The Settlement of Candor

By Nancy Ward Riggs

Candor is now celebrating its bicentennial as a town. However, people have lived in the
area now called Candor since 1794. The early settlers bought land from the section of the
state known as the Watkins and Flint purchase. John Watkins, a New York City lawyer,
and his partner Royal Flint made the purchase in the southern tier of New York. This land
was divided into 12 sections and contained 363,000 acres. Watkins and Flint paid 3
shillings, 4 pence an acre, which was equivalent to about 40 cents an acre in New
England currency at the time. The investors applied for the land patent on August 4,
1791, but the patent was not issued until June 25, 1794. The part that was to become
Candor was all of Section 12 and parts of sections 9, 10, and 11 and contained 51,334
acres.
As soon as their patent was granted, Watkins and associates began selling off parcels to
other land speculators who raised the prices and made considerable profit. At first this
land sold for 7 shillings an acre in 104 acre lots. This was about $1 an acre in New
England currency.
A small amount of the land that became Candor was given to other people, probably for
their work surveying the boundaries of the townships in the Watkins and Flint purchase.
John Ford received 350 acres, later called the Ford location, which is in part of the
present site of the Catatonk Golf Club. 800 acres were given to John Cantine in an area
called Big Flatt, now known as Willseyville.
In order to sell the land, Watkins and Flint had to first have it surveyed, so they hired
several surveyors, including Capt. Joel Smith and Isaac Judd. Smith and Judd were
former Revolutionary War soldiers who were hired by Watkins and Flint to survey the
land. Smith and Judd had come through the area in 1779 with General Sullivans Army
to chase out the Indians, and remembered the tall trees and rich land. They were
specifically hired to survey sections 9 and 12 (Candor) and spent about six months
surveying the land and marking off lots of 104 acres each.
They carried a compass, a surveyors chain, hatchets, and knives, and cut through the
dense forest and underbrush to mark the lots. They camped in various areas of the
township. One night near what is now called Hubbardtown, a heavy rain raised the level
of the creek so much that they were forced to climb trees to keep out of the water. They
needed to keep their guns and powder dry in case they needed them. They also needed to
keep all of their hard work of map-making safe!
The surveyors returned to Connecticut in the fall of 1793 where Smith made maps of the
sections they had surveyed and numbered the lots. They told many tales of the abundant
water supply, the tall timber on the hills, and the fine soil in the valleys. They convinced
their families to move to this area, and consequently in the spring of 1794 their relatives
arrived in Candor, which at the time was part of Owego, and became the first settlers.

Most of the first people who decided to come to Candor were related to Joel Smith and
Isaac Judd. Elijah Smith and Sarah Smith Luddington were siblings of Capt. Joel Smith.
Job Judd and Susanna Judd Smith were siblings of Isaac Judd. I do not think the
Hollisters were related. Like Joel and Isaac, the pioneers were from the Farmington,
Connecticut area. I am a direct descendant of Elijah and Sarah Smith who are my greatgreat-great-great-grandparents.
What attracted them to Candor? The land was almost a solid forest of pine, hemlock,
beech, oak, and maple with trees 5 feet or more in diameter and 200 feet tall. The original
forest growth in this area was thought to be far more dense and luxuriant than in many
other places in the county. The soil was rich and productive some soldiers who had
passed through with Sullivans Army were said to say, The corn was the finest ever seen
with some ears reaching 22 inches long. There were many creeks in the area providing a
good source of water and the necessary power for mills.
Most of the residents of Candor from this early time until well into the 1800s were in the
lumber industry. Those of you like me, who grew up in the heyday of the dairy farm
industry here in Candor, might be surprised by that. It didnt really become much of a
dairy farming community until sometime in the late 1800s or early 1900s.
Farmington, Connecticut is southwest of Hartford a few miles making it about 300 miles
from Candor. The pioneers spent the winter of 1793/94 getting ready to make the trip,
deciding what was essential for the trip. The men decided to come to Candor first so they
could build rudimentary cabins and possibly clear a little land for a garden before
returning to Connecticut to get their families who came in 1795.
