NFS HOWTO

Nicolai Langfeldt janl@linpro.no

v1.0, 1 1999
NFS servers clients.
______________________________________________________________________
Table of Contents

1.
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5

2. README.first
3. NFS server
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4

portmapper
mountd nfsd

4. NFS client
4.1 mount
4.2 NFS
5. NFS
6. NFS
6.1
6.2
6.3
6.4
6.5

NFS

client
server : nfsd
server : portmapper
firewalls

7. mounting NFS
8. FAQs
9. export filesystems
9.1 IRIX, HP-UX, Digital-UNIX, Ultrix, SunOS 4 (Solaris 1), AIX
9.2 Solaris 2
10. NFS Linux 2.2
10.1 client
10.2 server
11. NFS server
11.1
11.2
11.3
11.4 server
11.4.1 NFS server
11.4.2 mount cd-rom

11.4.3 server
11.4.4 NFS
11.5 NFS server
11.5.1 ,
11.6
11.6.1
11.7
11.7.1 DOS
11.7.2 rpc
12. PC-NFS
______________________________________________________________________
1.
1.1.
(C)opyright 1997-1999 Nicolai Langfeldt Ron Peters.
copyright. ,
. FAQ (
) NFS FAQs, o Alan Cox.

mount, IBM Corporation. nfs-server-on-afloppy by Ron Peters.
1.2.
Nicolai Langfeldt Ron Peters, ,
, '
,
. '
, !
1.3.
,
e-mail ,
HOWTO. ,
, , / janl@math.uio.no,
rpeters@hevanet.com , NFS server .
e-mail ,

. email server.
1.4.
HOWTO, ,
! :-)
Olaf Kirch, '
, ! :-)
1.5.

 HOWTO Anne Line Norheim Langfeldt.

,
. - Nicolai

2. README.first
NFS, . Network File System,
:
(sharing) ' .
.
,
crackers,
(, , )
.
, ' HOWTO. ,

,
.
, '
IP's, , .
, Networking
HOWTO, administration TCP/IP,
TCP/IP. ,
, SysAdmin / UNIX/Linux.
TCP/IP Network Administration Craig Hunt,
O'Reilly & Associates, Inc.
, -
! ;-)
,
NFS, Mount Checklist FAQs.
, , .
site nfsd Linux 2.0 : ftp.mathematik.thdarmstadt.de:/pub/linux/okir,
compile .
NFS Linux 2.2,
: `` NFS Linux 2.2''.
3. NFS server
3.1.

 HOWTO,
telnet server client,
. telnet ,
Networking/NET-3 HOWTO, .
3.2.
,,
NFS server.
, NFS servers .
SysAdmins ' /,
HOWTO ' ' /,
,
, `` NFS client'' .
/ Linux server,
, '
NFS serving export filesystems
NFS. ' HowTo,
. , ,
,
HowTo. '
' ,
, / server.
, `` NFS Linux 2.2'' ,
.
,
.
3.3. portmapper
portmapper Linux portmap , rpc.portmap.
man /
" DARPA RPC".
' ' HowTo.
, ``
NFS''. .
portmapper. portmap , rpc.portmap ,
directory /usr/sbin (
/ rpcbind). ,
boot / ,
rc scripts. scripts
man init,
dirs /etc/rc.d, /etc/init.d ,
/etc/rc.d/init.d. script inet ,
script . ,
, HowTo.
portmap, , : ps aux
rpcinfo -p. ; .

, : portmapper
/etc/hosts.allow /etc/hosts.deny .
rpcinfo -p , portmapper ,
. `` NFS'' ,
' .
3.4. mountd nfsd

mountd nfsd. , ,
/etc/exports . filesystem /mn/eris/local
, / eris , /
apollon. , /etc/exports
eris :
______________________________________________________________________
/mn/eris/local apollon(rw)
______________________________________________________________________

apollon read/write
/mn/eris/local. rw , ro,
" " (read only - , default
read only). ,
. ,
man exports ,
. ,
, exports
hosts. (groups) ,
NIS ( NYS - NIS " ",
Yellow Pages, YP), wildcards domains
(subnets) IP's, hosts
.
server,
.
: exports ,
*nix's. HOWTO
exports *nix's.
, mountd (
rpc.mountd), nfsd ( rpc.nfsd).
exports.
/etc/exports , nfsd
mountd .
exportfs, Linux
exportfs. ,
script / :
______________________________________________________________________
#!/bin/sh
killall -HUP /usr/sbin/rpc.mountd
killall -HUP /usr/sbin/rpc.nfsd

echo re-exported file systems

______________________________________________________________________

/usr/sbin/exportfs, chmod
a+rx . , exports ,
exportfs root.
, mountd nfsd .
rpcinfo -p. , :
______________________________________________________________________
program vers proto port
100000
2 tcp
111 portmapper
100000
2 udp
111 portmapper
100005
1 udp
745 mountd
100005
1 tcp
747 mountd
100003
2 udp 2049 nfs
100003
2 tcp 2049 nfs
______________________________________________________________________

