IF CLAUSE:

Model.I:IF+S+V1..,S+Shall/Will/Ca
n/May+V1
(Eg: Read well u will get good
marks
_
If u read well,u will get good
marks
_
If u dont read well,u will not
get good
marks)
Model.II:IF+S+V2..,S+Should/Wo
uld/Could
/Might+V1
(Eg: I dont have time.I cannot
accept the
job
_
If I had time,I could accept
the job)
Model.III:IF+S+Had+V3..,S+Sho
uld/Would/
/could/Might+V3
(Eg: I studied well.So I get good
marks
_ If I had not studied well,I
would not
have got good marks)
KEYWORDS:
3rd M:V3/did/did not/was/were/hadV3
2nd
M:donot/doesnt/haveno/hasno/sh
all
Not/willnot/cannot/maynot
1st M:V1/shall/will/can/may/most

ACTIVE & PASSIVE

VOICE:

Common Verbs:
*Subject occupy object place and
that we have to use by or with
*Object occupy subject place
(sub+V+obj
Obj+V+by/with+s)

*Main verb must be in V3 form

Changing Pronoun:
I me , we us , he him , she
her , they them , it it , u u
*Remaining words write down as
it is
Adding Extra Words:
V1/do/does am/is/are
V2/did was/were
have/has/had been
V4(ing form) - being
Shall/will/can/may/should/would/c
ould
Might+V1 be
Used to used to be+V3
Ought to ought to be+V3
Have to have to be+V3
Going to going to be+V3
(Eg: They took away my wife
_ My wife was taken by them
Ill take it
_ It will be taken by me)

DIRECT AND INDIRECT

SPEECH:
*Direct speech is always
maintained within
Invented commos
(He said,Iam reading a book)
*He said Repating word
Iam reading a book
Repeated
Present simple past simple
Present continous past
continous
Present perfect Past perfect
Present perfect continous
Past Perfect continous
Past simple Past perfect
Past continous - Past Perfect
continous
Past perfect past perfect
Reported verb Changing:
V1 V2
Do/does did

Am/is/are was/were
Have/has had
V2/did had+V3
Was/were+V4 had been V4
Future Form:
Shall
should
Will
would
Can
could
May
might
Must had
to

This - that
Here
there
These those
Now - they

2marrow
-the next
day
Today
Yesterday
that day
previous
day
(Eg: Schwamm said,Ill take it
_ Schwamm said that he would
take it
The boy said,A man waved
2day!
_ The boy said that a man
waved thatday)

Sentences:
Assertive Sentences: (ends with
fullstop)
(repating
verb changes)
Said said that
Said to told+N/P+that
Says says that
Says to tells+N/P+that
Repeated verb no change in
Universal truth
(Eg: * I like this painting .
*She did not behave well
there .
*My father has returned form
Hyderabad .)

Interrogative Sentence: (ends

with ?)
Yes or No Type:
S+asked/enquired+N/P+if/wheath
er+N/P+V
KEYWORDS:
Begins with auxiliary verbs
is,am,are,did,do,was,were,have,h
as,shall
Will,etc
(Eg: *Do u live in this colony?
*Are u reading well?)
WH Question:
S+asked/enquired+N/P+wh
form of N/P+V
KEYWORDS:
Begins with interrogative words
like
when,while,what,why,where,who,
whom
How,whose,etc
(Eg: *What is u r name?
*What r u doing now?)
Imperative Sentence: (ends with
fullstop)
KEYWORDS:
Command,order,request,suggesti
on
Begging,proposal,advice
[Eg: *Kindly lend me your book.
(Request Sentence)
*Dont tell lies.
(Order Sentence)
*Keep to the left.
(Advice Sentence)
*Hurry up.
(Command Sentence)]
Exclamantory Sentence: (ends
with
Exclamatory mark)
KEYWORDS:
Joy,wonder,sorrow,happy,alas,hur
ray,etc.

(Eg: *What a lovely flower it is !

*Hurray!We have won the
match
*Alas!She is no more)

PARTS OF SPEECH:
Noun:Name of a
person/place/animal/thing
The words ending
with(tion,ness,ment

Ty,ity,ous,etc)
Pronoun: (This is used in place of
noun)
I,we,she,he,it,there,they,them,us,
our,ours
Your,yours,their,myself,me,him,hi
s,her
Itself,ourselves,himself,herself,etc
..

*Somewords used before

verb/perposition
Is pronoun
This,that,those,all,some,someone
Somebody,something,anyone,any
body
Anything,everything,everyone,ev
erybody
Nobody,nothing,none,each,either,
nither
What,which,who,whose,etc

*The words After the Noun is

treated has pronoun are
who,that,which.This is
Relative Pronoun
Verb: (This is a word which
express an
Action,state of being &
possession)
Write,running,jumping,walking,se
eing

