Hng dn s dng vray for sketchup

Xin ni trc mnh l ngi bin son t kinh nghim bn thn v t cc tut c t nhng
ngi dng sketchup. Ch khng phi l tc gi

Mc lc
1 gii thiu vray for sketchup
2 Vt liu trong vray
3 n trong vray
4 Ci t thng s vray
5 Thc hnh vi ni ngoi tht

1 gii thiu vray for sketchup

Trch vray for sketchup manual
Khi render 1 hnh nh vi bt k chng trnh render no, k c V-Ray for Sketchup, bn phi
hiu 3 yu t chnh s nh hng hnh nh: nh Sng, Cht Liu v B Cc. nh Sng
ng vai tr quan trng nht trong 3 nhn t trn. N s nh hng n mu, bng , s
phn quang, s khc x gia tng chi tit n l trong ton b quang cnh.
V-Ray for Sketchup l mt dng c render c trang b H Thng Chiu Sng Ton Cu
(Global Illumination GI), gip cho ngi s dng c th b tr nh sng cho ton b quang
cnh mt cch d dng. V vy h khng phi tn nhiu thi gian iu chnh v tr chiu
sng v sng ti.
Khi nim v GI kh n gin. Hy tng tng mt cn phng c ca s nhng li khng
lp mt bng n no. nh sng t nhin t bn ngoi ri vo phng qua khung ca s, v
vy cn phng s khng h ti tm mc d khng c ngn n no c thp ln trong .
Mt vi ngi cn gi y l h thng chiu sng li. Mc ch ca n l cho php ngi
s dng c cng nhiu nh sng t nhin cng tt m h khng phi tn qu nhiu thi gian
to ra n.
V-Ray for Sketchup cng h tr cc gi tr High Dynamic Range, hay cn gi l High Dynamic
Range Image (HDRI). ch 24bit, vi 1 hnh nh RGB 8bit mi knh (Low Dynamic Range
Image), mu trng sng nht m ta c th c c l R255, G255 v B255. Nhng n vn
cn ti hn nh sng mt tri c ngn ln. Vi 1 file HDR, ngi s dng c 1 thang iu

chnh sng ti rng hn. HDR l mt dng file hnh rt c bit. N thng bt u bng
cch chp nh 360 chuyn nghip, sau chuyn i qua dng hnh nh 96bit ton mn
hnh bng cch s dng phn mm HDR chuyn nghip. Li ch ca vic s dng HDR l bn
c th s dng hnh nh ton mn hnh ny khi bn render ngun sng. N cng c th c
s dng nh l background render.
V-Ray for Sketchup cn h tr cc file nh nh dng thng lm ngun sng cho GI.
Tuy nhin, vn c mt s hn ch khi s dng chng trnh nh dng hnh nh HDR din
t mi trng nh sng. Cng vi cc hnh nh nh dng thong thng m phng mi trng
nh sng , HDR thng ch c s dng vi mc ch h tr nh sng cho ton quang
cnh. iu c ngha l vic iu chnh ci t cho cc ngun sng chnh vn cn l mt
cng vic quan trng trong V-Ray for Sketchup. Chng ta s tho lun v cch s dng nh
sng, vt liu v bc cc trong phn sau.

2 Vt liu trong vray

Trong bng vt liu ca vray c 4 lp vt liu l :

Emissive : lp pht sng

Reflection : lp phn x
Diffuse: lp mu bn thn ( y l lp mc nh khi to thm 1 loi vt liu)
Refraction : lp khc x

2.1 Emissive lp pht sng

Lp pht sng thng c chn to n mu hoc l mn hnh tivi ... tng ng vi 2 loi
sng l sng theo mu v sng theo map (nh)

Color : mu hay l map (nh) ca vt liu s pht sng

+ khi ta chn vt liu pht sng theo mu th ta tch vo mu v chn mu. V trong m
ta chn none
+ khi ta chn vt liu pht sng theo map (nh) th ta chn trong m l bitmap v chn link
nh file. Khi chn pht sng bng map th nh sng pht ra ging nh 1 bc nh pht
sng vy

Trn l v d v pht sng bng mu v pht sng bng map

-

Transpency : trong sut ca lp pht sng

+ khi chn mu en th lp pht sng c hon ton v nu mu trng (255,255,255) th

trong sut hon ton
+ khi chn transpency l map th trong 1 bc nh mu en s hin cn mu trng s m
i

