INDUSTRY

IGCSE GEOGRAPHY

SYLLABUS CONTENT

LEARNING CHECKLIST

TOPIC

1. Classify industry into primary, secondary and tertiary

2. Describe and explain how the proportions employed in primary, secondary
and tertiary may change with respect to the level of development, including
NICs
3. Describe and explain how the proportions employed in primary, secondary
and tertiary may change over time
4. Describe and identify the influence of inputs on the processes and outputs
(products and waste) of industrial systems.
CASE STUDY industrial system of a high technology industry
CASE STUDY industrial system of a processing/ manufacturing industry
5. Describe and explain the factors influencing the location of industry
CASE STUDY location factors for a high technology industry
CASE STUDY location factors for a processing/ manufacturing industry
6. Describe and explain the factors influencing the distribution of industry
- distribution should be studied on a global and national scale
7. study should also be made of particular zones and/ or industrial plants with
respect to locational and siting factors
8. Demonstrate the need for sustainable development, resource conservation
and management in different environments
9. Identify and describe the benefits associated with the development of
manufacturing industries in a country
10. Describe how the development of manufacturing industries in a country may
also pose threats to the environment when natural ecosystems re interfered
with: global warming and pollution (air, water, noise and visual)
11. Identify areas at risk from threats to the environment as a result of the
development of manufacturing industry, and describe the attempts made to
maintain conserve or improve the quality of the environment

Notes
Complete
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Revise
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AIM 1: CLASSIFY

INDUSTRY INTO PRIMARY , SECONDARY AND TERTIARY

PRIMARY INDUSTRY
Description

Examples

SECONDARY INDUSTRY
Description

Examples

TERTIARY INDUSTRY

Description

Examples

QUATERNARY INDUSTRY
Description

Examples

AIM 2: D ESCRIBE AND EXPLAIN HOW THE PROPORTIONS EMPLOYED IN PRIMARY, SECONDARY AND
TERTIARY MAY CHANGE WITH RESPECT TO THE LEVEL OF DEVELOPMENT , INCLUDING NICS
You can use the percentage of people working in each sector to help describe __________________
_______________________. This is called the ______________________.
The more ______________ a country becomes the more it will rely on ______________ and, in particular,
___________ industries. A less developed country will be characterised by a greater percentage of the
population in _________________, usually___________________.
The bar chart below shows the percentage of the population employed in each sector of industry for
three separate countries: Mali; Taiwan and Germany.

Q 1a) Which of the three countries is an LEDC? ___________________________________

Q 1b) Give reasons for your answer to part a (remember you must use figures from the chart!)
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Q 2a) Which of the three countries is an MEDC? ___________________________________
Q 2b) Give reasons for your answer to part a (remember you must use figures from the chart!)
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Q 3a) Taiwan is an NIC, what do the letters NIC stand for? ____________________________________
Q 3b) Taiwan has a strong manufacturing sector, 35% of the population are employed in the
secondary sector. Why do you think that large multinationals want to set up factories in NIC
countries like Taiwan?
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PAPER 1

2 2009

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AIM 3: D ESCRIBE AND EXPLAIN HOW THE PROPORTIONS EMPLOYED IN PRIMARY, SECONDARY AND
TERTIARY MAY CHANGE OVER TIME

All countries undergo changes in their economic systems. The relative importance of different economic
activities in the UK has changed over the past 150yrs.
3 trends are apparent annotate these on your graph

How can we explain the changes in the UK Employment patterns in MEDCS?

