-—. SS | | SPARTA | ROLITICAL ORGANISATION | AND SOCEIAL STRUCTURE“Thailiving condons were beter than dos ofthe eloesbur che til dd Toe neEactiemi igh The pees evenly beame resonable Bracelet rain srncroca st Fea reli problems of overpopulation and land hunge by expend ing ein the Peleponnese,spesiiy inte the nearby regan of Meena PEER Siena becane the blor, a een subject poplin, TESCGSTS tsar w doco rein the Mile Apes GovERNMENT POWER AND RESPONSIBILITIES OF ORGANS OF THE SPARTAN CONSTITUTION Kings Gerousia «There were two king, one from + 2Bmembers and she wo king Tere Po Macha flag Agad —* Election by ihe loudest cheer. cach ihe ae ae BEy + Grima cour ing es fovolving death 9e eal, and aio possi ing ‘ + eee compitaionally equal, avolving tral of King 1 RREEES Soe NScariy “cimy * Gould veto deesions of the Syne senc ont by the pele ‘Reembly. + Only ae ing lee Spare with the + Une to finale » peace weary The Ephors PetcGuld exablih serangement’ Five Ephory were elected cach ad condita for caisson by" Yeas, Oneof them gave ismame Be Auembiy aor ‘+ Judicial powers in the ease of mar~ ws ‘hi Tage of tn nbeerodied heiress ny Spartan cians gvet ley Sage of an me treads: «fats oF tee wes clble Br adoption of sons . Ephors could only bald ofics once + Bechaed war om the below exc ‘The Assembly feats pati them to death With + alfailespurinestiomsbengeot atl fay +H pewer co fae other mage + Cony ween acceptor rect wey recover alte, : "Bl oe wes abe : feel colic Te eee debatin > ‘Rese fpcgn cvs eee ee ssietnet + Oca vued a lying 29 impor: So Spore conld pea ee + Bay “gout sor amend" Ue and set ng + BOAR Gerona and she + Comened aod presided ‘vet he Enos Sota “cold pot moses Power to eaily eatin, ‘efor the Aembly Fae ee ceSenr and choose * Aesompanied the King to bate ‘he ing to lead the ary.STOP AND THINK: DOCUMENT STUDY these sources and use them to answer the questions THE KINGS wish oexlnn wih safes dhe mature af the ovesue beewees Log and rae eased by hours [Cyc or tik theme rpe of rae which [Si promis the vga! fraiche was in tad ween oder conte ‘Stati be founder co have ben sleny modied or be obo ender ‘nokia seis momen eld dneow hae he ing shal ofr in behalf the eal abies, sbeinghinef af dvine decent asl eater he ae depstthessn sn. He {pontl hin recive onorary ie om tener snd be ions hm che a ‘Sbuay of te abet cue eoagh ost erate needs without exces of wealth [od naeder the the ngs alo opt den pice sgn chem pic bag a ‘oar Bem witht dake porte ach the evening esl oti ode ta hey ‘mir setae twee a mais others, ut hat te Keg igh Lave where enor womcrer esse, He sl grntedoach of the Lng chon to meses Called pt Hao graned them fo ecive sul ever eal vines riot ‘he ing might never best os fornia viesmsif in pb ed cosa ee sot Ii ise rom thie forte ng bv phon de ao ce fro thei sae fc ‘Monty hey exchange oa the erin bial of tesa the Ling melas Sele This oat on ties prt wil exere my Lnsip ia ecordane ite ‘Becsabed lwo the sue"edon he parte vate oath ume So gee igh pre Ln a ey Ath wi aller nom Be Orconsainl kings (1 the Spartan ypeiethoughey ioe co come earn Eon tayo iene Spreng cy on ferin “spend may superar: weep beyond he tur sovereign dosnt ‘Sted. Thi or of Lighip may sucordgly be dared se ov tdependent ard Frames! genrbhi. has never nuded the power f head death excep tat [ents bing hen 9 compte, mighe xa act by aight of opercr fove tn Home, forastance, we ind Agumensea sewing ao reste when sued Inch seb, br when the amy get ro batehe fa power evn of ie ada "Lind anyon, hey, inching rt a, nthing hls a ome ge and wie fo ney ands est” So match frome of ngip — many ‘emma on if erin some cases betediy sed ees lectie poe Te Pl, 3.1 (283) a tee sole (Pl. 3144 (1285) calle he paras kinghip pero hevediary sev eso and of F ig celta oral sfc moe hk {hae The gts ere, war at are mecly ofthe lor ante piel eaderig fh sent wars Shc the er ether ern gel ak Sancta isl opd he Kgs had the tae of oraneny oe (hae pote els A Engg rs, hcl by hr clea, bo isn at ‘ery tly append sine elegant ing ar very ote in ot {eihlicctve charset saber Spartan commoner whe swayed Sartor(EE ig cm hr he gent — get Chon Maen, = SOUS pander anaes te bny of pare allstar te clans Dees kere Cleomne |, Archi, Ageia, fees, i Il, Clemens eGR hc impeine fr goed oil on he Ferns of tse cows. REM Jon Sp, p16 eee THE GEROUSIA ‘Tat so aa happy enactment, inmy opinion, by wich ykourse provide och ning calvaton afta, ven age By fixing acon the couclofelderse eeSeritehcomeit impo forsbigh sanded ot resin be died ested age Sn, tit worthyofsdason in i at be et is heping hed ‘Srcesol age Ts by ming thelr salaries in ei fife eons 2 Uepeaogeoth reser wegheoPhoor than at which iacondedocestregthol (Goemenboot-And sorely hs consent tsast appeal othe ral of esa mae ESSU Soest orome dere. Flot, are came of gpa sil yer ‘Sopaee overleaf boy excellent incomes forthe coc ode anced SPAEOT CIC apoptotic, he al wore tun te Body, om ‘Bac conrad be ware feos endestor han tho ofthe boy “emglon, Cato of he Spa 10(1-3) oe ‘THE ASSEMBLY Acer his speech ims in bicapeity of epor pe question tthe Seat sta hy ake te Sestion by sannsoncn by ote ad Sten id ‘fe ate Cold ot ese on whith ide the sedamatons wete he loner Ths wat ‘cau te wanted ake them how ter pions openly snd mate tem al he move rut for wa, He thetetore si, Spates, hose of You wh hn the ety SERRE tta ad nthe Areata, ae the agtomor et op sod tad on oo ie ‘Those who dentin undone ater sad he ponte ut hem whee hey eFunds Then tay ves ths Fer sd epee ian wo vsns. The ret Imaony mee of the pion athe went ad ben broken "Tye, The Pepin War 8.87 eee ‘THE EPHORS ‘Accordingly the ephocsarecompeiem to pith whence they boat hey have pores trent Ges he prof moment hy hve power to aepore agit parece = nay scalyso mri snd Ling thn il 90 he copie cacte Enraed withthe vas pomesn they donot sf dote so ats, allow the elected ‘apace tenet vor the ke, igh ough ear of fee: Bt the ‘ip aero espoumenccoor ridnt of pymasse gare athe ise fy {Clspenton hy init chscen those warsing sd witbeot heaton. enon, Chsn f te Spring, tee Av sels Theramenerandsheoter abuso were asked to define the pp eet They replied tus hyd ae wih el powers tet for pace edhe RAGE hen gave set that ary soa be mend eo Spe: On Ue steel Be ‘Rhos cad sn som a which nay Geese vats, and in article the Corbis Ei Thebes oppvedeming sy once wh Alkes, The thet hy si sos beescyed The Spat howeer, id hey wood nor csv rec ci which bad SESS, ee ling fr Grech Ome oer seme anger. They ofeedsorake etcresEsfulng tech Long Wal od de fries of ireas tbe Seger exept ewelve eared heels be recalled; Athens tobe the Seer Ziel sce found Spars bd ano fellow Spun edeip any SeGten Sara ngar mabe eer land ne SKenopon A yf My Tmo, (Bene), 22, 19-2 ee “We come now so sco of th Spartan ephoraley, bout of agate which cnjoys mupems sony matt fe bigber mpotionce iy memes ae coset RTA Waele gepl the seth ery pone men fen ind hanelerlete> otis mine indigenes ay them eno bbery. The srl of Sara cot ‘uy ech anon nadine oem a Bods [ioe erin owt eos. [Rent stere} when ee lhe plore wer bed ali thes bs ounce reece holed seen aneunng sro yramny, tat even Lng hare Seon eliped sche avout. Andin ic way, too ot ny era fice, ute onstruin sz whole ss deteriorated; democracy hs spesetad ancy ‘Foon hh epraly does hol he ane togee,th ight eosin the Might Sati the pee contend tha ely whether enol bythe legate or ‘erly acide bas proved bene, Aro, ois, 294 (12705) eee STOP AND THINK ‘The following tasks are baced on your understanding of the Information on the Spartan government and constitution. Go tick over the introductory table and the sepporting documents ahd work through chexe tasks Xi complete this able: ‘Kings Gorousia Assembly __Ephors Bligibit andvoual Samer Responsibiliies Policical = Judicial powers Religions powers Privileges crhonoars A. Lise che advantages and disadvancages of membership of Teak oF dhe bodigs under the consitation. Which Government body would you wish to be part of Why?[EBT in small groupe write and present a play where che = [o.Etituclonal peacesses of the Sparcaa government are eremacted, Some guidelines to fallow: + decide om a motion to be voted on 1 SSavene the Gerousia eo discuss fe and propare for its ESnveme the Assembly resent the bill to the Assembly Esco the bill in the Assembly ote on the Bill “What will be the resale? Will ie be vetocd? A. Use this quote from Atistotle, The Polis, 2.2.6 (12656) as {he basis bi'a discussion. Do you agree with Iiea? Son gfe a ain conn a mise ofl iing heme, TA? chy ey ste he Saran seine Irs compound hy a, fslgarehy. moma Tay de king torte monroe conc of elders che sli ‘Tene il domocrny fe aprsed bythe egw oa chosen ro aoe he foonle Otets nnn thatthe phot yrannical od thnthe democrat eames REE feu inthe see f common mess nd the genet per of everyiay i eee ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL ORGANISATION STOP AND THINK: DOCUMENT STUDY Reeview the extracts below and answer the questions that follow. Tete gent shales ncn of very welhorderad sate: the izes eb fee fom he sce sf appng he ony toy requirement: Bat tiie thoee how tho canbe arangel The pens a Tay ve often sen aga it {meer usa loa Saray, or whee mifortane cy comin De Inorg lieth bev happened in Cree, (109 forthe pot enn at ae etcghtborng lie cen wien wer wth oe abner, never ly heseles tt decd ses Scrse thy bemsles have dependent population ane des ‘Bema goad coutensncerbalin, Ba when the feos ft reroll Spt gisele Meenas Acedia) werk eso adhe ogi vvele of ‘BAREaG ilraty wan dus eo sh cooty ig sil a war wk te nlhboarg ‘Rekos,Peracbany od Magness, Bid, te manapemen of aes iy edits he bef tines: Un leptin tan, ey become nae and coset [Remocees god hel suet; hay este they ae mbttered snd cose ‘Sloe hee Sow es fis nd goto show tha ata ar ot olen the it ‘nd of oding io sabjor posses vide, Te Pk, Book 2.1.1 (1260-9) o oemore at risk from an internal revolt S. Urine information fromm earlier in dhe chapter, what EERE tl eaake! would helow free Spartans from? To ie ext paces eld an outa fined and spear bathere be nigh dip have dhs rocanacon fr hey of tele wold bve gene Spat iPad svete mosey wk remained bing ot 0 prope payment SESS Ee fr Song lion eat searcly pablo thy hal tke he Same Utpwe wold psmongt te ober Gers, wh eed Se tee wae ‘ean mele may of puchning Foreign gods and mall wes, mechani fo 90 ‘Ritu ins Lacan porn etasemase, no Knerateforneelle, e lote eter ot gal er avrsmihy engraver, ote, set footing emt wich nd n> See olny, epee yee hat whch and foment, we Tovhing snd ded away of ale Pharh, Lif Lyon, 94 eee S.Why, in Platarch’s wiew, wat ie unnecessary for Lycurgis Walle ll needless and seperfiuowe eee A. Whar happened to luxury im Sparta? 