Intensity : cng sng hay sng ca lp emissive

2.2 Reflection lp khc x

to vt liu khc x, ta tch vo m v chn fresnel

IOR(Index of Refraction) l phn x ca lp reflection, ch s cng ln th vt th cng phn

chiu cao
Nu thay cho chn fresnel ta none th phn x s ph thuc vo mu ca Reflection

Highlight glossiness : nhn sng ca vt th. Gi tr t 0 n 1

Reflection glossiness : bng m ca vt th. Gi tr t 0 n 1
Cc thng s ny cng gim th render s cng chm. Khuyn nn vo khong t 0.7
n 1. Nu 2 thng s trn u bng 1 th vt liu phn x hu nh ton b (nh gng)

Cng so snh gia cc thng s thy s khc bit

B lc phn quang (Reflection Filter) : b lc c s dng thm mu vo s phn

chiu

Shader type

Anisotropy : tnh v hng ca gc phn x

Rotation : gc phn x

2.3 Diffuse lp bn thn

Chn mu vt liu bng cch tch vo mu bn ch color

Chn nh lm vt liu bng cch tch vo m v chn bitmap ( tng t nh chn map vt
liu pht sng)

Transparency: trong m ca vt liu. Trng tuyt i l trong sut v ta cng c th

chn nh en trng to vng trong c nh

2.4 Refraction lp khc x

BRDFRefraction color l trong sut ca lp khc x. Mu trng l trong hon

ton cn mu en l ko khc x

Glossiness c bn trong ca lp khc xa, ko lin quan n bng ca b

mt vt liu

IOR khc x ca vt liu. Ta c th tham kho bng ca tng loi vt liu

thng gp vi ch s IOR nh sau

Fog Color l mu bn trong vt liu khc x

Color multiplier l cng mu

Affect Shadows v Affect Alpha l hiu ng bng v hiu ng xuyn sng ca vt

liu. Thng th chng ta nn tch vo
Translucency Color : to m vt liu (ging vi sp). Phi tt double sided. IOR = 1,
diffuse transparency ko c hon ton trong v phi km hn refraction glossiness
Thickness c ca lp ny, cng ln th nh sng cng vo dc su hn
Scatter coeff kh nng chuyn hng v phn tn ca tia sng sau khi i su vo trong
vt th. 0 l t do phn tn vo 1 l ko phn tn
Fwd/bck coeff. iu chnh hng phn tn ca tia sau khi i qua b mt. 0 l hng phn
tn su thm, 0.5 l c hi hng phn tn theo hng bn ngoi, 1 tai c hng phn tn bn
ngoi i v hng b mt

2.5 Option ty chnh ( y l cc ty chnh mt nh ca vt liu, nu bn ko thc s hiu

chng th tt nht nn nguyn)

Double-Sided : Tnh cht 2 mt ca vt liu ( h tr vt liu m)

Trace reflections/ refrections: tnh ton phn x, khc x
Reflection on backside: tnh ton phn x cho c mt back
Cutoff gii hn tnh ton tnh cht ca vt liu i vi nh sng. Ko c 0, di ngng ny
vt liu ko dc tnh tip
Optimize exclusion: ch chnh vt th dc khc x v phn x bi vt liu

2.5 Option ty chnh

Bump nh map to b mt x x, cnh phng

Displacement nh map to b mt nhp nh, cnh li lm

Keep continuity

2.6 Hng dn to 1 s vt liu c bit

2.6.1 water nc

2.7.1 vray2side

2.7.1 blend

3 n trong vray
Trong vray c 4 loi n
-

Omni light : nh sng im

Rectang light : n hnh ch nht
Ies light : n Ies
Spot light : n spot

3.1 Omni light : nh sng im ( hay n hnh cu)

n omni l n hnh cu, nh sng ta ra khp mi hng, n b n trong hnh render

Intensity : cng sng
Decay : n c tnh thc, cng xa cng t sng. Trong mc ny c 3 la chn l cch tnh
ht sng theo khong cch
Units l n v sng
Photon subdivs : kim sot cht lng nh sng v bng
Caustic subdivs: kim sot cht lng t sng
Cutoff threshold: ch ra ngng gii hn tnh ton ca cng sng, tia sng nh hn
ch s ny s tt hn v ko dc tnh ton. Hiu chnh n s iu chnh dc vng gii hn chiu sng
ca n
Shadow bias: kim sot lch bng
Shadow radius: bn knh bng
Shadow subdivs: sc nt ca bng