, portmapper (services)
, mountd nfsd.
rpcinfo: can't contact portmapper: RPC: Remote system
error - Connection refused, RPC_PROG_NOT_REGISTERED, ,
portmapper . ',
/etc/hosts.{allow,deny} , portmapper '
. `` NFS''
' . No remote programs
registered. , portmapper ,
. kill nfsd mountd,
portmapper, ' .
portmapper (services)
, ps. portmapper '
,
. , ps ,
.
, rc / ,
boot mountd nfsd,
portmapper. scripts
/ ,
, / init run.
man, '
: portmap, mountd, nfsd, exports.

, ,
NFS client.
4. NFS client
NFS filesystem compiled
, module. compile
. compile ,
Kernel HOWTO.
cool distribution ( RedHat)
, modules (
;-) ), nfs .
, root prompt, mount,
filesystem.
, mount directory
/mn/eris/local / eris. :
______________________________________________________________________
mount -o rsize=1024,wsize=1024 eris:/mn/eris/local /mnt
______________________________________________________________________

( rsize wsize.) filesystem

dir /mnt , cd ' ,
ls , -.
nfs , file system,
ftp. , mount
filesystem, mount , : mount:
eris:/mn/eris/local failed, reason given by server: Permission denied
, exports ,
exportfs exports. : mount
clntudp_create: RPC: Program not registered , nfsd
mountd server. ',
, hosts.{allow,deny} .
' filesystem, :
______________________________________________________________________
umount /mnt
______________________________________________________________________

/ mount nfs filesystem boot,

/etc/fstab . ,
:
______________________________________________________________________
# device
mountpoint
fs-type
options
dump fsckorder
...

eris:/mn/eris/local /mnt
nfs
rsize=1024,wsize=1024 0
0
...
______________________________________________________________________

. , .
4.1. mount
,
. , NFS client
server, .
NFS,
, clients.
:
soft
NFS client (process)
' NFS filesystem.
, .
,

.
e-mail servers - , e-mails .
hard
NFS filesystem,
, server.
, kill,
intr. NFS server online, , ,
, .
hard,intr NFS filesystems.

, fstab
:

______________________________________________________________________
# device
mountpoint
fs-type
options
dump fsckorder
...
eris:/mn/eris/local /mnt
nfs
rsize=1024,wsize=1024,hard,intr 0 0
...
______________________________________________________________________

4.2. NFS

, rsize wsize, NFS

4096 8192 bytes.
Linux
,
. , ,
rsize wsize ,
.
. mount,
,
:
______________________________________________________________________
time dd if=/dev/zero of=/mnt/testfile bs=16k count=4096
______________________________________________________________________

64MB bytes ( ,
, ).
- (5-10;) , .
"" .
, ,
:
______________________________________________________________________
time dd if=/mnt/testfile of=/dev/null bs=16k
______________________________________________________________________

, . umount,
mount rsize wsize.
1024 16384 bytes,
version 2 NFS. mount
, cd mounted filesystem,
ls. filesystem,
. rsize/wsize ,
, 100% .
ls,
. ', ,
. rsize/wsize
,
. server
. SunOS Solaris
4096 bytes, ,
.

Linux ( 1.3 )
rsizes "" /.
( CPUs Intel, 4096 bytes.)
NFS. ,
/ CPU Intel, - , , rsize 4096 bytes.

 /etc/fstab ,
rsize/wsize .
' NFS,
(synchronous) server.
NFS NFS
,
( ).
, (asynchronous)
NFS . nfsd
Linux ,
filesystem Linux. , servers Linux,
' ' ,
exports :
______________________________________________________________________
/dir
-async,access=linuxbox
______________________________________________________________________

. , (
man;) / exports.
.
5. NFS
modems, ISDN,
.

