Tacheometry

Tacheometry, Tachymetry or
Telemetry.
They are synonymous terms and employed for
horizontal and vertical distance measurement of
any point in the field from the position of the
instrument with which the observation are made
for the purpose without the necessity of
chaining.
Such measurements were initiated by James
Watt in 1770.
One of function of tacheometry is to surveying
the detail on the surface of earth for plotting.

There 5 systems that usually used in the

tacheometry ;

Stadia System Tangential System EDM

System

Subtense System Double Image System

 A) Stadia System.

Here the intercept on the staff, held at a point, across the

stadia hairs is determined with one pointing of the telescope.
Stadia system may be;
• Fixed Stadia System:
In this system the distance between the stadia hairs is
kept fixed and the intercepts across the fixed stadia hairs
vary for staff held at different points depending upon the
distance and elevation of the point.
• Movable Stadia System:
In movable stadia system the upper and lower stadia hairs
are set part or near to help of micrometer screw to read
the constant staff intercept, at different points, across
variable distance between the upper and lower hair.
The distance of the point and its elevation can be computed
from the staff intercept read by the tacheometer.
The leveling staff used in tacheometry is called ‘stadia rod’ and
is almost like that used in ordinary leveling. Stadia rods are
made on special design and painted according to well thought
out scheme in order to make them clear and conspicuous from
a much greater distance than that in case of an ordinary
leveling staff.

Variations in stadia measurements

The following variation in the stadia measurement may be
observed in the field;
• Sight inclined at an angle of elevation θ , staff held
vertical
• Sight horizontal
• Sight inclined at an angle of depression θ , staff held
vertical
• Sight inclined at an angle of depressionθ , staff held
normal to the line of sight.
• Sight inclined at an angle of depression θ , staff held
normal to the line of sight.
 B) Tangential System.

In tangential system of tacheometry measurement the

staff held at a point is read and the angle of elevation
or depression at the reading are observed for two
pointings of the telescope. From such observations the
distance and the elevation of the point can be
computed. Stadia hairs are unnecessary in this system
of measurement.
Advantage of tangential system.
• Can be conducted with ordinary transit theodolite.
• The survey will be cheaper.

Disadvantage of tangential system.

• The speed is reduced due to more number of
observations.
• The changes in the atmospheric condition will
affect the reading considerably.
Variations in tangential measurements
From the theory of tangential tacheometry, it is at once
apparent that the following variations in the
measurement are possible:
• The upper reading and the lower reading (both)
elevated.
• The upper reading elevated and the lower reading
horizontal.
• The upper reading elevated and the lower reading
depressed.
• The upper reading horizontal and the lower
reading depressed.
• The upper and lower reading (both) depressed.
 C) Subtense System.

It is a contrivance for the tacheometry measurement of

distance and elevation of a point in the field.
It consist of ((1) a long rigid bar mounted on (2) quick
leveling head, such as ball arrangement carried by a
tripod. The bar can be locked in position by operating
(3) clamping screw.
The bar can be set to its horizontal position with the
help of the (4) circular spirit level placed on its top. At
the midpoint of its length is placed (5) a sight rule with
a pair of vanes each of which is carried by ends of
vanes each of which is carried by the ends of the sight
rule. The sight rule can be set to a position and can be
locked such that the line of sight through the vanes is
at right angle to the axis of the bar, by operating (6) a
screw. Two targets (7) in the form of circular discs
(about 22 cm in diameter) painted white on one side
and red on the other with its central circular portion of
diameter 7.5cm on both sides painted black, can
suitably be placed equidistant from the center of the
bar for separating distances s1 and s2 between them.
The separating distances s1 and s2 between the targets
may be identified by its coloured face (red or black)
from a large distance.

Use of subtense measurement

Subtense measurement may be used in the
measurement of long traverse legs. It may also be
used in the contouring a more or less flat terrain of
very large extent.
 D) Double Image System.

-Rerambut silang sesebuah teodolit boleh

dilihat ke seluruh senggatan staf,garis
pandangan boleh ditafsirkan melalui titik
itu.
-Jika satu kaca baji diletak didepan kaca
objek,garis pandangan akan kelihatan
teranjak di sepanjang staf dan mengambil
satu kedudukan baru yang disebabkan oleh
pembiasan.

Penggunaan prinsip baji optik:

-Baji digabungkan didalam satu

pemasangan yang dipanggil `telemeter`.
-Baji hanya menutup secara kasar
pertengahan separuh daripada bukaan
objek yang menghasilkan dua imej staf
 E) EDM System.

• System that use method of wave for

measure distance
• Edm system also can show distance

between two points, if both points can be

seen.
• This system also do not need stopper.