SIGN AND SYMPTOMS IN

NEUROLOGICAL DISEASES

Yustiani Dikot

Department of Neurology
Medical Faculty Padjadjaran University
Hasan Sadikin Hospital Bandung

Due to location
Hemisphere
Central Nerves System
Medulla
spinalis

Nucleus
Peripheral nerves system

Ganglion
Nerve root

Cerebral
Cerebellum
Brain section
Cervical
Thoracal
Lumbosacral

Paralytic / damage
Due to pathophysiology
Initative disturbance of transmision

Cardinal symptoms
General cerebral disorders
High intracranial pressure

Consciousness

Intoxication
Metabolic disorders
Focal cerebral disorders
Disturbances of ARAS /
brain stem

Cardinal symptoms

Meningeal irritation : - Infection

- Haemorrhage
- Radix irritation

Motor dysfunction : - central

Cerebral : hemiparese, hemiplegy

- Vascular
- Infection
- SOL
- Degenerative process
Medullar : segmental paralytic

- Upper motor / central

Hypertonic / spastic
Hyperreflexia
Pathological reflex

Cranial nerve
- Perifer
Segmental : - Myotomal
- Radiculopathy
- Neuropathy
- Lower motor :
Hypotonic / flacid
Hypo / areflexia

Sensoric dysfunction :
Exteroceptive
Pain
Temperature
Touch
Proprioceptive
Vibration
Deep pain
Position
Cerebral
Cortical
Thalamic
Medullar
Radicular
Organic

Autonomic :
Symphatic
Parasymphatic

Regulation of blood pressure,

respiration, micturation, bowel
habit, sweating

Equilibrium :
Central :
Cerebellum
Posterior medulla spinalis
Peripheral :
Vestibular

Higher Cortical Dysfunction :

Cognitive dysfunction
Neurobehaviour
Memory
Immediate
Recent
Long term memory
Language
Verbal
Non verbal
Dyslexia
Dysgraphia
Orientation
Time
Place
Person

 Praxis
Calculation
Insight
Executive function
Visuospatial
Emotion

Higher Cortical Dysfunction :

Degenerative Dementia
Vascular Stroke
SOL Intracranial tumor
Neurotransmitter Psychiatric disorder

Symptoms :
Memory problem
Executive dysfunction
Language dysfunction, aphasia
Disorientation
Disinhibition
Behaviour disturbances
Dispraxia