Libro Mineria

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Punto de Encuentro
ISSN: 1909-0900 - Colombia 2011
Instituto de Estudios
para el Desarrollo y la Paz
INDEPAZ
Direccin Editorial
Camilo Gonzlez Posso
Comit Editorial
Jaime Zuluaga Nieto, Yamile Salinas
Abdala, Leonardo Gonzlez Perafn,
Tathiana Montaa Mestizo, Joanna
Barney, Juan Carlos Jimnez Surez,
Carlos Eduardo Espitia Cueca.
Agradecimientos
Agradecemos al Ministerio de
Relaciones Exteriores de Noruega
por su apoyo para la impresin de
este libro. El contenido compromete
solo a los autores.
Diseo & Diagramacin

Jairo Arturo Rojas Ladino
Montaje y Cartula
Jairo Arturo Rojas
Pre-prensa & Impresin
Espacio Creativo Impresores
Fotografas de Cartula
Archivo Indepaz
Septiembre 2011
Informes
Indepaz Calle 62 No. 3B-70
Tels: 255 2672 / 75 - 249 0428
www.indepaz.org.co
indepaz@colombia.com
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LA RENTA MINERA EN LA LOCOMOTORA

DEL PLAN DE DESARROLLO
11
1.
Introduccion
12
2.
Una apuesta de alto riesgo: primero minera y despus lo dems?
15
3.
El crecimiento de la produccin no es sinnimo

de bonanza o desarrollo
4.
Crecimiento minero con decrecimiento de

la participacin nacional en la renta minera
5.
35
La locomotora minera se dirige al desarrollo humano

o al desarrollo de quin?
6.
23
52
En dnde est el paradigma alternativo a la maldicin

de los recursos y a la enfermedad holandesa?
59
Anexo 1:
64
Anexo 2:
65
%&(*$-/-
REFLEXIONES SOBRE ENERGA PRIMARIA

Y DILEMAS AMBIENTALES
1.
Panorama global de la energia
67
68
2.
Conflictos por recursos minero energticos
72
3.
Crisis ambiental y cambio climtico
76
4.
Asimetria de las ganancias y prdidas

con la industria extractiva
79
%&(*$-0-
EMPRESAS PETROLERAS Y LOS DERECHOS DE LAS

COMUNIDADES Y GRUPOS TNICOS
Introduccin
85
86
1.
Donde estamos
88
2.
Territorios tnicos y macroproyectos
93
3.
Consulta y consentimiento
101
4.
Empresas y Derechos Humanos
109
5.
Nuevas definiciones y alcances de la responsabilidad

social en derechos humanos
6.
Fundamentos constitucionales y legales

de la responsabilidad social en Colombia
la Funcin Social y Ecolgica (FSE)
7.
117
129
Alcances y limitaciones de la responsabilidad

social empresarial con los derechos humanos
de las comunidades y demas grupos de interes
Reflexin final:
135
137
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2
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2. Una apuesta de alto riesgo: primero minera y

despus lo dems?
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TABLA 1. Metas mineroenergticas 2010 - 2014
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Fuente: DNP, Bases del Plan de desarrollo 2010 2014;

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DNP, Bases del Plan de desarrollo econmico y social 2010 2014, Diciembre 2010
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Grfica 2. PIM minero comportamiento 2000 2010. Millones de

pesos constantes de 2005
Grfica 3. Colombia. Minerales no metlicos y metlicos - 1990 - 2010
6%'(-,&7,#89-"8&3,22,
&)
Fuente: Minminas - UPME, octubre de 2010
Grfica 4. Colombia. Produccin de oro 1990 2010. Kilogramos/ao
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&*
Grfica 5. Colombia. Produccin de carbn 1990 2010. Millones

de Toneladas/ao
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Fuente: Minminas - UPME, octubre de 2010
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DANE, Cuentas Nacionales, valor de la produccin minera colombiana, 2005

-2009. IMCPortal
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Grfica 6. Colombia. Produccin, precios e Inversin extranjera
directa en mineria del carbn. 2006 - 2009
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DNP y Banco de la Repblica. Anlisis de registros de IED por pas regin

y sector, 2002 a 2009. Documento enviado a la Comisin V de la Cmara de
Representantes, octubre de 2010. Se puede leer en www.indepaz.org.co
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Tabla 2. Registro de inversin extranjera en Colombia - flujo anual

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2009. Documento enviado a la Comisin V de la Cmara de Representantes, octubre de 2010.
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Grfica 7. Inversin extranjera directa, ingresos en millones de
dlares 1996 2011
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Grfica 7A. Inversin extranjera directa, ingresos en millones de

dlares 1996 2009 BALANZA DE PAGOS
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9
Son registros de flujos de inversin y por lo tanto consideran los ingresos y

egresos de inversin, o sea la inversin neta.
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Grfica 8. Colombia. Proyecciones de produccin de crudo y carbn
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Fuente: Ministerio de Minas, DGPM Ministerio de Hacienda y Crdito Pblico.
Estas proyecciones estn sujetas a riesgo exploratorio, especialmente en la actividad de
hidrocarburos. Solo deben ser interpretadas y utilizadas como indicadores de una posible
tendencia y no como valores establecidos.
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10 Foro Semana, noviembre de 2010
6%'(-,&7,#89-"8&3,22,
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4. Crecimiento minero con decrecimiento de