1. Why has there been a steady decrease in primary employment?

2. Why has there been a rapid increase in tertiary employment in the twentieth century?

3. Why has there been a decline in secondary employment since the 1930s?

Employment patterns have also changed in LEDCs

The 3 pie charts below show how the three sectors of industry have changed between 1960 and 2000. These
changes are typical of an LEDC

PRIMARY

SECONDARY

TERTIARY

JUNE 2009

INDUSTRIAL SYSTEMS
INPUTS

PROCESSES
P

OUTPUTS

AIM 4: D ESCRIBE AND IDENTIFY THE INFLUENCE OF INPUTS ON THE PROCESSES AND OUTPUTS
(PRODUCTS AND WASTE) OF INDUSTRIAL SYSTEMS.
2007 June

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AIM 4: D ESCRIBE AND EXPLAIN THE FACTORS INFLUENCING THE LOCATION OF INDUSTRY

LOCATION
FACTORS
Initially, in the United Kingdom industry was fairly closely tied to where the raw materials were, in particular coal for power. Nowadays, the
change from heavy industry to light, footloose industry, has meant that industries can locate anywhere and so other factors, such as
communications links and government policy, become far more important. A general rule is that the physical factors were the primary influence
over the location of the old industries in Britain, whilst the economic ones are increasingly important in industrial location now.

TASK: Looking at the information in the table below Shade the physical factors green, the human factors blue.
Climate: The climate could affect where an industry locates, as it
needs to attract workers to the area. This is not a particularly
important factor.

Communications: Probably the most important factor for new

industries nowadays. Most need communications links not only to
the rest of the country, but to the rest of Europe and the World.
Transport routes such as the motorways, airports, railways and the
ports are all things that will attract industrial location.
Communications increasingly also includes access to the internet,
fax and phones. All these allow industries to have a greater freedom
of choice over their location.
Government policy: Governments can greatly influence the
location of industry, by giving tax incentives, cheap rent and other
benefits to companies locating in certain areas of the country. Often
these are places, which the government wants to develop
economically. Government policy also lead to the closure of many of
the heavy industries in the United Kingdom, such as numerous coal
mines and ship building yards.
Power: Initially, industry had to locate right beside its power source.
Water power was used at first, and then the burning of coal produced
steam power. Both sources of energy restricted where industries
could locate, as they had to be beside a suitable river or near the
coal field. Now, industries can gain their power from the National
Grid and so power does not really influence location a great deal.

Accessibility: The site of the new factor needs to be accessible, so that

importing of raw materials and exporting of finished products is easy.
Early industry had to have good access to raw materials, usually though
natural routes like rivers. Nowadays access is needed to transport
routes.
Capital: Very important to any industry. Companies cannot set up their
chosen industry without investment of money. This may come from
private sources or from the government.

Land: The site of an industry is very important. Usually, flat land is the
most essential thing to find. Most industries alsotry to find areas where
there is room to expand once production has become successful.
Victorian industries often located in the inner city areas of towns, which
didn't allow much room for expansion, but was required because the
work-force could live within walking distance of the factory. Today cars
have allowed industry to move to out-of-town locations as the workers
can drive to the factory
Labour Supply: Very important to old, labour-intensive industries. This
is why many of them located in the inner cities, so that there was a
huge pool of potential workers close by. With the growth in car
ownership, and industries becoming more mechanised labour supply is
not such an important factor for most industries. However, some
industries rely on it.

Raw Materials: Old, heavy industry required large amounts of bulky

raw materials, which were very costly to transport, and so the
industry located close to them. Newer industries are described as
being footloose, as they are not tied by being near raw materials,
which are smaller and easier to transport.

Many of the quaternary industries in the UK are found near the

university towns of Oxford and Cambridge, as they wants to attract
skilled, knowledgeable graduates for their industry.
Markets: Access to markets is vital, and this ties in with the section on
communications. In the last 19th Century the market for most industries
would be fairly local. Into the 20th century the market widened with
improved transport technology. Now, the market for many companies is
a global

TRANSNATIONAL CORPORATIONS
TNCS are large companies that operate in many companies or continents.

They are willing to change the suppliers of their raw materials and the locations of their activities to
wherever conditions for production or sales are most favourable. Tis is part of globalisation

These companies control an increasing proportion of the global economy

The annual sales of many of these companies are greater than the gross domestic product (GDP) of
many entire countries.

