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P.D 0
t
C
2(SE P )
Trong :
- t : L b dy tnh ton
- P : L p sut tnh ton
- S : L mi cho php nhit tnh ton.
- D0: L ng knh ngoi ca ng
- E : L h s giong thay i t 0,6 1 theo quy
tc hn v cc xc nhn c th o bng chp tia X
- : L h s thay i t 0,4 0,6 theo cc nhit
v cc thp.
- C: L b dy ph cho n mn hay xi mn hoc b
su ren.
pD
SH
2t
p l p sut trong ng
D l ng knh ng
t l b dy ng.
pD
t
2f1f 2 Y
Y l ln ca ng sut n hi ca vt liu lm
ng.
f1 l h s thit k, din t ng sut vng ti a cho
php l tch s ca ng sut n hi.
f2 l h s dung sai ch to ng, cho php s sai
lch ca b dy ng so vi b dy danh nghia,
thng l O.875, c nghia l b dy c th thp hn
b dy danh nghia ti a cho php l 12.5%.
cc gi tr ti a cho h s thit k, tu
thuc vo v tr a l v cc iu kin khc.
V d i vi ng ng 30 inch th D = 762
mm, p = 1 5Mpa; Y = 413.7 N/mm2; f1 =
0.72; f2 = 0.875 v t = 21.9 mm tnh ton
theo cng thc trn.
Trong thc t thng thng kch thc
ng ng c la chn tun theo tiu
chun API. B dy thit k ng trong tiu
chun API l 22.2 mm, V vy ta c th chn
b dy ny cho ng trn.
Cc ng ng dn kh sn phm
xp: xp v cc vt l trn b mt
Cc yu t nh hng n qu trnh
n mn ngt:
- Lng nc hin din trong du, kh
- Din tch kim loi tip xuc vi nc
- Hin din ca H2S
- Hm lng mui chlorite (hm
lng mui ln lm tang tc n
mn nhng nhanh chng c bo
ho)
Fe 2e Fe
O 2 2H 2O 2e 4OH
cathod
m.3650
mm / nm
A.p.t
o bng cc thit b in t:
- My d in tr: Thit b o in tr conosionmeter
xc nh lng kim loi mt mt bng cch o mc
tng in tr ca nhng mu kim loi khi din tch
ngang ca chung b gim do n mn. Mu th hay
u d c lm t kim loi tng t nh kim loi
lm ng ng v c a vo qua ng vo c
bit. Sau gi tr in tr s c xc nh khi u
d trng thi cn bng vi mi trng (nhit v
tnh trng b mt) ti nhng thi im cch iu.
Nhng gi tr nhn c s c chuyn.i sang tc
n mn bng cc d liu v cng thc do nh sn
xut cung cp.
Vic phn tch gi tr thu c gp mt s gii hn
ging nh vic s dng Coupon. V d nh u d c
th b mt s cht bm, ngn cn s tip xuc vi
nhng cht trong mi trng n mn.
R pol
dE
(di)i 0
(mA / cm 2 )
R pol
- My d Hydrogen: c cu to bi mt
ng thp c thnh rt mng ni vi mt
thit b o p, n c ch yu s dng
trong mi trng chua. Trong phn ng n
mn hydrogen sinh ra khuch tn qua
thnh ng thp, ti n kt hp thnh
phn t, qu ln c khuch tn ngc tr
li, p sut do phn t hydrogen s c o
v chuyn thnh gi tr tc n mn.
Thit b ny c th dng o n mn mt
cch nh tnh hay bn nh lng v
thng c kt hp vi nhiu phng
php khc.
Fe 2e Fe
CHNG 5
VN HANH VA BAO DNG H
THNG BN B
Cu to ca mt bn cha, b cha s
dng trong cng nghip du kh ni
chung thng gm ba b phn chnh
sau:
- Thn bn cha, b cha
- y lp bn cha, b cha
- Cc thit b ph tr
S.E
Trong :
D: ng knh bn cha, ft
H: Chiu cao bn cha, ft
G: trng lng ring ca cht lng tn cha, thng
nh hn 1.