5. Whae support ie there inthis passage For any of the modern, Sconomie theorice for the growing austerity in Sparta? STOP AND THINK: DOCUMENT STUDY Read the exteacts from Plurarch and Xenophon below, then Complete the tarks thet follow. Lyargur we foes mind he won got ave masters Dough out ofthe mark foctyacky Speramy om sucha sell hips nr ws lf nec, forthe ‘Eisen treed yp th eae series ny: bt 800 asthey wece ven Pea Sey wer to be env mcr cpus td ses where they a ved YSlche se de nd dacpine dong he eters nd taking hi pay gtr (Sticke wo bowel he art conduct and coarage mos made captain: he a their ‘esaiwarrupe iy sbeyedbar onder, sd nderwent piety whatsoever ponsnest SEipnra toh te wile coure of thi edeacon was oe conned exerce esdyandptsectobeicge Ta ld enor Spor of thei performed Chel agel goede snd dpa mong Sem, shes gon oporany ending ost their deren actors and feng wick woul bevaian, whch coward when Uhejabonllcrne omar angeons encour: Reading mdwrang thy gove che jo ‘Bcgh seve hte ner hi ae was vate thm ord see and tach ‘Sones colo pains conquer im bud To ths ea they grew fy yeah, Sie ‘Tocnine was ploorezontelyInrewed; aie heads were Soveippe, ey were [Eoomed go Creo forthe mse pro phy aed arch, Lief Lyams, 181-6 eee Tal he stonshmeot with wich Gre noed he sige poston of Sara among besten elise eaively suse polton, and atte ine he extraordinary per abd prt of he community "Pe Tcl —~ sd ei well beg he bp ing —the whole opie theCEB mg ng cn, orp eof ewe ong vt nt es te see (ante tov whe may beblé robe welbrooghe up). cee eons peaet fod ace wih evens: adion of mento oe eae Seo wine try tthe ether tel sbtence otek ighy Boel uh rer dint, twee fe dra ge neh aia edema, wer the sol he ines ae conten ta on ieee EPS Moc wool Thea we enn of tam But ow are we fo expec that omc urcared inh hin hel rede plendil fing wren pel diferent pth, Cotes were tas, hel the cing of wt LEI el eng beet male slaves. Sod ellen that th higher fonction SEER woh ening ocho, nthe place be nse one esnog {BIAS pcuabenen leone omaha onthe mae soda posto eae SestlSSnrong ante engrish Hii wa blac tout parenu were ron hei progeny nl be found 0 Be more vigor tod sagamtatier mariage In ew of the fact that tmmoderat inereoure i utvhere peed doing te caer fevod of macinany be elope a pile ‘HeWiy peste Hela lowe sr anocdnane tata amshnad be atased bacon Hace SEPORS or fs wie whee goog ov coseg cnt. When they di ect earrck renin emt longing of seer ond a bu reas aod he HORE pag rom oc reer would tnd wo be mote robs hin is Ge Tab if cltedby mata. Bys fer spin heoamedetion beefed 0 THER RaeSSgt ec eatacted ar aoy peso of He secording othe tency ote prten cree eet age se ovine imu sly ake pace be pine ef boty vga, SESE SIESlovedsconltion cndacve roth proection of balty offing SEERERE GY ia cian weddnd te young mile, comtdenngtheealow watch whe Geet db arcape tke ver hei ves hesoroduce rect opposite cso: TENDONS Riis hfomberon de aged busbend ofttoduce ome on whe vite, yal otal adie opley the habonds act nd to beget hi SEES: BY ghia the eve of ssn eho mgt not deste co live with wile sy, et yt mii cana foun cle fbn worthy dhe nae, he EER SSvt stn ints bekal? schon ne mip seat ome oman the wif Hee elors hel andes wth open say he acon and coset of EQRDET Got sbaime eae op chldzen rine rough be Tee rote slpwom af bbe sre the iver social As, for sets aS oc be en es al ahs ‘Ecndon clos sey a eer Sothre ofS oncom with fl hares ly ‘ef orkon bet peng wo cam obs weath and property. Sree ie ne fre te work othe ple which ykoargos devised ieee he peduncles, Wither hy naa hin o provi Spe, eee ei perioe to all ae and ncengsT leave tothe jogmene of ‘Whmacerer ey ener ie hisexposon ofthe aston conection wth eb chien, wihsom to use the temo dacston ein here ard ebewhete. Though heres of {ciekc cern on he pst hone wha cai to edate he sinh bes way 8 Eto Aasuon the chide oe ofan age to andertand wha chem heya ‘Sivclinely laced ander he hnge of padagope, win se lo anda, a et Sif ioe of sme seach he fang grammar, moi and te cocers of he ‘ulster Bests stay ae pve steso mearwcend oma th fet ent and Re odie arc eetsed oy vega henge of lings fr fod th sly eae fecognsd ha ich Bed by peteBur when we tn 0 Lykosepos ved of lating i 1 cch member of th ate ately apo sSeve oberon tr, eet vet the Yong paras uae unl, te fllonomos cduesoy) she cle, with empire uty eve! hem, {Fis guar war sce fom thee win filed the highew magiericie He fad ethos told nsf he bps and Osi aerer, ea) behavior 0 ‘hoe every, he nul urbe pseed he educson wth sb of yuan fre of fe sad bee whip to flr ponent when neceuary ih hie apy ‘et hatinSprea many snd obedience ever gohan inn wos cheelackof ihe Tied of sein tht et with shoe er nda, tle wast me then hay tough ging tant Thicbabie parte! weal abe beeved cable em 0 sele [igh doe tay and clamber dows peeipce athe dng, bart, with ort ‘Sebdibeyoungspartun wuld lnp snd ping sad ran tess yn another ood Serdar wey tel of making thm ffamiate with vain of cloths, irl wa 1 babe hum so sngle garment he whale oar throug, king tt o they would be Deer rpued wo thand the vain beat od cold one el coun ch mods i hee nih cageneredyrepetio, nd yr oto enn ogee aegis he pin of Fens ing belie yesh ering oy hod sey weal be beter se ‘nies ocesondemanied o conte fling ah empty stomach: They woul be alae Fines ite word of command were piven. remain foes og sch withoa ext ‘hein Tae coving forlwars wool ele the raines to ake any ica ee beare ‘hem iene andi gener the regimen would be found more hey ode hy Wsidnrteln suture since ke ined adit which ger applene she i ‘be more bene than one which ded hicks to the badly pars by feeding ‘Ont eer ba, node to gua gs oo grat ch of aration, oop he leo scaly aloe he boy thelp hemes whoa eer role to wit more rs dl ge hn erin oneal hago nm flav ‘hee ge Is wa serainy oe frre any tee ify aspen ter wth ortinent at elt to roid thence dieraey ne oorcan eancye ‘hacany one wl msirerpet theca. Clery st xpanat isi det at he ‘tho wouldve be ie free mare frp see by sh din the dayne be me “inl fee isn ambasadebe mor pepe ed makereny hoo and fh, ‘Fhe? mccead i capring te goer Inuclvow thatthe whol hieedacason ended and warineadd, tombe thoy crate and more ntve in potiog applic, mh athe mane ine elated le Siu isc An objector my eee Bet he hght ve Ginette hy ‘iden l owe Noms on unfrarate who waeeape? iy ane far be ‘sive reson cn indus people sm the mater wel ae tap tops the Ialgrfomance ofa vervice. So they, the Sper, pens on ie boy who ‘Tess hoing bang Hota ner bangle nthe are Seto steals mny here st ob war ee ob ensuragu but atthe ame moment oes Were aint eo Eourgeth tht, hich weal ots merelaotahnarly, tat pus ered oral ‘eum san may er the jojo eat fang lor Here to, play shows ‘Sicwiresped i rpuise ceslaggedwillwin tr hinclfnech rouble wed eae god Turthembre and mors hath oye sald aor wanes se cen the pina males, heave toanyciazee wba chance tbe prs suey ls) op ‘Sum junction fo th goed ado chan hom fo any eps cid By 20 (dng he created othe bop of Spree nny. Aad deed here nothing wh ‘whether toy on, hey renpet more pay sha hse gues Lal sd the ‘Bn intnuon arte bye mstonverGewibact = gi be iddown eae it,by ease hte were no grown mrse pate cach gop. Thar be boys of Spear eer x pes the sharps fhe twenyyearold was ee “+e ‘On Spartan women, education and marriage: PP hat war the difference, according to Xenophon, Detwecn the upbringing af women in Sparta as opposed tolother Greclt clsies? Whar was the purpose of the Sparean method? + Whyland how did Lycurgus make ie difficult for newly: Nuuied Spartan men snd women to meet? = Whneconteole were there over the age of mareiage? 1 From these pascages, what appears to be the prime srpose of 4 Spartan woman? + Bid dtough what was expected of Spartan women may. Soom quite forsign or oven unacceptable to us today, ‘ar common peactice for many of thet, Think carefully “evuc Spare and its people and write a speech that might ave been delivered by a Spartan woman in support of hese State fees + Wilts dialogue between a Spartan woman and an elienia wonnan which presents the differences and ‘[issiiaities in their livess Sow will need fo research econ each aspect of education drawn from the sources and Iinted below, write # atement underneath explaining it purpose. Children were not to be educated by masters bought out of ‘he marker. ldron were not to be educated by their parents, Children were removed from families a¢ age seven and Shrolled in companies where they Iiwed according to strict guidelines “The captain of the company had great power over exch pensar.“raised quarrels and disputes’ among. Elderly Spartans ofte the young Spartans. ‘Young Spartans’ hair was clore cropped: they were {oun nted to being barefoot: they played naked Explain the following quote from Plutarch: ‘Reading and writing they gave them, just enough to secre thele carn e ‘Bmw up your own bref comparative table on the ‘duction of the Athenians and the Spartans. Can will [need to do tome rerenrch ro compare thea.) Look elosely at the langage used by Plutarch and Xenophon, Bind cxamples of langeage which inlcate the objectivicy and/or bias of the author. Research Exeay \ Using the ancient sources from pages 69-73 a: a guide, propate = project using primary writen and archaeological Fources, at wall a5 secondary sources, on the life of the Sheient Spartans, Focws, the social classes ‘cducation Rousing and family life Stes Gfeworeen filitary service. DESUNKING MyTHS ‘THE MyTH oF Lycurcus Ancien sources describe Lycurgas areal igure and they plce htm and lisreforms dep in Spartan antiquity. Sich 2 myc ie early not srened by modern research, At best modern acholarrrofer to Lycurgus at a “shadowy Ligue’ (Frees) or even a Spartan invention (Belo). Modera Instvians do dispee the date of Lycargaa reforms, whether they were the product of single igure or a eoup.N'G.L. Hammond argues for 600 BC, KJ. Belock supports 580 BC, while W.G. Forestsuggess dates around) oF 675 BC, Forres supports his vie by pointing st thst writing had oe been ediscovered im Grecce unt 730 BC and thinks unikely thats dil consttatoncoald have been prepared before th ime “There isso mach doubt about Lycurgus that even if such Fguce exited, theses not enough evidence to credit him withthe creation ofthe Spartan pen.FET ca sacions Gpecks narguing for the legendary Lycurgus cite dates rom =) 2) Theancient Greeks in seguir the legendary Lycurgus cite dates from «¢. 