TNCs have a strong influence on LEDCs where they often locate activities like production. There has been
some criticism of this, but the presence of TNCs in LEDCs can lead to both advantages and disadvantages for
these countries:
ADVANTAGES FOR THE LEDCs
Guaranteed income for local people
Jobs for local people
Improves peoples skill
Brings in foreign currency, which helps the
country to develop
The increased employment also increases the
demands for consumer goods in the LEDCs
and helps other industries to develop there

DISADVANTAGES FOR THE LEDCs

Most of the profits go abroad and are not reinvested in the country
The numbers of local people employed can
be small
The TNC might suddenly decide to leave the
LEDC, if conditions inside or outside the
country change. This decision is made
outside the LEDCs
Raw materials, such as minerals, are often

It can lead to the development of local raw

materials, such as mining minerals or
growing crops
Can lead to the development of infrastructure
projects such as roads, dams, airports,
schools, hospitals

exported and not processed in the LEDC

Levels of pay are lower than elsewhere in the
world
The operations of the company may cause
environmental damage.

CASE STUDY: FIAT, BRAZIL

Learning Objective
To study the factors that have attracted Fiat, a transnational company (TNC), to Brazil
Learning Outcome
To be able to describe and explain the specific factors that affect the location of Fiat in
Brazil.
What is a TNC?

FIAT: COMPANY INFORMATION

Where is BETIM?

TASK: Using evidence from the map above, explain why Fiat decided to locate their factory in
Betim?

FIAT IN BETIM

TASK: draw a spider diagram in the box below to explain the reasons why Fiat decided to locate
their factory in Betim

ANOTHER NEW FACTORY!

November 2000: Fiat opened a new $240 million plant at Sete Lagoas
The new factory is a joint venture between Iveco, who make trucks and Fiat who make
Ducato vans
Currently Fiat has a 9% share of the light van market in Brazil; it hopes to increase its share
of the market to 15% by 2001.
Why has Fiat expanded in Brazil?

PAST PAPER QUESTION: 2007 June

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AIM: I DENTIFY AND DESCRIBE THE BENEFITS ASSOCIATED WITH THE DEVELOPMENT OF
MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES IN A COUNTRY

SOUTH KOREA - RAPID ECONOMIC

DEVELOPMENT
South Korea is located in East Asia. It has a population of 48.7
million and its capital city is Seoul. Korea is a divided country.
Between 1950 and 1953 a war split the country into North Korea
and South Korea. During the war (part of the Cold War), the south
was backed by the US who was pushing its political ideology of
Capitalism, the north was backed by China pushing its political
ideology of Communism. After years of fighting and thousands of
lives lost, a boundary was drawn pretty much where the conflict
started, the 38th parallel. This boundary still exists today. The two countries created by the war have seen
very different economic development.
Post war South Korea was supported by US money and military power. South Korea used the money to invest
in infrastructure and services (roads, schools, etc.). It also aimed to keep the money with South Korea by
developing its own industries rather than relying on foreign imports. South Korea's economic policies and the
country's strong work ethic produced impressive growth throughout the 1960's and 1970's and into the
1980's. Between 1960 and 1980 the GDP grew at about 10% per annum. In the 1960's exports grew 34% and
the in the 1970's they grew 23%.
http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-13191712
Today South Korea is the world's 13th biggest economy and a member of the
G20. It has GDP of just over $1 trillion and is still growing despite the global
recession (in 2010 growth was 3.9%). The GDP per capita is about $30,000
and an unemployment level of only 3.7%. The majority of people are now
employed in the tertiary sector (68.4%) so you could argue that South Korea is
now moving from the 'drive to maturity' to the 'high mass consumption' level
on the Rostow Model.
As well as having a good work ethic and investing US loans in education and infrastructure, South Korea has
been successful because of:
Import substitution - Initially the South Korean government focused on being self-sufficient, so it produced
all its own goods rather than relying on imports.
Tariffs and Quotas - The south Korean government used tariffs (taxes) and quotas (a limit) on foreign
products to protect companies operating domestically.
Devaluation of the currency - The S Korean government devalued its currency, to make its exports
cheaper& more attractive.
Growth of TNCs - Many of South Korean companies are now TNCs are renowned globally e.g. Samsung, LG,
Hyundai and Kia.
Initial focus on labour intensive industries - initially South Korea's biggest competitive advantage was its
cheap labour, so it focused on labour intensive industries like shipbuilding and textiles.
The success of the South Korean economy has brought significant benefits to its people including:
Improved education (98% of South Koreans are literate)
Improved healthcare (the life expectancy in South Korea is now 79)
Better paid jobs

