Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
K.V.S.KIRAN
(PIRMEC)
N.SARATH CHANDRA (MRRITS)
SVITS (JKC)
E-mail: kvskiran05@gmail.com
Department of Mechanical Engineering
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Introduction
Abs is an abbreviation for antilock braking system it was designed to help the
driver maintains some steering ability and avoid skidding while braking
Abs was introduced in the mid 1980s and has become standard equipment on
the majority of vehicles sold in Canada .abs in cars and most multi-purpose
vehicles (mpvs) works on all four wheels .This promotes directional stability and
allows steering while maximizing braking.
The abs in most pick-up trucks works only on the rear wheels, which promotes
directional stability only. However, there are
some available with abs on all four wheels.
Control under heavy breaking
ABS allows you to maintain control of
the vehicle. Since four-wheel ABS prevents all
wheels from skidding, it allows you to steer
the vehicle and still maintain braking.
Where is it located?
The abs is a three channel system .that means that the abs hydraulic unit has a
separate control valve for each front wheel, and a third control valve that is shared
by both back wheels. Because of that, when one rear wheel starts to loose traction,
braking has to be reduced to both rear wheels.
Example of a bosch breaking system
1. Vehicle stabilization.
2. ESP sensors.
3. Brake booster and master cylinder.
4. Disc brake front axle.
5. Disc brake rear axle.
6. Brake assist (here: integrated in ESP).
7. Communication with engine
management.
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Abs uses wheel speed sensors to determine if one or more wheels are trying to
lock up during braking. if a wheel tries to lock up, a series of hydraulic valves
limit or reduce the braking on that wheel. This prevents skidding and allows you
to maintain steering control there is a toothed ring that spins at each wheel next to
a magnetic hall affect sensor. As the wheel turns, the sensor send out a pulse to the
abs controller as each tooth passes by it. By measuring the frequency of the pulses
coming in, the controller can determine how fast the wheel is turning. Note that it
cant tell which direction the wheel is turning; the pulses are the same either way.
it assumes the wheel is rolling forward. By comparing the speed difference of
each wheel, it can detect when one or more wheels are slowing down faster than
the car, indicating an Impending loss of traction. The abs controller then
commands the abs hydraulic unit to release the pressure on that wheels brake. It
then reapplies brake pressure as soon as it senses that the wheel has sped back up.
This happens rapidly over and over (about eight times a second) so that there is a
perceived pulsing or buzzing sensation. By adjusting the braking this way, this
wheels tyre is held right at its maximum traction limit.
The abs control firmware takes into account not just the difference in speed
between each wheel, but also a maximum deceleration rate (incase the system
misses and a wheel does actually lockup), as well as compensation for cornering
(the outside wheels in a corner need to spin faster than the inside wheels. So, it
checks to see if the difference between the inside and outside at the front is similar
to the difference between the inside and outside at the rear) another important
compensation that abs performs is for split-mu surfaces. an example of this is
when the two wheels on one side of the car are on the road (lots of traction), and
the wheels on the other side are off the road(less traction).if the system just
adjusted to each wheels maximum braking force (which is what some less
advanced abs systems do), the tyres on the side of the car on the pavement would
apply a force that would make the car tend to spin out. The split-mu detection
algorithm will reduce the over all braking force just enough to prevent this from
happening.
2.4 Why do we need this?
Abs has three significant advantages: it reduces the need for driver skill during
panic situations. It can separately control braking thresholds. Most important: it
allows the driver to steer while braking at the limit.
Since the abs will not allow the tyre to stop rotating, you can brake and steer at
the same time. Braking and steering ability of the vehicle is limited by the amount
of traction the tyre can generate. Situations where, abs would give assistance, a
tyre for all practical purposes has a fixed amount of traction in any directions
(accelerating, braking and cornering).when steering and braking at the same time,
this traction has to be shared between the two functions. When braking in a
straight line, traction of all the the tyres can be used for braking. When cornering
at the limit, the tyre has no available traction for braking. Between these two
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extremes, the traction can be shared. ABS automatically adjusts the brakes for the
traction thats left over after the cornering force. If you demand steering while
braking, the 100% of traction that the tire can generate will be divided between
both tasks. For example, if you require 50% for steering then there is 50% of
available traction left for braking. If you require 10% for steering then there is
90% left for braking. Be aware that 100% traction on a dry road is a great deal
more traction than 100% traction on ice! Therefore, your vehicle is unable to steer
and brake as well on a slippery surface as it can on a dry road.
Road surfaces and ABS
Road hazards that will cause ABS to function
unexpectedly are gravel, sand, ice, snow, mud,
railway tracks, potholes, manhole covers and
even road markings when it is raining.
The ABS cannot makeup for road conditions or
bad judgment. It is still the drivers
responsibility to drive at reasonable speeds for
weather and traffic conditions. Always leave a margin of safety.
2.5 Instructions while driving with abs
We need to take some necessary tips for operation of vehicle possessing abs
Do keep your foot on the brake.
Do allow enough distance to stop.
Do practice driving with abs.
Do consult the vehicles owners manual.
Do know the difference between four wheel and rear wheel abs.
Dont drive an abs equipped vehicle more aggressively.
Dont pump the brakes.
Dont forget to steer.
HOW DO I USE ABS
Apply steady and constant pressure- dont take your
foot off the brake pedal until the vehicle is stopped
and dont pump the brake.
6 Disadvantages of abs
Abs has a couple of disadvantages: in deep snow or
gravel its actually better for the wheels to lock up. On completely glare ice,
locked wheels will often stop a car faster because even though the sliding friction
is less than non-sliding friction, it is applied 100%.
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3.1 Introduction.
Intelligent regulation systems prevent the vehicle from swerving when
accelerating on a loose surface and thus ensure that directional stability is reliably
maintained.