la participacin nacional en la renta minera
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11 Clculo de INDEPAZ con datos de la ACP, DIAN, DANE. Tablas 4 y 5
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PL[WD PD\RULWDULD HVWDWDO HQ H[SORUDFLyQ H[SORWDFLyQ UHQDFLyQ
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VHFWRUPLQHURKDQVLJQLFDGRHOGHOWRWDOFRQFHGLGRDWRGRVORV
VHFWRUHV\VXSHUDQORVXVPLOORQHVGHGyODUHV7DEOD
Tabla 3. COLOMBIA SECTOR MINERO deducciones y exencionesmillones de pesos constantes de 2008
K%$&"%+'($6
')-#"'.)-($6
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* Deduccin del 30% a 40% por inversin en activos fijos reales productivos
12 Emergencia econmica. Decreto ley xxx, de enero de 2011.
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/"&$*.$*#/*3+'.+#,'$/*&2'("$^24-*&,"$F'4/")8(+3"7$/2-.+3')"$/"&$.'$
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."--0$)*$.'#$42.,+('3+"('.*#$/'&'$)+#4+(2+&$.'$&*(,'$3"&&*#/"()+*(,*$'$."#$
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13 Martnez, Alejandro, Balance de la industria, diciembre 2009
14 Ver Tabla 5
15 Clculos de INDEPAZ. 2010
5%&)"#$%&'(#")%&"#&-%&-,/,',$,)%&1"-&+-%#&1"&1"2%)),--,
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7RGRVORVHVWLPDWLYRVHQ&RORPELDOOHYDQDVLWXDUODSDUWLFLSDFLyQHVWDWDO
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VHFRORFDSRUGHEDMRGHOSURPHGLRGHODUHJLyQVLQRWUDUD]yQHYLGHQWHTXH
FHGHUDODVSUHVLRQHVSROtWLFDVGHORVLQYHUVLRQLVWDVH[WUDQMHURV$~QHQ
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DXPHQWHVXUHQWDSURSRUFLRQDOPHQWHDODHYHQWXDOERQDQ]DRDXJHFtFOLFR
Tabla 4. Porcentaje de renta minera que corresponde al Estado
66
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Tabla 5.Colombia. Ingresos totales del Estado por minera. 2009

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a-0-D&"%D-*.#-,.%$#-D.
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cEi_a.76.iE`.6k5_aTE8Y_A6`.MYA6aE`.e.G;;:
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YAUa6`_`.76.6M5a6`E`.MYA6aE`.e.G;;:
b*j=?FLH.C",,%D-*.
#-.#1,'$-*
Fuente: Asociacin Colombiana de Petrleo, ACP, datos de impuestos tomados de la ponencia de

Alejandro Martnez, diciembre 2009. Clculo de INDEPAZ sobre impuestos y regalas en 2009.
@"&$ *.$ .')"$ )*$ ."#$ +4/2*#,"#$ F"."4-+'$ ;'$ *#,'-.*3+)"$ ='&+"#$
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+4/"&,'3+"(*#$4+(*&'#:$A.$'&%24*(,"$/'&'$*#,'$.*0$12*$.'$)*$*#,+42.'&$
/"&$2($,+*4/"$-&*=*$.'$+(=*&#+8($*5,&'(<*&'$)+&*3,'7$/*&"$.'$18&42.'$#*$
;'$/&"&&"%')"$'$#".+3+,2)$)*$."#$%&*4+"#$*4/&*#'&+'.*#$)*.$#*3,"&$0$."$
TXHVHMXVWLFyFRPRWUDQVLWRULRDKRUDHQpSRFDGHYDFDVJRUGDVVHOHV
","&%'$)*$4'(*&'$/*&4'(*(,*$'$.'#$%&'()*#$*4/&*#'#$4+(*&'#:$!'$#".'$
.*3,2&'$ )*.$ /'&B%&'1"$ '/&"-')"$ '$ .'$ 4*)+)'$ )*$ .'#$ %&'()*#$ *4/&*#'#$
PXHVWUDHOFRQWUDVHQWLGRGHODSROtWLFD
5%&)"#$%&'(#")%&"#&-%&-,/,',$,)%&1"-&+-%#&1"&1"2%)),--,
(%
!"#$%#"&'()*+(3DUiJUDIRDGLFLRQDGRSRUHODUWtFXORGHOD
/H\GH(OQXHYRWH[WRHVHOVLJXLHQWH!$SDUWLUGHO
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!"#$ 3B.32."#$ )*$ V2+..*&4"$ W2)'#7$ )*.$ F"(#*<"$ R'3+"('.$ )*$
@.'(*'3+8(7$+()+3'($92*$*($."$&*.',+="$'.$+4/2*#,"$'$.'$&*(,'$.'$)+1*&*(3+'$
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*($&*'.+)')$/'%'($.'#$*4/&*#'#$#*$;'$'4/.+')"$'3*.*&')'4*(,*$*(,&*$
\ HO WRWDO GHO VHFWRU PLQHUR WHQLD GHQLGD XQD UHQWD GHO
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TXHVHSDVRGH86PLOORQHVGHUHGXFFLyQGHLPSXHVWRVHQD
86PLOORQHVHQ:$
Grfica 9. Deducciones y exenciones a favor de la minera en
Colombia
!"!#$%&#'(!'%)*+!,-.,',!$-./')%#!/.'0112'3'0114
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$0#
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16 Rudas Guillermo, Impuestos mineros, presentacin en INDEPAZ, Bogot D.C.

