Bailey Coughlin

English 102
Chapter Outlines
Parker
Feb. 28th, 2015
Chapter 2 Outline
Arguments Based on Emotion: Pathos
Emotional appeals are powerful tools for influencing what people believe.
Arguments are meant to appeal emotion in one way or another
Using Emotions to Build Bridges:
Use emotions to connect with readers to assure them that you understand their
experiences and feel what they feel.
Establish an important connection.
Using Emotions to Sustain an Argument:
You can use emotional appeals to make logical claims stronger or more
memorable.
Dont lay on too much emotion.
Writers can generate emotions by presenting arguments in their starkest terms.
Readers or listeners are confronted with core issues or important choices and
asked to consider the consequences.
Using Humor
You can use humor to put readers at ease and make them more open to a
proposal you have to offer.
It also makes people suspend their judgement and even their prejudices.
Can use to deal with sensitive topics or admit to problems or mistakes

Bailey Coughlin
English 102
Chapter Outline 3
Parker

Feb. 28th 2015

Chapter 3 Outline
Arguments Based on Character
Understanding How Arguments Based on Character Work
Arguments based on character depend on trust
`

Appeals or arguments about character often turn on claims like these:

A person is not trustworthy or credible
A person does or does not have the authority to speak the issue
A person does or does not have unselfish or clear motives for addressing
the subject
Establishing Trustworthiness and Credibility
Trustworthiness and credibility speak to a writers honesty
Humor can play an important role in getting an audience to listen
Humor alone can not establish credibility
You can establish credibility by connecting your own beliefs to core
principles that are well established and widely respected
Use language to show your respect for a readers intelligence
Claiming Authority
When you offer an argument, you have to anticipate and be able to
answer questions

Bailey Coughlin
English 102
Chapter 4 Outline
Parker
Chapter 4 Outline
Arguments Based on Facts and Reason: Logos

Providing Hard Evidence

Facts
Gathering factual information and transmitting it faithfully defines what we
mean by professional journalism and scholarship
When facts are compelling they stand on their own
Statistics
It is possible to lie with numbers so they must be interpreted by writers
Just because they are misused does not mean they are meaningless
Use them carefully
When using statistics make sure you check and double check them
Surveys and Polls
Surveys and polls provide strong persuasive appeals
Dont ignore polls that dont have what you hoped for
The meaning of polls are affected by the questions asked
Testimonies and Narratives
Writers can support their arguments with all kinds of human experience
presented in the form of narrative or testimony.
Personal narratives can support a claim convincingly.
Using Reason and Common Sense
If you dont have hard facts you can support claims by using reason and c
common sense.
The formal study of reasoning is called logic
The formal example of deductive reasoning is called a syllogism
Providing Logical Structures for Argument
Some arguments depend on particular logical structures to make their points

Degree
Arguments based on degree are so common that people barely notice
them
Analogies
Typically complex or extended comparisons that explain one idea or
concept by comparing it to someone else.
Precedent
Arguments from precedent and arguments of analogy both involve
comparisons