Their families were large, and some of the children were quite young. Job and Polly
Judds 5 children ranged in age from 1 to 8. Sarah and Collin Luddingtons 4 girls were
age 6 to 18, and Elijah and Susannas 6 children were age 4 to 20. They had one child
later born in Candor. Their son Selah, my great-great-great-grandfather, was 6 years old
when they came. I have an account book he kept when he was an adult.
The trip from Farmington, which today would take about 6 hours, took them about 60
days! They probably started out in March because they came by sleigh, and crossed the
ice on the Hudson River. Not much of the area they were moving to in New York was
settled, so there were few roads. They probably had to cut down some trees to make their
way through places. The pioneers crossed the Hudson River and followed the
Susquehanna Valley to Owego. Then they followed an Indian trail to Candor.
Along the way they had to keep watch for Indians as well as wild animals, like wolves.
At night if they came upon a cabin, the family who owned the cabin would take in as
many of the travelers who could fit, and the rest, usually the men, bedded down in the
wagons or sleighs. If there were no houses around when night fell, the women and
children would occupy the sleighs and the men would sleep on the ground. It certainly
was not an easy trip!
Some time later they must have written a letter back to their friends and families in
Farmington because information about their trip was later recorded in the church records.
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The following is from the Memorial. Genealogy, and Ecclesiastical History of First
Church, New Britain, Connecticut by Alfred Andrews 1867.
Collins Luddington moved to Owego, NY at the time our people had the Wago Fever
as it was called. He moved his family in the spring, and came to the Hudson River in the
sleigh. The family there told him not to cross, for the ice was old and brittle. The family
walked over and all arrived safe on the opposite bank where they ate their dinner in the
sleigh, and while doing so, the ice parted just above, and all the river where they had just
crossed was clear. They cried for joy at their narrow escape. He settled in Candor where
his name was on the church record. He had a bad corn on one of his toes, and cut the corn
off with a chisel, coming near dying in consequence.
If they could have taken an aerial photo of Candor at the time they got here this is
probably what they would have seen: a dense virgin forest on the hills and in the valley
with a creek cutting through the valley floor. There were a few Indian trails, but no roads,
no houses, no stores, nothing but trees and water.
One of the reasons that they attracted to this area was because of the creek as a water
source for mills, and what is now called the Catatonk Creek was perfect for this purpose.
Where the creek makes a bend near the fire station is the site where the pioneers first
stayed, on the land now occupied by the cemetery. This is where Thomas Hollisters
cabin was built. A few years later Hollister built the first frame house which was used as a
tavern by people traveling through from Owego to Ithaca or vice versa. Part of that
original house still stands directly across from Maple Grove Cemetery.
A small part of Hollisters land was probably already cleared since this is where the
Indian village had been. The Indians had located there because of the creek and the hill
and the fact they could have a good view of who was approaching by land or water. It
isnt much of a hill, but if you are going toward the cemetery from Owego, you are going
up a hill, and then you go down the hill toward the fire station, so that area is indeed
raised in elevation.
The Indians cleared only the land they needed because it was so hard to do. They cut the
huge 5 foot diameter trees with their stone hatchets. It would have taken forever to cut
through the tree, so they cut all the way around the tree to weaken it, then they put clay
above the hatchet marks and started a fire below it to burn the tree and make it fall down.
The tree stumps remained so they planted around them making their rows go all over the
place.
After completing Hollisters cabin, the settlers helped each other build their cabins. Job
Judd had 200 acres on what is now Kelsey Rd. where he lived for several years before
moving to Indiana. The other pioneers remained in the area all of their lives. Elijah Smith
had 200 acres near the present Slate Rd. Collins Luddington had 200 acres near the
present Union Hill Rd. Joel Smith bought, or was deeded in return for his surveying
work, 300 acres, in 3 separate parcels. On one of his lots near the south end of the village,
he built a log school and became its teacher in 1798. Another of his land parcels joined
Luddingtons.
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The Smiths and Luddington chose upland sites because the main valley was heavily
forested with hemlocks and was swampy and wet for the most part. Hollister may have
chosen his lot on the Indian trail knowing that he was planning to open a tavern and inn
there later.
Their early log cabins were not very fancy. Most of them had bark roofs supported by
poles. The floor was either dirt or made from split logs and thereby uneven. A large
section of bark served as the door. Oiled paper was put over the window openings to let
in a little light, while keeping out insects, and such. A few stones served as the fireplace.
