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Chapter1.FlowinOpenChannel
TanLaiWai,WanAfnizan&ZarinaMdAli
laiwai@uthm.edu.my
Updated:February2015
LearningOutcomes
Attheendofthischapter,studentsshouldbeableto:
i. Defineandexplainontypesandstatesofflowin
openchannels
ii. Identifytypesofopenchannels
iii. Defineopenchannelgeometries
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Openchannelflowisflowofaliquidinaconduitwithafreesurface
subjectedtoatmosphericpressure.
y
Freesurface
T
Flow
x
B
Datum
Figure.Sketchofopenchannelgeometry
Examples:flowofwaterinrivers,canals,partiallyfullsewers and
drainsandflowofwateroverland.
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Tahanriver
rapids
StormwaterManagementandRoadTunnel
(SMART),KualaLumpur,Malaysia
Siberianmeandering
river
V12
2g
hf
Energyline
Hydra
ulicgr
ad
y1
V1
eline
Centerli
neofpip
e
z1
V22
2g
V12
2g
y1
Energyline
hf
Waters
V22
2g
urface
V1
y2
V2
V2
Channelbo
z2
Datumline
ttom
z1
Datumline
Comparisonbetweenpipeflowandopenchannelflow
y2
z2
Practicalapplicationsofopenchannelflowstudies:
a. flowdepthinrivers,canalsandotherconveyanceconduits,
b. changesinflowdepthduetochannelcontrolse.g.weirs,
spillways,andgates,
c. changesinriverstageduringfloods,
d. surfacerunofffromrainfalloverland,
e. optimalchanneldesign,andothers
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1.1FlowParametersandGeometricElements
a. Depthofflowy istheverticalmeasureofwaterdepth.
Normaldepthd ismeasurednormaltothechannelbottom.
d =y cos
Formostapplications,d y when 10%,e.g.cos1 =0.9998.
FlowQ
Freesurface
y d
So =bottomslope
Sw =watersurfaceslope
x
Datum
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Q
V=
A
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c. WettedperimeterP isthelengthofchannelperimeterthatis
wettedorcoveredbyflowingwater.
T=topwidth
A
P
A=crosssectionalarea
coveredbyflowingwater
B=bottom
width
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flow area A
D=
=
topwidth T
T
A
P
B
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Table.Openchannelgeometries
Channelsection
Area
A
Topwidth
T
Wettedperimeter
P
By
B +2y
zy2
2zy
2y 1 + z 2
By+zy2
B +2zy
B + 2y 1 + z 2
D2
(2 sin2 )
8
Dsin
T
y
B
Rectangular
T
1
y
z
Triangular
T
1
y
z
Trapezoidal
T
D
Circle
Activity1.1
1m
2m
60
Find:
3m
(a) TopsurfacewidthT,flowareaA,wettedperimeterP,and
hydraulicradiusR.
(b) IfQ =2.4m3/s,determinethestateofflow.
(c) IflongitudinallengthL =50m,findthecosttoconstructthe
channel.Givenexcavationcost=RM3/m3 andliningcost=
RM5/m2.
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P = B + 2y 1 + z 2
T = 3 + 2(0.5774 )(2)
P = 3 + 2(2) 1 + 0.57742
T = 5.309m
P = 7.619 m
A = By + zy
A
R=
P
A = 3(2) + 0.5774(2)2
A = 8.309m2
R=
8.309
7.619
R = 1.091 m
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Q 2.4
=
= 0.2888m/s
A 8.309
V
Fr =
gD
Re =
VR
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Volumeofexcavation = Achannel L
= (3 3 + 0.5774 32 ) 50
= 709.81 m3
3
Costofexcavation = Unit cost = RM3 / m 709.81
= RM2129.42
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Alining = 3 + 2 3 1 + 0.57742 50
Alining = 496.41m3
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Activity1.2
1m
A1
A2
2m
A3
A4
2m
1m
2m
4m
Find:
(a) FlowareaA
(b) WettedperimeterP
(c) HydraulicradiusR
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3m
1.2TypesofOpenChannel
Prismaticchannel isthechannelwhichcrosssectionalshape,
sizeandbottomslopeareconstant.Mostofthemanmade
(artificial)channelsareprismaticchannelsoverlong
stretches.Examplesofmanmadechannelsareirrigation
canal,flume,drainageditches,roadsidegutters,drop,chute,
culvertandtunnel.
Allnaturalchannels generallyhavevaryingcrosssectionsand
thereforearenonprismatic.Examplesofnaturalchannelsare
tinyhillsiderivulets,throughbrooks,streams,riversandtidal
estuaries.
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Rigidchannels arechannelswithboundariesthatisnot
deformable.Channelgeometryandroughnessareconstant
overtime.Typicalexamplesarelinedcanals,sewersandnon
erodibleunlinedcanals.
Mobileboundarychannels arechannelswithboundariesthat
undergodeformationduetothecontinuousprocessof
erosionanddepositionduetotheflow.Examplesareunlined
manmadechannelsandnaturalrivers.
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Canals
isusuallyalongandmildsloped
channelbuiltintheground,which
maybeunlinedorlinedwith
stonedmasonry,concrete,cement,
woodorbituminousmaterial.
TerusanWanMuhammadSaman,Kedah
GriboyedovCanal,St.Petersburg,Russia
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Flumes
isachannelofwood,metal,concrete,ormasonry,usually
supportedonorabovethesurfaceofthegroundtocarrywater
acrossadepression.
ThisflumedivertswaterfromWhiteRiver,
Washingtontogenerateelectricity
BullRunHydroelectricProjectdiversionflume
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Openchannelflumeinlaboratory
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Chute
isachannelhavingsteepslopes.
