02 SEP671 REL670 Exercise 1 Distance Protection Characteristics

Line distance protection REL670
Exercise 1 - Distance protection

characteristics
1MRG005001Exercise 1 - Distance protection characteristics
Exercise 1 - Distance protection characteristics
Copyright
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a third party, nor used for any unauthorized purpose.
The software or hardware described in this document is furnished under a
license and may be used, copied, or disclosed only in accordance with the terms
of such license.
Trademarks
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mentioned in this document may be trademarks or registered trademarks of their
respective holders.
ABB AB
Substation Automation Products
SE-721 59 Vsters
Sweden
Telephone: +46 (0) 21 34 20 00
Facsimile: +46 (0) 21 14 69 18
www.abb.com/substationautomation

1MRG005001
Page 1
Distance protection characteristics
On completion of this exercise you should be able to

Understand the distance protection characteristic and its main settings
Perform commissioning tests for the distance protection
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Distance protection characteristics

The application example
In this exercise the settings of line distance protection function will be calculated and transferred to the REL670
configured for single phase trip, one single circuit breaker (A32 pre-configured version).
The distance protection characteristic will be tested with the help of the relay test set.
The settings for distance protection will be calculated with reference to the application example shown in figure
1 and table 1.
B
Z1L = R1L + j X1L
Z0L = R0L + j X0L
3I
3U
Figure 1: The line application example.

Table 1: Data for the line application example
Entity
Line length
Nominal Voltage Level
Line Positive Sequence Impedance, Z1L = R1L + j X1L
Line Zero Sequence Impedance Z0L = R0L + j X0L
CT A ratio
VT A ratio
Maximum Power Transfer over the line
Value
100 km
400 kV
(0,032 + j 0,36) km
(3,2 + j 36)
(0,13 + j 1,45) km (13 + j 145)
1200 A / 1 A
Start point earthed towards the line
400 kV / 100 V
S = 700 MVA
P = 628 MW
Q = 308 Mvar
Cosphi = 0.89

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Open the PCM600 project

PCM600 is the tool to be used to engineer the REL670, i.e. to do all
necessary settings and eventually to change the application
configuration and the allocation of binary inputs / binary outputs and
also of the measuring transformers.
There is a project prepared to be used during this training.
The project contains the application configuration of REL670-A32
and the relay physical inputs/outputs have been configured to match
the hardware simulator of the training center (Figure 2).
Figure 2: The training center input/output simulator.
1. Start PCM600 and open the project manager
Figure 3: Opening the project manager from PCM600.
2. Import the project REL670_1p2_Training.pcmp

From the window Open/Manage Projects
click on the button Import Project.
The project is named
REL670_1p2_Training.pcmp
and it is found in the folder
Files for SEP-602A REL670
on the desktop of your training PC.
Figure 4: Importing the project REL670_1p2_Training.
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3. Open the project in PCM600

Once the project has been imported, select the
project name REL670-TrainingSimulator and
open it.
The final project will be available in PCM600.
Figure 5: Open the imported project
In this project the relay settings are the default ones,

and will be changed in the following exercises.
Figure 6: Final project available in PCM600

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Current transformer inputs

Correct information of the main CTs is very relevant as the protection relay settings are in expressed in primary
quantities. Pay attention to the CT earthing point, as it influences the direction (phase angle) of the primary
currents calculated by the REL670.
4. Open the Parameter Setting Tool for the transformer card (6I and 6U)
Figure 7: Opening Parameter Setting for the current transformers
5. Enter the settings for the line CTs

The three main current transformers have a ratio of
1200 A / 1 A; the setting CTPrim will be 1200 A and the
setting CTSec will be 1 A for all the three current
transformers.
The earthing point of the main CTs is towards the protected
object (the line): the CTStarPoint setting will be ToObject
for all the three CTs.
Note that the residual current of the protected line (3 Io) is
numerically calculated by the relay out of the three
measured phase currents.
Figure 8: Settings for main CTs in the TRM card
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Voltage transformer inputs