110000 TI6BC. they arerightand Lycorgus dill chy claim, then why {the lain for Lycurgan austerity in Sparta feom c. 1100 BC or c.7%6 BC ‘iatedy coneradiced by the achaeaogial evidence tht shows at, poetry Tedulvere flourishing long aftr the ancien: scholars claim they vanished? STOP AND THINK: RESEARCH Eat pata much on you can abont the legendary igure of Find out Siu ap dive columns omhe itis te Eats, acute Pry Be Sala shor him smd on the tie {hing selon ans fdoubes Exemine the completed its Ree ets arde jou raw row thesn avs hatorom ebowe Tettngor and sue Enowledge of hart ‘Tae MYTH THAT THE SPARTAN SYSTEM WAS CREATED 10 PREVENT A HELOT REVOLT Crea itey strength to protect pert against threats, both mera SoG ema ws sguicant cal torn he evolson of the Spartan ‘Shc However, to late Spt rom developments th esto Grace RIS‘ nue a angle come for so signiernt an event are unsound hori | “Tanoegout Greece in the seventh and sath cenaries BC economic change roduced poli change. Aristocraci halenged old monarch- GPIRT Be arocracies were t ton challenged by pew merchane and Seaside alco ‘efors sues ‘Sree mon significant changes in Greece was the emergence of i hope wane (ce papcr S2-54), Many scholars inelading. Antony Mesut tegue tes now age of Fighting diminished the power sad ‘Mises ofthe old arstocracts, leading #0 obi change andthe stestance of tyramy Eventhough ie scknowledged hat Sparta did not TEAM eta ob Selman and Pol Cardedge mn mporten alsin idl Hele Sinn 1977 ndceed tht economic factors 2nd epee wastce could have nfisenced the Spartan plea changes ofthe tod PeTPavould be foolish to ignore the significance ef Spartan fears of a helot ceva bat weal to be capone to noe the presence of oe, ‘Siena eau factonsTe pnore the ange of meractingelemenssins fon mixta perpetuate a ind of historic yt ‘THE MYTH THAT SPARTAN CULTURE DISAPPEARED BOTH EARLY IN ITS HISTORY AND SUDDENLY [Archaeological evidence from the dig at Artemis Octhia clearly debunks i dhe myth of Spartan auserty before the middle ofthe sixth century BC More rignfiantly. however, the work oF. Fczhardinge, among othersestablishes that Spartan culture eroded slowly: it did not wenish madden ax ‘ve mighe assume from ancient accounts ofthe prohibition of lary [itzhardinge marshals an impressive arsay of evidence, for example: painted potery ofthe highest quality was found dating from c.630 BC jown toc 500 BC, fine seulpeare ima ro 500 BC, + vary and bone carving was found and dated down toc. 600 BC, + bronze work and small lead 4 dating from e650 BC, leznd other stone was found dating from. 6503Csence ofthese items reflects a tense ofealtute even luau mrs inaince at 0865 with the ancient sources. The archaeological The eviden ralicates 2 gradual withering away of ct Stop. Thishas ed scholars suchas AJ, Halladay to speculate about th fan culture due to government edit, dislocation of trade, or poverty? JT. Hooker often refers to Spartan propaganda and ic should not be ignored ax an element in sustaining the myth tht Spar was duster by choice rather than economic cireumstancesil ‘Time Mm oF SPantiATE EQUALITY . Spartan propaganda and che Based accounts of ancient writers who saw Spars sts motel of good and sable government crested ths ay, Any ‘ateful review of the writes and the archeological evidence yielie examples of inequalities Equality, through edveston and the pic ‘nascs, may have been the ideal but it war norte realty. Noval Spates tad land of equal gualcy or productivity, therefore, not all Spartates had quality of refouress, ConcLuston ‘The lesson to be leaent from our on-going investigation of Sparta ie the ict that it is on-going, Reviews af part arwumptions need to be constantly made in the light of new theories and new evidence. The methodology of sacient history isa constant quest fora cleaver picture of te pstAa tfesiment of ‘writen and archacological remains must fonction together, totes, and then to contradict or verily conclusions List OF REFERENCES ANCIENT SOURCES Aristotle, The Politics and Arhenian Contiaton, 8. and t. John ‘Warrington, Dent, London, 1959, Herodotus, The Hiri, cr. Nubrey de Sélincoute, Penguin Classics, 1972 Pausanias, Description of Gee, e. JG, Frazer, Biblo& Tanner, News "York, 1965, Plucarch, Lins, Loeb Clasical Library, Heineman, 1926 ‘Thucydides, Te Pelopownesion Wertz. Rex Warner, Penguin Class, 1984 repe 1980 = ‘Xenophon, ‘Consttation ofthe Spartans" in Lewis, Naphtali, Grek ‘Hiorcal Document, The Fih Century B.C, AM. Hakkeet ede Toronto, 1971 | A Hisory of My Times (Pelle). Rex Warner, Penguin, [ 1966 repr. 1986 SECONDARY SOURCES Andvewres, Ancony, Grek Say, Penguin, 1967 repe. 1979 Barrow, R., Spat, George Allen & Unwin, London, 1978 Cartledge, Pal, Sparta end Lak: «reional History 1300-362 B.C. Routledge & Kegan Paul, London, 1979, Ficchardinge, -., The Spartans, Thames & Hudson, London, 1980 Forrest, W.G., Histor of Spats, 2nd ed, Duckworth, London, 1980 Hammond, N'G.L,. A Flisory of Greet 322 B.C, nd ed, Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1967 Hooker, |-T., The Ancien Spenans, Dent, London, 1980 Jones, A'H.M., Spara, Blackwrell, Oxford, 1957ieee rights by ‘Shere pang Seon The citizens of Sparta (Spartiates) were in fact a very small proportion of the Spartan community. Apart from Helots and Perioikoi, who were not considered part of the Spartan polis as such, there were others who were neither completely inside or outside the inner community. Wehaseonly one efaencetothe _Agoge or could not ep up the eon up known a Iso ution tthe messes only (eypmetie i Xenon’s Decne signiant problem ne seeing meth who wee nether ru omertere bowen Who were the citizens of Sparta? Spaat peers and ha passa hss test att, conducted by Unhealty wee leon to deon the Slopes of Mou Tages Urless they sree of he royal hosel ales Ihe to paral age the Agog and Fy iercntanom nese Spuran myth thatevejone was omonselgion)thesetaeneesto ‘al sparan are dramatic a9, Soseguenty 0 het prospesty owen even th his eel, ‘pas Span ie wa 08 ‘eommunal sharing The icher shared ‘ts he pose, by conrbuting {2a abd sometimes spec oe, by Tending dogs an horses or bung ‘Tove who had enough cenpesigousineae wasSources ‘yeu fod ne spats eg Rome tecthet Gresieandeamet thecaneon athe tomar thease of mach th He rtre tabed the puble meses cute inthe open, nang tats woul reduce tego of odetstoe ‘niu Tha amount of ood be {Towod asst enough topreent ‘emitom geting ete too chor {opal ext But many sins re ‘Sppled fom split ase, faethe ok mn somstiver b- Site wheat eid As3 el te tebe neverbure ul he arpa Dress us andnever exeeesunly ‘id. voter off was ne Slton of eampuloy sewing vain the nasing of Bt Band Tin Bue alowed everybody ‘nk hen be wae they bee that tan tne ment mist ‘ingle tage groupn Sparta 0 ‘Dat the younger eam mh fan he ‘iprienes oft eer, is estore ‘yfor nae seas tty tobe ‘ezounedin he sa wth he ‘estat there ia inva ino Ieee, dren, wichdnessr ot tak tle Te cast of eninge ulc asthe fer bea case: [gence that nen ae compel Slkbom and mtb crf to ‘ue roug dite mv Gating ie rights thy aay dy ond enet many age may nt even se ‘Adoration of Spartan wore tausesof oyu oyna apt “seh ae toes sng ans theuison of in lovely ely vale We secre of apy eels -Srens me song tothe agora, ‘herewhee be tosing my faxen ant rpg longing Her ince more mei thn leg or death; hersisa potent sweets fuse ghasmenorpore, he ting tar tru th splendour then agen shot a ttot down oneness ot erlong legs Mk Cha giseing charm sts nur dans a Butt may Assia, itn te rc she wise pubes far she ou come op, ake my ours tend, tr4son be beglog he vi ‘ emer Panthmentsfor cowardice ‘Thepunsnents ated on tnjene yo acted in acowarly fahion in Sparta ese et, Pacis acount ofthe penaer og coma sgisen nbs Lot Troms Inthe es the coward ses ting more thane sigma eam Eee egpeto tase ager ‘have anand th i an ends heme gyros the ‘shes Spat anyone would kt 2 digeee tates condita his tress (uae be atched agaist Femina wrestng bet when eas seeing ance or ie pr con tes such aman not pike shdinthe cous erage toe ‘mos ighominous aston, He must ‘Gre way ohes nthe suena se rear younger en wen sete Hemustheep te unre women ison stem andanse! a {hem orth disadvantages tise bret upe hem. He must edie 3 ae ito i nye ay the par of berg aachaoc He ust nt go about tect ting ‘heer err he tia host ‘hore witout. he des emus sitter eaten by Stor upon coma Lar nt ‘arp at Spartans pel eth sucha derived etre, Sina ites aie Smee peo sini ‘#You are ontiofa group of 2 sees peers SSikaaeon tien nes dasa saa ee te rn Monet gamesOpe vter. emu htee erares PS ree rrr aM WONToTa} ‘The term Perioikot means literally, ‘surrounding (peri-) householders’ (oikoi). You will also see the ‘word spelled in its Latinised form, Perioeci. The Perioikoi are often thought of as second-class citizens in the ‘pyramid’ of Spartan class structure. ‘Technically, they were not citizens of Sparta at all ‘They were members of the many communities which were spread around Laconia and also Messene and which were allied to Sparta by a series of unequal alliances. ‘Theimportance ofthe Laci, spc bce many Paioloto the Sportans —Spruns toh ch des ena When weconsoertewysin neo Ther pssly mid ee Spates tenn ease =e SP=N AMY Eatecud nor vers about them norritost teense TM How succesful was thelr icoding retry) into arene, TE@UONSH? Salem) hadvly muhedo they seen the Peco ade bees Gashacemdelievey ater fore ova commonest old ‘Desparansby lang them within noe frm lances of ther own noe theirown terfor. ey provided "conduct any form of independene Iulthespevtan nay até appear ao foreign ply. This ack indepen {though thsteunclen) bare dence cere he fat that Sara contbnted tothe cata of Sresclenry dominan, Poss they Command. They were responsible or pd to scoped para comma such of he (eee te ost prodctive grag cre Eee Spelt thy wos we forming ‘Ripercant harbour of Sp meeeSperone spd agra and. On he other hand the Peso communities a ie sro tee of rae lon becuse ofthe poe: of Spars Inlay putton aney bad he pportunity became respec trough thet coment relaensip wah spare. ‘ets on ony of these mates ro ecapcre,b th fst t puts cesta fre ons poteto a secon reationship ‘hs borne sles, When Fenepon elated the story of the ‘onspuacy ofinadon in the ely ‘facet bencuded ee esos mong the numberof sas. ‘probe that eth allthe presses tfempire nthe beakowm ofthe Spar ate sl eat he Penh ad been expo to the po of| ‘elon. forenich othe evs Ssmentuy, however and suey before that part of part's success smthave rested on aed el nship with sass nigh Petioikoiand the Spartan ‘community Peta ok partn someof the Spartan elses ach athe Pract They had thes on omni els swell May ‘ance fom Spt some a Messen Ietsaiglypotabie tat the eit contbuted to keeping the Helotpop- Slaton in subjection, spell in ‘emote parts or Mesene Our Ene eg ofthis grup saya best, but Ife stop toconsider white do know abot ther, ean ent ‘gin tose te factor that pate ‘eat ofSpartanpospesty an tose Intepate i acres undespinning ‘sacl and pol nstutions broke down Cinadon, the