noviembre 2010
6%'(-,&7,#89-"8&3,22,
($
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GHVWLQDGRVDODH[SORWDFLyQEHQHFLRWUDQVIRUPDFLyQ\WUDQVSRUWHGH
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)*$;+)&"3'&-2&"#?`
/DFDGHQDGHH[HQFLRQHVHVODUJDHLQFOX\HODHOLPLQDFLyQGHOLPSXHVWRD
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3RVLELOLGDGGHFHOHEUDU\SDJDUFRQWUDWRVHQPRQHGDH[WUDQMHUD
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'#*%2&'&$&*%.'#$)*$<2*%"$3.'&'#$0$*#,'-.*#$*($,C&4+("#$("&4',+="#7$
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*.$A#,')":
K)+3+"('.4*(,*7$ '/.+3'($ /'&'$ *.$ #*3,"&$ '.%2('#$ *5*(3+"(*#$
'&'(3*.'&+'#7$)*$QaK7$)*.$/'%"$)*$.'$&*(,'$/&*#2(,+='7$)*#32*(,"#$
*($.'$-'#*$)*.$+4/2*#,"$)*$&*(,'7$*(,&*$",&"#$+(3*(,+="#$,&+-2,'&+"#$
\ DGXDQHURV DVt FRPR ORV GHULYDGRV GH DFXHUGRV FRPHUFLDOHV
+(,*&('3+"('.*#$0$4*3'(+#4"#$/'&'$/&"4"3+8($)*$*5/"&,'3+"(*#:
17 Los grficos y tablas sobre el panorama tributario de la minera 2004 2009,
fueron elaborados por Carlos Fernndez de Valdenebro, colaborador de INDEPAZ
(&
5%&)"#$%&'(#")%&"#&-%&-,/,',$,)%&1"-&+-%#&1"&1"2%)),--,
9HUDQH[RVREUHUpJLPHQHVSHFLDOWULEXWDULRGHHVWtPXORVDODLQYHUVLyQPLQHUD
(ODUJXPHQWRDIDYRUGHHVWHHVFHQDULRKDVLGRQLYHODUODVLWXDFLyQWULEXWDULD
\ODVH[SHFWDWLYDVGHJDQDQFLDVFRQODVVLWXDFLRQHVPiVIDYRUDEOHVDORV
LQYHUVLRQLVWDVHQ/DWLQRDPpULFD$HVWRVHOHKDGHQRPLQDGRPHMRUDU
OD FRPSHWLWLYLGDG TXH HQ UHDOLGDG HV XQD FRPSHWHQFLD SRU DFRJHU ODV
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A($.'$*5/"#+3+8($)*$4",+="#$)*.$/&"0*3,"$)*$!*0$#"-&*$*.$#+#,*4'$
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;'#,'$JGJT$/"&$3"(3*/,"$)*$+4/2*#,"$'$.'$&*(,'$)*.$#*3,"&$4+(*&"$0$*#'$
&*'.+)')$ *#,B$ .*<"#$ )*$ 2($ /'("&'4'$ )*$ >-"('(6'?:$ D*$ *#,+4'$ 92*$ ("$
KDEUiDXPHQWRGHOSHVRGHHVWHLPSXHVWR\TXHSRUFHQWDMHHQHO
3,%VHPDQWHQGUiHQGXUDQWHWRGDODGpFDGD/DEXHQDQRWLFLDHVWi
*($.'$(",'$)*$/+*$)*$/B%+('$92*$'3.'&'$92*$#"($>/&"0*33+"(*#$#2<*,'#$'$
2($'4/.+"$4'&%*($)*$+(3*&,+)24-&*?TN:$
18 Citado en la exposicin de motivos del proyecto de acto legislativo de reforma a

las regalas.
6%'(-,&7,#89-"8&3,22,
('
Tabla 6. Proyeccin de ingresos del Gobierno Nacional generados

por la actividad minera
*+H)%$($6
C)(P%+-%+'%$6,%6
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>?(
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Fuente: DNP, exposicin de motivos proyecto de ley de reforma al sistema de regalas.
b,&"#$ 3B.32."#$ 42*#,&'($ .'$ /&"%&*#+='$ )+#4+(23+8($ )*.$ '/"&,*$

WULEXWDULRGHODVHPSUHVDV\TXHDSOLFDDODPLQHUtD\DOSHWUyOHR\
19 En el estudio de FEDESARROLLO La minera en Colombia: Impacto Fiscal

elaborado por Mauricio Crdenas y Mauricio Reina se presentan estos datos sobre
impuestos a las empresas para ilustrar los avances de Colombia en competitividad.
5%&)"#$%&'(#")%&"#&-%&-,/,',$,)%&1"-&+-%#&1"&1"2%)),--,
((
Tabla 7. Impuestos en la minera y el petrleo, 2006 2008