More leisure time (South Koreans are now keen golfers, walkers, etc.)
International recognition (South Korea hosted the Olympics in 1988 and jointly hosted the World Cup in 2002)
Improved communications (South Korea now has the fastest broadband in the world)
Improved transport links (Korean Air and the high speed rail link KTX)
Improved technology (much from home grown companies e.g. Samsung and LG)
In the future South Korea is probably going to focus on more hi-tech industries (quaternary sector) like
electronics and pharmaceuticals. To do this the government is investing heavily in education, technology and
supporting R&D. South Korea is also in an excellent position to exploit the nearby growth markets of China,
India, Indonesia and Vietnam.
However, South Korea is also likely to experience some problems including:
Competition from Japan (Toyota, Sony), but also the growing giant that is China
Increasing production costs as South Koreans expect higher wages
Transportation costs (exporting to US and Europe)
The cost of either defending itself from North Korea or paying for reunification with North Korea.
A growing dependency ratio and shortage of workers as the total fertility rate declines and life expectancy
increases.

HIGH TECHNOLOGY INDUSTRY

PROCESSES

High tech industry uses the most advanced technology to make products that may, or may not be high
technology themselves. Pharmaceutical products are low tech (arguably), produced using high tech
methods.
A high degree of research and development is involved, because companies are always trying to keep
ahead of the competition by developing new products and designing new machines to make
The manufacturing process is highly automated and computerised.

OUTPUTS

Products include pharmaceuticals, medical, optical and other precision instruments, computers,
televisions, mobile phones and aircraft. Biotechnology companies develop new kinds of food, drink and
vaccines.

AIM 6: D ESCRIBE AND EXPLAIN THE FACTORS INFLUENCING THE DISTRIBUTION OF INDUSTRY
(DISTRIBUTION SHOULD BE STUDIED ON A GLOBAL AND NATIONAL SCALE)

THE GLOBAL DISTRIBUTION OF HIGH TECH INDUSTRIES

High technology companies tend to be
located in countries with high standards of
education, plenty of money to invest and
excellent transport and telecommunication
systems as well as populations with strong
purchasing power. Their branch factories
(where the assembling of the finished
products is carried out), by contrast, are often
located in LEDCs.

TASK: Describe the distribution pattern

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Learning Objective - To study the factors that affect the location of hi-tech industry
Learning Outcome - To be able to describe and explain the specific factors that affect the location of
high-tech industry in Bracknell, Berkshire.

What is high-tech industry?

Examples of high-tech industry include:

Where does high-tech industry locate in the UK

Shade in and label the high-tech regions.

