HYDRO

ELECTRIC
THIS CAN BE MAINLY LOCATED AT WHERE THE
WATER RESOUCE AVAIALABLE.
THE ENERGY UNTILIZED FOR HYDROELECTRIC
GENERATION IS ITS POTANTAIL OR KINETIC ENERGY.
KINETIC ENERGY OF WATER IS IN ITS MOTION & ITS
MASS WHERAS THE POTENTIAL ENERGY IS THE
DIFFERENCE IN WATER LEVEL BETWEEN THE
POINTS.
WATER IS COLLECTED AT HIGH POINT IN A
RESERVIORS .A GOOD AMOUNT OF CIVIL ENGG
WORK MUST HAVE GONE IN BUILDING DAMS OR
CACHMENT AREA.

SELECTION OF SITE
QUANTITY OF WATER AVIALABLE:
THIS IS ESTIMATED BASED ON THE M/S
OF STREAM FLOW OVER THE LONG
PERIOD.
PREVIOUS RECORDS OF RAINFALL ARE
STUDIED,MIN & MAX WATER
AVIALABLE DURRING THE YEAR ARE
CALUCATED INCORPORATING THE
LOSSES DUE TO EVOPARATION ETC.

 STORAGE OF WATER :WIDE VARIATION IN

RAINFALL MAKES IT NESSASARY TO STORE
THE WATER .IT CAN BE DONE JUST TO LAST
LONG FOR ONE SEASON OR IT SHOULD
EVEN SUFFCIENT IN CASE OF SHORT
RAINFALL.
HEAD OF WATER :IT MAINLY DEPENDS UPON
THE TOPOGRAPHY OF THE AREA WHICH
DEPENDS UPON THE ECONOMY OF POWER
GENERATION.
LOW FALLS WITH UNREGULATED VARIATIONS
IS LEAST PREFFERED AS COMPARED TO
HIGH FALLS WITH REGULATED O/P.

 DISTANCE OF POWER STATION SITES

FROM THE LOAD CENTERS:IN CASE
DISTANCE IS TOO MUCH COST OF
TRANSMISSION & LOSSES WILL BE
VERY HIGH.
ACCESSIBILITY OF THE SITE:THE SITE
SHOULD BE EASILY ACCESSED BY
THE RAIL & ROAD.

CLASSIFICATION OF HYDRO
PLANTS
BASED ON QUANTITY OF WATER AVAILABLE:
RUN OFF RIVER PLANTS WIHOUT PONDAGE:
IT DOES NOT STORE THE WATER .DURRING
RAINY SEASON SOME WATER MAY GET
WASTE & IN DRY SEASON THERE MAY NOT
BE GENERATION OF POWER DUE TO
SHORTAGE OF WATER .
SO THIS TYPE OF SYSTEM IS UNRELIABLE .

 RUN OFF RIVER PLANTS WITH PONDAGE:

IT STORES THE WATER & IT PERMITS ITS
USE DURRING THE PEAK PERIODS BY
ACCUMULATING IT IN OFF PEAK PERIODS.
IT IS POSSIBLE TO COPE UP WITH HOURLY
OR WEEKLY FLUCTUATIONS.
THIS IS MORE RELIABLE & TAIL RACE
CONDITIONS MAY BE PROVIDED FOR THE
PONDAGE TO MAKE SURE THAT FLOODS
WILL NOT RAISE THE WATER LEVEL &
REDUCING THE EFFECTVENESS OF THE
HEAD.

 RESERVIOR PLANTS: THESE STORE WATER

SUCH THAT CARRY WATER FROM WET TO
DRY SEASON .
WATER IS STORED BEHIND THE DAM &
WITH BETTER CONTROL THROUGHT THE
YEAR.
THIS CAN BE USED AS THE BASE PLANT OR
PEAK CAPACITY PLANT.
MAJORITY OF THE HYDRO ELECTRIC PLANTS
ARE OF THIS TYPE.

CLASSIFICATION BASED ON
HEADS
A PLANT IS SAID TO BE HIGH HEAD PLANTS
IF OPERATING HEAD IS 300 METERS .HERE
WATER IS STORED AT HIGH ELEVATIONS DUE
TO RAINS OR MELTING SNOW.
WATER IS CARRIED FROM THE DAM INTO
SURGE TANK INTO THE PENSTOCK TO THE
POWER HOUSE WHICH IS AT THE BOTTOM .
PELTON WHEELS ARE USED FOR HIGH
HEADS.

FIG ON HIGH HEAD

 LOW HEAD PLANTS WHICH HAS HEAD AT 30

METERS HEIGHT .FRANCIS TURBINE ARE
USED.
THE DAM IS BUILT ACROSS THE RIVER &
WATER IS ALLOWED TO FLOW ACROSS THE
RIVER .
MEDUIM HEAD PLANTS ARE LIE BETWEEN
HIGH & LOW HEADS.IN SUCH PLANTS WATER
IS CARRIED FROM THE OPEN BAY TO FOREBAY
& THEN TO POWERHOUSE IN PENSTOCKS.
USUALLY FRANICS,KALPAN OR PROPELLER
TUBINES ARE USED.