Correct information of the main VTs is very relevant as the protection relay settings are in expressed in primary
quantities.
1. Enter the settings for the line VTs
Settings are entered for the same transformer card (6I
and 6U).
The primary voltage (phase to phase) of the voltage
transformer is 400 kV. The setting VTprim will be 400
kV.
The secondary voltage (phase to phase) of the voltage
transformer is 100 V. The setting VTsec will be 100 V.
This is valid for all the three voltage transformers.
Figure 9: Settings for main VTs in the TRM card

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Calculating the settings for five zones distance protection, polygonal characteristic
The settings for the distance protection will be calculated in order to meet the requirements indicated in Table 2.
Table 2: Setting requirements for distance protection zones
Zone
Zone 1
Zone 2
Zone 3
Requirement
85% of the protected line
Forward direction
Instantaneous operate time
Fault resistance to be covered at 80% of the line, radial feeder:
Phase-Earth faults: 25 primary ohms
Phase-Phase faults: 15 primary ohms
At least 120% of the protected line
Forward direction
Operate time 400 ms
Fault resistance settings: 50% more than settings for zone1
Remote back-up zone
400% of the protected line
Forward direction
Operate time 1 s
Zone 4
Fault resistance to be covered at 100% of settings:

Back-up zone for busbar protection
20% of the shortest line behind the REL670
Reverse direction
Operate time 800 ms
Zone 5
Fault resistance to be covered at the busbar:

Reverse zone used for communication scheme (blocking or weak-end
infeed). No trip command is issued by this zone.
The zone is 30% larger than forward zone 2 on the other line-end side
(B side).
Load Encroachment
Page 8
Distance protection zones will not trip for exporting load equal or
smaller 700 MVA and for any cosphi between 1,00 than 0,89

1MRG005001
Settings for zone 1 (ZMQPDIS:1)

The primary data of the protected line are, according to Table 1:
Z1L = R1L + j X1L
Z0L = R0L + j X0L
(3,2 + j 36)
(13 + j 145)
2. Calculate and enter the settings for zone 1

The relay settings (reach) are calculated in way, according to the requirements in Table 2:
X 1 85% ( X 1L) 0,85 36 30,60

R1 85% ( R1L ) 0,85 3,2 2,72
X 0 85% ( X 0L ) 0,85 145 123,25
R0 85% ( R0 L) 0,85 13 11,05
The distance protection zone 1 is requested to cover (see Table 2) 25 ohms of fault resistance for LE faults and
15 ohms for LL faults, at 80% of the protected line. Since the resistive reach of the REL670 characteristic is
parallel to the line impedance of the protected line, it is
enough to set the fault resistance settings at the
requested values:
RFPP
15
and RFPE
25
The directionality is set to Forward (OperationDir =

Forward).
Timers for LN and LL faults are set both activated
(Timer tPP = Timer tPE = On) and their value is 0,0 s
(instantaneous trip)
The relay is requested to trip for all the faults, hence PE
(Phase-Earth) and PP (Phase-Phase) loops are activated
(OperationPP = OperationPE = On).
Base values are set according to the nominal primary
quantities of main transformers, this means that:
IBase = 1200 A and that UBase = 400 kV.
Figure 10: Settings for zone 1

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Settings for zone 2 (ZMQAPDIS:2)

The relay settings (reach) are calculated according to the requirements given in Table 2, where it has been
chosen to set zone 2 at 125% of the protected line:
X 1 125% ( X 1L) 1,25 36 45,00

R1 125% ( R1L) 1,25 3,2 4,00
X 0 125% ( X 0 L) 1,25 145 181,25
R0 125% ( R0L) 1,25 13 16,25
The distance protection zone 2 is requested to cover
(see Table 2) 50% more fault resistance than zone 1:
RFPP 150% RFPPzone1
1,5 15
22,5
23
1,5 25 37,5
38
and
RFPE 150% RFPE zone1