Possess,owns,am,is,posted,sleepi
ng
Working,etc..
(Eg: *They write notes
*The cow eats grass
*I owns a building
*They possess building)
Adverb: (The word which adds
some
Meaning to a verb)
All ly words come under adverb
Always,often,never,ever,sofar,ago
,now
Then,sometimes,today,2marrow,y
esterday
Years,days,here,there,not,so,too,a
lmost
Before,sufficient,very,enough,etc
.
[Eg: *She is too tall
(too-adverb,tall-verb)
*He speaks English well
(well-adverb,speaks-verb)]
Adjective: (This is a word which
adds some
Meaning to
noun/pronoun)
*The words before Noun/Verb
Adjective
His,her,your,my,ours,thieves,all
colours
A,an,the,all numbers(0,1,2,3,
..)
Quality(good,bad,nice,neat,ugly,e
tc.)
*The words with positive degree
Negative degree,Superlative
degree
is called Adjective
(Eg: *your a good boy)
Preposition: (it is placed before
Noun/pronoun to show its
relation)
In,at,of,into,on,upon,before,again
st,for

Since,up,beside,behind,under,ben
eath
By,to,with,about,inside,outside,a
mong
Around,across,along,about,etc

(Eg: *I asked him to give my

book)
Conjunction: (This is a word joins
a
Words/groups of
words)
And,either-or,nithernor,if,wheather
Unless,though,although,evanthou
gh
As,for,since,besides,but,not only
but also
As well as,scarely-when,as soon
as
Immediately after,inspite of
(Eg: *Ram and siva are friends)
Interjunction: (The word
expresses
Sudden feeling of
joy,surpise
/Sorrow,etc)
[Eg: *Hurrah!We won the match
(joy)
*Alas!She is no
more(sorrow)]

DEGREES OF
COMPARISON:
Positiv
e
Big
Small

Negati
ve
Bigger
Smalle
r
Longer

Superl
ative
Biggest
Smalle
st
Long
Longes
t
Cheap Cheapi Cheap
er
est
These are called Smaller
Adjectives
Positive
Negative
Superlative
Beautiful More
Most
Beautiful
Beautiful
Handso
More
Most
me
Handsome
Handsome
Intellige More
Most
nt
Intelligent
Intelligent
These are called Longer
Adjectives
Positive Negativ Superlat
e
ive
Good/W Better
Best
ell
Bad
Worse
Worst
Little
Less
Least
Go
Went
gone
These are called Irregular
Adjectives

Hello!,hurrah!,Alas!,off!,AH!,Hush!
GENERAL STRUCTURES:
Do u mind +If+I+V1..
Would u mind +may+V4..
Could u tell me
+whform+N/P+V
Too to
So
that+N/P+cannot/wouldnot+V1
Am/is/are Cannot
Was/were Could not

Positive
Not so/asas
Asas/atleast
As-as

Compartiv
e
Then
Not then

Superlative
The person/
Place/
thing

No-other
As-as
Very few
As-as

Someothe
r/
Atleast asas

Than any
other/than
all other
Than
many
other/than
most
other
Not than
some
other

The+Superla
tive

TENSE:

One of
the+S

Not the+S

Prese
nt
Tense

Past
Tense

Furtur
e
Tense

Simple

Continuous

S+V1
S+do/does+not+
V1
Do/does+S+V1?
Do/does+S+not+
V1?
S+V2
S+did+not+ V1
Did+S+ V1?
Did+S+not+ V1?

S+am/is/are+V4
S+am/is/are+not+
V4
Am/is/are+S+ V4?
Am/is/are+S+not+
V4?
S+was/were+ V4
S+was/were+not+
V4
Was/were+S+ V4?
Was/were+S+not+
V4?
S+shall/will+be+ V4
S+shall/will+not+b
e+ V4
Shall/will+S+be+
V4?
Shall/will+S+not+b
e+ V4?

S+will/shall+ V1
S+will/shall+not
+ V1
Shall/will+S+ V1?
Shall/will+S+not
+ V1?

[NOTE: In future tense

I,we - shall
They,he,she,it - will]
There are two numbers in english
language:
They are singular and Plural
Singular
Plural
Person
I
We
Person
------You
Person
He,she,it
They, More than
Single person/place One person,place
thing
thing

Participle:
Is 2 types
* Present Participle

* Past Participle
Present Participle: ing form of a verb
is called Present participle
(Eg: Eat+ing - Eating
Sing+ing - Singing
Write+ing Writing)
Past Participle:V3 form or last of the
verb is called Past Participle
(Eg: Eat - Eate - Eaten
Sing - Sang - Sung
Play - Played - Played)

Simple
( V1-Play,plays)

I play cricket
We play cricket
You play cricket
They play
cricket
He plays cricket
She plays
cricket
It plays cricket

(V2 Played)
I played cricket
We played
cricket You

played cricket
They played
cricket
He played
cricket
She played
cricket
It played cricket
(will/shall+V1)

I shall play
cricket
We shall play
cricket
You will play
cricket
They will play
cricket
Continuous
He will play
(am,is,are+ing form cricket
of a verb)
She will play
cricket
I am playing cricket
It will play
We are playing
cricket
cricket
Examples:
You are playing
cricket
They are playing
cricket
He is playing cricket
She is playing cricket
It is playing cricket

(was/were+ing form
of a verb)
I was playing cricket
We were playing
cricket

You were playing

cricket
They were playing
cricket
He was playing
cricket
She was playing
cricket
It was playing cricket
(shall/will+be+ingfor
m of a verb)
I shall be playing
cricket
We shall be playing
cricket
You will be playing
cricket
They will be playing
cricket
He will be playing
cricket
She will be playing
cricket
It will be playing
cricket