, . ,
, ! ;-)
, NFS
. . NFS
,
kermit. . NFS.
FTP . HTTP . rcp ssh
.
; Ok.
default NFS ,
. default
, NFS
,
' ,
.

 ,
soft mount. timeouts
software,
.
. , hard mount option.
hard , timeouts
, ,
software . , .
,
mount timeo retrans . man
nfs(5), :
______________________________________________________________________
timeo=n
,
RPC timeout.
default 7 .
timeout, timeout
, '
timeout 60 ,
, timeout. , filesystem hard mounted,
timeouts
,
.
timeout 60 .
,
timeout ' , '
server, routers gateways.
retrans=n

timeouts
,
timeout. default 3 timeouts.
timeout,
,
"server not responding"
( server ).
______________________________________________________________________

' : timeout
0.7 (700ms), NFS client ,
timeout 1.4 .
1.4 , ,
timeout 2.8 .
ping
rsize/wsize.

______________________________________________________________________
$ ping -s 8192 lugulbanda
PING lugulbanda.uio.no (129.240.222.99): 8192 data bytes
8200 bytes from 129.240.222.99: icmp_seq=0 ttl=64 time=15.2 ms
8200 bytes from 129.240.222.99: icmp_seq=1 ttl=64 time=15.9 ms
8200 bytes from 129.240.222.99: icmp_seq=2 ttl=64 time=14.9 ms
8200 bytes from 129.240.222.99: icmp_seq=3 ttl=64 time=14.9 ms
8200 bytes from 129.240.222.99: icmp_seq=4 ttl=64 time=15.0 ms
--- lugulbanda.uio.no ping statistics --5 packets transmitted, 5 packets received, 0% packet loss
round-trip min/avg/max = 14.9/15.1/15.9 ms
______________________________________________________________________

, ping,
- lugulbanda. ( 15ms .)
28 kbps 4000-5000ms,
, .
, " ". ,
, .
timeo . ,
,
: FTP NFS
, ping
FTP , ' timeo
.

6. NFS
/.
.
, :
NFS,
, ,
. (... : "bridge" .)
,
, ,
/ . ,
,
,
, .
; .
. ,
.
SysAdmin,

 .
NFS , client (
) NFS server, .
' : , root account server
hack, hack root account
client, . ,
.

, CERT
(... : site Internet, www.cert.org)
NFS. ,
, CERT .
ftp.cert.org:/01-README
CERT. , NFS :
______________________________________________________________________
CA-91:21.SunOS.NFS.Jumbo.and.fsirand
12/06/91
Vulnerabilities concerning Sun Microsystems, Inc. (Sun) Network
File System (NFS) and the fsirand program. These vulnerabilities
affect SunOS versions 4.1.1, 4.1, and 4.0.3 on all architectures.
Patches are available for SunOS 4.1.1. An initial patch for SunOS
4.1 NFS is also available. Sun will be providing complete patches
for SunOS 4.1 and SunOS 4.0.3 at a later date.
CA-94:15.NFS.Vulnerabilities
12/19/94
This advisory describes security measures to guard against several
vulnerabilities in the Network File System (NFS). The advisory was
prompted by an increase in root compromises by intruders using tools
to exploit the vulnerabilities.
CA-96.08.pcnfsd
04/18/96
This advisory describes a vulnerability in the pcnfsd program (also
known as rpc.pcnfsd). A patch is included.
______________________________________________________________________

6.1. client
client, ' (
mount)
server. , ' suid
NFS filesystem, nosuid. (
, '
NFS.) root user server
suid-root filesystem, login client
, suid-root
, root client.
mounted
filesystem, noexec.
, filesystem
scripts , .
rsize wsize,
.

6.2. server : nfsd

server, ' root
account client. ,
the root_squash exports :
______________________________________________________________________
/mn/eris/local apollon(rw,root_squash)
______________________________________________________________________

, userID 0 client
(, , ) filesystem, server
UID "nobody account"
server. root client
' , root server .
, root_squash
filesystems export. "- root user client
su,
, '
!", . , : , ,
*nix's NFS. , ,
: binaries
own root, bin, -root
account, account,
root user client, root account server.
man NFSd
squash, ' ()
clients. , squash '
UID GID . man
Linux NFSd.
, root_squash default
Linux NFSd. root ' filesystem,
no_root_squash.
, nfsd
(privileged
port). port,
,
Internet, "" nfs,
.
! nfsd Linux ,
. ,
nfsd
.
: export filesystem localhost,
127.0.0.1 . !
6.3. server : portmapper

 portmapper, nfsd,
, NFS
servers, (privileges). , portmapper
Linux distributions,
,
,
.
Linux distributions!
portmapper, ,
' .
man portmapper,
portmapper .
portmapper ,
strings(1) /etc/hosts.deny
/etc/hosts.allow. portmapper
/usr/sbin/portmap, : strings
/usr/sbin/portmap | grep hosts. /,
:

