Blood Type Testing Lab

12/03/2015
GROUP MEMBERS 11-2:
Nattada Spanthuwong (Eve)
Santikorn Gorsagun (Mark)
Blood is very important for our lives. Their main function is transporting, regulating and
protection. Blood is connective tissue composed of blood plasma or extracellular fluids, leukocytes
or white blood cells, erythrocytes or red blood cells and platelets. Blood plasma is extracellular
fluids composed of nutrient solutions supporting body temperature homeostasis regulation and
proteins: albumin, globulins and fibrinogens. Albumins are most abundant proteins in plasma. It
results in holding the volume of blood and preventing loss of blood fluids in interstitial space in the
circulatory pathway. Globulins used to carry fat for cells to repairing their cell membranes,
hormones function and metabolism of cells. Fibrinogens are precursor of fibrin, which are sticky
materials used in clotting process of blood. Leukocytes or white blood cells is immune cells living
carrying by blood to protect body from alien material trespassing into the body. Platelets are the
residues component of blood cells.
Red blood cells or so-called erythrocytes is tertiary structure proteins, function as oxygentransporter, composed of 4 subunit proteins: two -globulins and globulins, which was function of
red blood cells. In the between of each proteins subunits contain iron, so that the color of blood was
red-rusty. On red blood cells plasma membrane, there are proteins called antigens located on. These
antigens were function as recognition proteins. One of famous antigens cause ABO Blood types
system which is genetically multiple allele traits. In blood plasma, there also existed the antibody
which acts like police to protect body from alien. The antibody will detect different specific
antigens and attach to them which make the mass of cells increase and form the coagulation which
is the precipitation of blood.
Multiple allele traits are the traits, expression, controlled by genes that have more than two
alleles. Allele is the genetically code that control each possible expression of gene. A famous
example of multiple allele is ABO Blood type system.
ABO blood type system was discovered in 1900 by Karl Lansteiner. He conducts
experiments on blood transfusing. He and his companions realizing that ABO blood type system
follow Mendelian law and have on the ninth chromosome, there three alleles,

is the

allele that control the production of A-antigens on red blood cells and anti-B antibody.

is the

allele that control the production of B-antigens on red blood cells and anti-A antibody. They are codominant to each other which means that no one of these alleles is more dominant that another and
if there existed both alleles, each allele would both express on red blood cells. is allele that told
that there is no antigens would be produced on red blood cells which is recessive to the other
alleles.
In ABO blood type system, the phenotype or expression human have is A, B, AB, and O.
People with A blood type can have genotype

and

. B phenotype has

and

genotype.

genotype will result in AB blood type and people who has no antigens on their red blood cells
would expected to have

Type
Type
Type
Type

A
B
AB
O

genotype.

Antigen A

Antigen B

yes
no
yes
no

no
yes
yes
no

Anti-A

Anti-B

antibody
no
yes
no
yes

antibody
yes
no
no
yes

As you see from the table above, the blood group that contain antigen a would have no antia antibody and vice versa for other blood type. This is because anti a antibody will coagulate with
antigen a cause the blood to clot and de-functionalized blood.
Blood type was controlled by gene on the ninth chromosome according to the research
carrying by Ludwik Hirszfeld in 1910. They show that environment does not affect ABO blood type
and individual person was inherit ABO blood through three alleles,
Parent alleles
(A)

(AB)

(A)

(AB)

(B)

(B)

(A)

(B)

(O)

So we conduct the experiment to find the blood types (A, B, AB, O), and to see the
interaction between individuals antigens and antibody.

MATERIALS:
2 Microscope Slides
Anti-A, Anti-B, Anti-AB
Markers
Lancets
Lancet Device
Ethanol
Cotton Ball
3 toothpicks
METHOD:
1. Draw 2 circles with 1cm diameter on the both sides of the slide.
1c
m

2. Write a control, anti-A, anti-B, anti-AB on the slide

3. Wait teacher to puncture your finger.

4. Drop your blood in each circle.
5. Don't put the antibody in the control.
6. Marked in the circle
a) Anti-A: Single drop of anti-A.
b) Anti-B: Single drop of anti-B.
c)Anti-AB: Single drop of anti-AB.

AB

7.

Mix the blood and antibody together by use the toothpicks.

8.

Wait for the result 10 secs.

9.

RESULT:
A Blood type

State: Coagulation/No Coagulation

Control

No Coagulation

Anti-A

Coagulation

Anti-B

No Coagulation

Anti-AB

Coagulation

PICTURE:

DISCUSSION (EVE):
In my family blood type, my mom is A blood type and my father is O blood type. It shows
that the possible for me to have A and O blood type . There are possibility that my mom is
heterozygous allele and my dad is homozygous because my older brother are O blood type and my

younger brother are A blood type same as me. We can use a punneet square below to check the
blood type.
Mom : Iai (A)
Dad: ii (O)

Iai

Iai

Iai

DISCUSSION (MARK):
My mom and dad blood type
possible genotype . And my dad is

ii

can make is:

So that, if my father has

is O which is able to have only one

B blood typed. He can have two

ii

possible genotypes:
and
.
So that the possible phenotype they

(B)

(B)

(B)

(B)

genotype, the possible genotype of his inheritance with my mom will

be 100% B-blood. However, if he has

50% O-blood

genotype, his inheritance would be 50% B-blood and

(B)

(O)

(B)

(O)

Both my elder sister and I have B-blood type which we can predict our genotype to be only
father is likely to have

. My

genotype. However, we cannot conclude yet, this is just possibility.

CONCLUSION:
ABO blood system is multiple allele or to be controlled by more than two alleles. This system was
inherit three alleles:
. Each combination of alleles can create each different in genotype. The
A-blood group would contain antigen a on red blood cells and antiB antibody in their plasma and
same goes for others blood group. Antigen with the same type of antibody will coagulate. So that in
terms of blood transfusion, A blood type can donate their blood to A and AB- blood since they dont
have the anti a antibody. B blood type can donate their blood to B and AB- blood since they dont

have the anti b antibody. AB blood type can only donate their blood to AB blood since it is the only
blood types that have no antibody. And O blood type can donate their blood to any blood type
people since they have no antigens so that no coagulation will happen.

REFERENCES:
-

O'Nei, D. (2014, January 1). Human Blood: ABO Blood Types. Retrieved March
12, 2015, from http://anthro.palomar.edu/blood/ABO_system.htm

Moulds, J. (n.d.). ABO - Blood Groups - SCARF Exchange. Retrieved March 12,
2015, from http://scarfex.jove.prohosting.com/blood/1.html

Introduction to Hematology. (2015, January 1). Retrieved March 12, 2015,

from http://www.bloodworksnw.org/hematology/

Blood Types. (2015, January 1). Retrieved March 12, 2015,

from http://www.redcrossblood.org/learn-about-blood/blood-types

Give Blood - Blood Group Basics. (2014, March 31). Retrieved March 12,
2015, from http://www.blood.co.uk/about-blood/blood-group-basics/