(FEDESARROLLO)
*7C"%$'($
YD3$-*%*
122:
122;
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>;;
>;;
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YC/)-*0%*.0%0',-*./'3'#%*./%$.,'.&%C/'SN'.4HK=9
LG<F
GF<G
G@<FH
a-D0'*.'.*-$.#"*0$"()N#'*.4>eF9
a-D0'.,"($-.#-."C/)-*0%*.4/'$'.G;;=lHeF.2./'$'.
G;;Fl>eF9
a-D0'*.3$'I'#'*.4Qe:9
=F<GF
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H<FF
YC/)-*0%*.0%0',-*./'3'#%*
LQ<H
GF<G
G@<FH
Fuente: FEDESARROLLO, La minera en Colombia: impacto fiscal, 2008
A($*#,*$32')&"$#*$42*#,&'$*.$)*#3*(#"$)*.$'/"&,*$/"&$+4/2*#,"$
DODUHQWDHQWUH\\ODUHGXFFLyQGHVGHDHQORV
+4/2*#,"#$,",'.*#$/'%')"#:$
Se puede aumentar la tasa de regalas?
(QODSROtWLFDPLQHUDSDUHFHGHVFDUWDUVHFXDOTXLHUUHDMXVWHHQHO
UpJLPHQ GH SDJR UHJDOtDV DO (VWDGR /DV LQLFLDWLYDV OHJLVODWLYDV VREUH
HVWH WHPD VH UHHUHQ H[FOXVLYDPHQWH DO GHVWLQR GH ODV UHJDOtDV \ D OD
&*%2.'3+8($)*$.'#$+(=*&#+"(*#$92*$#*$;'%'($3"($*..'#:$A($.'$*5/"#+3+8($
)*$ 4",+="#$ )*.$ '3,"$ .*%+#.',+="$ 92*$ *#,'-.*3*$ *.$ D+#,*4'$ R'3+"('.$ )*$
5HJDOtDVVHUHGLVWULEX\HQHQWUHODSDUWHTXHTXHGDDGLVSRVLFLyQGHORV
42(+3+/+"#$0$)*/'&,'4*(,"#7$.'$/'&,*$'4'&&')'$'$/.'(*#$&*%+"('.*#$0$.'$
TXHVHGHVWLQDDO)RQGRGH(VWDELOL]DFLyQRGHSROtWLFDDQWLFtFOLFD(O
PRQWRRWDVDGHODVUHJDOtDVVHUHPLWHQDODOH\\HQODDFWXDOLGDGHVWiQ
GHQLGDVHQHO&yGLJR0LQHUR
6%'(-,&7,#89-"8&3,22,
()
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'$ 3&*3*&$ *($ 3"4/'&'3+8($ 3"($ *.$ 92*$ ,+*(*$ ."#$ +4/2*#,"#7$ /*&"$ *#"#$
3'4-+"#$ "-*)*3*($ '$ .'$ &*)233+8($ )*$ ."#$ +4/2*#,"#$ 0$ '.$ +(3&*4*(,"$
GHODLQYHUVLyQFDUERQtIHUDDWDVDVVXSHULRUHVTXHODVGHSHWUyOHR(Q
UHDOLGDGODWDVDGHODVUHJDOtDVPLQHUDVVHKDPDQWHQLGRHVWDEOHHQXQ
SURPHGLRGH6HJ~QHOFXDGURUHVXPHQODVUHJDOtDVPLQHUDVGLVWLQWDV
DKLGURFDUEXURVRVFLODQHQWUHDVHJ~QHOUHFXUVR\YROXPHQGH
SURGXFFLyQSHURHOPD\RUSHVRORWLHQHQFDUEyQ\QtTXHO
$SHVDUGHTXHODVUHJDOtDVVRQUHFRQRFLGDVFRPRODUHQWDHFRQyPLFD
92*$3"&&*#/"()*$'.$/&"/+*,'&+"$)*$."#$&*32&#"#$(',2&'.*#$("$&*("='-.*#7$
92*$ 3"($ /"3'#$ *53*/3+"(*#$ *#$ *.$ A#,')"7$ .'$ /&*#+8($ )*$ .'#$ %&'()*#$
*4/&*#'#$*($*.$42()"$;'$#+)"$;'3+'$.'$4+(+4+6'3+8($)*$*#,*$/'%"$0$3"($
1&*32*(3+'$#*$3"(12()*$3"($.'$&*/'&'3+8($)*$)'Z"#$'4-+*(,'.*#$"$3"($2($
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DxRVXQUHSODQWHDPLHQWRGHODSUiFWLFDHOLPLQDFLyQGHODVUHJDOtDVHQORV
DxRVGHODGLFWDGXUD\HQSDtVHVGHLPSRUWDQFLDPLQHUDFRPR&DQDGiVH
KDLPSXHVWRXQSLVRPtQLPRGHVREUHHOSURGXFWRDERFDGHPLQDR
QRSURFHVDGRHQ4XHEHF1HZ%UXQVZLFN\7HUUDQRYDJG:$
Tabla 8. Impuestos a la minera en Colombia
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20 Joan Kuyek, Mito y realidad de los aportes de la minera en Canad, Serie Mineria
y Desarrollo Sustentable, Internatiional Development Research Centre, 2004
5%&)"#$%&'(#")%&"#&-%&-,/,',$,)%&1"-&+-%#&1"&1"2%)),--,
(*
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5%$.\-&0d$-'.R.ES%.#-,./$"C-$%.
',. P)"D0%. 'S%. E. /'$0"$. #-,. =.
'S%. *-$d. "D&$-C-D0'#%. &'#'.
G. 'S%*. '#"&"%D',-*. '*NV. /%$.
,%*.'S%*.=.2.F.*-./'3'$dD.><GH.
`M7ic. /%$. \-&0d$-'. /%$. 'S%<.
5%$. -,. 'S%. Q<. ><H. `M7ic. /%$.
\-&0d$-'./%$.'S%
5'$'.,"&"0'&"%D-*.-D.d$-'*.#%De
#-.-,.6*0'#%.\'2'."DI-$0"#%.-D.
.
-K/,%$'&"1D<.i'*.&%D0$'/$-*0'e

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21 Rudas, Guillermo, Mineria y Ambiente, presentacin en INDEPAZ, noviembre
de 2010.
22 Restrepo, Juan Camilo, Una poltica integral de tierras para Colombia, agosto
de 2010.
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Mapas 1. Explotacin en recursos no renovables.2009.

Mapa 2. Solicitudes de concesiones mineras 2009 -
Fuente: Ministro de Agricultura, presentacin agosto 2010
Mapa 3. Conflictos de uso de la tierra
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23 ARTCULO 123. La Junta Directiva del Instituto Colombiano de la Reforma Agraria
podr, mediante resolucin debidamente motivada, declarar como reservas
territoriales especiales del Estado, los terrenos baldos situados en las zonas
aledaas o adyacentes a las explotaciones petroleras o mineras, los cuales, en
consecuencia, no podrn ser adjudicados a ningn ttulo a los particulares. (Slo
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6
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se pueden entregar a empresas mineras). ARTCULO 125. Facultase al Instituto
Colombiano de la Reforma Agraria y a las entidades pblicas que adelanten
actividades de exploracin o explotacin de yacimientos petroleros o mineros
para adquirir mediante negociacin directa o expropiacin con indemnizacin,
los predios, mejoras o derechos de los particulares situados en las zonas aledaas
o adyacentes a las exploraciones y explotaciones petroleras o mineras delimitadas
por la Junta Directiva del Instituto Colombiano de la Reforma Agraria.
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maldicin de los recursos y a la enfermedad
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24 Artculos 61 a 65 del proyecto de Ley del Plan de desarrollo 2010 2014,
Prosperidad para todos.
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globalization work, Stiglitz, J 2006
26 Sachs, Jeffrey y Warner Andrew, Natural resource abundance and economic
growth, Development Discussion Paper, n 517A, Cambridge (MA), Harvard
Institute for International Development, 1995
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Anexo 1:
Minera en los paramos
Ttulos en Zona de Pramos fuera de AP
PRAMOS FUERA DE PNN Y PNR
rea Total
1.187.343 Ha
rea de Ttulos en Pramos
108.972 Ha
Nmero de Ttulos en Pramos
5.).7(
n)$"*#"&&"%D-*e`'D0)$(dD.4A%$0-.7-.`'D0'D#-$.e.`'D0'D#-$9
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391
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5.937
5.619
Nevados (Caldas -Quindio - Risaralda - Tolima)
5.351
Chili-Barragn (Quindio - Tolima - Valle Del Cauca)
2.797
Cocuy (Boyac) Chingaza (Cundinamarca)
1.979
Chingaza (Cundinamarca)
660
La Cocha-Patascoy (Nario)
517
Cruz Verde-Sumapaz (Cundinamarca - Huila - Tolima)
411
Belmira (Antioquia)
374
Cerro Plateado (Cauca - Nario)
204
Chiles-Cumbal (Nario)
26
Tam (Norte De Santander)
16
Las Hermosas (Tolima - Valle)
Iguaque-Merchn (Boyac)
Doa Juana-Chimayoy (Nario)
391
108.972
TOTAL
6%'(-,&7,#89-"8&3,22,
Anexo 2:
Rgimen especial de inversin extranjera e incentivos
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2
Este texto se complementa con el documento Petrleo, conflictos y derechos