Forward).
(Timer tPP = Timer tPE = On) and their value is 0,4 s.
The relay is requested to trip for all the faults, hence
PE (Phase-Earth) and PP (Phase-Phase) loops are
activated (OperationPP = OperationPE = On).
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The relay settings (reach) are calculated according to the requirements given in Table 2:
X1
400% ( X 1L)
4 36 144
It is meaningless to set the resistive value of zone3 to 400% of the protected line resistance, as this is a back-up
zone, protecting several objects after the line. It is chosen to have a characteristic angle of almost 90 degrees
hence the resistive value will be set to the small value of 1 ohm:
R1 1,00
X0
400% ( X 0 L)
4 145 580
As well as for the resistive value of the zero sequence impedance, it is chosen to set it to a small value in order
to get a characteristic angle of 90 degrees:
R0 1,00
The fault resistance coverage for back-up zone will be

(Table 2):
RFPP
300
and RFPE
300

Forward).
(Timer tPP = Timer tPE = On) and their value is 1 s.

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Settings for zone 4 (ZMQAPDIS: 4)

The relay settings (reach) are calculated according to the requirements given in Table 2. It is assumed that 10%
of the forward protected line is equivalent to 20% of the shortest line behind REL670
X 1 10% ( X 1L) 0,1 36 3,6

R1 10% ( R1L) 0,1 3,2 0,32
X 0 10% ( X 0 L) 0,1 145 14,5
R0 10% ( R0 L) 0,1 13 1,3
The fault resistance coverage for back-up zone 4 will
be (Table 2):
RFPP
40
and RFPE
60
The directionality is set to reverse (OperationDir =

Reverse).
(Timer tPP = Timer tPE = On) and their value is 0,8 s.
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Assuming that zone 2 at the remote line-end (B) is set as zone 2 of REL670, the settings for the zone 5 are
calculated this way:
X 1 130% ( X 1Zone 2 ) 1,3 45 58,5
R1 130% ( R1Zone2 ) 1,3 4 5,2

X 0 130% ( X 0 Zone2 ) 1,3 181,25 235,62
R 0 130% ( R 0 Zone 2 ) 1,3 16,25 21,13
The fault resistance settings are calculated with the
same procedure:
RFPP 130% RFPPzone 2
1,3 23
29,9
30
1,3 38 49,4
49
and
RFPE 130% RFPE zone 2
The directionality is set to reverse (OperationDir =

Reverse).
Timers for LN and LL faults are both set deactivated
(Timer tPP = Timer tPE = Off) and their value is 60s
in order to avoid misunderstandings in the setting file
(no trip is requested by this zone).
The relay is requested to start for all the faults, hence

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Settings for Phase Selection (FDPSPDIS:1) to cover distance protection zones

The phase selector needs to be set in order to cover all the distance protection zones connected to the phase
selector signal STCNDZ. In A32 configuration these zones are zone 1, zone 2 and zone 5.
The settings can be calculated mathematically or simply graphically by using the Excel tool REL670_1.2 ==
PHS covering ZM.xls, which is available in the folder Files for SEP-602A REL670 / Excel Files on the desktop
of your training PC.
7. Open the Excel file
As zone 1 is smaller than zone 2, it is enough to cover zone 2 in forward direction and zone 5 in reverse
direction.
Enter in the Excel sheet the settings for zone 2 and zone 5. You will easily find the correct settings for phase
selector to cover both zones. Make sure that phase selection covers roughly 20% of the distance protection
zones.
Figure 15: Impedance settings for phase selection to cover zone 2 and zone 5
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8. Enter the phase selection settings in Parameter Setting Tool

Enter the following settings:
Ibase = 1200 A and Ubase = 400 kV
Operation Z< = On
Operation I> = Off
X1 = according to the Excel file: 70 ohms
X0 = according to the Excel file: 283 ohms
RFFwPP = according to the Excel file: 50 ohms
RFRvPP = according to the Excel file: 55 ohms
RFFwPE = according to the Excel file: 59 ohms
RFRvPE = according to the Excel file: 59 ohms
Timers are set to OFF (Phase selector will not
trip) and to their max value (to avoid
misunderstandings)
The settings for the load encroachment area:
RLdFw, RLdRv and ArgLd will be set in the next
step.
Figure 16: Partial Impedance settings for phase selection to cover zone 2 and zone 5

