Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
1.Thenucleiofmostcellsareroundorovalbutskeletalmusclecellsare
longovalshapeandneuronsissphericalshape.Alsosizeofnucleusare
differ.Themostcellhavethediameterofnucleusabout5m.
2.
Mostcellseachhaveonenucleus,butsomehavemany,thatis
becausenucleusismadeupofamultinucleate.Forexample,cellof
skeletalmuscle.Buttherearealsosomecellsthathavenonucleus.For
example,redbloodcell.
3.
A.Chromatin
Functions:
makeDNAsmallertofitinthecell,andtocontrol
gene
expressionandDNAreplication.
B:Nucleoplasm
Functions:
Maintaintheshapeandstructure.Andtransport
materialsthatareimportanttometabolismandcellfunction.
C.Nucleolus
Function:
rewriteribosomalRNA(rRNA)andcombineitwith
proteins.
Structure:
proteinsandribonucleicacids(RNA)
Produce:
producesribosomes,whichmoveoutofthenucleusto
positionsontheroughendoplasmicreticulumwheretheyarecritical
inproteinsynthesis.
D.NuclearEnvelope
Function:
Thenuclearenvelopeisadoublemembranelayerthat
surroundsthecell.Itisdottedwiththousandsofnuclearporeswhich
allowsmaterialtomoveintoandoutofthenucleus.Thenucleus
cansendastreamofRNAandotherinfocarryingmoleculestothe
restofthecellthroughnuclearpores.
Howitallowcommunicatedwithcytoplasm?:
Thenuclearenvelopeseparatespartsofthenucleusfromthe
cytoplasmandprovidesthestructureofthenucleus.Thenuclear
membranes,preventthetransportationofmoleculesbetweenthe
nucleusandthecytoplasm,andmaintainthenucleus.Thesole
channelsthroughthenuclearenvelopeareprovidedbythenuclear
porecomplexes,whichallowtheregulatedexchangeofmolecules
betweenthenucleusandcytoplasm.
E.NuclearPores
Size:
100nm
Function:
Theycontrolthemovementofmoleculesfromthenucleus
tothecytoplasm.Inmosteukaryoticcells,thenucleusissurrounded
bythisnuclearmembranetoseparateitfromthecytoplasm.
Importance:
Theoutermembraneandinnermembraneofthe
nuclearenvelopearejoinedtogether.
Part2:Researchindetailthestructureandfunctionofribosomes
1.Thelargerofthe2subunitiswheretheaminoacidsgetastogrowing
proteinchain.thesmallsubunitiswherethemessageRNAbinds
decodedit.
2.
Ribosomemeasuresabout200angstroms
3.Numberofribosomesdifferfromspecializecellbecauseitdependon
theactivityofthecell.Glandularcellshavemanyribosomesbecausethey
needtomakealotofprotein.
4.
The ribosomes can found in cytosol also can found on the
rough
endoplasmic reticulum
.
5.RibosomebindingtoEndoplasmicreticulumbyattachsignalpeptide
withsignalrecognitionparticle(SRP)thenSRPbringittothereceptor,
thenitbindtoeachother.
6.First,RNAleavesthenucleusthroughporecomplexandattachwith
ribosome,proteinsynthesisbegin.Secondsignalpepetideatthe...ofthe
proteinwillattachwithSRP,SRPbringittoERtoattachwiththe
receptor,thenSRPleavesandallowproteinsprocesscontinue,as
polypeptide.Thirdenzyme(inER)removesthesignalpeptide.Last,
ribosomalsubunitsandmRNAbreakaway,polypeptidefoldsinER.
Part3:Researchindetailthestructureandfunctionofthe
EndomembraneSystem,including
1.
theorganellesoftheendomembranesysteminclude:the
nuclear
envelope
,the
endoplasmicreticulum
,the
Golgiapparatus
,
lysosomes
,
vacuoles
,
vesicles
,andthe
cellmembrane
.
2. EndoplasmicReticulum
a.anetworkofmembranescalledcisternae,Thephospholipid
membraneenclosesaspace,thecisternalspace.
b. Structure:lipidsjustlikethemembranethatsurroundstheentire
cellitself.Thesurfaceofroughendoplasmicreticulumisdottedwith
otherorganellesknownasribosomes.