humanos en Colombia (Gonzlez Posso, Camilo, INDEPAZ) y con el material
del mdulo 3 que aborda la poltica minera del gobierno colombiano en las
proyecciones de mediano y largo plazo Visin 2019 y sus impactos en los
territorios indgenas y afros.
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3
La hidroenerga aumenta de 590 millones de toneladas equivalentes en 1999 a

940 millones toneladas equivalentes en 2009; la energa nuclear de 561 mtne a
610 en el mismo perodo. Sumadas en 2009 no llegan al 9% del total de consumo
mundial de energa primaria.
Datos tomados de Nelson Hernndez, presentacin en power point, 2008 con
fuentes de la EIA.
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Ver Carlos Garcia, China su larga marcha hacia la globalizacin, Ed. Universidad
Javeriana, Bogot, 2009.
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BP Statiscal Review of World Energy, june 2010. http://www.aie.org.au/

StaticContent/
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Distribution of proved reserves in 1989, 1999 and 2009
Percentage
3.4 65.7
Middle East
S. & Cent. America
Europe & Eurasia
Africa
North America
Asia Pacific
9.7
5.9
3.7
63.2
6.4
1989
Total 1006.4
thousand million
barrels
8.4
6.9
7.8
1999
Total 1085.6
thousand million
barrels
9.9
9.0
3.2
56.6
5.5
9.6
2009
Total 1333.1
thousand million
barrels
10.3
14.9
Klare Michael, Sangre y Petrleo, Tendencias Editores, Barcelona 2006.
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Production by region
Million barrels daily
Asia Pacific
Africa
Middle East
Europe & Eurasia
S. & Cent. America
North America
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
00
01
02
03
04
05
06
07
08
09
World oil production fell by 2 million b/d in 2009, the largest decline since 1982. OPEC production fell by 2.5 million b/d; Saudi Arabian output fell by 1.1 million b/d,
the worlds largest volumetric decline. Production outside OPEC rose by 450,000b/d, led by an increase of 460,000b/d in the US, the largest increase in the world
and the strongest US growth since 1970.
Consumption by region
Million barrels daily
Asia Pacific
Africa
Middle East
Europe & Eurasia
S. & Cent. America
North America
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
00
01
02
03
04
05
06
07
08
09
World oil consumption fell by 1.2 million b/d, a second consecutive decline and, like oil production, the largest decline since 1982. OECD consumption fell by
2 million b/d, a fourth consecutive annual decline. Consumption outside the OECD increased by 860,000b/d. Consumption declined in North America, South and
Central America and Europe and Eurasia, outweighing modest increases in the Middle East, Africa and Asia-Pacific regions.
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unfccc.int/resource/docs/convkp/convsp.pdf
Jean- Marc Jancovici, El cambio climtico explicado a mi hija, Coleccin Fondo de
Cultura Econmica, Mxico 2010. Ver Lester R. Brown, Plan B 4.0 Movilizarse para
salvar la civilizacin, CEID, Bogot D.C. 2010
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camilogonzalez@colombia.com , febrero de 2011
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1. Donde estamos
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territorios?
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t "OBMJDFNPTMBTTJHVJFOUFTUBCMBTDFOTBMFTZMPTNBQBT
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en cuenta?
Mapa 1: Resguardos y grupos indgenas y ttulos afro-colombianos
92 etnias o pueblos indgenas,

634 resguardos, 82.420 familias.
29.983.125 has, en resolucin

(25,23% del territorio nacional),
de los cuales el 73% son reservas
forestales y reas protegidas
de Parques Nacionales Naturales.
Solo en la Amazonas, Guana y Vichada
hay 18 millones de tierras de resguardo
traslapadas con reservas o reas protegidas.
La superposicin de tierras es de 20.949.694has
155 territorios colectivos de

Comunidades Negras, 61.639 familias.
(1329 comunidades negras)
5.198.878 has en territorios colectivos

(4,6% del territorio nacional).
De ese total 3.765.115
son reservas forestales o Parques.
!
FUENTE: Sistema de Informacin Geogrfico SOGOT- del IGAT, 2009
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Tabla 1: Distribucin de la poblacin indgena segn etnias por

territorial DANE y Departamentos
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Eq'<.6C(-$'<.6/-$'$'.`"'/"#'$'<.YD3'<.O%ZdD<.5'*0%
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O'CsD0*'<.O%ZdD<.A'*'<.`"%D'<.b"0%0%
6C(-$'<.6C(-$'.8\'CN<.A'*'<.]')D'D
Fuente: DANE, Censo general 2005. SIGOT- IGAT, 2009
Tabla 2: Resguardos Indgenas por Territorial Dane y departamento

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Fuente: DANE, Proyecciones de Poblacin, junio 30 de 2005.