CASE STUDY: The M4 Corridor (Hi-tech industries)

New industrial regions in Britain have tended to grow up along

main communication routes. The best example of this is the
"Sunrise Strip", which takes in the area around motorways
such as the M11, M23, M3 and, most importantly, the M4.
The M4 corridor is the area either side of the M4 motorway
(main road) running from London in the east of the UK across to
Bristol and Cardiff in Wales (the west of the UK). The area has
become famous because of its concentration of hi-tech
industries.
These industries are described as being footloose. They have
generally grown up over the last 25 years in "growth areas",
along communications routes. Although they do bring prosperity
to regions, the new industries actually employ few people in comparison to the older, declining, heavy
industries. Traditional location factors have been super-seeded by newer ones.
The M4 corridor has become a popular location because:
Transport - The M4 road runs through the region and connects to the M25 and M5. London has five
airports (including the world's busiest international airport (Heathrow). There are also further airports
in Bristol and Cardiff. A railway line also runs through the region.
Labour - there is a large pool of workers, not only in London, but also Swindon, Reading and Bristol.
Universities - Cardiff, Bristol, Bath, Reading and of course London have multiple universities that can
not only supply skilled labour but also research and development facilities.
There are attractive areas to live nearby and enjoy recreation time e.g. Cotswolds and Mendip Hills.
Market - Much of the South of England is wealthy so there is a large potential market for new products.
Existing Industries - There is already existing government research facilities and other research based
companies like British Aerospace and Rolls Royce in the area.
Conglomeration - If hi-tech firms group together they can share associated services. Associated
companies may range from cleaning and security firms, to IT repair and research labs. By sharing
services it should reduce costs and increase the amount offered.

Annotate the map of the M4 corridor to show 5 reasons why high-tech industries may want to
locate there.

High-tech companies locate along the __________ corridor; for example, Vodaphone has its head office in
_______________.
Although they are relatively ________________as they do not need large amounts of ____________________, they
still favour certain locations easy access for the workforce, components and finished products are required.

The M4 provides a direct route to __________________ Airport and also links easily to the______. There is also an
intercity rail link from London to______________.
They require a highly-________________ workforce and like to share ideas and knowledge. Therefore they locate
near ______________________ such as Reading or Bristol.
An attractive environment such as is offered by the nearby ___________________ is also an advantage.

CASE STUDY: HIGH TECH INDUSTRY: BRACKNELL, BERKSHIRE

Which high tech companies located in Bracknell?

Why have high-tech industries located in Bracknell?

There are 4 specific factors which have affected the location of high-tech industry in Bracknell:

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ENVIRONMENTAL RISKS & BENEFITS:

MANAGEMENT

RESOURCE CONSERVATION &

AIM: DESCRIBE HOW THE DEVELOPMENT OF MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES IN A COUNTRY MAY ALSO
POSE THREATS TO THE ENVIRONMENT WHEN NATURAL ECOSYSTEMS RE INTERFERED WITH : GLOBAL
WARMING AND POLLUTION ( AIR , WATER, NOISE AND VISUAL)
Externalities
Externalities: An impact or affect that is caused by an unconnected event or process. Externalities can be
both positive or negative. For example a new factory being built may create extra business for a local shop
when staff buy there lunch (positive externality), but it may also create congestion and pollution in the local
area (negative externality).
Negative externalities usually affect poor people the most. Poor people tend to be people who are forced to
live near polluting factories because they can't afford to live anywhere else. It is also poor countries that
polluting TNCs tend to locate in, because either environmental regulations do not exist or they are not
enforced. The old/young and sick are also vulnerable to pollution caused by industry.
Depending on the type of externality, some can just have local impacts on the surrounding houses and
communities or others can have much bigger impacts covering whole countries or even the globe. The
Chernobyl Nuclear accident in the Ukraine has created long-tern negative externalities, but it also greater
much wider temporary negative externalities across much of Europe.
Local

Externality - TS2 Postcode, UK

One postcode with 17 major polluting factories (chemicals, oil, iron and steel)
Average income about $10,000 (64% below national average)
One residential area (Grangetown) has 70 tonnes of pollutants fall on it annually.
Death rates from asthma and bronchitis three times national average
Life expectancy 10 years below national average

Local Externality - Bhopal, India

Bhopal is a city is central India.
On December 3rd 1984 a huge chemical explosion at the Union
Carbide (US TNC) factory killed an estimated 3,800 and left
thousands more permanently disabled.
Regional Externality - BP Gulf of Mexico Oil Spill
Largest accidental oil spill in history
20th April 2010 Deepwater Horizon oil rig exploded killing 11 and starting leak
Leak stopped on 15th July by capping oil well
About 4.9 million barrels escaped in the 3 months
19th September a relief well permanently stopped leak
Tourism and fishing industries severely effected in southern states of US.
Wildlife badly effected (birdlife and marine life)

BP are paying all clean up costs.