Function:producesproteinsandhelpsthemfoldproperly.
c. itformedinRERbycontainenzymesthatcanaddcarbohydrate,
chainstoproteins,thenformingglycoproteins.
d. structure:consistsofalongnetworkofafolded,tubelikestructure.
function:performssomespecializedfunctions.ThefunctionsofSER
canvarytoanextentdependingonthetypeofcell.Morecommonly,itis
concernedwithcarryingoutcertainmetabolicprocesses.
Itcandifferamongspecializedcell,forexample,inthetestosterone,
itproducetestosterone.Intheliver,ithelpsdetoxifydrug.
e. structureofRERandSERisthatRERcontainsribosomesonits
surface,whichgiveitaroughappearance.SERdoesnotcontain
thiscellorganelle.SERlookslikeagroupofsmoothtubules,andis
moretubularinshapethanRER.
f. function:store,transportordigestcellularproductsandcellular
waste.
theversiclethatformedbytheRERdifferentthantheversicles
formedbytheSER
3. TheGolgiApparatus
a.
Madeupofstackofthreetotwentyslightcurve.
b.GolgiApparatuspacktheproteinandlipidfortransfertoparthof
cellsinnucleus
c.GolgiApparatuspacktheproteinandlipidfortransfertoanother
partinnucleusortransferouttothecellormovebacktorer.
d.Exocytosisisaprocesswhichmovemoleculetooutofcelland
synthesizebyendoplasmicthencompiletobecomevesicle.
4. Lysosomes
a.
The lysosome produce by
Golgiapparatus
b.
The function of the lysosome is to digest things by
emzyme such as use to digest food or break down the cell when
it dies.
c.Numberoflysosomedifferamonganothercellforexampleinthe
whitebloodcellhavemorelysosomemorethananothercellbecauseit
needlysosometobreakdownbacteria.
d.iflysosomeemzymeisabsentthatcauselysosomelostornot
workingproperly.
5.Peroxisomes
a.
containatleast50different
enzymes
,whichareinvolvedina
varietyofbiochemicalpathwaysindifferenttypesofcells.Peroxisomes
originallyweredefinedasorganellesthatcarryoutoxidationreactions
leadingtotheproductionofhydrogenperoxide.
b.Peroxisomesaredistinguishedbyacrystallinestructureinsidea
sacwhichalsocontainsamorphousgraymaterial.Peroxisomesfunction
toridthebodyoftoxicsubstanceslikehydrogenperoxide,orother
metabolites.Theyareamajorsiteofoxygenutilizationandarenumerous
intheliverwheretoxicbyproductsaregoingtoaccumulate.
c.Peroxisomebreakdownthehydrogenperoxidetowaterand
oxygen
6. Relationshipofendomembranesystems:productofbothRERand
SERtransportversiclestoGolgiapparatus,thenGolgiapparatus
packedittoversiclesandversiclestakeproteintoplasma
membrane.Thentheyexitthecellbyexocytosis.
7. Consumption:tobringintotheRER,SER
secretion:tomakeproteinexit.
Part4:ResearchindetailthestructureandfunctionoftheMitochondria:
1.
Cellularrespirationisthereforeaprocessinwhichtheenergyinglucose
istransferredtoATP.
C6
H
O
+6O
+6H
O12H
O+6CO
12
6
2
2
2
2
2.Functionofmitochondria
productionarecollectivelyknownasthe
citricacid
cycle
,ortheKrebsCycleandproducetheenergycurrencyofthecell
Powerhouses
Theygeneratemostofthecell'ssupplyof
adenosinetriphosphate
(ATP),usedasasourceof
chemicalenergy
.
3.Adenosinetriphosphate
a. Composedofthreecomponents.thereareadeninebase,riboseand
phosphategroup.
b. Becausethelasttwophosphatebondeasilybroken.
c. CellbreakdownATPtoobtainenergy.
4.Thenumberofmitochondriawithincelldifferamongspecializedcell
becauseitdependingonthemetabolicactivities,suchaslivercells,it
mayhaveasmanyas1,000mitochondria.