* 2 resguardos tienen su territorio en 3 departamentos y 8 resguardos en 2 departamentos.
Tabla 3: Territorios Colectivos de Comunidades Negras (TCCN) por

Territorial DANE y departamento
@%))-'()-.A%$6K>TO6
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Fuente: INCODER, 2004. SIGOT, 2009
?'+)"2%2*&)"2+,#2%<(-(1%1&2,/(%-&.&-,2&1")"/@,2&&
1"&-%2&/,'0#(1%1"2&.&=)0+,2&A$#(/,2
#&
Tabla 4: Los ROM, son cerca de 4000 personas en Colombia.

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8B&)0'<.^),"'<.i%*.5'0"%*<.c",,'.#-,.a%*'$"%
Fuente: DANE, Censo general 2005

t {$VOUPTHSVQPTUOJDPTIBZFO$PMPNCJB
t {$VOUPTQVFCMPT FUOJBTZSFTHVBSEPTJOEHFOBT {&OEOEFFTUOTVT
territorios?
t {$VOUPTUFSSJUPSJPTZDPNVOJEBEFTOFHSBTIBZFO$PMPNCJB
t {&OEOEFTFVCJDBFMQVFCMP30.
t "OBMJDFNPTMBTTJHVJFOUFTUBCMBTDFOTBMFTZMPTNBQBT
t {&TBJOGPSNBDJOFTBEFDVBEB {2VPCTFSWBDJPOFTPDPSSFDDJPOFTIBZRVFUFOFS
en cuenta?
Algunos datos atener en cuenta:

6L VH GHVFXHQWDQ ODV KHFWiUHDV GH UHVHUYD IRUHVWDO SDUTXHV
/'&'4"#7$ ;24*)'.*#7$ 3"($ /*()+*(,*#$ 92*$ .'#$ *53.20*(7$ 0$ #+$
("$#*$32*(,'$.'$K4'6"(+'$92*$*#$.'$)*$4'0"&$/&"4*)+"$/"&$
UHJLyQ\GHEDMDSREODFLyQLQGtJHQDHOSURPHGLRGHKHFWiUHDV
SRUIDPLOLDLQGtJHQDHQHOUHVWRGHOSDtVHVGHKHFWiUHDV
(QORVWHUULWRULRVFROHFWLYRVXQDYH]VHGHVFXHQWDQHVDV]RQDV
SURWHJLGDVHOSURPHGLRGHKHFWiUHDVSRUIDPLOLDHV
6%'(-,&7,#89-"8&3,22,&
#'
2. Territorios tnicos y macroproyectos

5)%H"+'.$6-+&-.A%$`
t {$POPDFFMNBQBEFUJFSSBTDPOMBJOGPSNBDJOTPCSFBSFBTFOFYQMPSBDJOP
explotacin de petrleo y gas?
t {)BNJSBEPDPNPTFSFMBDJPOBOPTVQFSQPOFOMPTUFSSJUPSJPTUOJDPTZMBT[POBT
protegidas con los mapas de hidrocarburos y minera?
t {2VQSPCMFNBTPDPOJDUPTTFIBOQSFTFOUBEPPTFQVFEFOQSFTFOUBSQPSMB
yuxtaposicin de territorios tnicos y megaproyectos?
a*'4"#$'.%2("#$4'/'#$0$)',"#$92*$/2*)*($'02)'&$'$&*#/"()*&$
*#,"#$+(,*&&"%'(,*#\
Mapa 2: Proyectos petroleros 2011
Fuente: http://www.anh.gov.co/es/index.php?id=1
#(
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1"&-%2&/,'0#(1%1"2&.&=)0+,2&A$#(/,2
Mapa 3: Mapa de tierras de exploracin y explotacin de

hidrocarburos
http://www.anh.gov.co/es/index.php?id=1
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7UDQVIHUHQFLDV\UHJDOtDV
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/'&'$/&"4"=*&$.'$)+#32#+8($*($%&2/"#`
Lectura de apoyo
La industria del petrleo frente a los conflictos
y derechos humanos en Colombia

'*%&"'#%*. '. '&0"I"#'#-*. ). %/-$'&"%D-*. #-. ,'. "D#)*0$"'. -K0$'&0"I'. -D.
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2. #-$-&\%*. \)C'D%*<. $-',"J'#%*. -D0$-. G;;@. 2. G;;:<. /%$. YD#-/'J<. *-. \'.

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$-&"("#%.,'.C'2%$./'$0-.2.P)-.0"-D-D.-D.,'*.$-3',N'*.,'./$"D&"/',.Z)-D0-.#-.*).

1
2
Ver: GONZLEZ, Camilo. Petrleo y conflicto en Colombia. Documento de

trabajo INDEPAZ, Bogot D.C., agosto de 2008. En: www.indepaz.org.co
Entre ellos el conversatorio realizado en la sede de la KAS, el 19 de agosto de
2009.
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3
En el decreto 1747 de 2005 se definieron las siguientes metas mnimas: 1%

(mximo) en mortalidad infantil, 100% en cobertura bsica de salud, 90% en la
cobertura de educacin bsica, y 70% en la de agua potable y alcantarillado. En:
GONZLEZ. Op cit.
Ver: Corte Constitucional. Sentencias SU 383 de 2003 y C 461 de 2008, entre
otras.
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Ver: KASPAPER. Situacin de los pueblos indgenas de Colombia. 2009.
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6
7
Este capitulo amplia el aparte que sobre el tema se incluy en el libro Petrleo y
Conflicto publicado por INDEPAZ, Bogota DC. Enero de 2010.
Ver: Corte Constitucional. Sentencias SU 383 de 2003 y C 461 de 2008, entre otras.
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8
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9
Ministerio del Interior, Direccin de Etnias, Proceso adelantado con las