An opening in the roof above the stones let out the smoke, and also let in daylight.
Furniture was very simple. Most beds were made of poles and strips of bark. Chairs were
usually a slab split from a log with holes bored in the corners and rough legs inserted. It
often took years for them to build anything better as they were so busy logging, clearing
the land, and growing enough food to feed their families.
Other settlers soon arrived and settled all over the area of Candor and hamlets like
West Candor, Weltonville, Park Settlement, Catatonk, and Hubbardtown began to spring
up. Joel Smith came in May or June of 1795 with his wife and five children, the
youngest, Jared, being only 6 months old. Joel became a farmer, a school teacher, justice
of the peace, and continued his surveying. His surveying partner, Isaac Judd, came with
his wife Abigail and their two children.
Israel Mead and his family came by ox cart and sled and settled in West Candor. His son
William was the first white child born in Candor. Meads first house was built by
fastening logs together with stakes, forming a cabin, with an opening for a doorway, and
using the boards from his sled for roofing, together with hemlock-boughs. Fires were
kept burning night and day to keep off wild beasts. One night during his absence, while
Mrs. Mead was in bed, a bear entered the cabin and helped himself to a kettle of mush
standing near the opening. In 1799 one of his boys found a litter of six young panthers
and carried them home, kept them in a pen a few months, and then received a bounty of
$2.50 per head from the state.
Elijah Hart and David Whittlesey also came in 1795 and built the first small grist mill and
saw mill in town on the site of the present Dandy Mart at the corner of Mill St. and
Route 96B. All of the parts except for the up and down saw blade were probably made of
wood. This was the only grist mill for quite some time. It burned in 1813.
By 1800, the population of Candor was 135. Abel Hart and his son, Capt. Abel Hart from
Massachusetts who had been living in Broome County since 1792 arrived, and Capt. Hart
soon became one of the most enterprising men in the town. He built a blacksmith shop
across from his house and exchanged work with other residents, he doing their
blacksmithing, and they doing his farm work. He started a distillery and set up a loom for
weaving. He let the local women use the looms which he had set up in a barn behind his
house. Three grades of woolen cloth were manufactured, and linen cloth was woven for
bedding and for frocks. In 1806 Hart built a sawmill with Thomas Gridley on the creek
near Gridleyville and cut a road through to it from the turnpike. It is said that this sawmill
produced enough lumber to give every log house a floor.
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By about 1809 Hart had a much larger house used as a tavern, inn, meeting house and
house of worship. (It is now the Masonic Lodge). He also built the first dam across the
creek (lower) in the early 1800s. It was 300 feet wide and 6 feet high.
Another early settler was Orange Booth. He moved to Candor from Farmington,
Connecticut in 1801 at the age of 19 and settled on the land his father had purchased for
him in 1793 when Orange was only 12! In 1806 he married Lucy Hart, the daughter of
Abel Sr. and Mary. He became one of the largest landowners, with 1200 acres. He was
involved in many businesses in the early town. Among other things, he built a sawmill in
1829. Booth held many offices in town government including Town Supervisor and
Justice of the Peace. He had a huge home on what is now the Ithaca Rd. built for his large
family, and in later years his son Edwin, president of the First National Bank of Candor,
lived here. Other Booth relatives lived in nearby homes: in what is now the home of
Steve Barrows, the home of Dick Halstead, and the home on the corner of Gridleyville
and Rt. 96B.
Russell and Selah Gridley, also from Farmington, settled in the western part of town on
the old road to Spencer (West Candor). Together they purchased 1900 acres. Selah was
an ex-soldier of the Revolution who had served as Washington's body-guard. He appeared
always well dressed, in the mode of the day with long stockings and knee- breeches,
shining shoe buckles, and a three-cornered hat. Equally precise in his speech, he won the
name of "Deacon Slick." Russell Gridley moved over to the new road to Spencer, where
he built a log house, leaving for several years the tree tops on the first course of logs.
Nathaniel Sackett built a saw mill and kept a tavern in Catatonk. Elisha Blinn and Beriah
Strong arrived from Connecticut and settled at Blinns Settlement, now called Fairfield.
Beriah Strong lived on the farm now owned by Bob Barden.
