Collisions of Gas Particles

Collisions of Gas Particles

Kinetic Theory

Kinetic Molecular Theory

Postulates of the Kinetic Molecular Theory of Gases
1.

Gases consist of tiny particles (atoms or molecules)

2.

These particles are so small, compared with the distances between

them, that the volume (size) of the individual particles can be assumed
to be negligible (zero).

3.

The particles are in constant random motion, colliding with the walls of
the container. These collisions with the walls cause the pressure exerted
by the gas.

4.

The particles are assumed not to attract or to repel each other.

5.

The average kinetic energy of the gas particles is directly proportional

to the Kelvin temperature of the gas

Kinetic Molecular Theory (KMT)

explains why gases behave as they do
deals w/ideal gas particles
1.
are so small that they are assumed to have zero
volume

2.are in constant, straight-line motion

3.experience elastic collisions in which no energy is lost
4.have no attractive or repulsive forces toward each other
5.have an average kinetic energy (KE) that is proportional
to the absolute temp. of gas (i.e., Kelvin temp.)

AS TEMP.

, KE

Elastic vs. Inelastic Collisions

8
3

Elastic vs. Inelastic Collisions

v1

POW

v2

elastic collision

v3

v4
8

inelastic collision

Elastic Collision
v1

before

after

v2

Model Gas Behavior

All collisions must be elastic
Take one step per beat of the
metronome
Container
Class stands outside tape box

Higher temperature
Faster beats of metronome

Decreased volume
Divide box in half

More Moles
More students are inside box

Mark area of container

with tape on ground.
Add only a few
molecules of inert gas
Increase temperature
Decrease volume
Add more gas
Effect of diffusion
Effect of effusion
(opening size)

Kinetic Molecular Theory

Particles in an ideal gas

have no volume.
have elastic collisions.
are in constant, random, straight-line motion.
dont attract or repel each other.
have an avg. KE directly related to Kelvin temperature.

Courtesy Christy Johannesson www.nisd.net/communicationsarts/pages/chem

Molecular Velocities

Fractions of particles

molecules sorted by speed

many different molecular speeds

the Maxwell speed distribution

speed

http://antoine.frostburg.edu/chem/senese/101/gases/slides/sld016.htm

Real Gases
Particles in a REAL gas
have their own volume
attract each other

Gas behavior is most ideal

at low pressures
at high temperatures
in nonpolar atoms/molecules

Courtesy Christy Johannesson www.nisd.net/communicationsarts/pages/chem

Characteristics of Gases
Gases expand to fill any container.
random motion, no attraction

Gases are fluids (like liquids).

no attraction

Gases have very low densities.

no volume = lots of empty space

Courtesy Christy Johannesson www.nisd.net/communicationsarts/pages/chem

Characteristics of Gases
Gases can be compressed.
no volume = lots of empty space

Gases undergo diffusion & effusion.

random motion

Courtesy Christy Johannesson www.nisd.net/communicationsarts/pages/chem

Properties of Gases
Gas properties can be modeled using math.
Model depends on:

V
T
P
n

=
=
=
=

volume of the gas (liters, L)

temperature (Kelvin, K)
pressure (atmospheres, atm)
amount (moles, mol)

Pressure - Temperature - Volume

Relationship

P
V
P TT V
PP

VV

Charles

1
PV
VT

Gay-Lussacs

PT

Boyles

___

Pressure - Temperature - Volume

Relationship

P T
n V
Boyles

1
P
V

Charles

VT

Gay-Lussacs

PT

___

Pressure and Balloons

B
When balloon is being filled:
PA > PB
A

When balloon is filled and tied:

PA = PB
When balloon deflates:
PA < P B
A = pressure exerted BY balloon
B = pressure exerted ON balloon

Balloon Riddle

When the balloons are untied,

will the large balloon (A) inflate
the small balloon (B); will they
end up the same size or will the
small balloon inflate the large
balloon?

Why?

Kinetic Theory and the Gas Laws

10
10

10

10

(a)

(b)

(c)

original temperature
original pressure
original volume

increased temperature
increased pressure
original volume

increased temperature
original pressure
increased volume

Dorin, Demmin, Gabel, Chemistry The Study of Matter , 3rd Edition, 1990, page 323 (newer book)