DAYS

1.52 AU

1.90X10

11.9 YEARS

5.20 AU

60

5.69X10

29.5 YEARS

9.54 AU

36

8.76x10

84.0 YEARS

19.18 AU

21

1.03X10

164.8 YEARS

30.07 AU

24

2. (PRECESSION )

(MILANKOVIC CYCLES)

 (PRECESSION)
,

,
,
, ,

(WOBBLING ) .

(PRECESSION ) .

25,765 .

. 12,0000

.



,

.
.
..3000 ( 5000
) (TUBAN )
.
8000
( DENEB)
.
12000
(VEGA )
.
21,0000
(TUBAN )
.
.
12,000
.

(PRECESSION)

 (MILANKOVIC CYCLES)

.
1. .
2. .
3.

.
. ,
.
.
,

.
. (SUMMER),
(WINTER)
.

3. ( GALAXIES)

 (GALAXIES )
( GALILEO
1642) .

1564-

.


. (MILKY

WAY GALAXY)

 ( ) (OUR MILKY WAY )

TOP VIEW OF OUR GALAXY

( SPIRAL ARM )

.
(DIAMETER )
1,00,000 .

28,000 .

.
1,00,000

 ( ) (OUR MILKY WAY )

12,000
14,000
.

50,000 .

225
.

(COSMIC YEAR ) .

(LARGE MAGELAN CLOUD )
( SMALL
MAGELAN CLOUD)
.

SIDE VIEW OF OUR GALAXY


(SUN POSITION IN OUR GALAXY )

28,000
.
230
.

,
.

Mapping the Galaxy: Not There Yet

 (NEAREST GALAXIES)
.

(ANDROMEDA) .
20,00,000 .
, 20,00,000
. 20,00,000
,
. 20,00,000
.
( SCULPTORY )
.
.

4. (CONSTELLATION

 (CONSTELLATION )

. , , ,
.
,
. (ORION )
(), (GREAT BEAR,URSA MAJOR ),
( LITTLE BEAR, URSA MINOR), ( CASSIOPEIA),
(SOUTHERN CROSSS ), ( TAURUS), (GEMINI ),
(LEO ), (SCORPIO ), .
(CONSTELLATION ) .
88 .

 (CONSTELLATION )

.

.

.
.
(HYDRA )
. (SOUTHERN CROSS ) .

 (CONSTELLATION )

.
(ARIES ), (TAURUS ), (GEMINI ),
(CANCER ), (LEO ), (VIRGO ), (LIBRA ),
(SCORPIO), (SAGITTARIUS ), ( CAPRICORN), (AQUQRIUS ),
(PISCES ), 12 (ZODIAC ) .
.
.
.
, 27
, 27 .
27 .
.
(STAR ) ,
.


(The Local Group)

5. ?

 ?
(BETELGUESE )
700 . 14,000
. 50 .
427 (4.04 x 10
.) .
427 .
(ANTARES )
700 .10,000
. 600
.
( CANOPUS)310
. 15,000 .



1. 427 ,
2. 600
3. 310

.
.

. 427, 600, 310
.
8
.
,

 (Variety
of STARS)

6. (RED GIANT STAR )

,

.
,
.
.
(RED GIANT )
.

.
,
,

(BOOTES )
.

7. (WHITE DWARF STAR)

,
,
10
.

.

,

.

.

.

,
.

8. (NEUTRON STARS)

,
60 .

.
(BETELGEUSE )

, .

,
, .
,

.

8.

(NEUTRON STARS)
500
.
.

600 .
, .
,
.
.
40
.

( NEUTRON STAR) .

9. ( BLACK HOLE)

.
,
.
100
.
,

10. (QUASARS)

.
.

.
1,00,000-
.

, 100
200 .

.

11. ?

.

. .

.
.
.


.

12. ( LIFE OF STARS)

, , .

.
,
.
, ,
.
.
, .
, .
10,000 .
.

POINT
A

13.
160 . .
.
, ( CISLUNAR SPACE)
.
,
16,00,000 .
.
( TRANSLUNAR SPACE) .
( INTER PLANETARY
DISTANCE ) .
(INTER STELLER
SPACE ),

( INTER GALACTIC SPACE)

14.
1600 ,
.
.
,
.
.
.
, .
, ,
.
(GALAXY )
.
,
.
(HUBBLES LAW ) .

 (BIG BANG)

,
(BIG
BANG).
500 800
,
.

.

.

 ?
(ANALEMMA)

,
,
.

,

8 .

(ANALEMMA)
.

SOLAR ECLIPS

LUNAR ECLIPS

 - : .
S.Arianayagam-sanaria1970@rediffmail.com

.. .

.
,
,