conspirator | peo spstan sous eats the stay ofthe conspacy in wich ‘Gnaden an aferor tempted ‘oorertow the partatecssat ‘hebegnning of the th ene reveals many pets of the at of ‘Spar atti te how ero ste coud te made upon te eto foreuamplete town of ‘loa: hw the mbar of ‘much gestern Sportsnet ow the spate used tees less in heramy anda as {guaspoleeen fen taken {rapier of onal tan ‘Betiods of eonto Yeni fost arenly reer nse of {exes ioughtaboatby edn ‘Shing tae rmbecsand oy he rests pach suffering Eenpe home sory st ‘ws Spartan ety 81 won‘Aman roughtinfomaton othe gnon ea conpcy so sic Conon Thence waza young 2, ‘org inn, bot nat the Hal (Gaia. When he phased how (Ghodon si he eal fects pan, ‘hetrerer tls en that cron Faden et Be edge! te ere Sverre thre‘ ithe ere, couradup tenes pos Geou embers ar about {ery others, an then se hi "ty indo you ake to ounthar? Ho "Conse these ‘tanasyur enemies and all he thes [rahe agrs, who are morethan 4000, ‘Byouratien” Theor al ‘ind woud pon ou people hey ‘natin te sre orca ne, Spengler rd oft peoplewno appened abe one county estes te Spt, he would porto hother namely the ome 220 “Sram, bon ech eat may ‘aes hen the phos tke how ‘hay peopl eed waren te pet Senior oi te tt Srimt int cadon Madan nth Flow sorpirators were note” tary, thoh te were rsory, weve tay sted tat thy were lathe plot witevayene de “Heo, Itesmen, ypemetnes fron) ard Pesala whenever tars ay meron arang tes ofthe Sprit, Fone esulbie te fet hat ey ‘ul aly eat them a ‘The Eporsnest ated Where a they tay they wou geet ams? Te Inrropidtat adon "one ok rh ae re ay of cue have our own as Ao the ‘bs Hehadtaken im rer Ihave and pointed outhe gest ‘Sly of ves, sets, po ata whi. A esto” ead whe men work hth wond ans tne arabe ‘respon and mest ther nds {ose imlements which rep ‘ect gpodwespans, expec apsst nen’ When sta eer st ane these ngs lee Sone Fesnid tht hed ben ito stayin ‘onhearing thi he Eos cameo thoconcsantha te ptt ch the na been ld been hoe ‘eat eepred ana ey we hel ores. They Bnet en ager te cease by, bute wrt tem elects inci afew mares ofthe aru. Tey deed send ‘hadon vith detaches fhe younger en oon, a rt Aneto bing ch ram re ats ‘te len a Hts whose are et ote ine cepts Iewerto cary cnadon he beady Conesach ater te Epnomine pts soi oro to, hey Fmd ov ti the atch hc eee re ames ‘rte tobe ast hen Cradon Seance joungmen ewes {take t,he "Coto Be Senor gl commoners tl {ovendoth you neorseen fe ‘nena happentabe tere” They ‘means see that the ‘ua comers mo Send nd thatthe men tobe sent ine that the eto beards ‘Codon hina They aot Gdn at ey woul a th Fin thee wagon so at Rou net Denes ting base the rs Ebonioct dongerningt oneal fc ht hee was ly (gongtote one sone and ats fe They were at aving i seed thecly becuse they dant aw te xen he lot and as hey wanted {ean om radon termes fis {elon compat before thy could Jean int thea bee oe ‘pon so bat ey would ote abe toeecpe. The tended who rests idan getain iy hi Frain ot en he nares tT {eloweorspiatr,towrte tet (dm ase hart the pas (quo espn The afawas sounded so sry tate poe ‘host ovce regiment ot ato Senta penmohateree SoCnadon wes sd and acavaby tan ode ack papa wth te ioF reste hg hen The has Imei put uns asthe prophet Tames anh nos Inport ef tether constr ‘nen radon was bough sd Intropstea ne ate exerting atl te he ames oe tro ithe pinay yas “ut hat wa Rou hope oscine ty a Hoel To be rita nein para Ate ti mee, andr re netely bud ards eke st th cot ert Iberond per vrs ee tet him wee cngoed aug he ‘i Sothey met er panne. ‘Link the ap a Pontes shdoftbevonsintoandoutot ‘Theos What ee pte ‘he Pot on 5 sWowtde teats Soruewaatbenc er Ince tan? Thy cael cond he parts = trie the Psaceomn- ies? What inns tt ‘hoyle Peso alee Soennation? oe ‘pie ortrtherenar ‘Tresoe afte ero tad, Fntheasiny, in epnoale ‘een piealeelonship “paren he Spartans Pest Farther vain Sande praia 10 Stepallioe 3‘heal atabiants of Laconia ‘no weed semsves when te Donan invaded protaty nota rege ls bev eck ‘Found was Achzes, Bot Devan The 4 feomcan mean prsonerana 6 innaoient oes any Wlage ia { Laconia. What wedo know isthat ewes Ss ‘he Spaltans owed bythe sate nad not by individuals Mos esenans ‘ere ide elt whence st vs conquee by pita, deena Meno oe ea eens nel canny apie ty ‘The Helots are a central feature of the Spartan system. There are many theories about how the Helots of Laconia came to be in a relatlonship of i subservience to their Spartan masters. ‘eeween Spartan eens nd tae nina! ahabitants were er pete happenin te ‘igs. The Span itende oo tun te tanbitantso the prspeas state of Tees ote nena. elo but they wer arabe to deat ‘Semel and ba se fora Helots weren't ‘chattel slaves’ Ig athens, staves were bought by nd ‘ial whe ten owed hem awe ‘nears and washing machines We lometainey ce Because Selon ha nnd nen slavery as part ofr ne fay cena. Aken shoes Sonera ecco lave other Grek, not oes. Helos were not chattel sles They ‘were publ med lou Signed ond Spr masts, and could nots bought or ‘el, thesis Gree fe sgucly oncened hat hey ere fl ‘et comple save and not Jeeton and resing gratin tae ght Masso i what rigntbe cedar dan, seca Ind Spat es ifentin he gh to ofHedots to etn, ator ‘which boeame ro the number of Spartan dns beam fone,Fear of Helots Mossen cher have pt forward cert Spr ode as ed tocontaling Heotlence Eemmercengweion andere ‘Sty has propose that this es ‘Mtoe Spartin dcine, nt Sparta ‘Sir arntt days Het provided {Sanaa win te means to spend ‘Retanyy acing forstarye doting. Tey fed the women roma thechoresof weaving ad he SEuntenane ofthe house Having Felts eure thatthe average ‘Sparc was eter of ey ‘ge giaup. Wie hese work Stee eos cud be conta, they werean sees not advan tag, to the spartan tae ‘Treatment of Helots Hit were often seb ete, ‘hey were ele by Hee asters Theyad eo pay alge proportion of ‘hairpotce oe omer ofthe fend they worked. They oul beter toned st bison by sch xcs Srthe ype, no werebands of SJoung waron who eroded Hts ‘pu of her walnng for wate “The spartans dele ar onthe Heo each year to sty keeping Som inject ama ‘nthe othe hand, Heats ved fen unt somtimes seperate tommunties Wei they pad thelr fSntubetions some, tas thowe Femotr pts, psy Barly ever Sorte sparen asters. They ha ‘Bet own communities and ieirown feloos ile Al us was denied 0 Sb Athen cbs save. Span Util produce was table be sd in pb Helos hed te ight ftsenctay, moe tbl atthe ‘Senetunyof Poseidon on Cape Taenaon,Admited,Tenaon ‘hemes sone Spartans aged oe Hos rom sanctuary her (Gavan een of tele ea ‘dwn the rlasnship between te two groan read ath (qs lle the pastas bee Posed hed pea tem for hee (gener cette of respons fc them than the chteslave owner cree for here possesion Helots and mitary service {aken into the amy of the pos, Foes. Sick cognition undetines fhtac that hey wee nok ae Stoves and ot qlee is posite thins ara es {ioe} to Integrate cera umber ‘tees int te citer bay. {sad broken one byte rile tut in essnein about 68 8C. Aer ‘nis eying eapeienc, cult ever eave Sparta and ts ake todo oything to batter the to Helos (or ven wore erent pee fom ofan groups aertisewent) lettothe alienation of Mesene an ‘ren teeta eel own tery Pegs the at hat he eo stn omer Be Slave ible claven sade ‘Shs them) contboted othe cont Slo and nual sh charac ‘eed Spartan retment ohn AS {he econnmie sbi of Saran tee eaten ot vemedSprtn-Hdot datos {itive hee hs tte ha alas ee otal ndeidingwhst Me ashe for tion anient Spare 0 take al the eons nto secu, not csc tomato change fa 300 yc pvod and wat ig Irnebeen scepter fyi de ponptou 6 ener {Sule he fue into useable tpl by the th cent. cape Tacnron tyi \ Sources “era inthe Hels ‘Wating theca 1st cnn AD, Str not aly clear onthe fesace been eos and Peo Sitathough af te Pefool wee nd the ay he parton, eres iy hae i, ‘hang both the ih of ear Aen heated” see cae Hels Bul eso of Ext: depron sun of igs a ordered the to ay eo Sparta, Nowal obeyed ‘rcpt the Halen he cept of Het to bees thy reve, wert overcame oe war tod ire concsned very, wh te "ualeston taco sven oad slowsdether ta etthem {re artosltem oxide te bed th court ad ss ws aes ‘War asus thea, One may Soest ay that ag ana Seca ue ede he whl ‘lon trav tht pre the uprery oe Romans or ‘he Lacedaearians hd he eats spaatedvesin away nevng Signed hem et loces oe snd spec ence prt, “jyrtaeuband the Mesenine ‘Tynes desc he conargaences tlbtg ie een Mester “As eid mais ver Be ney ating deren loss petite oman big harman ial he produce at te situate fo maki a wating fuel chorus they inde wes, “one te es rt ie “oetny. Patact’ Moai These two agents how he sense ‘of sponabitypreentat lest {theo in Spartan awe nd soe for ‘he walinng ofits Moa, 23906. acu was dered twillypon the patn uo exacted mere tan telongesabshed ent (pepo 0 at the Heo) igh ‘ervey bese gael, ad [the pra gt ot exced te feedenou. Maa 234; Comore sono esac nid at Hem athe poet ote Spartans, eset e ets for omer had ven he mc ‘ssn recs or warts, Based forage ‘Teopompusand Epon Fragments om Theopompus and pons a cantsy BC Grats ‘oxan, whos texts have been ost ‘hese elt and thea wien ‘peated to cont ther “hacia werethe it ees tr ‘he Thesasns ad partnetomake esis (do) at hy rt ‘equates yas these Forth Spares and Thelin rer tet ov pop Uston rm reds who previ habit the count fey now Cantos they eae bose hom they ended especies tnd ora acces Ags son of euysees bbe he Pes of he ual poll ats Sndconpate them a3) conSu. ‘orsto parta They obeyed, bth ek, roe wo ec Halo voted nd ver conquered fre ‘ars and sje sis “her master vos persed ‘ejre heroes, yronon Hots “Pwofraguents ce Mjton, 2nd any BC autor, dsb thee ‘netnentof Helo Fragment “te Span ote es tives {de clog seme het na- ‘wes, ome Etre Carbo) ‘thersagan Deposit (mate Saori est ng aign oa eects Fragment “Thay sgn tthe Hes ey shane fueat lenge dace Fr they esines ech oro ‘Foal wena dogs cp sed wap inva aie and cara lated umber f beans ech ast ‘epurdisot ny wcg-ing tat ‘hey woul ever gether. saves Marcon yee the Vigour ponero asinw'sandn they nade denth be ply ond they alte punishmen tothe ‘ontroling tem thy edo ‘bul thee wb wee gong a ‘od inging th nd overto tem ‘hey thar prion tree) ich ey ete conan to and Poiana Dota eter om he od cetary AD, comments onthe ic ‘erent pes ose sever in Gece. Baan earned (Sut) tne the acrian Heats te Tesla Pees the Marandrian Dap (gitar the ie Gone estyonan Krenn ‘This eget fom Kea ate ‘steamsiy Atheian aero Spr son the eng the Spartans nao got poet hese Ges om Heo at ome Intatessiron ae tobe undoes whoarethemestensued athe| ano are the most ree. Through dis tells the story of Helots wiio were RTC Saat tey nme te Seer ee eer. teutiaaoaiene So eect erate oar an a peat een eae. Bere pyran eat Ceiraemelenge Sima Se naa ee nee rune wie stooge