Caleb Hubbard, for whom Hubbardtown is named because so many of his progeny settled
in that area, was a good carpenter who helped build many of the early houses.
Jacob Clark arrived with a team of horses, very unusual at that time because there was
little for horses to eat. Oxen and cows could subsist on tree leaves, but horses could not.
Daniel Bacon came from Farmington, Connecticut like so many of the other early
settlers. With him came his brother and cousins, Seth, Eli, and John. Daniel worked as a
farmer, a carpenter, and a millwright.
Have you ever heard of saving the bacon? One time Daniel Bacon went to a nearby
mill to purchase flour and have the flour made into bread. He put the loaves in a bag over
his shoulder and started for home. After a while he became aware that a pack of wolves
was on his track, so he began running and outran them, and thereby saved Bacon and the
bread!
The early settlers farmed for their food, but most of them were loggers who had come to
the area because of the huge virgin timber.

The logging business created other offshoot businesses as well. At one time there were
22 sawmills in Candor. Loren Booths sawmill was capable of sawing 1,000,000 board
feet a year while George Straits sawmill produced 5,000,000 board feet of lumber and
another 5,000,000 board feet of lath.
Candor also had several tanneries through the years because of all of the logging going
on here. Tanneries had to be located near the source of the bark they used in the tanning
process. When there were no more hemlock trees, the tannery had to move somewhere
else. The harvesting of bark not only produced some cash income for the land owners, but
also hastened the clearing, and thus the settling, of the land.
In later years the Humbolt Tannery owned by Cyrus Elmendorf and John Sackett and
built in 1859 tanned 20,000 hides of horses and cows a year, and employed 25 men. A
tannery in Catatonk was equally as busy. Tanning 20,000 hides a year took roughly 3,000
tons of bark!
The early sawmills were all hand driven. Logging and the lumber industry remained the
major industry for many years. The 1825 census showed 22 sawmills in the town of
Candor. The families cleared a little of their land for growing food for themselves since
there werent any nearby markets and few roads to get anywhere. Grist mills were few
and far between. Settlers had to make do with what they had. Families subsisted mostly
on the things they grew and what their own ingenuity produced. Meat came from the
animals they hunted, and maple syrup was used for sweetening.
Before land was cleared enough to grow crops, the cattle subsisted on rations browsed
from treetops. There were few horses because there was no fodder for them to eat. Bears
and wolves killed most of the pigs and made sheep raising difficult.
In order to encourage settlement in this area and also to aid in the transport of goods,
New York State commissioned the building of a road between Ithaca and Owego which
was to pass through Candor. The turnpike as it was called, was constructed along the
Indian trail to connect Cayuga Lake with the Susquehanna River. Construction was
started in 1808 and finished in 1811. The building of the road aided greatly in the further
settlement of Candor, first bringing in people to work on the road, and then to settle
permanently.
The road was to be not less than 66 feet wide, 28 feet of which was to be bedded with
stone, gravel, or sound wood. It was even after that extremely bumpy and rutted. The
construction of the 30 mile turnpike and the necessary bridges cost $31,628.
A few years later regular stages began running over the turnpike three times a week and
there were 22 taverns along the road. Also, mail went to Ithaca by way of Owego, so the
faster road helped loved ones get their mail faster. Cayuga Lake plaster (gypsum) was
transported from Ithaca to Owego and send down the Susquehanna on barges. The
gypsum was an important commodity for construction and fertilization of the land. By
1813 wagon traffic on the road was up to 800 teams a day.

In order to help pay for the turnpike, tolls were collected at three gates along the way.
There were three gates between Owego and Ithaca. The South Gate was 3 miles north
of Owego, The Middle Gate located at Smiths Half-Way house owned by Ezra Smith in
Willseyville, and the North Gate, probably in the Danby area. If the road was found to be
in poor condition, the gate was thrown open to the public without charge until the road
could be repaired.
