Blood Type Testing Lab (11-3)

Peerapat Lertvivattakul (Flook)

Noramon Khamtan (Prim)
Introduction
Genes are made from pieces of DNA which have a function of inheritance. People
will have two copies of each genes in which one are from their parents. The difference in
genes are known as alleles. For genes that have more than two alleles are known as Multi
Allelic Traits. This kind of traits are obviously seen in Human Blood Type and Human Hair
[1]
color
.
The purpose of this experiment is to determine human blood type from Multi Allelic Traits
whether it is A, B, AB, or O.
Human ABO Blood type is determined by Multi Allelic traits. It is the classification of
[2]
human blood based on red blood cells that from the inherited properties
. People can have
their blood type either in A, B, AB, or A. There are three alleles for blood types:
I A, IB, andi. Antigen is any substance that causes your immune system to produce
[3]
antibodies against it
. It is located on the surfaces of red blood cells. The examples of
antigen are proteins, viruses, fungi, bacteria, toxins, and chemicals. Antibodies are
produced in order to respond to presence of an antigen. Antigen and antibodies also
involve in the blood type. For instance, for I A , it is allele containing A-antigens and anti- B

antibody. For I B , it is allele containing B-antigens and anti- A antibody. Both alleles are
codominant to each other since they can produce AB blood type by those who is a
[4]
heterozygous for these two alleles
. For i, there is no any antigen or antibody on this
allele. It seems that this allele is recessive to other alleles. People who has a blood type of A,
the possible genotypes that they can get are I AI A and I Ai . The possible genotypes of a blood
type B are I BI B and I Bi , for a blood type AB is I AI B , and for a blood type O is ii.
The interaction between antigen and antibodies is when antibodies are required to
attach antigen, making immune system respond. An obvious example is those who have a
blood type of A, their cells have type A antigens attached and type B antibodies. It means
your body make antibodies against type B antigens. In other words, your body will kill the
cell which contains type B antigens, led type A to be dominant . As a result, people who
have a blood type A can get a blood from people who have a blood type A and O. On the
[5]
other hand, you can donate your blood to receiver who have a blood type B or AB
.
In case of blood transfusion, people have to know their blood group in order to
know if their blood will be compatible with the receiver or not. If their blood group are not
compatible with others, it can trigger to death of the receiver. Therefore, they have to know

exactly what their blood type are, and this experiment will determine our blood type by
dropping Anti-A, Anti-B, and Anti-AB into our blood.
Materials:
- 2 Microscope Slides
- Anti-A, Anti-B, Anti-AB
- Markers
- Lancets

Lancet Device
Ethanol
Cotton Ball
3 toothpicks

Methods:
1. Draw two circles of about 1 cm diameter side-by side on each side.

2. Mark each circle as one of following: control, anti-A, anti-B, and anti-AB.

3.
4.
5.
6.

WAIT for qualified personal to come and puncture the tip of your finger.
In each circle drop a single drop of blood.
In control: do not put any antibody.
In the circle marked as:
a. Anti-A: drop a single drop of anti-A
b. Anti-B: drop a single drop of anti-B
c. Anti-AB: drop a single drop of anti-AB
7. Using the toothpick mix the blood and the antibody thoroughly (NOTE: USE A
DIFFERENT TOOTHPICK FOR EACH DROP OF BLOOD)
8. Wait 10 seconds and observe the result.
9. Put the result in the table.

Results:
Prims blood

This picture indicates the results when we put Anti-A into circle A, Anti-B into circle
B, and Anti-AB into circle AB. From our observation, none of the circle has coagulation.
Table:
This table shows the coagulation in each blood sample.
State: Coagulation/No coagulation
Control

No coagulation

Anti-A

No coagulation

Anti-B

No coagulation

Anti-AB

No coagulation

Discussion:
Discussion (Flook):
Both of my mom and dad blood type is B which have two possible genotype are
B B
I I and I Bi . Both of my mom and dad can be homozygous or one of them can be
heterozygous and another one can homozygous because both of my 2 younger sister and I
are B blood type . We use punnett square to check the blood type:
Mom: I BIB (B) and Dad: I BIB (B)
IB

I B

IB

I BIB I BIB

IB

I BIB I BIB

From this punnett square shows that every outcome will be B blood type 100% if
both of my mom and dad are homozygous. But if one of them are heterozygous ( I Bi ) and
one of them are homozygous ( I BIB ), every outcome will still have B blood type but some of
them will be I BIB and some of them will be I Bi . We can use the punnett square to check
the blood type:
Mom: I BIB (B) and Dad: I Bi (B)
IB

Mom: I Bi (B) and Dad: I BI B (B)

I B

IB

IB

I BIB

I BIB

IB

I BIB

I Bi

I Bi

I Bi

IB

I BI B

I Bi

Discussion (Prim):
In my family, both of my mom and my dad blood type is O. They can have only one
possible genotype: ii . Every outcome will get O blood type 100% same as me because when
we combine 2 blood type , the outcome will get one allele from Mom and one allele from
Dad ,and the genotype of both mom and dad is ii . We use punnett square to check the
blood type:
Mom: ii (O) and Dad: ii (O)

ii
i

ii

ii

ii

ii

Why blood coagulates with some antibodies but not with other antibodies?
- Because in O blood type do not have antigen A and B, so when we drop any
antibodies in O blood type, it will not change and blood do not coagulate. However,
when we drop anti-A in A blood type, blood will coagulate because it has antigen A.
On the other hand, if we drop anti-A in B blood type, nothing will happen because it
does not have antigen A but have antigen B instead, so if we drop anti-B in B blood
type, the blood will be coagulate. If we drop anti-A in AB blood type, blood will
coagulates a little because as same as if we drop only anti-B in AB blood type, the
blood will be coagulate a little too. It is because AB blood type have both antigen A
and B. To sum up, the blood will coagulate when its antigen is met with their specific
antibodies.
Conclusion:
To sum up briefly, the results that we get is a blood type of O. Due to our
observation, we have no coagulation in any circle. This is because blood type of O have no
antigen A and B, therefore there is no reaction occur when we drop antibodies A and B on
it. Moreover, according to Prims parents, her parents have a blood type of O, and when we
did a punnett square, the result was 100% Thus, this makes our results looked more
accurate.
During our experiment, we faced with some errors. We dropped an excess amount
of Anti-A into the circle A. Therefore, Prims blood in circle A is so fade. It spreads out from
the circle A and looks different than others. In order to get more obvious result, in the next
experiment, we will try to be careful when we have to add something.
Reference:
[1]
Becker,A.(n.d.).WhatIsaMultiAlleleTrait?Retrievedfrom
http://education.seattlepi.com/multialleletrait4252.html

[2]
ABObloodgroupsystem.(2014,January29).Retrievedfrom
http://global.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/1429/ABObloodgroupsystem

[3]
Antigen:MedlinePlusMedicalEncyclopedia.(n.d.).Retrievedfrom
http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002224.htm

[4]
MultipleAlleles:TheABOBloodGroup.(n.d.).Retrievedfrom
http://www.cod.edu/people/faculty/fancher/ABO.htm

[5]
WhatAreBloodGroupAntigensAllAbout?(n.d.).Retrievedfrom
http://www.dummies.com/howto/content/whatarebloodgroupantigensallabout.html