3.2 Rectang light : n hnh ch nht

Double sided : chn chiu sng c 2 mt

Invisible: n n
No decay: n c tnh thc, cng xa cng t sng
Ignore light normals: khi tch th nh sng s ta u theo mi hng, khi tt th nh sng s sng
mnh hn theo hng chnh din ca mt
Light portal: khi bt th color v intensity s b l i, thay vo n s ly nh sng ca mi
trng pha sau n li

Store in irrad. Map: lu nh sng vo engine irradiance map

3.3 IES light

n ny c cc ch s nh n omni nhng c im ca n l ny l s dng cc file ies

to ra cc n nh bn thy bn di.

n spot dng lm n chiu trong cc phng ln, mnh ko ch ra n spot v ko c tnh ph bin

4 Ci t thng s vray

4.1 global switches ( thit b ton cu)

Reflection/refraction: tnh ton phn x v khc x

Max depth: gii hn s tnh ton reflection/ refraction

Transp cutoff : ngng tnh ton trong sut
Override material : p dng 1 mu chn cho tt c vt liu trong bi
Lights: cho php hoc ko cho php n ton cu. Nu ko tch n, vray s s dng n mt nh (
default lights )
Default lights : bt hoc tt n mc nh trong scene
Show GI only : khi ty chn ny c bt, nh sng trc tip s khng c bao
gm trong render. lu rng n vn s c xem xt tnh ton GI, tuy nhin cui cng ch
c nh sng gin tip s c hin th
Dont render image : khi ty chn ny trn, ch v-ray s tnh ton cc bn chiu sngton
cu c lin quan
Low thread priority: tn dng cu hnh my hay dnh cho cc ng dng khc khi render
Batch render : iu ny s lm cho qu trnh render nn tp trung,khng th tr li my ch ng
dng cho n khi lm xong
4.2 Images sampler : sc nt ca hnh nh tnh theo tng mu nh hnh nh dc tnh

Type : - fixed rate : mu ny lun lun ly 1 s mu cho mi fixed. n khng c kh nng s

dng cc mc bi s ca vic phn vng. V vy, Fixed Rate Sampler nhn chung kh chm, mc
d n to c mt kt qu c th d on c.
- Adaptive QMC : mu ny c mt s bin ca cc mu cho mi im nh ph thuc
vo s khc bit v cng ca cc im nh. Adaptive QMC Sampler l mt m hnh rt tt
v kt hp rt tt vi vic s dng QMC cho phn x chnh. Tng t nh QMC, daptive QMC
Sampler thch hp nht vi nhng cnh c nhiu chi tit nh. Mc d Adaptive QMC Sampler
khng phi lun lun l phng php nhanh nht tnh ton qu trnh lm gim lm chm

v rng ca ca ng cong v ng cho nhng c trng ca n l to ra cc kt qu c cht

lng.
- Adaptive Subdivisions :M Image Sampler trong phn Options. Mc nh ca V-Ray s
dng Adaptive Subdivisions nh mt phng php tnh ton qu trnh lm gim lm chm v
rng ca ca ng cong v ng cho. Gi tr Min Rate mc nh l -1, Max Rate mc nh l
2. Ging nh phn tho lun trc v Min v Max Rate, hy s dng cc gi tr thch hp to
mt render chnh xc. Vi v d ny, chnh Min rate l 0 s sa cha c nhng dng thng b
t khc. Kt qu nh hnh bn di.
+ Min Rate: s iu chnh mu ti thiu cho mi pixel. Gi tr 0 c ngha l 1 pixel c xem
nh 1 mu. Gi tr -1 ngha l 2 pixel c xem nh 1 mu. Gi tr -2 ngha l 4 pixel c xem
nh 1 mu Gi tr cng nh th c cng c t mu c ly t vt th, v vy cht lng
render ca bng , s phn quang v khc x khng c tt lm. Gi tr cng ln th kt
qu c cht lng cao hn nhng thi gian render lu hn.
+ Max Rate: iu chnh mu ti a cho mi pixel. Gi tr 0 ngha l 1 pixel s dng 1 mu. 1
ngha l 1 pixel s dng 4 mu. 2 ngha l 1 pixel s dng 8 mu Gi tr cng nh th tng
s mu c s dng tnh ton nh sng cng t. Gi tr cng ln th kt qu c cht lng
cao hn nhng thi gian render lu hn.

Antialiasing filter kh rng ca trong nh. Chng ta nn chn catmull rom

4.3 Caustics t quang

T quang l mt hin tng nh sng c to ra bi mt s vt liu, v d nh kim loi, knh,
cht lng nhng vt liu phn quang v khc x nh sng xung quanh vt th. Hin tng
ny xy ra khi nh sng xuyn qua vt liu c t li to nn cc hoa vn nh sng rc r.