Here are some of the tolls charged:
1. Wagon and 2 draft animals: 12 cents
2. Extra animal: 3 cents
3. Cart and 2 draft animals: 8 cents
4. Sleigh and 2 draft animals: 6 cents
5. Coach and 2 horses: 25 cents
6. 1 horse pleasure carriage: 12 cents
7. Horse and rider: 4 cents
8. Driven Cattle: 1 cent per head
9. Sheep or Hogs: 6 cents for 20
These were of the some circumstances when a traveler would not have to pay a toll:
1. going to or from church
2. a funeral
3. going to a grist mill to grind grain for family use
4. going to the blacksmith
5. to get a doctor or midwife
6. to and from court if jurors or witnesses
7. voters on the way to town meetings or elections
8. state and federal troops going to or coming from training
9. vehicles with steel tires 12 inches wide because they helped keep the road properly
rolled.
When the town of Candor was officially set aside from the town of Spencer in 1811, there
were slightly less than 1000 residents. At a meeting held at Abel Harts home, the
following citizens were elected to positions in the town government: Supervisor, Joel
Smith; Town Clerk, Asa North; Assessors, William Scott, Orange F. Booth, and Samuel
Smith; Commissioners of Highways, Nathaniel Sackett, Seth Bacon, and Charles Taylor;
Constable and Tax Collector, Truman Woodford; Overseers of the Poor, Abel Hart and
Asa North; Constables, Eldad Pickett, and Daniel Park; Fence Viewers, Joseph Delind,
Charles Taylor, Eli Bacon, and Job Judd; Poundmasters, Thomas Park, James McMaster,
and Ezra Smith; Overseers of the 13 highway districts, Jacob Harrington, Seth Bacon,
Ozias Woodford, Joseph Kelsey, Daniel Cowles, George Allen, Reuben Hatch, William
Taylor, Joseph Schoonover, Thomas Baird, Daniel H. Bacon, Jacob Clark, and Alexander
Scott.
What were some of these jobs? When people fell upon hard times and members of their
family, friends, or members of their church congregations could not provide enough
assistance to tide them over, they made application to an elected local official called the
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Overseer of the Poor. Within a budget of tax money, he might provide them with food,
fuel, clothing, or even permission to get medical treatment to be paid out of tax funds.
The job of the Fence Viewers was to inspect the premises where damage was done by
roaming livestock to determine if the fence was adequate, and if so, how much in
damages the damaged party was entitled to. They also had to act, when called upon, to
help resolve and settle disputes over the location and construction of fences, stone walls,
and other similar means of denoting boundary lines.
The Poundmaster was responsible for the feeding and care of wayward livestock such as
hogs, cattle, horses and sheep placed in the town pound by the citizenry. It was also his
responsibility to read the wayward animals cattle marks and determine the rightful owner.
His duties did not include control of cats and dogs, as we would assume today. The Town
Pound was a permanent fixture in all New England towns of the eighteenth century.
Centrally located it was usually a stone fenced enclosure about 50 feet square. In new
settlements livestock usually ran free. Settlers, busy clearing land, could turn their stock
loose to browse on the endless surrounding forest without worry.
Overseers of the Highway were men who lived in the respective road districts and were
in charge of keeping the roads in repair. The Commissioners of Highways coordinated the
work of the settlers in each road district, who worked on the roads in lieu of paying taxes
to hire the work done.
Not much in the way of taxes seems to have been collected until 1813 when it was
decided to raise $150 for mending roads and bridges and $32.62 to match the amount the
state was giving toward the schools. The town supervisor was also given permission to
raise enough money through taxes to purchase a standard set of weights and measures to
be kept by the Sealer of Weights and Measures for the use of the town.
Similar taxes seem to have been collected in subsequent years for schools and roads.
There must have been other money collected, however, to be able to pay out for pelts of
foxes, wildcats, and wolves, and to give the Overseers of the Poor some money to work
with in aiding fellow citizens.
A town meeting was held once a year for many years. The main business was adding
new roads, and keeping up the existing roads; adding and keeping up schools, and laws
regarding the animals that were allowed to run free.
The first town law was that Swine shall not be allowed to run at bay in this town unless
wearing a yoke as follows: Six inches above the neck, four inches at the side, and three
inches below it. A lot of the early laws had to do with animals since animals were not
fenced, but allowed to run free. They used ear marks in order to tell which animal
belonged to which person. They also forbid cattle and rams to run at large in certain
months. Other laws had to do with the bounty given for killing wildcats, foxes, and
wolves.