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Settings for Phase Selection (FDPSPDIS:1) for load encroachment

The phase selector takes also care of the load encroachment area for all the distance protection zones. The
settings are calculated as function of the load data given in Table 1 and the requirements of Table 2.
9. Calculate the settings
The minimum apparent load impedance, with a safety
margin of 80%, is calculated as:
Z load min
80%
2
U LL
min
S MAX
0,9 400 kV
700 MVA
0,8
148,11
The maximum angle of the apparent load impedance

is given by:
Angleload max
tan
Q
P
tan
308 Mvar
628 MW
26,12
The corresponding settings for the load resistance in

phase selection are (considering equal exporting and
importing loads) and for the load angle are:
RLdFw Z load min cos Angleload max
148,11 cos 26,12
132,99
RLdRv RLdFw 132,99

ArgLd 26,11
28
130
Figure 17: Final Impedance settings for phase selection including load encroachment
10. Enter the settings in Parameter Setting

Figure 17 shows the final settings for phase selection.
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Settings for Directionality (RDIR)

11. Calculate the settings
For the directional lines default settings will be applied, but it is needed to enter the correct settings for the base
values.
Base values are set according to the nominal primary quantities of main transformers, this means that:
12. Enter the settings in Parameter Setting
Figure 18 shows the final settings for the directional
lines.
Figure 18: Settings for the directional lines
Downloading all the settings in the REL670

13. Write the settings in REL670
It is time to download (write) the settings entered
in Parameter Setting into the REL670.
Select the REL670 (step 1) and write the settings
into the REL670 (steps 2 and 3) as indicated in
Figure 19.
Figure 19: Writing all the settings into REL670

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Commissioning tests Injection tests

The distance protection characteristic will be tested with the relay test set, where the shape of the characteristic
has been drawn manually for each fault type.
14. Connect the test set OMICRON to REL670
Connect the three voltage generators and the three current generators of the test set to the REL670:
VOLTAGE OUTPUT 1
VOLTAGE OUTPUT 2
VOLTAGE OUTPUT 3
VOLTAGE OUTPUT N
AIM2 CH7
AIM2 CH8
AIM2 CH9
AIM2 N
CURRENT OUTPUT A1
CURRENT OUPUT A2
CURRENT OUTPUT A3
CURRENT OUTPUT N
AIM2 CH1
AIM2 CH2
AIM2 CH3
AIM2 N
Connect also the trip contact from the REL670 to the binary input 1 of the test set:
IOM OUPUT 1
Binary Input 1 of the test set
15. Open the Omicron test file for LE faults and run the tests for zones 1, 2,3 and 4
The test file is called
REL670 LE Zones1,2,3 and 4 Characteristic.adt
and it contains the characteristic shape of the
REL670 for phase-earth faults and for all the
zones, except for zone 5, according to the
calculated settings.
The file is available in the folder
Files for SEP-602A REL670 / OMICRON TESTS
Figure 20: Testing zones 1, 2, 3 and 4 for LE faults
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16. Open the Omicron test file for LL faults and run the tests for zones 1, 2,3 and 4
REL670 LL Zones1,2,3 and 4 Characteristic.adt
REL670 for phase-earth faults and for all the
Figure 21: Testing zones 1, 2, 3 and 4 for LL faults
17. Open the Omicron test file for LLL faults and run the tests for zones 1, 2,3 and 4
REL670 LLL Zones1,2,3 and 4 Characteristic.adt
REL670 for three-phase faults and for all the
Figure 22: Testing zones 1, 2, 3 and 4 for LLL faults

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18. Allow zone 5 to trip in REL670 in order to test it.