5.Size=Mitochondriarangefrom0.5to1.0micrometer(m)indiameter
structure
outermembrane
innermembrane
IntermembraneSpace
Cristae
MitochondrialMatrix
Enzymes
Ribosomes
MitochondrialDNA
6.Theoutermembraneofmitochondria(OMM)isabsorbinoxygen,
pyruvate,ATPandothermolecules.
Theinnermembraneofamitochondrionformcristaecoveredwithmany
tiny"stalkedparticles"calledinnermembranespheres
a.isafoldintheinnermembraneofamitochondrion.Providinga
largeamountofsurfaceareaforchemicalreactionstooccuron.Increase
surfacebymakeitbeonethirdofallsurface.
b.
the
matrix
containssoluble
enzymes
that
catalyze
the
oxidation
of
pyruvate
andothersmallorganicmolecules.
7.Itmakespatientsmitochondriaareunabletocompletelymetabolize
organicmoleculestoproduceATP(adenosinetriphosphate).
Part5:TheCytoskeleton
1.cytoskeletoncomposedofthreekindsofproteinfilaments:
Actinfilaments(alsocalledmicrofilaments)
Intermediatefilamentsand
Microtubules
2.a).ActinFilaments:
Themajorcytoskeletalproteinofmostcellsis
actin
,
whichpolymerizestoform
actin
filaments
IntermediateFilaments:
Thestructureofproteinsthatformifwasfirst
predictedbycomputerizedanalysisoftheaminoacidsequenceofa
humanepidermal
keratin
derivedfromclonedcDNAs.
Microtubules:
Microtubulesarelong,hollowcylindersmadeupof
polymerisedand
tubulin
dimers
.
b).ActinFilaments:Actinfilamentsarethesmallestcytoskeletalfilaments,
withadiameterof7nm.Theyarethin,relativelyflexiblethreadsthatcan
becrosslinkedtogetherindifferentwaystoformverydifferentstructures.
IntermediateFilaments:
Thetightassociationbetweenprotofilaments
provideintermediatefilamentswithahightensilestrength.Thismakes
themthemoststablecomponentofthecytoskeleton.Intermediate
filamentsarethereforefoundinparticularlydurablestructuressuchas
hair,scalesandfingernails.
Microtubules:Beyondtheroletheyplayininternalcellmovement,
microtubulesalsoworktogethertoformlargerstructuresthatworkonthe
outsideofthecells.Theycancombineinveryspecificarrangementsto
formciliaandflagella.
3.Centrioles
a. shortcylinderswithaninepatternofmicrotubuletripleswhich
arrangeinaring.
b. Centrioleshelpthecelldivision(mitosis)inanimalscellswhich
separatechromosomesduringmitosis.
4. CiliaandFlagellamovewhenthemicrotubuledoubletsslidepast
oneanotherusingmotormolecules.
MUSCLECELL
1.Musclecell
2.Striatedmuscles,smoothmuscles,andcardiacmuscles.Thestriated
musclesaremainlyfoundinthearmsandlegsandcanmovevoluntarily.
Manysmoothmusclesareinthewallsofthedigestivetractsuchasthe
esophagus,stomach,andintestines.Theyare"involuntary"andmoveon
theirown.Cardiacmusclesformtheheartmuscleandaremainly
involuntary,striatedmusclesmovingontheirown.
3.
Musclefiberstendtohavemultiplenuclei(otheranimalcellshaveone)
andalsohavemultiplemitochondria.Animalcellshaveacytoplasm,a
smoothendoplasmicreticulum,amitochondrion,andacellmembrane.
4.
Theorganizationofmusclecells(knownasmusclefibers)isavery
differentfromtypicalanimalcells,sothefibershavestructurethatare
nameddifferentlythannormalcells.First,musclefiberstendtohave
multiplenuclei(otheranimalcellshaveone).Animalcellshavea
cytoplasm,asmoothendoplasmicreticulum,amitochondrion,andacell
membrane,musclefibershavespecializedversionsoftheseorganelles
knownasthesarcoplasm,thesarcoplasmicreticulum,thesarcomere,
andthesarcolemma.
5.Fusiformshape.Thisshapehaswideinthemiddleandtapersatboth
ends.