Wolves were such a huge problem that they were shot on sight and there was a bounty on
their pelts. In 1812, the town fathers voted to pay $5 per wolf killed out of the Town
8

treasury. By 1828 the bounty was $10 each. Big wolf hunts were sometimes organized
including the Great Wolf Drive in Tioga County in 1828. There were so many wolves
they decided not to try to kill all of them, but instead to drive them out of the county.
In January of that year the towns of Richford, Berkshire, Candor and Lisle held a
conference to discuss the wolf problem. They decided on a drive to oust the animal. The
settlers mobilized and each man had a gun, a dog and a cow bell. They formed into a long
line advancing slowly through the woods. At night sentinels stood guard, ringing bells
and shooting occasionally, so that the wolves would not run back past them. Then a
forward march began just north of Richford and the line ran east to Hunt's Corners and
west to near Slaterville. Every man on the line stepped forward, firing his gun and ringing
the bells. At night trees were set on fire to frighten the wolves. Every man had his
knapsack full of food and he got a fresh supply at cabins as he went on. The line was kept
in a semi-circle, forcing the wolves toward the center. Every day new volunteers joined
the rout. The drive opened on the second Tuesday in February and continued to its climax
on Friday, when the wolves were driven beyond the Susquehanna.
By 1828 much trade was happening between Cayuga Lake in Ithaca and the Susquehanna
River in Owego. Something more than the existing turnpike was needed to transport
goods, so New York State commissioned the building of a railroad. However, as we all
know, things move slowly at the state level, and work didnt start until 1832. The
Ithaca/Owego Railroad was the second chartered in the state. It passed through
Willseyville, Gridleyville, Candor and Catatonk. At 29.6 miles long, it was considered the
longest in the United States. It was the first in the country to carry both freight and
passengers. One horse could move as much freight over the railroad as eight could over
the highway.
Many people were hired to work on building the railroad at the rate of $3 a day plus
expenses. This also aided in Candors growth as so many people were needed to build
the rails. Later railroads passing through this area became the main force in the evolution
of the dynamic agricultural community that Candor would become.
The train made its first trip on April 7, 1834. It didnt look like the trains of today or
even 100 years ago. The passenger cars looked more like stage coaches on rails. The
coach was pulled by two horses who went about 6 miles an hour. To stop the coach, the
driver put a stout stick through the spokes of the wheel.
Freight was carried on small flat cars about 20 feet long with sides about 4 feet high,
drawn by two horses hitched in tandem because there was not room for them to go side
by side. A train consisted of two small cars.
Coming south from Ithaca, the cars were loaded with merchandise. Returning north, they
were usually empty (one of the reasons why the railroad was not successful at first).
Freight, often plaster from Ithaca and lumber from Candor, was shipped for three cents
per ton per mile. A load of plaster weighing four tons would have cost about $3.60 for the
trip from Ithaca to Owego. If the same four tons of plaster was hauled by wagon over the
Turnpike, it would pass the gates for 18 Cents, but would have required six horses instead
of two.
9

Although using the train was somewhat better than sending freight on the turnpike, there
were still problems. When the cars met a train going in the opposite direction, the train
with the lightest load had to be lifted off the tracks until the other train had passed.
The trains couldnt run in winter because of snow and ice.
Just a few years after opening, the owners of the railroad realized they needed something
better, and soon Old Puff, the first steam locomotive, came into service. This seven ton
machine was the first locomotive in this part of the state. It had been constructed at
Auburn by prison labor, barged down Cayuga Lake, hauled up South Hill in Ithaca by
horses, and put on the rails where it was tested for several months before being put into
service on July 6, 1840. According to legend, on some of the early trips, steam pressure
was not kept up and the train stalled. While the steam was being built up again,
passengers sat on the banks beside the track and played cards or picked berries.
There were no fences along the railroad. The cattle and horses became accustomed to the
fire, smoke, steam, and noise and often grazed on the track. The firemen on the train
often had to jump off, run ahead, and drive them off the track. Then Conductor Hatch had
a great idea. He got an old flintlock musket and a bag of dried peas. One of the train
hands always sat on the front and shot peas at the cattle!