Zone 5 is set in reverse direction, and will not issue
any trip command as it is only used for the
communication scheme. It has to be tested anyway,
and in order to do this we need to temporary activate
it by assigning a trip time. To speed-up the tests we
can assign an instantaneous trip time to it.
After the test, remember to set zone 5 to its correct
settings!
Change the settings of zone 5 according to Figure 23
and write them in the REL670.
Figure 23: Allowing zone 5 to trip in order to test it
19. Open the Omicron test file for LE faults and run the tests for zone 5
REL670 LE Zone 5 Characteristic.adt
REL670 for phase-earth faults for zone 5,
according to the calculated settings.
Files for SEP-602A REL670 / OMICRON
TESTS
Figure 24: Testing zone 5 for LE faults
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20. Open the Omicron test file for LL faults and run the tests for zone 5
REL670 LL Zone 5 Characteristic.adt
REL670 for phase-phase faults for zone 5,
according to the calculated settings.
Figure 25: Testing zone 5 for LL faults
21. Open the Omicron test file for LLL faults and run the tests for zone 5
REL670 LLL Zone 5 Characteristic.adt
REL670 for 3-phase faults for zone 5, according
to the calculated settings.
Figure 26: Testing zone 5 for LLL faults

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22. Set back the correct settings for zone 5

Figure 27, in the column IED Value shows the
correct settings for zone 5. Change the settings
accordingly and download them in REL670.
Figure 27: Setting zone 5 back to the original settings
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ABB AB
Substation Automation Products
SE-721 59 Vsters, Sweden
Phone +46 (0) 21 34 20 00
Fax +46 (0) 21 14 69 18
www.abb.com/substationautomation

02 SEP671 REL670 Exercise 1 Distance Protection Characteristics

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02 SEP671 REL670 Exercise 1 Distance Protection Characteristics

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Line distance protection REL670

Exercise 1 - Distance protection

Exercise 1 - Distance protection characteristics

Line distance protection REL670

Exercise 1 - Distance protection characteristics

Distance protection characteristics

On completion of this exercise you should be able to

Line distance protection REL670

Exercise 1 - Distance protection characteristics

Distance protection characteristics

Figure 1: The line application example.

Line distance protection REL670

Exercise 1 - Distance protection characteristics

Open the PCM600 project

Figure 2: The training center input/output simulator.

1. Start PCM600 and open the project manager

Figure 3: Opening the project manager from PCM600.

2. Import the project REL670_1p2_Training.pcmp

Figure 4: Importing the project REL670_1p2_Training.

Line distance protection REL670

Exercise 1 - Distance protection characteristics

3. Open the project in PCM600

Figure 5: Open the imported project

In this project the relay settings are the default ones,

Figure 6: Final project available in PCM600

Line distance protection REL670

Exercise 1 - Distance protection characteristics

Current transformer inputs

Figure 7: Opening Parameter Setting for the current transformers

5. Enter the settings for the line CTs

Figure 8: Settings for main CTs in the TRM card

Line distance protection REL670

Exercise 1 - Distance protection characteristics

Voltage transformer inputs

Figure 9: Settings for main VTs in the TRM card

Line distance protection REL670

Exercise 1 - Distance protection characteristics

Fault resistance to be covered at 100% of settings:

Fault resistance to be covered at the busbar:

Line distance protection REL670

Exercise 1 - Distance protection characteristics

Settings for zone 1 (ZMQPDIS:1)

2. Calculate and enter the settings for zone 1

X 1 85% ( X 1L) 0,85 36 30,60

The directionality is set to Forward (OperationDir =

Figure 10: Settings for zone 1

Line distance protection REL670

Exercise 1 - Distance protection characteristics

Settings for zone 2 (ZMQAPDIS:2)

X 1 125% ( X 1L) 1,25 36 45,00

RFPP 150% RFPPzone1

RFPE 150% RFPE zone1

The directionality is set to Forward (OperationDir =

Figure 11: Settings for zone 2

Line distance protection REL670

Exercise 1 - Distance protection characteristics

Settings for zone 3 (ZMQAPDIS:3)

The fault resistance coverage for back-up zone will be

The directionality is set to Forward (OperationDir =

Figure 12: Settings for zone 3

Line distance protection REL670

Exercise 1 - Distance protection characteristics

Settings for zone 4 (ZMQAPDIS: 4)

X 1 10% ( X 1L) 0,1 36 3,6