______________________________________________________________________
/etc/hosts.allow
/etc/hosts.deny
@(#) hosts_ctl.c 1.4 94/12/28 17:42:27
@(#) hosts_access.c 1.20 96/02/11 17:01:27
______________________________________________________________________

/etc/hosts.deny.
:
______________________________________________________________________
portmap: ALL
______________________________________________________________________

.
' , rpcinfo -p
portmapper ,
. ( rpcinfo , , ,
.)
portmapper.
portmapper .
, /etc/hosts.allow.
, .
, /
portmapper . / Linux,
/ root . portmapper
: nfsd, mountd, ypbind/ypserv, pcnfsd, "r"
services, ruptime rusers. , nfsd,

mountd, ypbind/ypserv, pcnfsd, .

/ ,
. / 129.240.223.254 ,
129.240.223.0 ,
/ ' . (
Networking HOWTO. , '
.) , :
______________________________________________________________________
portmap: 129.240.223.0/255.255.255.0
______________________________________________________________________

hosts.allow.
route, (subnet mask)
ifconfig. eth0 / , ifconfig
:

______________________________________________________________________
...
eth0
Link encap:10Mbps Ethernet HWaddr 00:60:8C:96:D5:56
inet addr:129.240.223.254 Bcast:129.240.223.255 Mask:255.255.255.0
UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST MTU:1500 Metric:1
RX packets:360315 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0
TX packets:179274 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0
Interrupt:10 Base address:0x320
...
______________________________________________________________________

netstat -rn :
______________________________________________________________________
Kernel routing table
Destination
Gateway
Genmask
Flags Metric Ref Use
Iface
...
129.240.223.0 0.0.0.0
255.255.255.0 U
0
0 174412 eth0
...
______________________________________________________________________

( .)
hosts.deny hosts.allow
man .

 : ,, IP
portmapper .
/,
portmapper,
,
portmapper, ...
server .
(, !) ,
root "" ( MS-DOS),

(secure) port,
.
6.4. NFS firewalls
firewall nfs,
portmap ports router firewall . nfsd port
2049, udp tcp . portmapper
port 111 ( tcp udp), mountd ports 745 747
(tcp udp). . , ports
rpcinfo -p.
, , NFS firewall,
NFSds mountds,
(, , ) ,
firewall.

6.5.
: hosts.allow/deny, root_squash, nosuid,
(privileged) ports software
portmapper/nfs, ' bugs
nfs, '
. , ' ' :
,
.forward , , export
NFS /home, /var/spool/mail. ,
' PGP nfs.
', ,
. !
NFS portmapper ,
' bugs,
, .
,
. , !
, , ,
newsgroups comp.os.linux.announce
comp.security.announce,
.

7. mounting NFS
: "
mounting NFS", IBM Corporation. IBM,
' HOWTO.
, mount ' NFS
filesystem, ' ,
.
, .
1. mount : RPC: Program not registered (
/ ).
portmapper;
: .
mountd;
: .
nfsd;
: .
/etc/hosts.deny portmapper '
;
: hosts.deny,
hosts.allow, portmapper
.
2. export filesystem, export
client.
: export.
3. /
exports.
: exports export /
johnmad, / johnmad
johnmad.austin.ibm.com. , mount.
: export .
, client
(interfaces) , export
.
: export .

 , server
lookuphostbyname lookuphostbyaddr ( library functions)
client. client host <name>;,
host <ip_addr>;, /.
: /.
4. filesystem mount NFS (
server). ' , server export
mount point, mounted filesystem.
: NFSd, .
: clients mounted mount point,
server .
5. server client (
make).
: .
HOWTO NTP
.
NTP , NTP Debian,
RedHat, Slackware,
ftp://ftp.hacktic.nl/pub/replay/pub/linux, mirror .
6. server mount ,
8 (groups).
: ,
, mount .