If a wheel threatens to spin, the wheel brake is applied or else the system
intervenes to regulate the engine management accordingly. Only so much throttle
is accepted for acceleration so as not to impair lateral stability, even if the
accelerator is fully depressed.
A similarly integrated engine drag torque regulation system stops the drive wheels
from blocking if the driver suddenly removes his/her foot from the accelerator.
The system can be switched off if, for example, over steering in bends is required
for a sporty driving style.
3.2 Benefits:
Optimum safety on slippery road surfaces such as ice, snow, loose gravel etc.,
Even sudden patches of slippery road surface are immediately registered and the
system reacts accordingly. No blocking of wheels occurs, even when the
accelerator is suddenly released on a slipper surface or there is a shift change to a
lower gear.
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The ESP monitors the steering wheel angle and the vehicles yaw velocity, and
when the error between the two exceeds pre-programmed limits, it intervenes, and
brakes the inner rear wheel (typically). This tends to cause the rear axle to slide
outwards, hence pointing the nose of the car tighter into the corner, which is what
the driver wanted to do. The system may also reduce the speed of the vehicle by
adjusting the throttle.
4. Traction control:
Traction control and Vehicle Stability Control systems, on current production
vehicles, are typically (but not necessarily) electro-hydraulic systems designed to
prevent loss of control when excessive throttle or steering is applied by the driver.
The intervention can consist of any, or all of the following.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5 GETTING TECHNICAL:
There are two ways in which a vehicle typically loses control when cornering:
under steer or over steer. Understeer occurs when the front wheels of a vehicle
lose traction in a turn. It feels as though the car is going straight rather than in the
direction of the turn. Turning the steering wheel more doesnt help. Backing off
the throttle will eventually bring the vehicle back into line.
Over steer occurs when the rear wheels lose traction and the rear of the vehicle
begins to swing out, potentially causing a vehicle to spin or slide sideways. This
motion can sometimes be corrected by steering into the direction of the slide.
Stability control helps prevent these situations by taking control of the vehicle
before or as the driver loses control. It rapidly applies brake force on one or more
wheels, depending on the behavior of the vehicle. In an under steer situation
(below right), the vehicle is making a turn to the right, but begins to under steer.
Stability control initially increases brake force on the right rear wheel. This
causes a rotation in the vehicle; helping the front tire gain grip and helping the
driver maintain control in the bend.
The cars first traction problem comes from the differential
The differential is a gear unit that couples the rear wheels to the single driveshaft
coming from the transmission. It has to transmit power from the transmission,
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while allowing the rear wheels to spin at different speeds. The wheels need to turn
t different speeds because when the car goes around a corner, the outside wheels
have a longer path to travel than the inner ones do. If both back wheels were
directly coupled to each other (forcing them to both turn at the same speed), then
they would fight any effort of the driver steering around a corner.
A conventional differential is a set of gears that couples twisting forces of three
devices (in a cars case, the transmission and two wheels).
Torque must be distributed to all three. Under normal conditions, both wheels
are coupled together through the ground. In this situation, torque can be
transmitted from the transmission to both wheels.
If the coupling of the two wheels through the ground is disrupted (as when a
wheel is spinning), then the differential cant usefully distribute the torque. All of
the power is being applied to the spinning wheel, and not to the wheel that still
has traction.
An electronic traction control system can help prevent a wheel from spinning by
applying that wheels brake. This not only maximizes the traction at that wheel,
but more importantly it enables the differential to apply power to the other wheel,
which probably has more traction.
The cars second traction problem is when the torque from the engine exceeds the total
traction available at both wheels.
An electronic traction control system can deal with this problem by reducing the
engine output.
The ASC + T system intervenes in two stages:
Threshold of adhesion, it starts to rapid pulse the brake to that wheel (just like
ABS). When the second rear wheel nears the limit of adhesion, engine power is
reduced.
The first stage (single wheel braking) actually improves vehicle performance. The
second stage (engine reduction) doesnt improve performance available, but it
adjusts output so that all that is available is fully utilized.
Small video clip on traction control
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6. Technologies:
The following chart shows the safety features found on four-wheel anti-lock brake
systems(ABS),traction control and automatic stability control + traction and
handling systems
characteristics
Prevents wheel lock-up under many
road conditions.
Allows driver to maintain control
when brakes are fully applied.
Sensors detect impending wheel
lock-up.
Pumps the brakes like a driver
would, only much faster and more
effectively.
Engages when the driver stumps on
brake pedal.
Prevents unwanted wheel spin in
low traction situations.
Adjusts vehicle acceleration when
driving in low traction situations,
such as rain or snow.
Helps drivers accelerate safely
Detects a vehicles position in
relation to steering input with use of
sensors
Monitors & compares a vehicles
movement with the direction a
driver is steering
.
Four
Wheel ABS
Traction
control
Automatic
stability + traction
Control systems
X
X
X
X
X
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BMW
Lexus
Lincoln
Mercedes Benz
Oldsmobile
Pontiac
Porsche
Toyota
Volvo
8. Conclusion.
With such sophisticated technology which has made driving simpler than ever before,
there is an immense demand for these systems becoming more and more common in the
vehicles to come in future, though some auto enthusiasts dont prefer to drive with the
ASC+T on as it takes away some of the driving skill from the driver, but this is true only
in the case of serious auto enthusiasts. But overall the system works towards the safety of
the driver, and it has got praises from world wide market. So the technology just goes on
growing and working toward more and more safety.
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References:
Websites
www.autoeducation.com BRAKES
www.a-car.com NEW TECHNOLOGY
www.transportcanada.com. What you should know about anti lock
braking system
www.318ti.org/notebook/asc/ an article by Brian Brown
www.freescale.com electronic stability control
Popular mechanics.
Auto India.