$20 billion fund set up to compensate industries effected.

Global Externality - Greenhouse Effect

The greenhouse effect is caused by greenhouse gases being released into
the atmosphere (many of them come from industry). The greenhouse effect
causes global warming which is a global negative externality. Although the
greenhouse effect is a natural process, it is being enhanced by human
activity i.e. the release of greenhouse gases from factories, cars, houses,
power stations, etc.
Global Externality - Acid Rain
Acid Rain is caused by pollutants (carbon monoxide, sulphur dioxide, nitrous oxide, etc.) being released into
the atmosphere and then falling to ground either as dry or wet deposition. The pollution can blow anywhere
so is known as tarns-frontier pollutant.

Dry deposition: Pollution falling directly to the surface.

Wet deposition: Pollution mixing with rain and falling to the earth.

Causes of Acid Rain

Industrial pollution
Transport fumes (cars and airplanes)
Power stations
Problems Caused by Acid Rain
Damage to buildings
Changing pH of lakes and rivers and killing plant and animal
life
Changing pH of soil and damaging agriculture
Damage to vegetation
Manufacturing industry can result in negative externalities; pollution can result from manufacturing processes
and many of the outputs from such processes can be harmful waste substances and pollutants e.g. chromium
compounds produced in leather manufacture can cause lung cancer and ulcers. Some of the air pollutants
that leak accidentally from chemical industries are carcinogenic e.g. benzene, or toxic.
Even high-tech industries have the potential to pollute. Accidental spills and leaks of solvents and leaks of
solvents and acids can cause toxic substances to pollute both air and water.
Sulphur dioxide is produced when fossil fuels are used in smelting, refining and electricity generation. After
mixing with water droplets in the atmosphere. It eventually falls back to earth as acid rain, often far from the
source of pollution. Sulphur dioxide emissions from the UK acidified soils, rivers and lakes in Norway. Fish were
poisoned. Now much of the sulphur is removed from the gases emitted from the chimneys.

AIM: I DENTIFY AREAS AT RISK FROM THREATS TO THE ENVIRONMENT AS A RESULT OF THE
DEVELOPMENT OF MANUFACTURING INDUSTRY , AND DESCRIBE THE ATTEMPTS MADE TO MAINTAIN
CONSERVE OR IMPROVE THE QUALITY OF THE ENVIRONMENT

Possible Solutions to Negative Externalities (attempt to maintain/ conserve/ improve the quality of the
environment)
Renewable Energy: If industries use renewable energy they will reduce the amount of greenhouse
gases released into the atmosphere.
International Agreements: International agreements like the Kyoto Protocol limit the amount of
pollution that countries (and therefore companies) can make.
Government Regulations: Governments creating laws to limit noise, air and water pollution and just as
importantly enforcing the regulations and punish non-compliance.
Corporate Responsibility: Companies can make their own steps to reduce pollution e.g. recycling, using
energy saving light bulbs, using materials from sustainable sources and using low emission vehicles.

Appropriate Technology and Industries: Industries only locating in areas where the technology and
regulations are in place to minimise externalities e.g. it is no point a chemical factory locating in a
country where there is not the technology to clean waste water. Also companies should use technology
appropriate to the local area, if people is the abundant local resource, use people rather than polluting
equipment.

TASK: investigate one of these solutions further (developing a short case study to illustrate how it works in
practice).