S: ng sut ca thp lm y bn, psi
E: Hiu sut mi hn, thng E = 0.85
Do y bn phi
chu c p sut ca
thy tinh ct cht
lng v p sut lm
vic ca bn nn b
dy tm thp lm
y bn thng:
ng kinh
bn, ft
Chiu day
ti thiu
tm thp,
inch
< 50
3/16
50 - 120
1/4
3/8
2,6.D.(H 1)G
t
C.A
21.E
(in)
Trong :
+ C.A h s n mn cho php, in
+ t = B dy ti thiu ca tm thp, in
+ D = ng knh bn cha, ft
+ H = Chiu cao bn cha, ft
+ G = khi lng ring cht lng cn tn cha nhng
nh hn 1
E = Hiu sut mi hn, thng thng E = 0,85 khi
chiu tia X c vt m v E = 0,7 khi khng c vt
m.
Np bn c th di ng hoc c nh ty thuc
vo loi nhin liu cn tn cha. Thng thng
i vi loi np i ng c dng vi cc sn
phm bay hi cao nh: xng, kh ha lng,
nhin liu phn lc nhm gim thiu hao ht
do bay hi, s th ca bn b.
Mi che: Dng bo v bn, cc thit b o
m, gim nhit mi trng nh hng n
bn Mi bn thng c hnh cn hoc hnh
cong, chiu dy mi che c th tnh theo:
D
t
400.sin
R
t
200
Th kn mi b
Th bng phng php nn kh trong b
v bi nc x phng ln ng hn mi
b, tn gip thnh b. Nu ng hn
khng kn bt x phng s ni ln (p xut
th bng 15% p xut lm vic ca b).
C th th kn mi b bng cch phun
du ho vo phn tip gip mi b v pha
ngoi b, trn ng hn ta bi phn
hoc qut nc vi ri quan st theo di
xem lp vi c qut c b thm t hay
khng.
Th cng ca b
Cc dng Ln b
- Ln u: Nn b sau khi xy dng vo
cha du do x l nn khng tt b b lun
khng nghing lch nhng lun y gi
tr s qui nh.
- Ln lch: Sau khi a vo cha du th
b b lun cc b tng phn lm cho b b
nghing i mt gc theo phng thng
ng i vi b tr ng. Vi b tr nm
do mt b b lun lm cho b b
nghing.
Nguyn nhn
C th nc vo y b cho ph khp
c ni cao nht sau o chiu cao nc
nhng ch lm. Hoc c th o kh y b
bng phng php thu chun s im.
- S o phi ln hn 8 im trn b mt.
- Chiu cao vt li lm trn y b khng
c li qu 150mm, din tch vt li lm
khng qu 2m2.
X l ln b
Cc mt mt do cha y
Nguyn nhn ca chung l hon ton c
hc. S h thp th tch dnh cho pha
hi gy ra hin tng x bt mt phn
hi khi p sut trong b cha t n gi
tr cn ca van an ton. Vic np y
c thc hin cc nhit khng i
do vy khng c s thay i nng kh
thi ra. Tng t nh vy khi tho cn
b cha ngi ta cn phi a theo mt
dng khng kh vo trnh hin tng
bp thnh b.
S lun
Qu
chuyn
trnh
bn/n ch bin
m
Sn
phm
thng
phm
0-10
1.0
1.0
12
0.91
1.0
15
0.75
1.0
20
0.59
1.0
25
0.50
1.0
30
0.47
1.0
40
0.44
1.0
Do y:
Ap dng nh lut Mariotte vi khng kh cha
trong b cha vi nhit trung bnh tn cha xng
nhit 270C v cho mt mt xng tng ng vi
vic np y b phn mt b cha:
e i
F Q C.
.
e 230
Trong :
F mt mt xng trong khi np y b phn b
cha; m3.
C Dung tch cha ca b cha, m3.
Q lng xng a vo, m3.
- sc cng b mt hi ca xng 270C
e; i - p sut cn tuyt i cho cc van khi x v
khi hut; kg/cm3.
Mt mt do s th ca bn
cng c th tnh theo:
B= (1,8.P.D.F0.Fp)/A
- B: Mt mt do s th/nm
- P: Ap sut hi bo ha
- A: H s: 74 (SI); 14.5(E)
- Fp: H s sn b: AL=1;
sng mu = 1.1
- F0: H s i vi ng
knh l thng hi
L thng hi
F0
m
ft
0,31
1,53
3,05
4,58
6,10
7,63
9,15
10,68
0.39
0.55
0.72
0.87
1.0
1.12
1.23
1.33
TM
e M (i m).