an te eats hut ee a ese yn tte aon have alan devin ys which they Lacedaemonians had once caused. frotatmytee tel mec credtienirierel Mdsatenetan ters feel emp on ere a ‘Taenaron, then had them led off and peers andy "ypasanaryot Pos ta ei et aot temmfonactay Ses Se Pexcagnccenriaste pticaeicies nce aaa Sashes i shit sons a. eee Me Seca iny mei re ee nora siaecuceana ee: cainostaa Neto ompuon orate Teen ror aneireaay secconmel apsore | Sittrecemnmensn shew Soe ! sGqsbenuiaersieg’< uine msig BOR UES cela eerie mmm ge Pe a SE ac igiberoepyamine ueleores0 ianyaeaers : ‘phildsopincal clacle br Tae Sth ‘ceniry Greece discussing thé: Beene i wincntenes a eiretenun ee hie ese ruceapiscsoccl © epee tetas tala a Fee Siem eerwee : Sectagneass foretnee Sees1Orrriomea eaiets The Spartiates, or full Spartan citizens, were a com- : munity of warriors, bred of warriors. To create such a community, the Spartans believed one had to start from an early age and froma strong warrior stock. Surprisingly in context, they believed that the community had to train both its young girls and boys, although emphasis both then and now has been on the upbringing of Spartan boys. TeAgoge cealng aris jteataindatacett Seton ee Souiciprnds te Sens nesta tmhotenie Thedeaol te Sasa te these emery Ns en $Erecigy keting Renee, ane abe i bepitthdeom nme? yee psu ae ee Giese Seta eeartate ceneringas ill warns 18.They ugh afay dd tyang ay bu, ‘erunneg tre ea foes ere delbemteyunderedto emcee opm be oa, mule eet Mprcuntadonofssparangan —ageselaficenyandexpeted to “Proyehenone chewed once have talnes with courage i- Lvnaeeapniuadty action ceplineandcomplet cbeienceto yay and thecal con stew pacedor them Often | puny flow lds inpor theclaseal Spartan The ierchy of Rin weimestemenbertat he Wt sgebred respectforthetrdiionsof Seem hal ego a a Fy {iseommuntyandtheespcation See eacealasaran ety Ne teat yourtum forcommana would Ns home ctow poeceane| femconeday event itwasonty over Pian mow or mas come Snevteropetyoung men Awncle Sonn nome mot cso Seisof ius and relouseven’s Sarthegecsenphatton competion Accompanied the boys hrough the igre on cud be wines ad any iow sages ofthe POgTeS'o eels Raising Spartan women Boys and the society of Sparta oe Git went ough uatningo ee AnboughagecuofiheAgoge may own They did not leave ther emes {embneaSpatansocetywascon: ar thelrwcthers bat hey were‘pat they ould bone worthy ‘Sehnert ane geeration of wa ee they were aso ncleted wit. [opal to te para system, ed nde any stots o Spars emer collected by tarch The Sin ent Sprtan poet Alcoa Componed Prtena aiden son) (sol forweat gs hon est as-tn these songs he ings of the emu and segs of Spa gs ‘whovwoakdexaose in puble wearing elite an would augh athe {oye hey looked oo skinny and ‘dedevlope, Spartan women ‘ese fou rage Gree fot Therindepenenc, sical beasty tnd eduction Mesteuthors ouside ‘Spat deapproved of seh edo, ‘eliving the ied toa ack ot ntl which character that most {tama Spartan woman, Helen thom the paras themselves Wor ‘hipped and to whom they payed or roteton for ter aaugmten- ‘trates ‘lean, apaan poe ofthe te 7h ‘entry wate Maden song. ‘Sha remot xan ofthe purpore ‘ttmesongs wheter they wee Stale rae ft Boy oSpaxan fsx were songs forthe ls the fee tosngin processional chon {ness cas they show remanable feedon otha ming he gis (00t {nual in ober Grd soled and. {tank apaeiaton othe pia sttseton Nowy zomg he radance Aji set ees shies he th sons aoe ou But tmurtntspec god orilother hen te dnc famous prc ena stands eutiaacehese set among teesheep a thundering wine, the srtyouse in ‘team sy donna ave’ shade, ‘ookthe mounts Veet ‘hat comad cath of cusn Hager asa shown ie purol, aha erat yin word “Thue Hogesicher ile i's eae ehager or rele wea Spin nag oan ern, acta boys ‘Xenophon was an adie both of Spat andorSocates, whobelevet thatthe young sould be crefally tine hort exposton of Spetan de eno oat x0 Ios but he does gia pitas of Stan socey (se sexs at ine then Spa woes prspaots and Invent ‘Sac have deserted the sco Br net expla e ec ‘Sonalsytm of ieupurandow GesfomobersyaemeInsheater ‘Onin he if ofa Saran boy from tie age of Wha would Beek tienoprestogve _havebeen te ateantagessed Fe REiehealonpiace hey sndvertages ch eh secre gecremsconscets, _+Outine tele Sparta gl aor rae Meciderjmsconavty Would youbive preferediobe cee eeeeswnarscidta them, boy fakin Casa Spars? CoMatemto ascot kam the + Who was reponse or sag eeaeticandtieeseches ofthe sadgonng Sprtan hen?” ‘aretnggoune ation they ‘What does sel ou about Uae ti iret oe by Sparan society? Hoh seh aeincnandurcrdpempartee feat fom yourown stunlon? Bes wa enanas of doting andi [Poesy toto them ormach Top for further rsesch heey eatatbutlyirges | compels of nes in pats Ita ing exch eto in Athens; omarion of ce etme ctesgurdan gore | elnSpateand wpe cs 198 iethayofeonreengtnetoyrtos” ety Baan : tree tectonic he fecofeserfioneintct Father reading saath polos [wecas He | Cie Aine Ane Berets pesonauthory tomrthe 5S ea, omnahe bp, and wating ove then to Sw end Te 2 al, emten ant oon oes Pee Sorin 8 por thr severely ses of ibe dour Heako ssgnedtohima aft ret neacemstocee Wek Te el re fetthem hen necesayr andthe Sree fests rach modesty ames Ph eens 139 ‘heen ene, Sr Sey. 7=4‘We hear of hla evoking in the 5 cencury BC and seeking refuge in temple of Pozo, They were ragged out and killed. In 464 BC che Belots took che opportunity offered by the disruption that followed a major earthquake to stage a mass revolt. Large numbers of Mesenian heb evoked and fed to Me Ithome where they held out for some time. Eventually, aided by che Athenians, chey were re-secled at Naupakios onthe coast ofthe Corinthian Gulf These Messenians sought o get theie revenge on Spara by aiding Athens in the Peloponnesian War. The role and status of women in Spartan society ‘Within Spartan society women played a role that was complcly secondary tothe males They did ‘not enjoy ccveship lke the men. They could not participate in the eb assembl), hold politcal oc administraciveofce ar serve inthe miliary. There was no conspicuous tole for female members ‘of the royal families of the Agiads and the Eurepontid, There sppeacs to have besn wo special public oe fora Spacean queen and the dhiove could noc be inhetced by 4 woman, A woman's pace ‘wasin che ilo (home) and her most importanc role was to bea chilrea, Indeed, throughout andere Greece women in general were mosly excluded fom ative participation in politcal life. They might sill exert an influence, on occasion, or act behind the scene. Gorgo he wise young daughter of King Kleomenes advised him against a bribe (Herodots, Hier, 5.1). ‘The social life of women wasalso severely restricted by tradition and custom. They were subject © ‘the author fs oftheir ater and chen of ther husband who was thie rior (loud), Whatever social standing they enjoyed came mainly fom their esoclacon with thei ithe, husband or now grown- lp son. One area where women at Sparta were parcculay visible was at eligious festival. There, ‘women had a defined public role, singing and dancing in choruses. ‘The cule of Artemis Orcia, the protcres of women in childbeth, was entrusted to a plese ofthe goes. "When other ancient Greeks looked at Sparta, howeve, they commented on what was extrac shout Sparean women. Indeed, they may have been prone to exaggeration. We should not be misled inco thinking that Sparcan women played an especially active or conspicuesocsl sale, that they ‘were more fee than other women or cht they were in some sense iberated’. Spartan women had a ‘reputation for being promiscuous. Married Spartan women were able to have sexual intercourse ‘with men other chen thei husbands, in order o produce healthy children. Spartan ‘wile-lending’ 4s mentioned by Xenophon, Polybius and Plutarch. Am old or an infirm man mighe have an heir produced through his wife’ impregnation by another Spartan mal. Women might make themsches -snilable wo other men for breeding purposes and chey appear to have been able wo indicate theit acceptance ofa possible partner in reproduction Jn some matters Spartan women had considerably less freedom of action than the women of Athens or Corinth. Macriag, as elsewhere, was arrange and male celatives and even the Spartan kings could play deciding role in choosing a womaa’ ture husband. ‘The children they produced ‘wore examined by che ephorson behalf of the Spartan nate and ic was the epors who decided if che 56children shey had produced would be allowed to survive o instad be lfc ro die near Me Taygews. ‘Weak or deformed babies were eliminated and we might suspect, based on comparisons with other traditional societies, that surplus female babies were aso exposed co die. lafaicide was privately practised by paren in other parts of Greece, but at Sparta a mother had no say inthis mater, for infanticide was totally state-controlled. The education and physical training of Spartan girls Girls did not take part inthe state-run educational system, the agoge. They sayed st home ad in the fs (houschold) were educated ia chose things that were considered tobe important fr wont In Spartan socicry. Weaving was a caditional female occupation at hoave throughout Greece. Although ‘we lea that Spartan women were nor expected w stay at home and wea like women elsewhere, we assume cha Spartan gs sil eaened how ro weave, for they made rua garments for statues. We ‘might assume chat women could read and write alee, but theres very litle direct evidence for this. One erence in Herodoros, (Hixories 7238), © Gorgo, the wife of King Leonidas, suggests that she could read. For che most par wear lee guessing. Physical raining as practised in public by ‘immodes? Spartan gs aruacted the attention of cher Geeks. 