FIG ON LOW HEADS

BASED ON NATURE OF LOAD

BASE LOAD PLANTS:THESE ARE VERY
LARGE PLANTS WHICH SUPPLIES
BASE LOAD CONSATANTLY GENERALLY
RUN OFF RIVER PLANTS WITHOUT
PONDAGE CAN BE USED AS THESE
PLANTS.
PEAK LOAD PLANTS:RUN OFF RIVER
PLANTS WITH PONDAGE CAN BE
USED FOR THIS PURPOSE.

 PUMPED STRAGE PLANTS WITH PEAK LOADS:

THESE PLANTS CAN BE USED IN PLACES
WHERE MAINLY WATER IS INSUFFCIENT.
IT IS POSSIBLE TO POND AT HEAD WATER &
TAIL WATER LOCATIONS ,WATER AFTER
PASSING THROUGH TURBINE CAN BE
PUMPED BACK TO THE HEAD POND .
WATER IS POURED DOWN THROUGH THE
PENSTOCK TO THE TURBINE TO GENARATE
THE POWER DURRING THE PEAK PERIOD &
DURRING THE OFF PEAK PERIOD WATER IS
PUMPED BACK INTO HEAD WATER POND.

 RECENT DEVELOPMENT IN THIS FIELD IS

USE REVERSIBLE TURBINE PUMP UNIT.
THIS UNIT CAN BE USED AS TURBINE WHILE
GENARATING POWER & PUMP WHILE
PUMPING THE WATER.
IT WORK AS GENERATOR & AS WELL AS
MOTOR.
THESE KIND OF SYSTEMS CAN BE USED AS
INTERCONNECTING WITH STEAM PLANTS &
CAN BE USED MORE ECONOMICALLY.

ADV & DISADV OF HYDRO

STATION
IT CAN BE PUT TO SERVICE INSTATLY.

LOW MAINTAINANCE COST.

NO FUEL IS BURNT.
THE PLANT IS QUEIT CLEAN.
THE WATER AFTER RUNNING THROUGH THE
TURBINE CAN BE USED FOR IRRIGATION.
DISADV:CAPITAL COSTS ARE VERY HIGH.
HIGH COST OF TRANSMISSION.
LONG DRY SEASON MAY EFFECT DELIVERY
OF POWER.

FIG ON STRUCTURE OF THE

HYDRO STATION

GENERAL ARRANGEMENT
THE PLANT IS LOCATED GENERALLY WHERE
THERE IS LARGE AMOUNT OF WATER IS
AVAIALABLE.
SOURCE OF WATER IS GENRALLY LAKE OR
RESERVOIR WHICH IS FOUND AT HIGH PLACE
STORED WITH HELP OF THE DAM.
THE WATER SURFACE IN THE STORAGE
RESERVOIR IS CALLED AS THE HEAD RACE.
WATER IS CARRIED TO THE POWER HOUSE
USING THE PENSTOCK OR CANALS.

 PENSTOCKS ARE MADE UP OF WOOD ,STEEL

OR CONCRETE STRICTURES WHICH CARRY
THE WATER FORCIBLY TO THE TURBINE.
THEY ARE OF TWO TYPES MEDIUM OR HIGH
PRESSURE.THE FACTOR UPON WHICH THEY
ARE CHOOSEN ARE VELOCITY OF WATER &
ECNOMICS.
SOMETIMES SMALL RESERVIOR AT THE TOP
OF THE HEAD WHICH WILL CARRY EXTRA
WATER IN THE NEED MAY ALSO BE
CONSTRUCTED.
IF THE STATION IS LOCATED AT THE BASE OF
THE NO RESRVIOR MAY BE REQUIRED.

 IF IT IS LOCATED AT THE DISATANCE THEN

FOREBAY MAY BE PROVIDED AS THE
INTERMEDIATE STORGAE FOR THE WATER.
WATER AFTER PASSING THROUGH THE TURBINE
IS IS DISCHARGED INTO THE TAIL RACE.
THERE CAN BE SURGE TANK WHICH MAY BE
PROVIDED MAINLY NEAR THE TUBINE IF THE
DISTANCE BETWEEN THE DAM &
POWERHOUSE IS LONGER.
IF LOAD ON THE TURBINE DECRAESE SURGE
TANK REDUCES THE SPEED OF THE WATER OR
WHEN LOAD INCREASES IT RELEASES THE
ADDITIONAL WATER .