Tm
Thit b o nhit :
- Nhit k lng kim (bimetallic thermometer):
C ch hot ng ca loi nhit k lng kim da
trn nguyn tc hai kim loi khc nhau s c gin
n nhit khc nhau.
u im ln nht ca cp nhit l
Thit b o p sut:
Ap sut trong bn dng kim tra an
ton ca bn khi cha cc sn phm kh
ho lng. Trong mt s trng hp p sut
cn xc nh lng kh ho lng trong
bn. Mc d cc bn u c van x p
nhng vic theo di p sut bn cng gp
phn m bo cng tc vn hnh v bo
tr, pht hin r ri t bn cha
Cc thit b o p thng c s dng l:
Phao ni:
Phao ni l loi dng c kim sot mc cht lng
thng dng nht. Phao ni n gin nht l loi phao
ni mt v tr (single - point float). Loi ny gm c
mt phao bng nha ni vi mt cnh tay n. Cnh
tay n ny iu khin van cp liu cho bn trng
thi ng hay m. Ban u khi mc cht lng di
mc cn thit th van trng thi m. Khi mc cht
lng v tr mong mun, phao ni ngang vi mc cht
lng cn bm, tc ng ln van thng qua cnh tay
n lm ng van li. Phao ni c th gn bn trong
bn hay gn trong mt bnh bn ngoi thng vi bn.
Mt s loi phao ni khng dng cnh tay n m
ng kh nn iu chinh van cp liu cho bn. iu
ny c li ch tng nhy cho van nhng cng chi
ph thit b ng k (my nn, ng ng dn kh).
u d in:
u d dn in, in dung, sng siu m l cc loi
u d in ph bin dng o mc cht lng trong
bn. Hu ht cc loi u d ny dng kim sot
mc cht lng mt v tr xc nh trc. Sau y
chung ta xt nguyn tc hot ng ca 3 loi u d
trn:
- Vi cht lng dn in th u d l mt cc cn
thnh bn l mt cc. Khi cht lng ngp u d th c
dng in gia u d v bn. Mi trng truyn in
chnh l cht lng. Dng in c ghi nhn nh cm
bin cho bit cht lng dng n mc quy nh hay
cha. B tr y d nhiu v tr khc nhau s cho bit
mc cht lng nhiu v tr khc nhau. C th gn
thm cc n bo mc cht lng hay chung reo giup
cho qu trnh vn hnh d dng hn.
- By hi l mt hp nh c nhung chm su
trong bn. Khi mc cht lng trong bn dng ln
th p sut khng kh trong by s tng ln.
Khng kh thng vi p k qua mt ng kim loi.
Quan st p k hay chuyn thang o p sang
thang o chiu di s xc nh c chiu cao
mc cht lng.
- Mng ngn cng c nguyn tc hot ng
tng t by hi. im khc nhau ch khng
kh c gi trong hp nh mng ngn che
y hp. Mng ny rt linh ng v c co
gin cao. Khi mc cht lng trong bn tng th
p sut thu tinh tc ng ln mng ngn. Sau
mng ngn tc ng ln khng khi trong h
kn lm gin ng Bourdon trong ng h. Quan
st thang chia c th bit c mc cht lng.
Dng c o dng bc x:
chn la:
Thng lm bng t hoc b tng, c
b dy v chiu cao ln cha ht
cht lng c trong bn nu c s c
trong trng hp xy ra s c v bn,
chy bc tng ny s ngn cht lng
li n khi n c bm sang bn khc
hoc c bin php x l ng thi n cn
bo v, cch ly cc bn cha v cc
cng trnh c s k cn trong trng hp
xy ra s c, c lp m chy tranh ly
sang cc khu vc khc.
H thng lm mt:
Trong qu trnh tn tr, trong nhng iu kin
nhit mi trng cao qu nhit gii hn
cho php lm cho nhit ca bn cng nh
ca sn phm tn tr tng. y l nguyn
nhn lm gim bn ca vt liu ch to bn
cng nh vic gy tht thot v chy n nht
l i vi nhng sn phm. Do ta cn phi
lm mt bn bng h thng ng nc un
cong theo thn bn pha trn np, dc theo
ng ta khoan nhiu l trn cch u nhau
cho nc c th lm mt ton b bn cha.
Chia se bi:
https://sites.google.com/site/nhietlan
hcn/
dung@gmx.us