FOTOSINTESIS

LE 10-2

Plants

Unicellular protist 10 m

Purple sulfur
bacteria

Multicellular algae

Cyanobacteria

40 m

1.5 m

LE 10-2a

Plants

LE 10-2b

Multicellular algae

LE 10-2c

Unicellular protist

10 m

LE 10-2d

Cyanobacteria

40 m

LE 10-2e

Purple sulfur
bacteria

1.5 m

Leaf cross section

Vein

Mesophyll

Stomata

Chloroplast

CO2 O2

Mesophyll cell

5 m
Outer
membrane
Thylakoid
Thylakoid
Stroma Granum
space

Intermembrane
space
Inner
membrane

1 m

Products:

12 H2O

6 CO2

Reactants:

C6H12O6

6 H2O

6 O2

LE 10-5_1

H2O

Light

LIGHT
REACTIONS

Chloroplast

LE 10-5_2

H2O
Light

LIGHT
REACTIONS
ATP
NADPH
Chloroplast
O2

LE 10-5_3

H2O

CO2

Light
NADP+
ADP
+ Pi
LIGHT
REACTIONS

CALVIN
CYCLE

ATP
NADPH
Chloroplast
O2

[CH2O]
(sugar)

LE 10-21

Light reactions

Calvin cycle

H2O

CO2

Light
NADP+
ADP
+ Pi
RuBP

Photosystem II
Electron transport
chain
Photosystem I
ATP
NADPH

3-Phosphoglycerate

G3P
Starch
(storage)
Amino acids
Fatty acids

Chloroplast
O2

Sucrose (export)

LE 10-6

10 nm 10 nm
3

Gamma
rays

10 nm

1 nm

X-rays

10 nm

Infrared

UV

1m
(109 nm)

Microwaves

103 m

Radio
waves

Visible light

380

450

500

Shorter wavelength
Higher energy

550

600

650

700

750 nm

Longer wavelength
Lower energy

Light
Reflected
light
Chloroplast

Absorbed
light

Granum

Transmitted
light

LE 10-9a

Absorption of light by
chloroplast pigments

Chlorophyll a
Chlorophyll b
Carotenoids

400

500
600
Wavelength of light (nm)

Absorption spectra

700

LE 10-10
CH3
CHO

in chlorophyll a
in chlorophyll b

Porphyrin
ring:
lightabsorbing
head of
molecule; note
magnesium
atom at center

Hydrocarbon tail:
interacts with
hydrophobic
regions of proteins
inside
thylakoid
membranes of
chloroplasts; H
atoms not shown

LE 10-12

Thylakoid
Photon

Photosystem

STROMA

Thylakoid membrane

Light-harvestingReaction
Primary electron
complexes center
acceptor

Pigment
Transfer Special
molecules
of energy chlorophyll a
molecules
THYLAKOID SPACE
(INTERIOR OF THYLAKOID)

LE 10-13_1
H2 O

CO2

Light
NADP+
ADP

CALVIN
CYCLE

LIGHT
REACTIONS
ATP

NADPH

O2

[CH2O] (sugar)

Primary
acceptor

Energy of electrons

Light

P680

Photosystem II
(PS II)

LE 10-13_2
H2O

CO2

Light
NADP+
ADP

CALVIN
CYCLE

LIGHT
REACTIONS
ATP

NADPH

O2

[CH2O] (sugar)

Primary
acceptor

2H
+
1
/2 O 2

Energy of electrons

Light

H2O

e
e
P680

Photosystem II
(PS II)

LE 10-13_3
H2 O

CO2

Light
NADP+
ADP

CALVIN
CYCLE

LIGHT
REACTIONS
ATP

NADPH

O2

[CH2O] (sugar)

Primary
acceptor

Ele
c

Pq
2H
+
1
/2 O2

Energy of electrons

Light

H2O

t ro
n tr

ans
por

t ch
ain

Cytochrome
complex
Pc

e
e
P680

ATP

Photosystem II
(PS II)

LE 10-13_4
H2O

CO2

Light
NADP+
ADP

CALVIN
CYCLE

LIGHT
REACTIONS
ATP

NADPH

O2

[CH2O] (sugar)

Primary
acceptor

Ele
c

tr o
n tr

Primary
acceptor
ans

Pq
2H
+
1
/2 O2

Energy of electrons

Light

H2O

por
t ch
ai n

Cytochrome
complex
Pc

e
e

P700
P680

Light

ATP

Photosystem II
(PS II)

Photosystem I
(PS I)

LE 10-13_5
H2O

CO2

Light
NADP+

ADP
CALVIN
CYCLE

LIGHT
REACTIONS
ATP
NADPH

O2

Ele
ctro

Primary
acceptor
Pq
2H
+
1
/2 O2

Energy of electrons

Light

E
Tr lec
an tro
ch spo n
ai rt
n

[CH2O] (sugar)

H2O

n tr
ans
por

Primary
acceptor
t ch
ain

Fd

Cytochrome
complex

e
NADP+
reductase

Pc

e
e

P700
P680

Light

ATP

Photosystem II
(PS II)

Photosystem I
(PS I)