comunidades Uwa del rea de influencia de los bloques Sirir y Catleya en los
departamentos de Boyac, Norte de Santander y Santander, memoria publicada
por Actualidad tnica, septiembre de 2006.
10 Frente a los argumentos del Consejo de Estado, la comunidad Uwa expreso
su mas rotundo rechazo, argumentando que el tema de la consulta previa es
un asunto que va ms all de simples reuniones entre el gobierno nacional,
empresa petrolera y el pueblo Uwa, por que no se trata de agotar un formalismo
institucional que se consigne en un cuadro cronolgico para argumentar que
se cumpli con el proceso de CONSULTA PREVIA, sino la obligacin del Estado
Colombiano ante la comunidad nacional e internacional de proteger y garantizar
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objetivamente el derecho a la vida, integridad cultural, tnica, social y territorial
del Pueblo Uwa, derecho fundamental que esta consignado en la Ley 21 de
1991, la Constitucin Nacional, la Carta Universal de los Derechos Humanos,
preceptos normativos que estn desarrolladas parcialmente en la Sentencia de
la Corte Constitucional SU-039/97, las recomendaciones OEA-HARVARD, y las
recomendaciones de la Comisin de Expertos de la OIT, ENTRE OTROS.
Para la comunidad Uwa, en lo conocido del concepto del Consejo de Estado
no se consignan las sentencias que reconocen los derechos territoriales de
los indgenas sobre los territorios de resguardo, por lo que acusan a una de
las mximas instancias de la justicia en Colombia de prevaricar, toda vez que
desconocen los efectos de cosa juzgada constitucional sobre esta materia.
Redaccin Actualidad tnica, Bogot D.C., Julio 19 de 2006
11 Parte de sus actividades (de REPSOL) se llevan a cabo en el ancestral territorio
del Pueblo Uwa. Tres pozos - Capachos, Cao Limn y Catleya- estn ubicados
muy cerca del actual territorio indgena, mutilado por el gobierno colombiano
a propsito con el fin de sacar estas tierras de los resguardos para permitir la
actividad de explotacin de las multinacionales.
12 Convenio 169 de la OIT: las consultas llevadas a cabo en aplicacin de este
Convenio debern efectuarse de buena fe y de una manera adecuada a las
circunstancias, con la finalidad de llegar a un acuerdo o lograr el consentimiento
acerca de las medidas previstas.
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Resumen Temas para la reflexin y debate
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13 Segn TNI, La mayora de los resguardos kofn se encuentra dentro o cerca

de campos de exploracin y explotacin petrolera, buena parte de los cuales
operan bajo contratos firmados a partir de 2004. El bloque Alea de 569.000
hectreas, firmado con Repsol y Chaco en diciembre de 2004, cruza el territorio
ancestral kofn y est muy cerca de algunos resguardos kofanes. Los campos de
explotacin y exploracin de Ecopetrol, como el rea Occidental, rea Sur y el
bloque Churuco, estn en la frontera o al interior de varios resguardos kofanes.
Colombia: coca, petrleo y conflicto en territorio Kofn Por: Moritz Tenthoff,
Programa Drogas y Democracia, TNI. El lder Bar Luis Arabadora, anot adems
que por la invasin a sus territorios, de 16.000 que eran en la dcada de 1970,
ahora apenas quedan 3.000 bari que viven en 23 comunidades dispersas en las
122.000 hectreas de su resguardo. Unos 9.000 bari viven ahora en Venezuela.
Actualidad tnica, mayo 2002
14 La actividad petrolera en el Putumayo: Incrementa la colonizacin, la invasin de
territorios y como consecuencia el desplazamiento. Incrementa la militarizacin,
dado el aumento de presencia paramilitar e insurgente alrededor de los pozos
y oleoductos. Es responsable de la contaminacin ambiental (el agua es la ms
afectada) porque las empresas dejan sus residuos y no se cien a los reglamentos
ambientales. Por otro lado, los ataques de la insurgencia a la infraestructura
petrolera provocan significativos derramamientos de crudo en los ros [9]. Como
resultado de esto, no hay pescado, no se puede tomar el agua, y la gente no se
puede baar porque le salen ronchas. Las comunidades que se encuentran a
los pies de los pozos son las ms afectadas. Intensifica el conflicto en la regin
debido a los intereses de los grupos armados sobre la infraestructura petrolera.
Perjudica las ceremonias ancestrales y destruye el territorio, amenazando con ello
la cosmovisin, la vida y la cultura del Pueblo Kofn.
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inversin que afectan sus condiciones de existencia ?
Lo que dice Naciones Unidas

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t- Se puede decir que el respeto a los derechos humanos es una obligacin
de las empresas o que es una decisin que voluntariamente pueden asumir
o descartar?
t- El respeto a los derechos humanos en los planes de inversin es distinto si se
trata de una inicia Uva pblica o de una privada?
t- La responsabilidad de las empresas pblicas o privadas frente a los derechos
humanos se puede limitar a los 10 puntos del Pacto Global i
t- Si una entidad enLra al PacLo Global y se compromete a rendir informes anuales
sobre su desempeo en los 10 puntos, eso significa que esta certificada como
entidad responsable en derechos humanos?
t- Cundo es rechazado un informe al Pacto Global?
t- Si una organizacin indgena o afrodescendiente (o un sindicato o cooperativa),
ingresa al Pacto Global, que compromisos adquiere y en que meiora su
responsabilidad frente a los derechos humanos?
LECTURA: Naciones Unidas: Proteger, respetar y remediar

Apartes del documento
La responsabilidad empresarial y los derechos humanos.
Camilo Gonzlez Posso
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5. Nuevas definiciones y alcances de la

responsabilidad social en derechos humanos
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t- Porqu unas veces se habla de responsabilidad social corporativa, otras RSE y en
otras de responsabilidad social de las organizaciones?
t- Cul es el mbito de la responsabilidad social? Con qu grupos, sectores,
regiones o instituciones?
t- Qu proponen las grandes empresas como instrumentos de realizacin y
monitoreo a la responsabilidad social en derechos humanos y en desarrollo
sostenible?
t- Por qu se ha puesto de moda hablar de Responsabilidad Social Corporativa o
de las organizaciones?
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t- Qu aporta la ISO 26000 con respecto a otros instrumentos de Responsabilidad
Social Empresarial, como las Directrices de la OCDC?
t- La opcin por Responsabilidad Social de las Organizaciones en lugar de
limitarse a las empresas o a las multinacionales ayuda a la relacin con actores
sociales o comunidades?
t- Si es una gua de uso voluntario y no tiene ningn mecanismo vinculante o que
lleve a laexigibilidadde derechos de las sociedades donde actan las empresas
y sobre todo las multinacionales, para que puede ser til a las organizaciones
sociales y comunidades?
t- Qu aporta la ISO 26000 con respecto a los Convenios de la OIT, Declaraciones y
reportes del Sistema de Naciones Unidas?
t- Qu aporta la ISO 26000 a las responsabilidades y obligaciones establecidas en
la Constitucin y la Ley?
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tnicas
!
LECTURA: Leer y comentar en grupos
Iniciativas multisectoriales como los
Principios Voluntarios en seguridad y derechos humanos
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6. Fundamentos constitucionales y legales