8. FAQs
(FAQs).
Alan Cox,
FAQs NFS.
mount filesystem,
,
" mounting NFS".

1. , : "stale nfs handle" ( =

nfs), Linux
nfs server.
bug nfsd.
nfs-server2.2beta16 .
2. mount filesystem, :

can't register with portmap: system error on send

(. " portmapper,
")
Caldera. bug rc
scripts. , Caldera,
.
3. , NFS
server;
nfsd cache ""
(open file handles),
( , ).
nfsd (
' ),
. nfsds ()
1995,
. ' .
4. NFS (read only)
NFS server Linux .
, " mountd nfsd", "
export filesystems", ' HOWTO,
man exports nfsd. '
/etc/exports.
5. mount NFS server Linux, ls
, .
Linux, NFS
server : rsize=1024,wsize=1024.

6. mount NFS server Linux, block

3500 4000, / .
, . 2.0
2.2 . , ,
1.2 .
7. Linux NFS TCP;
.
8. , mount
/ Linux.
8 .
servers .
9. / , ,
unmount NFS ( server).
unmount NFS servers
/, .
, unmount. : umount
-avt nonfs.
10.
NFS clients Linux , / Sun
BSD.
NFS . (, ,
,
.) ,
BSD blocks. ,
4 kB ( / Linux) 1 kB
BSD, :

1 kB
4 kB

1 kB
4 kB
. . .

4 kB

4 kB

11.
clients NFS server Linux,
.
NFS (fragmented) UDP.

, . 2.2,
runtime /proc filesystem :
/proc/sys/net/ipv4/ipfrag_high_thresh ipfrag_low_thresh.
2.0 , compilation
, : .../linux/net/ipv4/ip_fragment.c,
IPFRAG_HIGH_THRESH, IPFRAG_LOW_THRESH.
,
UDP ("ipfrag_high_thresh")
bytes (256 kB 2.2.3 2.0.36),
("ipfrag_low_tresh").
.
, ,
server .
256 kB 30 clients. 60,
. .
12.
Linux 2.2 ( ) knfsd,
mount / , AIX, IRIX, Solaris, DECUnix...
knfsd 3 NFS,
. ,
. . ', "vers=2"
mount clients.
13.
AIX 4 / mount NFS server
Linux. :

mount: 1831-011 access denied for server:/dir

mount: 1831-008 giving up on:
server:/dir
The file access permissions do not allow the specified action.

(. : " server", "

server:/dir", "
.")
.

 AIX 4.2 ports ( 1024) NFS.

AIX 4.2.1 4.3 ports. ,
AIX AIX 4.2.1 4.3 mount NFS3,
NFS/TCP, NFS/UDP.

______________________________________________________________________
nfso -o nfs_use_reserved_ports=1
______________________________________________________________________

rc.tcpip,
ports. ( Brian Gorka.)

9. export filesystems
, export filesytems NFS,
. '
, ' , Linux
Solaris 2.
export . ,
. - : nfsd,
system administration tool ( = ), rc
scripts, boot scripts, boot sequence ( = ),
/etc/exports, exportfs. ' :
export /mn/eris/local / apollon,
read/write.
9.1. IRIX, HP-UX, Digital-UNIX, Ultrix, SunOS 4 (Solaris 1), AIX
format Sun export.
/etc/exports, :
______________________________________________________________________
/mn/eris/local -rw=apollon
______________________________________________________________________

man exports.
, exportfs -av, export
filesystems.
exportfs, .
:
______________________________________________________________________
/mn/eris/local apollon

______________________________________________________________________

, :
______________________________________________________________________
/mn/eris/local rw=apollon
______________________________________________________________________
. ,
exportfs
, , .
9.2. Solaris 2
Sun ' , Solaris 2.
, ' .
, /etc/dfs/dfstab. ' ,
(share),
man share(1M). :
______________________________________________________________________
share -o rw=apollon -d "Eris Local" /mn/eris/local
______________________________________________________________________

, shareall,
export filesystems.
10. NFS Linux 2.2
HowTo, Linux
2.2.12 , NFS ' .
.
NFS Linux 2.4 .
Linux 2.2 nfs
server demon , knfsd.
nfsd ,
. / Linux 2.2
knfsd nfs server. ,
nfsd Linux 2.2,
' ,
.
source binary ,
RedHat ( 6.0 ), SuSE ( 6.1
, ), ,
"knfsd"

