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ENGINE GAS TURBINE 1

ALD 20203
UNIKL MIAT
Engine Turbine

BY MUHAMAD SYAZWAN MAT

OVERVIEW
OPERATION & CHARACTERISTICS OF
DIFFERENT TURBINE BLADE TYPES
BLADE TO DISK ATTACHMENT
NOZZLE GUIDE VANES
CAUSES & EFFECTS OF TURBINE BLADE
STRESS & CREEP

TURBINE SECTION
TO EXTRACT ENERGY AFTER FUEL & AIR ARE
COMPRESS
BURNED
A PORTION
R
OR
MECHANI
OF KINETIC
TRANSFORM
U
CAL
INTO
ENERGY
(HOT
GASES)

ENERGY

ACCESSOR
IES

TURBINE ABSORBS APPROXIMATELY 60% 80% OF TOTAL PRESSURE ENERGY FROM HOT
GASES
CONSISTS OF 4 BASIC ELEMENTS
CASE
STATOR
SHROUD
ROTOR

TURBINE ELEMENT

TURBINE CASE
TO ENCLOSE TURBINE ROTOS & STATOR
HAS FLANGES ON BOTH SIDE TO PROVIDE A
MEANS OF ATTACHING THE TURBINE

TURBINE ROTOR
CONSISTS OF:
TURBINE ROTOR /
WHEEL
ROTOR IS DYNAMICALLY
BALANCED & TURBINE
BLADES ARE MOMENT
WEIGHED

TURBINE SHAFT
SHAFT ROTATES WITH
BEARING THAT ARE
LUBRICATED BY OIL

TURBINE DISK IS THE ANCHORING COMPONENT

FOR TURBINE BLADES (EITHER BOLTED OR
WELDED TO MAIN SHAFT)
CENTRIFUGAL FORCE ACTING ON TURBINE BLADE
WILL MAKE IT GROW OR CREEPING
FIR TREE SLOTS IS MOST COMMONLY USE FOR
ATTACHING TURBINE BLADES

TURBINE ROTOR

TURBINE BLADES
AIRFOIL SHAPED DESIGNED TO EXTRACT
MAXIMUM AMOUNT OF ENERGY FROM FLOW
OF HOT GASES
MADE OF STEEL FORGED or NICKEL ALLOY
FIT LOOSELY FOR EXPAND TO FIT TIGHTLY AT
FIR TREE SLOT
NORMAL OPERATING TEMPERATURE
ATTACHMENT
COMMONLY USE
IMPULSE
BLADE CAN BE OPEN or SHROUDED
AT TIP
BLADE
BLADES ARE CLASSIFIED:
REACTION TURBINE
BLADE
IMPULSE-REACTION
TURBINE BLADE

TURBINE BLADES

LOOSE FIT
FIR TREE
WITH OPEN
END / TIP

TURBINE BLADES

LOOSE FIT FIR TREE WITH

SHROUDED END / TIP

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TURBINE BLADES IMPULSE

BLADES

IMPULSE BLADE
BLADES ONLY CHANGE THE DIRECTION OF
AIRFLOW COMING FROM TURBINE NOZZLE
WITH NO CHANGE OF GAS PRESSURE OR
VELOCITY
ROTAR
ABSORBS
FORCE

TURBINE THE
WHEEL:
REQUIRED TO CHANGE
THE DIRECTION OF
AIRFLOW

CONVERT
TO

Y
MOTIO
N

IMPULSE FORCE ON TURBINE BLADES

PUSHES TURBINE WHEEL TO ROTATE

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TURBINE BLADES IMPULSE

BLADES

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TURBINE BLADES IMPULSE

BLADES

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TURBINE BLADES REACTION

BLADES

REACTION BLADES
PRODUCE TURNING FORCE BASED ON
AERODYNAMIC ACTION
THE TURBINE BLADES FORM A SERIES OF
CONVERGENT DUCT GAS VELOCITY
PRESSURE
RESULTS IN CREATING A
COMPONENT OF LIFT THAT
ROTATES TURBINE WHEEL