1c was considered to be shocking that Spartan females practised atbletes either naked ‘or very scantily clad. Young gis, macuze women and even pregnant women exec in public Xenophon (Constitution ofthe Lakedaimonian 14) rls us that ie was believed chat Lykourgos had ‘tablished che custom for womens caning and Plutarch even suggests (Lif of Eyourgs V4.2) cha the gas parccipate in foo aces and wrestling and chat they threw the discus and husled che jvcin, “The purpse of such intense physical taining was eo prepare women to bear cide, Spartan women and the oikos (household) leis asumed that Spartan women had considerable contol over the oor (household, parciclaty In the absence of men who ar in barracks and went away on military campalgns. Barton Kunstler ‘has argued that in the continued absence of men from the Spartan home, women would bave had supervision ofthe helo and the domestic servants. Therefore chey ay have enjoyed considerable autonomy in the running of che houschold. The houschold usually included nurses co help with the ‘eating of the children. Throughout Greece these Spacan nurses were considered to be very compat indeed. Women and wealth: land and inheritance “Throughout the Grck word the wealth of Spartan women was legendary. I say alo be much ‘exaggertd, In che 4 century BC Aristotle ote that heiress were numerous a Sparta and that ‘worfifths of land there was in the hands of women. We dont kaow how rach eath thee i in his epots, but they may reflect situation tha had developed in his time. Dowies wee supposedly forbidden by Ikoungs, but became acommon practice fra woman to bing dowry toa martage. Depite che face that we know lide about the Aero system we do have enough information about srlandowning to know that thre was prvarly held land, maybe at wells state-llocatd lad. In the absence ofa mae descendant, property could be lef toe woman. The accurnulaton of property could lene a woman very wealthy indeed, and some appear to have avoided male ‘guardians. Keeping, ‘the property within «family through the marriage of heireses to uncles or frst cousins wis 2 practice in both the elite and the royal families, Herodors tlle us (Historie 6574) that che Spartan kings had che ight wo give an onphaned heiress in marcage iFher father had not done 2o while alive ‘Horse ownership and equestrian sport was an clit activity of wealthy women es wellas men, The Spartan upperclass took a rea interest in hore-breeding and racing Spartan girls might have horse ‘elaed names such as Fupolia, ‘well owed’, Prosuga ‘Sash of lightning’ or Polya ‘the breakaway” I Isrevealing that che poet Allman belicved eh ie was latecring co wotnen to compare ther to hoes, and chat hey, in curn, would know and appreciate the dtfrent breeds of horse refered to in his horsey ‘compliments. A che Spartan festival of che Hyakinchia we heat of gs diving decorated light carts ithe pled by males or horses and havea eport of horses and chasis ace by Females. In the 4 century BC, Kyniska, ‘ile hound’, the daughter of King Archeaos I, was wealthy ‘enough to breed horses, have them stained and vo engage charioces to compete at Olympia on «wo ‘ceasions. Her horses won the fou-horse chariot ace at Olympia in bath 396 and 392 BC and she was ‘commemorated with monuments ac both Olympia and Spars. Other wealthy women from the elite Families also raced horses in che 4* century BC. We should remember however that such women are not eepesenacve of che average Spartan woman. 4° cent. BC Inscription at Olympia ‘commemorating Kyniska kings of Sparta are my father and bathers. Kyniska, onquerng with a charit of switfocto horses, set up tis satu, and I declare myse to be the ‘one and only worran inal of Greece to have gained this crown, Did Spartan women wear jewellery? Although ts sometimes claimed shat Lykourgos expres forbade the wearing of jewellery theres no irect evidence of this, Plutarch does however claim thar Lykourgos expelled wsdess and superfluous crafts and would not allow makes of gold or siver omaments in Sparta. One “aying’ in the ancient ‘writen call:tion known as he Spartan Sayings claims that Lykourgos banned perfume and dyeing, No source however records a Lykourgan ban on make-up. Ie should be noted cha Spartan poetry ad archacoloycal evidence suggests a quite diferene picture of female adotnment. The 7 century BC ppoct Alma, for example, describes the beauifal purple clohes, a colled snake bracelet and a “Lyeian’eherefore probably god) mtr or headband worn by gis in his chorus, He also mentions 58al helt olin the spp toe awarded tothe fae, Approaching him are Athena, Hera | Aotrodte. Paris aarded the prize to Acro who had promised him the love of the mot beaut | || oman in the worl. Thus Pais was ltr abo to win the lve ofthe beautiful Helen 2 pet spa rnanthe perfume dae one gle wore, and his descriptions ofthe hair ad faces of che il sugges hat nd other substances were used in make-up, There is abundant archaeological evidence for female ‘adornment. We havea numberof elaborately caved ivory combs that were worn inthe hate for display and many bronze and ivory brooches tha were worn on che poplar (Se lastratinsp. 59) Significant, ‘the celebraced Judgement of Paris’ comb, found at che shrine of Arcemis Orth at Sparta, depicts the _most famous beauty cones in Greek mythology when Achena, Hera and Aphrodite paraded themselves before Pris (Se istration p. $9) very indication therefore strongly suggess that fale adornment ‘wae vluodin Spat and chat women wore jewellery. Spartan women as keepers of the ‘Spartan spirit’ In ancgulry Spartan women, and Spartan mother in particular, were sen to be the most rlisble keepers ofthe Spartan sprit. The male role was o fight forthe sate and the Feral role was to have children and support the men who fought. Women, when considering marrage and child-bearing, ‘would be indined to select males who conformed to the ideal of courage and obedience chat was endorsed by the staze. However some men ill short ofthis Spartan ides. Maoy sores highlight females cther approving of the courage and valour of thee fighting menor reecting and mocking those cowards wise courage had filed them. Wives were supposed r0 support thee beave men, bur spurn a husband who was a ‘trembles’ in battle, or who broke ranks and ran. Mathers were ‘expected to shun their own sons if they brought the disgrace of cowardice upon the family. ‘The ‘Sayings of Spartan Women’ Spartans were considered vo be men of few words. In Englih inthe 21° century, we sill se the adjective laconic’ to describe speech that i brief and right to the point. Collections of Sparean “Soyng?’ circulated in ancquty and Parc, who appreciated sch things is exedied with puting together a compilation of 340 examples of this mati. We have amongst hit mail 40 examples ‘of Saying of Sparen Women whic presen ow wha people thoghe wer the cove ates of Sparean woman Thee Saying? areal of fers and unelntng pasos tha ejects husbands andsoas who are coward. The'Seyngy abo edn obediencein marrage, pride in bearing sons and even fragal home management. 0Student activities - women in Spartan society "Now his sng of mine i of Agi: to my eyes she is ke the sun that she invokes tobe our \winess, ut | mus ot speak good oil of har whan the choru’ tar arformer stands out Sa recshorse among te herds, thundering winner, that Kind that you sein deans hen you dozen a shady eave. Oh, ook that hore ea Veron, that combed-out har ‘four cousin Hageschora hes the sheen of purest goa, ad that iver acl How can words convey I? There's Hagaslchaca white Agluo's nearest changer fr looks might be «secondrata hres rm Stith compared fo such thoroughbred engn The Poiades (tne doves'— te star group or maybe ral choi call te "ove iethe the star Sas and ght aginst us, while wo, ough the ambrosia night bea robe to the godess oF the oun, Forour excess of purple garment is nt what preects ve, noth nba enake-shopod banal al of of gold, norte Lyan headband he omamantof softeyed gil, nor Nana's hak, nor the cine Aret, nor Thulaks, nor Klesihera, Nor shal you go to Alnesimbroa use and say: ical Astphis were ming, and may Pha ook upon me end Damereta or ‘charming Visnttomi, but tis Hagesichorawro rely fects me* Fors not Hagesichors, wi tho lovely ankle, present in the danes? Does she no tay near ‘ito and commend cur ceremony? Come © gods, accep thelr payers — their completion ‘and fuiment ies with tbe gods, Danceoader, may | ay that ven though am mye only @ Ai who vainly hots ke an owt nthe raters, il, for my part, eee to please Aoi, the Lady ‘of ho Dawn) who as boon the healer of cur sulerngs. Through Hapesichora te gs have found a chaening concord ‘Alkan, Partenoion (Malsen Song ines 40-91 Read the source above and answer the following questions: 1. Lise those things cas the poem mentions a items worn by women, 2. What indizaions can you find in the poem that Sparean women might have sought be seen as beauifa How does Alkman compliment the girs in the chor? 4, Whar gods or goddesies ae mentioned? 5. What information does this poem provide sbout sligious bei? et‘Some ‘sayings’ of Spartan women (9) Another Spartan woman kil he son, whe had deserted, because he was unworthy of his fatherland. Hos not my Chik" sho said This ithe elgram about har: “way tothe darkness, coward hid, tote place wher herve Evotae 608 not ow, ven for a tried Gear Useless pup, worthons pics, Got hell Get ay! This child was never min!"* {@)"When a woman from Atca asked: Why are you Spartan women the only ones who ‘le men sherepled “Because we ae the only anes whe giveth to men"* (6) "Another women, handing her son his shied, and proving him with encouragement, "ether come back crying ths sled or come back (603) on” Read the source above and answer the following questions: 1, Why do you think these sayings were collected in antiquity? 2. What does the lack of specific deal sugges abour the reliably of this source mated? 3. How usefl oa hisovian are hese ‘Sayings of Spartan Wornen? ‘Suppor: your view with a paragraph of argument. ‘Significant studies of Spartan women: Sarah B. Pomeroy. Spartan Women, Oslod, 2002 Paul Crtldge, Sparan Wie: Likeraion or Lice in Suton Rafecons, Loon, 2001, p.16-126 Barton Kunst, Fall Dynamics and Female Power in Ancient Spats in Marl Skinner ed Reewng Grea: New Matodoloasal Approach t» Wom in Arig, Lubbock, Tess, 198% pp. 31-57. Elen Minder, ‘Athenian ideology and the empowered Sparta woman. in , Hodkinson and A. Powel (eds) Spor: New Popes, Loodot, 199, pp355 391Chapter Four: The Spartan Army ‘Spartan cnene devoted the major par of thei time to mlltary walning and they belived thet chee snmy was the ber in Gresce, Even Spates enemies rspaced ther military prowess and Spartan ‘avery was legendary. However according othe Athenian leader Pees Spartan miliary kill was merely the product of laborou rsning thst produced a ‘saw nduced courage’. Spartans spent cher time practising co meet suring “The poetry of Tyraios ect the ideal of azrcks taining and we almost hea the vice of the dill, instructor shouting his order othe mento get in close and kill The poetry is ful of stieing calls © ‘courage and selfsacifice Ie sueses the nee foreach man to play his part inthe battle formation of the phalens. In our literary sources we Bind that Spartan soldiers were considered the best in Greece “Thee reputation, deserved foe che most part, was legendary ‘CHAPTER SUMMARY This chapter argues that 1. th Spartan army developed asa heavy-armed infantry fore that fought in 8 close-packed unt called a halons Pavokei helt ad ales fought alongside the ete Spates: the Spartan army wae ecole in et piece Intent bats the Spartan army aso had tactical weknesses and