NADP+
+ 2 H+
NADPH
+ H+

LE 10-14

ATP

NADPH

Mill
makes
ATP

P ho t o

Photon

Photosystem II

Photosystem I

LE 10-15

Primary
acceptor

Primary
acceptor

Fd

Fd
NADP+

Pq

NADP+
reductase

Cytochrome
complex

NADPH
Pc

Photosystem I
Photosystem II

ATP

LE 10-16

Mitochondrion

Chloroplast

CHLOROPLAST
STRUCTURE

MITOCHONDRION
STRUCTURE
Intermembrane
space
Membrane
Key
Higher [H+]
Lower [H+]

Matrix

H+

Diffusion
Thylakoid
space

Electron
transport
chain
ATP
synthase

Stroma

ADP +P i
H

ATP

LE 10-17
H2O

CO2

Light
NADP+
ADP
CALVIN
CYCLE

LIGHT
REACTIONS
ATP
NADPH

STROMA
(Low H+ concentration)

O2

[CH2O] (sugar)

Cytochrome
complex

Photosystem II

Light

Photosystem I
Light

NADP+
reductase

2 H+

NADP+ + 2H+

Fd

NADPH + H+
Pq
H2O
THYLAKOID SPACE
(High H+ concentration)

/2 O2
+2 H+

Pc

2 H+
To
Calvin
cycle

Thylakoid
membrane
STROMA
(Low H+ concentration)

ATP
synthase

ADP
+
Pi

ATP
H+

LE 10-18_1

H2O

CO2

Input

Light

(Entering one
CO2 at a time)

NADP+
ADP
CALVIN
CYCLE

LIGHT
REACTIONS
ATP

Phase 1: Carbon fixation

NADPH

Rubisco
O2

[CH2O] (sugar)

3 P
Short-lived
intermediate

P
6
3-Phosphoglycerate

3 P
P
Ribulose bisphosphate
(RuBP)

6
6 ADP

CALVIN
CYCLE

ATP

LE 10-18_2
H2O

CO2

Input

Light

(Entering one
CO2 at a time)

NADP+
ADP
CALVIN
CYCLE

LIGHT
REACTIONS
ATP

Phase 1: Carbon fixation

NADPH

Rubisco
O2

[CH2O] (sugar)

3 P

Short-lived
intermediate
3 P

3-Phosphoglycerate

Ribulose bisphosphate
(RuBP)

ATP

6 ADP
CALVIN
CYCLE

6 P

1,3-Bisphosphoglycerate
6 NADPH
6 NADP+
6 Pi
6

Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate
(G3P)

G3P
(a sugar)
Output

Glucose and
other organic
compounds

Phase 2:
Reduction

LE 10-18_3
H2O

CO2

Input

Light

(Entering one
CO2 at a time)

NADP+
ADP
CALVIN
CYCLE

LIGHT
REACTIONS
ATP

Phase 1: Carbon fixation

NADPH

Rubisco
O2

[CH2O] (sugar)

3 P

Short-lived
intermediate
3 P

3-Phosphoglycerate

Ribulose bisphosphate
(RuBP)

ATP

6 ADP
3 ADP
3

CALVIN
CYCLE

6 P

ATP

1,3-Bisphosphoglycerate
6 NADPH

Phase 3:
Regeneration of
the CO2 acceptor
(RuBP)

6 NADP+
6 Pi
P

G3P

Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate
(G3P)

G3P
(a sugar)
Output

Glucose and
other organic
compounds

Phase 2:
Reduction

LE 10-19

Photosynthetic
cells of C4 plant
leaf

Mesophyll
cell
PEP carboxylase

Mesophyll cell
Bundlesheath
cell

CO2
The C4 pathway

Oxaloacetate (4 C) PEP (3 C)

Vein
(vascular tissue)

ADP

Malate (4 C)

ATP

C4 leaf anatomy

Stoma

Bundlesheath
cell

Pyruvate (3 C)
CO2
CALVIN
CYCLE
Sugar

Vascular
tissue

LE 10-20

Sugarcane

Pineapple

CAM

C4
CO2
Mesophyll
cell
Organic acid

Bundlesheath
cell

CO2
CO2 incorporated
into four-carbon Organic acid
organic acids
(carbon fixation)

CO2
CALVIN
CYCLE
Sugar

Spatial separation of steps

CO2
Organic acids
release CO2 to
Calvin cycle

Night

Day

CALVIN
CYCLE
Sugar
Temporal separation of steps

Quimismosis: basada en la
actividad de la membrana
mitocondrial (la cadena de
transporte de electrones) y
de la ATP sintetasa ante la
formacin de un gradiente
de concentracin de iones
H+ (***).
Fosforilacin a nivel del
substrato: Una enzima
quinasa transfiere un grupo
fosfato desde una molcula
orgnica (sustrato) a una
molcula de ADP
Fosforilacin fotosinttica: Usa
la energa solar para excitar
molculas (no carbonados) hasta un
cierto nivel energtico. Tras ello,
ciertos e- de las mismas son
http://www.ust.cl/html/cree/asignaturas/material_profesor/material_intro_biol/energia_metab
llevados a una cadena de
olismo.pdf. Prof. Nelson A. Lagos
transportadores y la cada en
energa libre que tiene lugar es
aprovechada para sintetizar ATP.