TURBINE BLADES ROTATE DUE TO REACTION

OF AIRFLOW ACTING ON ITS AIRFOIL SHAPE

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TURBINE BLADES REACTION

BLADES

1. Turbine nozzle in a reaction turbine direct exhaust

gas flow to strike turbine blades at positive angle
of attack
2. Convergent shape between the turbine blades
increases its gas velocity & decreases its pressure

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IMPULSE & REACTION TURBINE

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TURBINE BLADES - IMPULSEREACTION

IMPULSE-REACTION BLADES
MOST MODERN AIRCRAFT USES THIS TYPE OF
TURBINE BLADE
ADVANTAGE : WORKLOAD ALONG THE BLADE
IS EVENLY DISTRIBUTED
IMPULSE
BLADE ROOT
SECTION

REACTION
SECTION

BLADE TIP
THIS DESIGN CREATES UNIFORM VELOCITY &
PRESSURE DROP ACROSS THE ENTIRE BLADE
LENGTH

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TURBINE BLADES - IMPULSEREACTION

IMPULSE-REACTION
TURBINE BLADES

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STAGGER ANGLE
TURBINE BLADE HAS STAGGER ANGLE
MAKE GAS FLOW FROM
(GREATER AT TIP COMPARE
TO ROOT)
COMBUSTION SYSTEM
REASON FOR TWIST DO EQUAL WORK AT ALL
POSITIONS ALONG THE
LENGTH OF BLADE
TO ENSURE THE FLOW ENTERS EXHAUST
SYSTEM WITH A UNIFORM AXIAL VELOCITY

RESULTS CERTAIN CHANGES IN VELOCITY,

PRESSURE & TEMPERATURE OCCUR THROUGH
TURBINE (FIG. PG.20)
AS AIRFLOW LEAVES TURBINE BLADE, THE
RESPECTIVE VELOCITY & PRESSURE ARE
EQUAL BETWEEN BLADE TIP & ROOT

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STAGGER ANGLE

A TYPICAL
TURBINE
BLADE
SHOWING
TWISTED
CONTOUR

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STAGGER ANGLE

GAS FLOW PATTERN THROUGH

NOZZLE & BLADE

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BLADE TO DISC ATTACHMENT

THE METHOD OF ATTACHING TURBINE BLADES TO
TURBINE DISC IS OF CONSIDERABLE IMPORTANCE,
SINCE STRESS IN THE DISC AROUND THE FIXING OR IN
BLADE ROOT HAS AN IMPORTANT BEARING ON THE
BUT THIS DESIGN
LIMITING RIM SPEED
THE BLADES ON EARLY
WAS SOON
WHITTLE ENGINE WERE
SUPERSEEDED BY
ATTACHED BY THE DE LAVAL
THE FIR TREE
BULB ROOT FIXING
COMMONLY USED

INVOLVES VERY
ACCURATE MACHINING
TO ENSURE THAT THE
LOADING IS SHARED BY
ALL THE SERRATIONS

NOW
THEY ARE THEN
LOCKED IN PLACE
WITH RIVETS OR
METAL TABS.

THE BLADE IS FREE IN SERRATIONS WHEN TURBINE IS

STATIONARY & STIFFENED IN ROOT BY CENTRIFUGAL
LOAD

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BLADE TO DISC ATTACHMENT

VARIOUS METHODS OF
ATTACHING BLADES TO
TURBINE DISCS

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TURBINE STATOR/NOZZLE
GUIDE VANES

REFERRED TO TURBINE NOZZLE / TURBINE

GUIDE VANES / NOZZLE DIAPHRAGM
LOCATED DIRECTLY AFT OF COMBUSTION
SECTION & FORWARD OF TURBINE WHEEL

EXPOSED TO HIGH TEMPERATURE IN A GAS

TURBINE ENGINE
PURPOSE COLLECT HIGH ENERGY AIRFLOW
FROM COMBUSTORS & DIRECT THE
FLOW TO STRIKE THE TURBINE
ROTOR AT APPROPRIATE ANGLE

FORMS A NUMBER OF CONVERGING NOZZLE

THAT CONVERT SOME OF EXHAUST GASES
PRESSURE TO VELOCITY ENERGY

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TURBINE STATOR/NOZZLE
GUIDE VANES

