Address Class Prefixes

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Network and Host Division

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Class A Address

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Class B Address

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Class C Address

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Class D Address Architecture

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Class E Address Architecture

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IP Address Range

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Network Address

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Broadcast Address

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Network Address

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Unicast Transmission

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Broadcast Address

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Broadcast Transmission

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Required Unique Address

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Private IP Addresses

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IPv4 Address Allocation

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IPv4 and IPv6

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IPv4 and IPv6 Addresses

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Subdividing the Host Octets of a Class C

Address

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Subdividing the Host Octets of a Class B

Address

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Subdividing the Host Octets of a Class A

Address

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Subnetting Chart (Bit Position and Value)

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Subnetting Chart (Subnet Mask

Identifier)

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Subnetting

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Subnetting Chart

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Subnetting Scheme

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Subnetting Chart

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Subdividing the Host Octets of a Class B

Network

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Subdividing the Host Octets of a Class A

Network

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Subnetting

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Data Encapsulation

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Routing

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Network Layer Devices in Data Flow

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Router Protocol Stripping

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Connectionless Network Services

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Network Layer Fields

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The Network Layer

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The Network Layer

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Layer 2 Switching and Layer 3 Routing

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ARP Tables and Routing Tables

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Router and Switch Features Comparison

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Routed Protocol

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Routing Protocol

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Path Determination

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The Routing Process

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Routing Tables

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Routing Algorithms and Metrics

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Autonomous Systems

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Interior and Exterior Gateway Protocols

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Routing Protocols

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Classes of Routing Protocols

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Distance Vector Concepts

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Distance Vector Network Discovery

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Operation Distance Vector Routing Protocols

Each node (router or host) exchange information with neighboring nodes.

Neighbors are both directly connected to same network
Node maintains vector of link costs for each directly attached network
and distance and next-hop vectors for each destination
Used by Routing Information Protocol (RIP)
Requires transmission of lots of information by each router
Distance vector to all neighbors
Contains estimated path cost to all networks in configuration
Changes take long time to propagate

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Example on RIP Routing

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Concept of Distance Vector Routing

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Distance Vector Routing Table

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Routing Table Initial States

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Updating Routing Table for Router A

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Final Routing Tables

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Another Example on RIP Operation

All nodes of the graph represent Routers.

In this example, router A receives the routing
tables of its neighboring routers: A,I,H,K
Router A computes its routing table based on
the tables of its neighbors plus the delays it has with each of the four
routers( JA: 8, JI: 10, JH: 12, JK: 6)
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Link-State Concepts

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Link-State Network Discovery

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Link-State Topology Changes

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Link-State Concerns

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Link State Routing Protocols:

Open Shortest Path First (OSPF)

Replace Routing Information Protocol (RIP)

Uses link state routing strategy
Each router keeps list of state of local links to network
Transmits update state information to all other routers
Little traffic as messages are small and not sent often

Route computed on least cost based on user cost metric

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Example on OSPF Routing

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Concept of Link State Routing

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Cost in Link State Routing

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Link State Advertisement Packet Format

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Flooding of As Link State Advertisement

Packets

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Link State Topological Database

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Routing Table for Router A

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Dijkistra Algorithm ((
1. Start with the local node (router): the root
of the tree.
2. Assign a cost of 0 to this node and make it
the first permanent node.
3. Examine each neighbor node of the node that
was the last permanent node.
4. Assign a cumulative cost to each node and make
it tentative.
5. Among the list of tentative nodes
5.1. Find the node with the smallest cumulative
cost and make it permanent.
5.2. If a node can be reached from more than
one direction
5.2.1. Select the direction with the shortest
cumulative cost.
6. Repeat steps 3 to 5 until every node becomes
permanent.

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75

Comparison Between Link-State and

Distance Vector Routing

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Summary

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