The railroad had financial difficulties for years. In 1843 the Ithaca/Owego Railroad was
sold to the Cayuga and Susquehanna Railroad. Even after that it was difficult to keep up
the railway. The iron-strap-on wood rails began to wear out, and sometimes the pointed
ends of the rails would spring up and tear through the floor of the passenger coaches
seriously injuring some passengers. This also caused derailments. On one trip to Owego it
was reported that there could be anywhere from one to eight derailments!
By 1850 the financial situation of the railroad became better as now coal was being
shipped up the river from Pennsylvania to Owego, loaded on the train to Ithaca, then sent
out on the Erie Canal to other points. This meant there was freight on the railroad going
in both directions which greatly improved their profits.
The town of Candor originally consisted of two villages, Candor Corners and Candor
Center, and many hamlets. The two separate villages were created along the Catatonk
Creek at the two best places to erect mills, thereby causing a natural reason for two
separate small villages. In 1850 Candor Corners had a flour mill, woolen factory, tannery,
two sawmills, three churches, a railroad station, a school, and about 70 dwellings. The
flour mill ground 300 bushels of wheat a day. The woolen mill manufactured 30,000
yards of cloth a year.
Candor Center had one church, a flour mill, two sawmills, a school, and about 20
dwellings. Candor Corners was around the Lower mill pond, by what is now Candor
Family Care and the brick apartment building across the creek. Candor Centre was
around the Upper mill pond, near what is now the Dandy Mart. The two communities
joined together in 1900 in order to create a water district.
Between 1873 and 1876 many fires set by an arsonist devastated at least 25 businesses in
Candor Corners and Candor Center, including four hotels. Each hamlet had their own fire
10

company. Alpha at the Corners and Alert at the Center, which responded to the fires.
Because the buildings were close together and made of wood, many buildings were
damaged in each fire. The properties were insured for only about half of the losses, and
some didnt rebuild.
Just like today, other fire companies (in this case Owego) were called in to assist, but they
had to first get the message by telegraph, assemble their men and equipment, load it on
the train, and steam up to Candor!
Candor grew rapidly in the 1800s, rising from a population of 135 in 1800 to a population
of 4,323 by 1880. After a few years of decline in the 1890s and early 1900s, the
population rose again. Today the population of Candor is 5,139. Similarly, the amount of
cultivated acres rose from just 325 in 1800 to 33,572 in 1875. There wasnt much
cultivation going on during most of the 1800s because the primary industry was logging,
not farming. Currently, in the entire county, there are 565 part and full-time farmers who
own 106,834 acres (about 1/3 of the land area), but who cultivate 78,598 acres.
By 1878 Candor Corners and Candor Center were bustling communities. Businesses
included two tanneries, a steam sawmill, a planing/ moulding mill, two grist mills, two
cooper shops, a foundry/ machine shop, and an agricultural implements store. There was
also a livery stable, four carriage shops, two cabinet shops, an express/telegraph office, a
coal yard, three public halls, a hardware store, two shoe stores, three milliners, two tin
shops, two hotels, two clothing stores, two tailors, two drug stores, five physicians, four
lawyers, a bank, a post office, four churches, a produce dealer, and several general stores.
A year later the Blanket Factory was started on the site of the former woolen mills by
Charles Barager. He employed 50 workers and made about 50,000 horse blankets a year.
That site is now the home of Candor Family Care. The Wands Glove Factory commenced
business in 1895.
Nearby hamlets included Willseyville, Gridleyville, Prospect Valley, Crines Corners,
West Candor, Hubbardtown, Fairfield (East Candor), Germany Hill, Straits Corners,
Catatonk, Weltonville, and Park Settlement.
Willseyville, once called Big Flatt, was renamed in honor of Jacob Willsey, a prominent
citizen. It was once a very thriving community with two schools, two sawmills, two train
depots to service trains criss-crossing the town, two general stores, two blacksmith, a
church, a shoe shop, a dentist, doctor, hotel, post office, and the White Brother Chair
Factory. The Chair Factory building was 3 stories high, 85 feet long, 35 feet wide, and
employed 30 people. They manufactured 30,000 chairs and 10,000 tables a year.
Gridleyville, named for the Gridley family, became an early settlement because of the
construction and operation of the turnpike and later the horse drawn railroad. There was a
train depot located there as well as a school.