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SHROUD
TURBINE NOZZLE ASSEMBLY CONSISTS OF AN
INNER & OUTER SHROUD THAT RETAINS &
SURROUND THE NOZZLE VANE
THE NOZZLE VANES MUST BE
CONSTRUCTED LOOSELY TO ALLOW FOR
THERMAL EXPANSION
OUTER SHROUD IS CUT INTO SEGMENTS TO
ALLOW FOR EXPANSION
WITHOUT ALLOWING FOR THERMAL
EXPANSION, THE HIGH ENGINE TEMPERATURE
WILL CAUSE SEVERE DISTORTION OR
WARPING

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TURBINE NOZZLE / TURBINE

STATOR

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TURBINE NOZZLE / TURBINE

STATOR

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CAUSES & EFFECTS OF STRESS

& CREEP

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TURBINE SECTION
AREA THAT SUBJECT TO GREAT DEAL OF HEAT
& STRESS
CRACKING IS MOST COMMON TYPE OF
DAMAGE FOLLOWED BY EROSION
TO CARRIED OUT THE INSPECTION OF THE
COMPLETE TURBINE SECTION; IT IS BEST TO
INSPECT TURBINE NOZZLE VANE,
TURBINE DISK & TURBINE BLADE
SEPARATELY

CAUSES & EFFECTS OF STRESS

&TURBINE
CREEP
NOZZLE
VANE

HOTTEST GASES PASS THROUGH THE FIRST

TURBINE NOZZLE VANE
NORMALLY SMALL CRACK ARE FREQUENTLY
FOUND (CHECK LIMITATION)
CERTAIN TURBINE NOZZLE VANE ARE
CRACKING BY HIGH SPEED GASES CAUSING
BOWING & WARPING
THIS BOWED & WARPAGE IS MEASURED ON
THE TRAILING EDGE BY USING FLAT PLATE
FIXTURE & THICKNESS GAUGE (CHECK
LIMITATION)

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CAUSES & EFFECTS OF STRESS

&TURBINE
CREEP
DISK

INSPECTED BY USING STRONG INSPECTION

LIGHT & MAGNIFYING GLASS
ANY CRACK ON TURBINE DISK CAUSES
REJECTION & REPLACEMENT
SLIGHT PITTING EXIST CAN BE BLENDED BY
STONING & POLISHING

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CAUSES & EFFECTS OF STRESS

& TURBINE
CREEP
BLADE

POTENTIAL TO CATASTROPHIC ENGINE

FAILURE
CRACKING ARE NOT PERMITTED ON
TURBINE BLADE
STRESS RUPTURE CRACKS TO BE CARRIED
OUT ON LEADING & TRAILING EDGE INCLUDE
EXCESSIVE TEMPERATURE OR CENTRIFUGAL
LOADING
PRIMARY
TURBINE BLADE ARE PRONE TO BLADE
SECONDAR
CREEP (HIGH TEMPERATURE) & CENTRIFUGAL
Y
LOADING DURING EACH CYCLE (SLIGHTLY
TERTIARY
LONGER)
BLADE CREEP CAN BE DIVIDED

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CAUSES & EFFECTS OF STRESS

& CREEP
PRIMARY CREEP

OCCURS DURING FIRST RUN WHEN NEW

BLADES EXPERIENCE OPERATIONAL STRESS
FOR THE FIRST TIME

SECONDARY CREEP
OCCURS SLOWLY DURING MANY HOURS OF
OPERATION

TERTIARY CREEP
OCCURS AT AN ACCELERATED RATE AFTER A
PERIOD OF SECONDARY CREEP DUE TO
ATTRIBUTION OF HOT START, OVER
TEMPERATURE, OPERATION AT HIGH POWER
SETTING CONTINUOUSLY & BLADE EROSION

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CAUSES & EFFECTS OF STRESS

& CREEP

TURBINE BLADE & VANE ALSO MUST BE

CHECKED FOR UNTWIST WHICH RESULTING
DECREASE BLADE EFFICIENCY &
DETERIORATION
OTHER INSPECTION FOR TURBINE BLADE ARE
CURLING OF BLADE TIP, CRACKING &
BREAKING BLADE TIP

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THANK YOU
FOR YOUR
ATTENTION
-END-