- Max photons : y l s lng ti a ca cc photon s c xem xt khi v hiu ng t

quang trn b mt
Gi tr nh hn gy ra cc photon t c s dng v cc caustucs s c sc nt hn, nhng c
th s b noise.
Gi tr ln hn mt m,nhng t quang s b .
Gi tr c bit l 0 c ngha l v-ray s s dng tt c cc photonm n c th tm thy bn
trong khu vc tm kim
- Max density : tham s ny cho php bn gii hn phn gii ca bn t quang photon
- Multiplier : iu khin sc mnh ca t quang

4.4 Displacement : php di hnh

Displacement cho php bn to ra hoa vn ca mt b mt bng cch s dng hnh nh en

trng din t nhng cao khc nhau ca bn mt. Chc nng ny rt ging cch hot
ng ca mt li, nhng mi phng php thc hin theo mt cch thc ring. Bump map ch
n gin l thay i hnh dng ca b mt ty theo hnh nh c p ln n, m khng thay
i cu trc hnh hc ca b mt. V vy Bump map b gii hn v kh nng th hin nhng
b mt ny. Mt khc, Displacement to ra cc khi hnh hc c th din t c bng hnh
nh bng cch chia nh mt phn khi hnh hc cho v iu chnh chiu cao ca tng b
mt mt da trn hnh nh m n ang m t.
To Displacement
Vic s dng Displacement rt ging vi s dng bump map. Thc t, bn c th s dng
bump map hin ti nh l mt php di hnh. Trong mc Maps ca material options s c mt
chc nng dnh cho Displacement. Kch hot Displacement bng cch nh du co bn
tri. Tip theo, bm vo m to mt displacement map. Mc d cc hoa vn c s dng
cho displacement map trong hu ht cc trng hp, nhng ta vn c th thm mt
displacement map qua bn v th tc.
Khi hoa vn hoc bn v th tc c thm vo, bn vn cn phi ch thm mt iu khi
ang iu chnh hoa vn, l h s nhn (multiplier). H s nhn s xc nh kch thc cui
cng ca php di hnh v y s l tham chiu cho gi tr ca Amount trong phn
Displacement.
Cc tham s ca php di hnh
Trong V-Ray for Sketchup Options c mt mc th hin cc tham s ca php di hnh. Cc
tham s ny s iu khin tt c cc pho di hnh trong ton cnh. Hin ti ta cha ci t
thng s cho tng mc vt th v vt liu. V vy bn phi ch n nhng ci t ny khi
iu chnh tng pho di hnh ca vt liu.
Gi tr Amount c th ni l quan trng nht v n xc nh t l ca tt c displacement. Gi tr
Amount l s phn c chia nh ca vt th vi h s nhn hoa vn bng 1. iu ny c
ngha ta c th iu chnh hiu ng ca php di hnh bng gi tr Amount hoc bng h s

nhn hoa vn., nhng v gi tr Amount c tc dng ln ton php di hnh nn gi tr ny nn

l mt hng s, v h s nhn hoa vn s c s dng iu chnh php di hnh ca
tng vt liu mt.
Maximum Subdivisions (s chia nh ti a) v Edge Length (Chiu di bin) u nh hng
n cht lng v tc ca li di hnh. Maximum Subdivisions s iu khin s tam gic
c php chia nh ra t mt tam gic ca mt li ban u. Nhn chung, nn to mt mt
li nh v cht hn, v gim maximum subdivision hn l mt mt li tha hn vi gi tr
maximum subdivision ln hn. Ty thuc vo mt ca mt li render c to nn bi
SketchUp, gi tr max subdivisions khng nht thit c tc dng. Chiu di bin s xc nh
chiu di ti a ca tng tam gic. Gi tr ny mc nh c n v pixels, nhng nu
bn tt chc nng View Dependant th gi tr edge length s lm quy chiu cho cc phn c
chia nh ca vt th. Nhng gi tr nh hn s cho cht lng cao hn, trong khi cc gi tr
ln hn s lm cht lng gim i.
4.5 Environment lighting : nh sng mi trng
nh sng ng vai tr quan trng trong qu trnh render,bn ko c 1 kt qu render ng nu
thiu mt nh sng mi trng hp l