 THUS IT CONTOLS THE PRESSURE

VARIATION RESULTING IN RAPID VARIATION
OF WATER IN PENSTOCK THERBY
PREVENTING WATER HAMMERING EFFECTS.
SPILLWAY-IT IS CONSIDERD TO BE A
SAFETY VALVE FOR THE DAM .IT
DISCHARGES EXCESS WATER IN THE
RESERVOIR BEYOND THE PERMISSIBLE
LEVEL.
POWER HOUSE-IF IT IS NEARER TO THE
DAM LOSS OF HEAD DUE TO FRICTION IN
THE PENSTOCK WOULD BE LESS.BUT IF IT
IS FURTHER TURBINE CAN BE USED MAX.

 IN SOME LOCATION IT IS ECNOMICAL & SAFE

TO USE POWERHOUSE UNDERGROUND.
IT CONSSISTS OF TWO PARTS A
SUBSTRUCTURE TO HOUSE THE ELECTRIC
EQUIPMENT & SUPERSTRUCTURE TO PROTECT
THE EQUIPMENT.
THE TURBINES WHICH VERTICAL AXIS CAN BE
KEPT BELOW THE FLOOR LEVEL BUT WHICH
ROTATES ON HORIZONTAL AXIS CAN BE KEPT
ON THE FLOOR ALONSIDE WITH GENERATOR.
PRIME MOVER-THE PURPOSE OF IT TO
CONVERT KINETIC ENERGY OF THE WATER TO
MECHANICAL ENERGY

COMPARISON

KALPAN IS MORE COMPACT

IT CAN ROTATE FASTER.
FLOW OF WATER IS AXIAL.
BLADES IN KALPAN ARE MAX 6 IT INCRAESES
EFFCIECNCY.
WHERAS FRANCIS IS BIT LARGE & IT CANT
ROTATE FASTER.
FLOW OF WATER IS RADIAL & EFFCEIENCY IS
NOT GREAT DUE TO FRICTION OF LARGE NO
OF BLADES UPTO 16.

 HYDRO ELECTRIC GENERATOR ARE LOW

SALIENT POLE ALETRNATOR WITH LOW
SPEED & HIGH P.F.
THE EFFCIECNY VARIES FROM 95 % TO 98 %
.
A PROPER FLY WHEEL CONCEPT IS
ESSENTIAL IN CASE OF LARGE SYSTEM FOR
SPEED REGULATION FOR SUDDEN CHANGES
IN LOAD.
FOR LARGE NO OF GENERATORS
OPERATING IN PARALLEL CARE SHOULD BE
TAKEN TO AVOID HUNTING & UNSTABILITY
UNDER FAULTY CONDITIONS.

SYSTEMS CAN BE CLASSIFED AS

ADEQUATE & SECURE
INADEQUATE & SECURE
ADEQUATE & INSECURE.
INADEQUATELY & INSECURE.

NESSESITY OF RELIBALITY
EVALUVATION
ECONOMICS-THE POWER SHOULD BE
CHEAPLY AVAILABLE TO THE CONSUMERS.
ENVIRONMENTAL-IT SHOULD NOT CAUSE
POLLUTION TO THE ENVIRONMENTMAINLY
IN CASE OF COAL OR NUCELAR RECATORS.
SOCIAL-IT SHOULD UP THE STANDARD OF
LIVING,REDUCE THE CRIMES & THEFTS
ETC.
RELIABALE-IT SHOULD NOT CAUSE ANY
INTERRUPTIONS AND MAINLY IN THE CASE
OF INDUSTRIAL & COMMERCIAL
CUSTOMERS INT COST SHOOTS UP ENEV
THERE IS SECONDS OF INTERRUPTIONS.

 QUALITY-THE SUPPLY QUALITY SHOULD

BE GOOD IN TERMS OF ITS FREQUNECY
,POWER FACTOR & VOLTAGE OR
CURRENT LEVEL WITH FREE OF
HARMONICS.
SAFETY-IT SHOUL ABLE TO OPRATE ALL
EQUPIMENTS IN A SYSTEM SAFELY
WITHOUT CAUSING HAZARD TO
ENVIRONMENT ,LIVESTOCK & HUMANS.

FUNCTIONAL ZONES

SIMPLE REPRESENTATION

 LOSS OF GENERATION AT HLI LEAD TO

WHOLE SYSTEM SHUT DOWN.
AT HLII-LOSS IN TRANSMISION MAY LEAD TO
LOSS IN GENERATION UPTO CERTAIN EXTENT.
AT HLII-LOSS WILL NOT AFFECT MANY PEOPLE
AS LOAD CONNECTION WILL CURTAIL DOWN
TO INDIVJUAL CUSTOMERS SUCH AS
INDUSTRIAL,COMMERCIAL,AGRICULTURAL OR
HOUSEHOLD BUT LOSS IN GENERATION MAY
HAVE TO BE COMPONSATED BY LOAD
SHEDDING,LOAD CURTAILEMENTS OR LOAD
SCHEDULING.