6.Musclesareafibrousgroupoftissuesthatprovidecontraction,allowing
thebodytomove.
7.Theelongatedshapeallowsthecontractionproteinstolineupinan
overlappingpatternthatmakesmuscleflexingpossible.Nucleiandother
organellesthatarenormallywithinacelllayattheperimeterofmuscle
cells,makingspacefortheorderedpatternsoftheproteins.
8.Whenmusclecellworkwithotherinanorganitsallowthatpartto
move.
9.Itmakesanorganismalivebyturnenergyintomotion.
10.1.Fibromyalgiasymptoms(musclefiberpain)
2.MuscularDystrophy
symptom:themuscleisprogressweaknessandslowlystuntuntilcant
control.
CerebralPalsythisdiseasecausebybraindamage.
symptom:haveproblemaboutmuscletoneandmovement.
3.Myastheniagravis
symptom:muscleeasyweakness.
Reference
Literature cited:
Brette, F., and C. Orchard. 2007.
Resurgence of cardiac T-tubule research
.
Physiology 22: 167-173.
Davies, K. E., and K. J. Nowak. 2006.
Molecular mechanisms of muscular
dystrophies: old and new players
. Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology
7: 762-773.
Hirsch, N. P. 2007.
Neuromuscular junction in health and disease
. British
Journal of Anaesthesia 99: 132-138.
Hopkins, P. M. 2005.
Foundations of anethesia, second ed
. Mosby,
London.
Jurkat-Rott, K., and F. Lehmann-Horn. 2005.
Muscle channelopathies
and critical points in functional and genomic studies.
Journal of Clinical
Investigation 115: 2000-2009.
Tskhovrebova, L., and J. Trinick. 2003.
Titin: properties and family
relationships
. Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology 4: 679-689.
Gale T. 2014, Muscle cell, retrived from
http://www.wisegeek.org/what-is-a-muscle-cell.htm
http://people.eku.edu/ritchisong/301notes3.htm
https://answers.yahoo.com/question/index?qid=20140205142115AAeCE5
Y
http://www.cellsalive.com/cells/cell_model.htm
https://answers.yahoo.com/question/index?qid=20120917112412AArF5hx
http://klss.cksd.wednet.edu/teachers/chrish/Adv2/Muscle%20Shape%20a
nd%20Fiber%20Arrangemen
t.pdf
Name
Job/Role
Date
Jobcompleted?
Yes/No
Punpun
functionofdifferent 27/11/14
partinnucleus3
Chromatin
Nucleoplasm
Nucleolus
Yes
Mew
sizeandshapeof
nucleus
27/11/14
Yes
Mudmee
Numberofcell
NuclearEnvelope
NuclearPores
27/11/14
Yes
Punpun
completepart1
28/11/14
Yes
Mew
completepart1
28/11/14
Yes
Mudmee
completepart1
28/11/14
Yes
Punpun
processofa
ribosome
thesequenceof
event
2/12/14
yes
Mew
numberof
ribosomes
locatedwithinthe
cell
2/12/14
yes
Mudmee
differentcomponent 2/12/14
ofaribosome
size
yes
Punpun
theendoplasmic
reticulum
componentsofthe
endomembrane
endomembrane
systemfunction
9/12/14
yes
Mew
Golgiapparatus
Lysosomes
9/12/14
yes
Mudmee
peroxisomes
9/12/14
yes
Punpun
completepart3,4
11/12/14
yes
Mew
completepart3,4
11/12/14
yes
Mudmee
completepart3,4
11/12/14
yes
Punpun
cytoskeleton
composed
motormoleculesin
ciliaandflagella
12/12/14
yes
Mew
centrioles
12/12/14
yes
Mudmee
Actinfilaments,
intermediate
filaments,and
microtubules
12/12/14
yes
Punpun
completepart5
16/12/14
yes
Mew
completepart5
16/12/14
yes
Mudmee
completepart5
16/12/14
yes
Punpun
musclecells1,2
18/12/14
yes
Mew
musclecells3,4,5,6
18/12/14
yes
Mudmee
musclecells7,8,9,10 18/12/14
yes
Punpun
complete
19/12/14
yes
Mew
complete
19/12/14
yes
Mudmee
complete
19/12/14
yes