Ti s hng dn ngha cc thng s cn s dng th no ti s hng dn trong bi thc hnh

C 2 loi nh sng l nh sng skylight v nh sng GI. Skylight l nh sng mt tri cn
GI l nh sng ton cu (Hy tng tng mt cn phng c ca s nhng li khng lp mt
bng n no. nh sng t nhin t bn ngoi ri vo phng qua khung ca s, v vy cn phng
s khng h ti tm mc d khng c ngn n no c thp ln trong )
mc GI color nu ta m nh th nh sng ta chn s l nh sng GI, sng s tun
theo ch s ta chn mc bn

 chn nh sng skylight ta tch vo ch m v chn texsky

- turbidity : v bn cht, lm thay i lng bi trong khng kh. Cc gi tr gn cui

hoc nm trong phm vi s cho mt bu tri xanh trong nh bn thng thy ng qu.
Cc gi tr ln s lm cho bu tri hi ng vng hoc c mu cam nh bn thy thnh ph.
Hy xem Turbidity nh l mt cng c iu khin tnh trng sng m ca bu tri.

- Ozone : Ozone thay i mu ca mt tri t tng vng nht sang tng xanh dng. Bn c th
s dng n nh mt cng c iu chnh chnh xc v ngoi ca mt tri.

- Intensity : cng ca mt tri

Shadow bias: lch ca bng

Shadow subdivision : mn ca bng

BG color l nn background ca cnh ren, ta c th chn nn l mu hoc l bu tri sky theo

hnh trn

4.6 Camera

Ta c physical camera l loi camera vt l m phng nh my nh tht hay mt ca

ngi
C 3 loi camera. u tin l Still Camera (Camera Tnh), tip theo l Cinematic Camera
Camera in nh) v Video Camera (Camera Thu Hnh). Hai loi camera sau ghi li cc hnh

nh ng. Chng ta ch cp n Still Camera v hai loi cn li c dng dng phim t

cc cnh c sn. Still Camera vn c th s dng vi hnh nh ng, v cho kt qu rt tt.
S l sng (Exposure)
Trong i thc, s l sng l tc ng ca nh sng ln phim hoc b phn cm bin. C 3
yu t quyt nh s tc ng cui cng ca nh sng. Yu t u tin l tc ISO. Tc
ISO da trn nhy cm ca phim hoc b phn cm bin. Tc ISO ln tng ng vi
nhy cm cao vi nh sng. Yu t th hai l m ng knh. l kch thc ca
khong m ra ca ng knh cho php nh sng xuyn qua v i n phim hoc b phn cm
bin. Gi tr ny c k hiu l F-stop. S cng nh th m ng knh cng ln, v do c
nhiu nh sng hn. Yu t cui cng l Shutter Speed (Tc Mn Chp). Tc mn
chp l lng thi gian m nh sng c php tc ng n b phn cm bin. khong thi
gian cng ln s cho nhiu nh sng vo hn, lm cho hnh nh sng hn.
S dng Aperture
Khi s dng aperture iu chnh s l sng, hy nh rng c m mi lin h nghch o
gia gi tr v kt qu, c ngha l gi tr nh s lm tng sng ca khung cnh, v ngc
li. Nu bn bt chc nng Depth of Field, gi tr Aperture s xc nh su cho khung cnh
ca bn. Gi tr nh s to ra t chiu su hn, vt th s phi t gn tiu c ca camera hn
c th thy c r nt. Gi tr ln hn s to mt chiu su ln hn, cho php vt th vn
r nt k c khi chng rt xa tiu c. Nu bn ang c gng c c mt chiu su
khung cnh ring bit, bn nn iu chnh s l sng thng qua Shutter Speed hoc ISO.

S dng Shutter Speed

Shutter Speed cng l mt cch tt iu chnh s l sng ca hnh nh. Gi tr thc ca
thng s ny l 1/x, c ngha l nu cho gi tr 4 th tc mn chp thc t l giy. V vy
gi tr cng ln th tc mn chp cng nhanh, hnh nh ngy cng ti hn. Nu bn ang
lm vic vi nh ng nh vt th ng, camera ng, hoc c 2, v Motion Blur ( m do
chuyn ng) ang c kch hot (enable) th tc mn chp s c tc ng trc tip ln
m do chuyn ng. Tc mn chp cng chm s dn n motion blur ln h, v
ngc li. m cng c xc nh bi tc ca vt th. Nu bn mun c mt m do
chuyn ng chc chn, bn nn th nhiu tc mn chp khc nhau cho n khi c mt
m mong mun, sau mi iu chnh s l sng bng aperture hoc ISO.