Naturalchute(falls)ontheleftandmanmadeloggingchuteontheright
ontheCoulongeRiver,Quebec,Canada
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Drop
issimilartoachute,butthechangeinelevationiswithina
shortdistance.
ThespillwayofLeasburgDiversionDamisaverticalhard
basindropstructuredesignedtodissipateenergy
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Stormwatersewer
isadrainordrainsystem
designedtodrainexcessrain
frompavedstreets,parkinglots,
sidewalksandroofs.
Stormsewer
Stormdrainreceivingurbanrunoff
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1.3TypesandClassificationofOpenChannelFlows
Openchannelflow
Steadyflow
Uniformflow
Unsteadyflow
Nonuniformflow
Rapidlyvariedflow
Graduallyvariedflow
Varioustypesofopenchannelflow
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Openchannelflowconditionscanbecharacterisedwithrespectto
space (uniformornonuniformflows)andtime (steadyorunsteady
flows).
Space howdotheflowconditionschangealongthereachofan
openchannelsystem.
a.Uniformflow depthofflowisthesameatevery
sectionoftheflowdy/dx =0
b.Nonuniformflow depthofflowvariesalongtheflow
dy/dx 0
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a.Uniformflow
y
y Constan
twaterd
x
e pt h
dy
=0
Depthofflowisthesameateverysectionalongthechannel,
dx
b.Nonuniformflow
y1
y2
Depthchanges
alongthechan
n
dy
0
Depthofflowvariesatdifferentsectionsalongthechannel,
dx
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el
Time howdotheflowconditionschangeovertimeataspecific
sectioninanopenchannelsystem.
c.Steadyflow depthofflowdoesnotchange/constant
duringthetimeintervalunder
considerationdy/dt =0
d.Unsteadyflow depthofflowchangeswithtime
dy/dt 0
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c.Steadyflow
y1
y2
Time=t1
y1 =y2
Time=t2
dy
=0
Depthofflowisthesameateverytimeinterval,
dt
d.Unsteadyflow
y1
t3
t1
t2
Depthofflowchangesfromtimetotime,
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y1 y2 y3
dy
0
dt
Theflowisrapidlyvaried ifthedepthchangesabruptlyovera
comparativelyshortdistance.Examplesofrapidlyvariedflow
(RVF)arehydraulicjump,hydraulicdrop,flowoverweirandflow
underasluicegate.
Theflowisgraduallyvaried ifthedepthchangesslowlyovera
comparativelylongdistance.Examplesofgraduallyvariedflow
(GVF)areflowoveramildslopeandthebackingupofflow
(backwater).
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Sluice
GVF
Hydraulic
jump
GVF
RVF
RVF
Flowover
weir
Hydraulic
drop
Contraction
belowthesluice
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1.4StateofFlow
Thestateorbehaviourofopenchannelflowisgovernedbasically
bytheviscosity andgravityeffects relativetotheinertialforces of
theflow.
Effectofvisco sity dependingontheeffectofviscosityrelativeto
inertialforces,theflowmaybeinlaminar,
turbulent,ortransitional state.
Reynoldsnumber representstheeffectof
viscosityrelativetoinertia,
VR
Re =
Re<500
theflowislaminar
500<Re<12500 theflowistransitional
Re>12500
theflowisturbulent
Re =
VR
Theflowislaminar iftheviscousforcesaredominantrelative
toinertia.Viscositywilldeterminetheflowbehaviour.In
laminarflow,waterparticlesmoveindefinitesmoothpaths.
Theflowisturbulent iftheinertialforcesaredominantthan
theviscousforce.Inturbulentflow,waterparticlesmovein
irregularpathswhicharenotsmooth.
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Effectofgravity dependingontheeffectofgravityforcesrelative
toinertialforces,theflowmaybesubcritical,
criticalandsupercritical.
Froudenumber representstheratioofinertial
forcestogravityforces,
V
Fr =
gD
whereV isthevelocity,D isthehydraulicdepth
ofaconduitandg isthegravityacceleration(g =
9.81m/s2).
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Fr<1 ,theflowisinsubcriticalstate
V < gD
Fr=1 ,theflowisincriticalstate
V = gD
Fr>1 ,theflowisinsupercriticalstate
V > gD
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1.5RegimesofFlow
Acombinedeffectofviscosityandgravitymayproduceanyoneof
thefollowingfourregimesofflowinanopenchannel:
a. subcritical laminar
,whenFr<1andRe<500
b. supercritical laminar
,whenFr>1andRe<500
,whenFr<1andRe>12500
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Assignment#1
Q1.
[FinalExamSemI,Session2010/2011]
Justifythedifferencebetween:
(a) uniformflowandnonuniformflow
(b) stateofflowusingReynoldsnumberReandFroudenumberFr.
Q2.
[FinalExamSemI,Session2008/2009]
(a) Define
(i) Wettedperimeter
(ii) Graduallyvariedflow
(iii) Nonuniformflow
(iv) Froudenumber
(b) Explainthedifferencesbetweencanalandsewer.
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Q3.
[FinalExamSemI,Session2006/2007]
Define
(a) Reynoldsnumber
(b) Froudenumber
(c) Hydraulicradius
(d) Prismaticchannel
(e) Uniformflow
Q4.
Adischargeof16.0m3/sflowswithadepthof2.0minarectangular
channelof4.0mwide.Determinethestateofflowbasedon
(a) Froudenumber,and
(b) Reynoldsnumber.
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1.5m
1.5m
1.2m
1.2m
3
0.3m
EndofQuestion
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THANKYOU
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