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Nicholas II: A Russian czar in 1894 whom continued autocracy (Russian tradition), which happened to
blind him to the changing of the country at the time. During his ruling, the numberof factories doubled
(from 1893-1900), the country sought foreign investors and increasedtaxes, and the steel production in
Russia was ranked #4 in the world.
Rasputin: A holy man who claimed to have magical healing powers. He was sentenced to takecare of
Nicolas and Alexandras son named Alexis, who had the disease known as hemophilia. He seemed to
ease Alexiss symptoms, and because of this, Alexandra allowed him to makepolitical decisions. He
was murdered by a group of nobles in 1916.
Industrialization and growth of Revolutionary movements: Industrialization was increasingquickly, and
changing the face of the Russian economy. It also brought a lot of new problemswhen new factories
were built from inhuman work conditions, child labor, and low payments.
Bolsheviks: One group of Russian Marxists who supported small groups of committedrevolutionaries
willing who were willing to sacrifice everything they could so a change wasmade.
Mensheviks: The other group of Russian Marxists who wanted a broad base of popularsupport for the
revolution.

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Soviets: Local councils such as peasants, workers, and soldiers who had more influenceon the area than
the provisional government.
Lenin: A major leader of the Bolshevik group whose name is Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov who hadtraits
such as great organization and ruthless. These traits helped him gain all command overthe group. He
fled into Western Europe to avoid being arrested by the czarist regime in theearly 1900s, and kept in
contact with the group until he could safely return back.
Revolution of 1905-Russo-Japanese War: When Japan and Russia fought for power over Korea and
Manchuria inthe late 1800s. The countries signed multiple agreements over territories, but Russia
brokethem, and left Japan having to attack the Russian area called Port Arthur, Manchuria, inFebruary
1904.
Bloody Sunday: 200,000 workers and their families went to the czars winter palace in St. Petersburg
carrying a petition asking for better work conditions, personal freedoms, andelected nation legislature
on January 22, 1905. Nicolass generals forced soldiers to shoot when he had not realized they were
unarmed, leaving over a thousand wounded, and severalhundred killed.
WWI: Russia joined WWI in 1914 under Nicholas IIs decision. The country was completely
unprepared to handle the military and economic loss that it suffered following this. The weakgenerals
and poorly armed soldiers were no match for Germany. They were defeated multipletimes in this war,
and it took out thousands of Russians.

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March Revolution-Provisional Government- Alexander Kerensky: In March of 1917, woman textile

workers held a citywide strike. Five days later, more riotsflared up due to shortage of fuel and bread.
Soldiers first followed orders to shoot rioters, andlater decided to side with them. The leader of the
Dumas came up with a Provisional/temporarygovernment. His decision to continue fighting in WWI
cost him support of civilians and soldiers.His name was Alexander Kerensky.

November Revolution- also known as Bolshevik Revolution:Lenin had full control over the Petrograd
soviet, and other soviets in other major cities. Withina few days of the Bolshevik takeover, many
problems arose because Lenin ordered that all thepeasants take control of all farmland. This occurred in
1917.
Treaty of Brest-Litovsk-unilateral treaty with Germany:This treaty was signed 1918, and it was when
Russia surrendered a large part of its territory toGermany and its allies. This was humiliating for the
Russians, and it spread widespread anger allover the region. They objected to the Bolshevik and their
policies, and set out to kill the royalfamily.
Trotsky: Leon Trotsky is a Russian Marxist theorist who founded and was the first leader to
theBolshevik Red Army.
Civil War: This war raged from 1918-1920. Many Western countries, including the UnitedStates, sent
over much aid to help Russia, but they were little to no help. This war was a lotmore deadly than
previous revolutions, and around 14 million people died in the three yearwar. The issue left chaos in
Russia, and in the end, the Red Army crushed all opposition.
Who made off the white army? The people who desired to get rid of democracy and have a czarpower,
and who were not in favor of the Bolsheviks.
Who made up the red army? Leon Trotsky.Problems? The war and revolution destroyed the entire
Russian economy. There was noindustrial production, and trade was at a standstill. Many skilled
workers decided to flee thecountry at this point.
Results? In March of 1921, a new economic policy had to be created by Lenin, instead of hisgoal of a
self-controlled economy that he wanted. New political reforms also took place, andthe Bolshevik party
renamed themselves the Communist Party.
New Name for Russia? The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR), in honor of the councilsthat
helped launch the Bolshevik revolution.