West Candor was 3 miles from the village of Candor. It consisted of a train depot, a
hotel, a tin shop, a post office, a cheese factory, a school and mill. Hubbardtown, named
for Caleb Hubbard and the other 9 Hubbard families who lived there was two miles south
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of Candor Village. Its main industry was lumbering. It contained a grist mill, twp
sawmills, two blacksmiths, and a school.
Prospect Valley, once known as Perryville, contained schools, a church, and a store.
Fairfield first known as Blinns Settlement, then Honeypot, then East Candor, and finally,
Fairfield, was located on Doolittle Creek. It consisted of a post office, two schools, and a
church. It was four miles above Weltonville. Weltonville, named for Rev. A.J. Welton,
was located on the West Owego Creek. It contained a blacksmith, and a school.
Catatonk was one of the first stopping places of any note on the Ithaca/Owego Turnpike
when coming from Owego. There were a lot of businesses there including a train depot,
two sawmills, a grist mill, a tannery, a church, a blacksmith, and schools.
Straits Corners, once called Rhoadville, had a blacksmith, a store, a church, schools, and
a post office.
Just like in the main part of Candor, logging and the associated lumbermills were the
principal businesses of all of the hamlets in the early years of the town. Dairy farming
wasnt much of an industry here until much later.
The first school in the Candor area was a log school built by Joel Smith, who was also the
teacher. By 1814 there were nine school districts. This number would later grow to 26
before centralization. At first the town voted that double the amount of moneys received
from the state be raised from the town. By 1840 the vote was to match what the state
gave. In 1877 there were 1415 school age children in all of the districts although only
1109 attended.
The Candor Free Academy was established 1864 in downtown Candor (where the
present high school is now located). The first building was built in 1868. Four teachers
taught the 250 pupils who attended the Candor Union School and Free Academy. The
average daily attendance was 180, so the average class size was 45! The total resources
were $7778, about half of which was received from the state. Teachers were paid about
$7.66 a week.
For those of you who remember all of the maple trees in the front lawn of the school, 100
maples were planted at the school in 1874.
This school burned in 1909 when it was set on fire by an arsonist. It was replaced with
the middle building of the present high school.
The first Congregational church was built in 1818 where the Donahue Apts. are now
located. It was used for seven years, but never finished. There was no heat, even in
winter. The church was called the Second Congregational Church, because Candor was
still part of Spencer at the time it was built, and there was already a Congregational
Church in Spencer.
A new church was built in 1824 and the old church was sold. The new church was across
the creek on the Ithaca Turnpike near the present home of James Hollenbeck, Jr. The
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church became a Presbyterian Church from 1833 to 1856. The current church was built in
1866 at a cost of $13,600. The first Sunday School was held at the school in Gridleyville
in 1821. The Farmington Society of the Congregational Church, named for its members
who were largely from Farmington, Connecticut, was formed to support and maintain the
church.
The Methodist Episcopal Church was organized as a church in 1827. Circuit preachers,
one of whom was my great-great grandfather, Rodney Rose, held services for several
years, coming every few weeks. The first church was built on present property for $2000.
The current church was built in 1865.
St. Marks Protestant Episcopal Church was formed in 1832 at a meeting at Abel Harts
inn. In 1835 the congregation purchased a lot and built the current church.
The Baptist Church of Candor was organized in 1852. At first, services were held
Sunday mornings in the school. Then they were held Sunday afternoons at the Methodist
Church. Finally, about 1855, the parishioners built the current church.
Information for this article was taken from
French, J.H., Gazetteer of the State of New York, 1860. Port Washington, NY: Ira
J. Friedman, Inc.
Gay W. B. ,Historical Gazetteer of Tioga County, New York, 1785-1888 , 1887.
Syracuse, NY: W. B. Gay and Co., 1887
Hurd, D. Hamilton and Peirce, Henry B. History of Tioga, Chemung, Tompkins,
and Schuyler Counties, New York, 1879. Philadelphia: Everts and Ensign, 1879.
Print.
Kingman, Leroy Wilson. Our County and Its People : a Memorial History of
Tioga County, ?. Elmira: W.A. Fergusson and Co.
Weber, Donald F., A Chronological History of the Town of Candor, Tioga County,
New York.

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