de la responsabilidad social en Colombia
la Funcin Social y Ecolgica (FSE)
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7. Alcances y limitaciones de la responsabilidad

social empresarial con los derechos humanos
de las comunidades y demas grupos de interes
F"4/.*,*$ *.$ #+%2+*(,*$ 32')&"$ 0$ 3"&&+<'$ ."$ 92*$ ("$ 3"(#+)*&*$
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de inversin?
t {2VDSJUFSJPTFJOEJDBEPSFTEFDVNQMJNJFOUPDPOMBTPCMJHBDJPOFTEFSFTQFUPB
los derechos humanos deberan incluirse en una evaluacin de Responsabilidad
Social de una empresa o proyecto de inversin?
Le parece til que las empresas privadas, mixtas o pblicas con inversiones
minero energticas, entreguen informes de sosteni bi I i da d y cumplimiento
de obligaciones con los derechos humanos y en particular de las comunidades?
Qu informacin clave espera encontrar en esos informes?
Lectura 2. Tendencias de la responsabilidad social

empresarial. Comentario crtico.
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!"#$%&'(#"!%)&*"$!

Diseo & Diagramacin

LA RENTA MINERA EN LA LOCOMOTORA

Una apuesta de alto riesgo: primero minera y despus lo dems?

El crecimiento de la produccin no es sinnimo

Crecimiento minero con decrecimiento de

La locomotora minera se dirige al desarrollo humano

En dnde est el paradigma alternativo a la maldicin

REFLEXIONES SOBRE ENERGA PRIMARIA

Panorama global de la energia

Conflictos por recursos minero energticos

Crisis ambiental y cambio climtico

Asimetria de las ganancias y prdidas

EMPRESAS PETROLERAS Y LOS DERECHOS DE LAS

Territorios tnicos y macroproyectos

Empresas y Derechos Humanos

Nuevas definiciones y alcances de la responsabilidad

Fundamentos constitucionales y legales

Alcances y limitaciones de la responsabilidad

Presidente de INDEPAZ, Magister en economa y Ex Ministro de Estado

F"4"$ &*1*&*(3+'$ /'&'$ *5/."&'&$ &*#/2*#,'#$ #*$ /'&,*$ )*$ '.%2('#$

Campodnico Humberto, Renta petrolera y minera en pases seleccionados de

(Q HVWH WH[WR VH SUHVHQWDQ FRPHQWDULRV D OD SROtWLFD PLQHUD

2. Una apuesta de alto riesgo: primero minera y

Fuente: DNP, Bases del Plan de desarrollo 2010 2014;

F"($ &'68($ #*$ ;'($ /&*#*(,')"$ 423;"#$ +(,*&&"%'(,*#$ '$ *#,'$

UPME, Unidad de planeacin minero energtica, Ministerio de Minas y Energa,

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3. El crecimiento de la produccin no es sinnimo

Grfica 2. PIM minero comportamiento 2000 2010. Millones de

Grfica 3. Colombia. Minerales no metlicos y metlicos - 1990 - 2010

Fuente: Minminas - UPME, octubre de 2010

Grfica 4. Colombia. Produccin de oro 1990 2010. Kilogramos/ao

Grfica 5. Colombia. Produccin de carbn 1990 2010. Millones

Fuente: Minminas - UPME, octubre de 2010

DANE, Cuentas Nacionales, valor de la produccin minera colombiana, 2005

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BP Statistical Review of World Energy. June 2010

Fuente: UPME - INGEOMINAS

Bonanza minera o bonanza de carbn?

DNP y Banco de la Repblica. Anlisis de registros de IED por pas regin

Fuente: BP statistical energy review 2010

Tabla 2. Registro de inversin extranjera en Colombia - flujo anual

Grfica 7A. Inversin extranjera directa, ingresos en millones de

!$$+ !$$&- !$$(- !$$*- !$)$-

Son registros de flujos de inversin y por lo tanto consideran los ingresos y

!'#$ /&"0*33+"(*#$ )*$ /&")233+8($ )*$ 3&2)"$ 0$ %'#$ 42*#,&'($ 92*$

10 Foro Semana, noviembre de 2010

4. Crecimiento minero con decrecimiento de

11 Clculo de INDEPAZ con datos de la ACP, DIAN, DANE. Tablas 4 y 5

12 Emergencia econmica. Decreto ley xxx, de enero de 2011.

Tabla 5.Colombia. Ingresos totales del Estado por minera. 2009

Fuente: Asociacin Colombiana de Petrleo, ACP, datos de impuestos tomados de la ponencia de

16 Rudas Guillermo, Impuestos mineros, presentacin en INDEPAZ, Bogot D.C.

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18 Citado en la exposicin de motivos del proyecto de acto legislativo de reforma a

Tabla 6. Proyeccin de ingresos del Gobierno Nacional generados

Fuente: DNP, exposicin de motivos proyecto de ley de reforma al sistema de regalas.

b,&"#$ 3B.32."#$ 42*#,&'($ .'$ /&"%&*#+='$ )+#4+(23+8($ )*.$ '/"&,*$

19 En el estudio de FEDESARROLLO La minera en Colombia: Impacto Fiscal

Tabla 7. Impuestos en la minera y el petrleo, 2006 2008

Fuente: FEDESARROLLO, La minera en Colombia: impacto fiscal, 2008

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