 . ,
. compile
.
2.2 Linux ( 2.2.12), knfsd
.
,
knfsd H. J. Lu. patches
utilities 2.2, Lu
.
mirror Linux, site :
ftp.kernel.org:/pub/linux/devel/gcc/.
" ". ,
compile .
Linux ( RedHat,
SuSE, ).
, e-mails ' .
. servers knfsd.
,
, HOWTO
.
; Ok. H. J. Lu
mailing list Linux. ,
NFS 2.2 .
.
knfsd :
3 NFS. ,
. ,
, "vers=2" mount
clients.
10.1. client
client . locking,
compile statd ( knfsd), ,
scripts . .
statd, directory
/var/lib/nfs, ,
, dir.
statd ,
testlk ( tools/locktest),
locking ' NFS filesystem. , .
No locks available, statd .
, ' locking (
), "nolock" mount.
, ,
client.

 Sparc Alpha NFS server, nfs client

Linux 2.2 .
server ,
. ' , Linux 2.0 . .
, , :
2.2 Alan Cox (
2.2 Linus) patch
Linux 2.2 Alpha Sparc servers.
2.2 Alan Cox,
mailing list Linux.
, patch
: home site <http://www.uio.no/~trondmy/src/>,

2.2 . patch Linux
2.4, ,
. Linux 2.5 .
trondmy patches Linux
3 NFS,
tcp , UDP. NFS v. 3
,
, .
mailing list
Linux, patches,
bugs . Bugs
. , .
10.2. server
nfs server demon Linux 2.2
"knfsd", . ,
, ,
SuSE, RedHat, , 2.2 . ,
Linux 2.2 nfsd.
, .
11. NFS server
Ron Peters, rpeters@hevanet.com.
NFS server, boot .
(
NFS) cd-rom / (
Linux/UNIX), Linux /,
cd-rom.

11.1.
,
: Linux server ' /
cd-rom, ,
SCSI, . ,

 Linux ' ,
. ,
, / .
/ cd-rom, NFS server
Win95, cd-rom
/ Linux, .
( , freeware
14 ),
,
Linux /,
.
' , / Win95
boot/root, ,
NFS server.
,
,
.

11.2.
boot/root
Slackware Linux InfoMagic.
2.0.34 boot/root,
NFS server server 2.0.30 .
Slackware,
, , ,
, .

, Linux. ,
.
,
boot/root .
.

11.3.
/ . /
NFS server, , '
.
' Networking

HOWTO.
, : rpc.portmap, rpc.mountd,
rpc.nfsd . ( ftp
Internet.)
Slackware, . ( cd's).

11.4. server
11.4.1. NFS server
/ NFS server,
. , '
cd-rom. eth0
.

11.4.2. mount cd-rom

/, boot/root.
RAM.
.
mount :
mount /dev/fd0 /floppy

ext2 filesystem.
DOS,
, .
disk image. '
, : mount -t msdos ...etc.
" ".
mount cd-rom :
mount -t iso9660 /dev/hdc /cdrom
devices cd-rom .
, . mount points /floppy
/cdrom image root ,
. , ,
mount points .

11.4.3. server

' , NFS server,

. . , ,
, , (
) :
IPADDR:172.16.5.100 #
server.
NETMASK:255.255.255.0 # .
BROADCAST:172.16.5.255 # (255)
IPADDR.
ETHNETWORK:172.16.5.0 # ,
IPADDR.
GATEWAY:172.16.5.251 # gateway.
.
. ,
:
ifconfig eth0 inet IPADDR arp netmask NETMASK broadcast BROADCAST
route add -net ETHNETWORK netmask NETMASK eth0
, gateway
:
route add default gw GATEWAY netmask 0.0.0.0 eth0
, ,
ping ' /.

11.4.4. NFS
directory NFS.
( ,
/cdrom/slakware.) directory /etc/exports :
echo "/cdrom/slakware" > /etc/exports

11.5. NFS server

 /floppy/usr/sbin :
./rpc.portmap
./rpc.mountd
./rpc.nfsd

11.5.1. ,
, directory
"/cdrom/slakware", /etc/exports.
, /,
, boot/root (,
, NFS server), '
.

, NFS server.
ip server. IPADDR server.
, directory mount.
directory /etc/exports NFS
server.
' , / mount NFS server.
. , ,
.

11.6.
11.6.1.
. ,
,
.
11.7.
11.7.1. DOS
DOS .

11.7.2. rpc
' rpc.* ,

 , .

12. PC-NFS
PC-NFS. samba.
samba PC-NFS, Windows
3.xx for Workgroups, Windows.
. . !