was inexbls invidual Spartans oi decoy orders, surrender or un tom bate tho Spartan army di ster some defeats we should nat confuse the Spartan tary Moat wih te realy 63Arms and armour of The Spartan Hoplite hopla = arms hoplitai: armed menEarly Greek Armies The development of the hoplite ariny _Hoplites were the heavily armed infantry in Greek polis (iy stares). Because ie was the requirement thavall cizens would fight ro defend their pols (cy) those men who ld noe have the wealth to ov sed malatan a horse were expected to serve as Foor soles. Those with suficene wealth pai for their mom arms and armou and formed the hesvlyarmed infancy which dilled and prepared for bace as ‘unit. The poor might Sight as skirmishes who aracked where they sav opportunities, or served in apport of she hap. In che 7 and 6 centuries BC the developmenc of mass-foemaion fighting tunic of izen-sldirs selected che growing importance ofthe demos (people) inthe Grek sates, The less cavalry, once the preserve of wealthy aristocrats, was less relied upon and came to ‘prominent role in wars, Increasingly the army became che zen mass grouped innit for war, At Spare the developmen of che yp army appeats to have been spurred duitng the 7 century BC, by the three pose by Argos, Sparta’ formidable neighbour and foe wo the est. Miliary erining was also neceshated by the cw wars of Spartan expansion waged against Mesenia co che wes ‘The fighting unit ofthe phalanx Hoplite fought not as individuals bu as pat ofa close-packed fighting formation, the phalans, designed co push forward and break the rans of an opposing army, Forcing them co fle fom che rae the pholans the haps were packed together in rows, incelcking cei shield and brandishing thei spars towards the enemy. Usually che phalane consied of eight rows of sldir, a i the place of honour and greatest danger being in the ron ow: I soldier ithe font rank were fll, those in the second rank would take up the fight. Shore iron sabing swouds might be used in clase ing, but the tactic overall was to create a group steam-zller effet that would force the enemys front rank to stagger backwards and collapse. Once a phalans was be soon overwhelmed, Individual would be without the protection of the other soldiers each ide ofthe In cheirankand woul be forced toe, The rugby scrum, locking cogether and pushing hard agaist the opposing team, or & squad ofr police, with hdmets and inctlocked shies, advancing sep by step ora the run, ling baelca crowd, both help wto understand how dhe phalans worked in ancient Greek warfare. Everything depended on the quality ofthe taining cha dhe oops received. Sparcanoptics spent endless hours of dling, and manocuvting in teaning and preparacon for atl, but succest depended on suitable terrain. However, he bes lid plans could go veoag on the day and the _phalanc was sil vulnerable from the rear and along its flanks (ide). Oa the fans, lighearmed skiemishers or evalry woud be needed to provide protection A famous description of the phelas sco be found inthe poetry of Tyas, « Sparcan poe ofthe 7 cenrury BC. His poetry, chat became a dase a Sparts and was recited down the canaries, wae eninatio in bate lesigned to inculcate, in the young, 2 alesness and de ‘The organization of the Spartan army ‘Acconing to Thucydides the 5# century BC Spartan army was based on aphalase of eight rows Four of these rows formed an enomoti (platoon) and four enemota (pltogns) made up pees Company). Four penekones formed a laches or bactalion The Sparta aeny In fve or seven lav (battalions). By the 4 century BC the numbers in these formations and units hhad changed. Xenophon, who knew the Spartan army wel, speaks of a phalans of 12 rows field might comprise with ewo of these making an exomti, Two enomatia nade a pont and owo of these pentekcer formed a locos. Four lobo’ were grouped as a more (regiment) and a Sperean army at this dime comprised six moral (egimens). The king, when in bart, was surrounded by an elt force of 300 men (Thucydides Hisory 572.4; Heredotos Histories 8.1242). There were also specials oops such salty detachments and lighc-armed troop an pela who theew missile ike rocks and hartscd the ene Apcongc raat ‘ropaning on eins ot pra ting ep poses wih #5 ay don t hy amet Dee ins peated ehissas kangen wo bowed Hewes acorn seine ‘ped ate conta th pee st on ar cae ap a er wheUnits In the Spartan army Unitname unit made up of Modem army unt equivalent nom “ster veaiment fechos 2 pantohostos batalon pontokests 4 enomotai company ‘enamets A grours of 8 men platoon ‘The strengths of the Spartan Army: 1, the hope plans strengusand ellblity 2 high level of pepatedness— discipline and eaiing 5: bile o raise other forces fom peri and hos 4, Spars miliary reputation ensused leadership of alles in the Peloponnesian League ‘The weaknesses of the Spartan Army: 1. ie licked eulisine cavalry to protec the pit infantry i eaining ad teres wore inflexible 5. leas yulerable co archers, lingers and javelin throwers Sousgeonadeton te 4. idiplayed a lack ofl in acacking forded pons and cles Te tasen tome anon 5. here were manpower shortages, espacial by the century BC = Famous Spartan Battles “The mose celebrated of all Spat’ military exploits ithe Bale of Thermopylaifoughe again: the invading Persians in cencal Greece in 480 BC. It was remembered even though ic was an heroic defeat. In whac wat avi holding operation agninst «huge Persian army, 300 Spartans led by che king, Leonidas, oughs co the deut, afer chee psicion was becrayed wo the enemy by a Gree tan “The following yeas in the same war aguins the Persians, Spartans achived 2 notable victory at Platsa in which bute the Greeks were under the command of dhe Spartan regent, Pausaaas. La ‘the Peloponnesian War, that great struggle beeween Spars and Athens for supiemacy in Greece, the overall Sparan victory was due o political a well as military fictrs. Within che larger confit the Bark of Manin (18 BC) was wen by Sparta ony with diffcuky. With Athens removed as major influence in Greece, Spat filed the power vacuum, unit was challenged bythe emergent power of “Thebes. When Thebes attermped to consolidate her hold on Bocotia in cetral Gesce, the Spartans, led by King Kleoesbrotos, mazched into central Greece inorder to top Theban expansion. The Than samy engaged the Lakedsimontaa any and inlceed on them « humiliating defeat at che Bode of Lealktra which was fought on billy ground commanding the oad to Thebes from the coast. The base ‘vas won by the imaginative ects of che Thebans commanded by Eparinondss together with che feld skills ofthe ee Theban‘Saered Band” led by PelopidasDefeat of Sparta at the Battle of Leuktra July 371 BC While the Laedsimonian forces oursumbered the Thebans Spare 1,000 men vo Thebes’ 6,000) i was really meticulous planning that won the day for Thebes. Epsminondas, che Theban. leader, knew thatthe Lakedaimonian phalans was commonly 12 ows deep rghe across the Rd. He knew also that asa general rule 2 pilon of soldier had tendency co bend wo the right a each solder, holding his own shield on the lefe arms, and brandishing «spear with his right, insinevey died close tothe protection ofthe shield ofthe soldier next to him on the sight. He realized thie ihe hi and destroyed the Spartan sight with hie let he would then beable to breakthrough ro che opposing Spartan left and seater or destoy thir force completly. [A maximum yeight of numbers, precisely and effectively deployed, was the principle that ly atthe heart of the Theban commander Epaminondas’ tactics at Leukera. He depleted his sgt wing co bruild up the weight fn ie lef and with a sloped phualans he created a fying wedge of men, 50 men deep and bit the Spartan 12 rows on the igh with this overwhelming force. Epaminondas kept back his own ighe wing, covering them with pelaats (hovers of tones and msi) and put the best, Fighters, ve ‘Sacred Band nt his lf “Thebarce onthe bill of Leukta began when the Sparen commander King Kleombroros set his cavalry ina forward charge. However chey were stopped and thrown back in confusion by che superior Theban cavalry. The Theban cavalry then stacked, pinning down che foros of che Spartan right and holding them in place forthe massive SO deep Thea infntry stack that Was to come in oie dem. By the time Kleombotos realized what wis happening ic wae to late because the Theban lf led by he elite troops ofthe ‘Sacred Band” under Pelopias, cur through and spend confusion in the Spartan ranks. “The death ofthe Spartan coyal commander early inthe bare left the Lakedaimonians without effective leadership. The Spartan phalane was pushed bac. The Spartan plas, attempting to prowce the heavily acid Spartan infantry by throsving miles, were ridden dowen by the Theban cavalry. “With cs formations broken che Spartan plane collapsed and those on the Spartan right who sought to escape were overtaken by the Theban cavalry. The fighting fllowed those who acempeed 0 Ree hill cowards dhe Sparcan camp and as many Spartans were kill in this inglorious scramble as fo the main engagement. The Spartan lf, made up of Lakedaimonian allies, jst crumbled away They yet ef as mete spectator ofthe Spartan defeat On the bill of Leukrra che Lakelaimonians lst 1000 ‘men in all, 400 hundied of them Spares, while Thebes last 300. Thebes gained a great victory over ‘wnat was once the premier army of Greece, This bate brought about che callapse of Spartan power in, central Gree and was evenly fllowed by Theban penetation ofthe Peloponnese.dh eyo, oud 204 se Oyo knue} uevEds nop unveNeY = pM fou “dED dweo vuegous S uonoy onisi9ed au - 98 1ZE emANET Jo eMHES HLL ‘SOnOW [eI OU. - 9 JZe EADANOT Jo aNEA CHL ‘sueveds oy) yee Aoly Se JNOIA Jo Od, UEGeYL oN Woy UMeXp axe Sdeus sous ‘Aujenes ayy swuasaxdes A su, SUEGSUL 3 ‘vom yetp uonoe ons26p ou smaKS puEoDS OM puE “esDNOT Jo OMIER atN UI sonoW ByJuad oxy smOUS SdEUT OM B59 94 LZ€ VALWNAT JO FILLVE AHL 69Assessing the Spartan army - just how good was it? ‘oie withthe Lakedsmonians:fihing individually thoy are ro ta bad hrs, but ‘hen they ace fighting together as 9 group they are the best ofa For they ar res — bul not complet fee, fran thee master, and they fearhim rove then your subjects fear you. They da whatever he commence, and his corsmand is always the sans ~ never to take fight from the mase ofthe monn batt, but courageous, ne ranks, to se tobe vtoious orto fe Herodotos, Histoie 7,104 This extremely idealized view of che Spartan army is much quoted out of context and all ro often accepted as electing the realty ofthe Spartan army. However in the context of Herodots narrative of the Second Persian War (480 BC) these words are pu inthe mouth of Demaratos, the deposed king of Sparta who was refugee shekeed bythe Persians. His assessment ofthe qualities of Spartan soldiers was clearly incevded s be seen as exaggsrtion and the Psian king, Xerss, hen e heard ‘what Demaratos sid, is prtsyed as Inghing ont loud, The Spartans were justly renowned as ightes sind admired for thee kil even by chose who were their enemies, but they were noc the perfect sales of chelrpoes songs. Ic would be simplinc inthe extieme to tke Demarats’ comment a fice value and not subject them to srutiny Ie che ideal, later exemplified by Leonidas’ fight co the death at ‘Thecmopyla. Indeed Herodoros uses Demaratos’ praise of Spartan solder asa dramatic prelude o his ‘own nattaie ofthe Fighting at Thermopyla thar comes Itc. However, there i evidence elsewhere {in Herodotor own reporting that not every Spartan soldier lived wp to such high ideals. ‘A Spartan coward — Leonides and the 299 Spartan heroes (and one coward) at Thermopylat leewhere in the text of Heradoro’ own Hisoriy and inthe Hiory of Taucyides we see episodes, ‘where Spartans are portrayed a noc alas living up to thelr ce’ highes ideals. At Thermopyla in 480 BC, for example, not ll of he Famous 300 Spartans died bravely. Herodoros els ws (7205239) thac ewo Spartans were scaly away when the fighting began. One Spartan, Arstodemos, decided +0 go back and fight, The other Spartan run away to avoid battle. On his eur to Sparta afer che battle he wa shunned ata coward, jer arand called “The Trembler’ Herodows claims that in onder to regain his honour thieman fought and did bravely in the Bate of Placa the fllowing ear Arrefusal to follow orders Spartans did nor always follow orders withoue question. In his account of the Batdle of Plata, “Herodocos (9. 51-57) mensions an oficer in the Spartan army who questioned orders and then refused to stage a strategic ‘withdrawal’ ro a sfer postion because Spartans were supposed ever to recat. The officer who refused so follow che orders of ce Spartan command in ciel, Prusnias, and remained in position, was forced co move or be left behind 70Inability to take a fortified position Spartans could not win ifthey wereattackinga defensive position. Note how in Herodots Hsores 970 while the Spartans coulé not rake «Persian defensive position, the Athenians were able soem accessflly In the opening moves of che Peloponnesian Wat, dutiog the invasions of Areca led by King Archidamos the Spartans we ‘Hisiry4.29-38) Te was a major Timitation ofthe Spartan army and ieshows its inflesbiiy rable ro mount an atick onthe walls of Athens. (Thucydides, ‘A Spartan surrender where Spartiates were captured and thelr shields wore taken (On one occasion thae we bear of Spartans did surrender rather than face certain death. During the Peloponnesian War a group of Sparits, nchiding welLborn men with connections othe elite t Spact,aurteaderd, They did this after chey found chemselvesin an impose position when they wore surrounded by Athenian forces on the sland of Sphaktrain th harbour of"Pyos i che Peloponnese. “Thucydides els us (ory 429-38) that the Athenians had lolated the Spaces on the island and when the ses and bushes wore burned sway thus providing an uninterrupted view of the ener Ashenians deployed ther forces that inclodd azchers and pleasts who tivew mises. Faced with a shower of arrows, javelin, stones and slingshot, the Spartans were withour any hope of survival. The surrender ofthese Spartans was a great blow to Spartan pride and morale, The Athenians placed the captured Spartan arms on view inthe Painted Colonnade ofthe gre (market plac) at Achens “The 20" century excivators of the Achelan agona found one of che Spartan shields inscribed with fom the Lakedaimonians fom Pyle words punched inc the bromze: “The AtHoplite manoeuvres go wrong Even though the Spartans were famous for thee well drilled Boptite manoeuveesy things could sometimes go very wrong on the feld of bale. In che Bele of Mancives (418 BC), during the Ploponnesian War, the bade was nea lost becaute of deficiencies in byplite manceunting by the Spareans and cheir allie fighting against the Manrineans, Ina wheeling manoeuvre hope _phalan ended oe oes ight and is right wing gor extended as cach man attempted to corer his "unprotected side withthe shield of te man nex to him. The line often stretched too far anda gap ‘as created elsewhere inthe ranks. Arche Batl of Mantis the Sparta king Ags red ill he {8p with some of his oops, but on che fed wo of his commanders reise a fllow his ones (For {his chy were later banished from Sparta}. Only King Agi’ own men athe cette, ating on his direct ‘orders, saved che bale for che Spartans. Note thar the account in Thucydides shows that nt all he "woops thc he termed ‘Lakedaimonian’ were ofthe same quality ax the elite face Frm Sparta cll “They may have induded poorly rained prot’ and that that may have been part of the problem. “These epiodes may epresent exceptions tothe general rule but they do ceuion us tobe cial of ‘ou sources. We need to form an interpretation thats based on a judicious weighing up ofthe evidence and not be deceived bythe myth or mirage of Sparta cis lapis ro ake fulsome pease of Sparc ‘our of context orto be overly influenced by Spare own elareing propaganda, We may kao the famous saying of «Spartan woman ~"Come home victorious, o comie hone (esd) on your shied! — bur the person who has carefally considered al he evidence wil recognize that this is an ideal chat, while it was strived for, was not always attained. Every anny has is faces, cs cts and es ‘cowards as well sts heroes. Why should Sparta have been diffxen? ‘The Spartan military ideal in the pooms of Tyrtaios (One of the most imporean and useful sources chat we have for che Sparcan army isthe poetry of ‘Tyraios, who wrote in the middle of the 79 ceneury BC. He wots dating, o jus after the Second Messenian War and his works have only survived in fragments. Nonetheless, fom whac hes been reconstructed, we have a good pictue ofthe fighting methods ofthe Spartan army. We have a lear picture of the tactics ofthe hevilj-armed infty deavn up in eanks inthe phalanx Formation, ‘Tyreaioe’ poecry was mean co inspire soles and young men who would one day be in the stm. ‘Weicing inthe Tonic alec, the poet is very influenced bythe Mid, che heroic epic of Homer and he makes every Spartan a potential hero. Thee poem, apr: from the information on fighting acts and weapons that they contain, are valuable souces for the vale of Spartan society, We leaen not ‘only how Spartans were schooled to fight, bu also whae they were told they were fighting for. ‘Tyreaios’ poetry was handed down fo centuries and every Sparta knew c Boys karned this poetry 1 parcof their education inthe agge andi was sung onthe macch before bare, to inspire aggresion| snd patie, 2Further reading significant studies of the Sparten army may bs found In the following books: Pe Duccy Wize aint Gree New Yar, 1986, | fkaceby, The Soren Ary. Wariner, 1985. 1 Levan, Selden and Gls a His of ate x Clad, New Have, 200. Haan Wess, Grek Ware Meh ad Rest, London, 2008, ‘Tyriaios frogment 7 (7) ies a beaut thing when @ good man das fgtng for his fatherland, The worst palais _bandoning one's ty and fete lds, to go about begging, wandering wth dear mother, 3 leer, tbe chigren end wedded wife. The man on whom fas poverty and need is despised ‘iherevarhe goes. Followed by every slarace and ai, he shames his amily andhis own tne fern No-one takes cave af a wanderer nor ges hi honour nor respect. So, thereon, we must ight othe deh fr our end and ehidron, nt hinkng of lengthening our own fs © yeung ment Fig Stan fast by one anther, Never alr or ret Nake yousees strong at heat. Lave of one's om Ife sano acount when one is ghting | inboe, Dont lave the old men in he lure, those whose knees are not rime. They nes | you to fit ont of hem. Fortis a disgrace when an older man icut down nthe For, ead of te yours, i Hi hence whit, ia beard i gry, his body exposed, he cutches his Bloody grin in his hands i nd! nthe duet beans out his misty spit Aalght auch eo ths bringo anger and shar. ‘YoutYul man stays look g20d, 2 long 28 the Deauty en bleam. Inf men adie ther sd woman love them and ying in atte tey remian hansome yet. Ceriiniy nom isthe tine i for evary man, fost tape, o plant hime rly onthe ground, ting on hs! Interpreting the evidence i Read! ths poem above and respond to the following: 1, Wha ave formation is heing described by he poe? : 2. Whar indications do we have ofthe ages ofthe fights? 3. Where is each age group 1 be placed? Whar ae the “argument? used bythe poe to encourage the soldier co fighe well ‘Why do you shink the poet talks sore bout disgrace?Tyrtaios fragment 8 (8) “ake courage, sons of unconquered Herakls! Zous has net yet fumed his head eside (ornrau his favour. Fear no multude of ment oxi ake fight! Everyone, push your ‘hes strlght towards the enemy ront Ine, scorning your own fe andiving th lack demon of death Ike the beams of te sun, For you know how (he war god) Aces destoys with many tears and how harsh she nature of grievous war. Young men. you have takan pat in fghts and pursuits and have had your of bth, When man tend one net othe ther, not henglng book fm hano-hand fighting atthe fon, few man aro led, bt they eave the mon bind hem. When men un acy, vet Is ost No mn ould ol of lth el things tat ‘come to aman fhe sure such disgrace. Although pecing tho bac of feing man gives 10 saisfecton, the deed by stabbed ra behing, ing onthe Ground eel eorace, Now the tie for everyman fet se wall pert, fo stand fey planied onthe ground, bing ‘on his ip, Now the tine foreach to covers boy, ankle to neck. behind the hollow bal of is shold to jab onthe right wth stong spear andi shake ho teriyingcret above hs head Velen atone batior tach on to Fgh than hanging back out ofthe reach of pears, ‘come forward, engage the ena Ske wh S01 an ype an Kt hint Drawing n ose, {he man who olds a sword or spear shoud ght is way. toe to oe, shed to shel, cost to 8, neimeto hee, breastplate to breast, ‘You ah-armed solders can each of you, fr ashe to crouch by. Throw your spears and large stones, one fem one place, one from anche, caving neato the hea-armed ren? Interpreting the evidence Read the poem above and respond to the following: 14 List the two types of soldier mentioned inthe poem. Lise the weapons and armour mentioned by the poet. Describe how each typeof oldie fights in bate List the things thar are considered co be disgrace in bul low might this poe have been used to psychologically prepare men for bactle? Does this poem present che ideal or the ray of battle? Construct an argument in suppor of your interpresation and make coe refrence ro the words sed in the text