S dng ISO
Gi tr ISO c bit hu dng phi sng mt khung cnh. Gi tr ISO khng c bt k tc
ng bn hoc sn phm ph no nh Aperture v Shutter Speed. ISO cho php bn thay i
cc thng s khc cho ph hp vi yu cu ca khung cnh v n c th ng vai tr nh mt
yu t quyt nh trong s phi nh cui cng ca hnh nh. S rt hiu qu nu bn s dng
c Depth of Field v Motion Blur phi nh. Gi tr ISO cng c mt mi lin h tuyn tnh
m Aperture v Shutter Speed khng c. Vi ISO, s cng ln th hnh s cng sng.

iu chnh cn bng trng ( white balance )

Chc nng cn bng trng cho php bn b p mu sc ca nh sng bng cch xc nh
xem V-Ray xem mu no l mu trng. N c th rt hu dng trong vic i trng mu sc
ca mt tri trong V-Ray, xc nh s kt hp mu sc chnh xc nh gi cng vic
render trong mt bc nh, hoc chnh sa n gin tng mu ca mt hnh nh. Cc mu
c trng oc s dng iuc hnh cn bng trng ca mt hnh nh thng nht hn v
cha bo ha.

4.7 Indirect Illumination : Chiu sng gin tip

phn trn l ngun nh sng trc tip t 1 ngun sng, cn sau y chng ta s xt cch
tnh ton nh sng gin tip sau khi nh sng trc tip i n b mt v phn x to nn cc tia
sng khc
tnh ton nh sng gin tep tring V-Ray, mt cng c render phi xc nh chnh xc
c tnh c nhng cc kt qu tnh ton ny. Mi dng c c mt phng php tnh ton
ring, c u im v nhc im ring.
V-Ray s dng hai cng c render tnh ton kt qu render cui cng. M bng iu khin
chiu sng gin tip (Indirect Illumination) trong phn Options. Ta c hai la chn l Primary
Engine (cng c chnh) v Secondary Engine (cng c th cp).
C bn la chn cho Primary Engine: Bn Bc X (Irradiance Map), Bn Photon/ Bn
Lng T nh Sng (Photon Map), Gn Nh Monte-Carlo (Quasi Monte-Carlo) v Lu
Tr nh Sng (Light Cache). Mc nh chn Irradiance Map.
C ba la chn cho Secondary Engine: Photon Map, Quasi Monte-Carlo v Light Cache. Mc
nh chn Quasi Monte-Carlo, hoc bn c th chn None khng s dng cng c ny.
Khi thay i qua li gia cc cng c khc nhau, cc bng iu khin cng s thay i ty
theo cng c c n nh.

Phn loi s phn x nh sng

nh sng trc tip y l nh sng c tnh ton trc tip t ngun sng. Nu GI cha
c kch hot hoc cha c cng c no c chn th hnh nh render s ch l kt qu
ca cc s phn x chnh. Khng cn thit phi nh r mt cng c cho nhng php tnh ton
ny v chng c thc hin thng qua s chiu sng theo tia tiu chun. nh sng mi
trng khng c xem nh mt dng nh sng trc tip.
Phn x chnh y l nh sng phn x u tin sau khi nh sng trc tip chm n b
mt. Cc phn x ny thng c tc dng ln nht trong khung cnh di dng nh sng
gin tip v nhng phn x ny gi li c phn trc tip ca nng lng nh sng. nh
sng mi trng c tnh tonh nh mt phn x chnh.
Phn x th cp y l tt c nh sng phn x khp khung cnh sau phn x chnh. V nh
sng phn x khp khung cnh nn cng ca n v tc ng ca n ln s chiu sng
cui cng tr nn ngy cng yu dn. Do phn x th cp c th c tnh ton ch cn
thng qua mt phng php. i vi cc cnh bn ngoi, nhng phn x ny khng c tc
ng quan trng n kt qu cui cng, tuy nhin i vi cnh bn trong th nhng phn x
ny li quan trng nh nhng phn x chnh.
Cn nm r cc phn loi ny khi nh gi cht lng ca hnh nh v iu chnh cc ci t
t kt qu nhanh hn v hon ho hn.
Cng c chnh: Bn Bc X (Irradiance Map)
IIrradiance Map ch c th c s dng cho phn x chnh. M file Chairs-Irradiance-Map01.skp v m bng iu khin Irradiance Map trong phn Options. C mt chc nng rt quan
trng lin quan n cht lng hnh nh, l Min Rate (T l ti thiu) v Max Rate (T l ti
a).
Mc nh ca Min Rate v Max Rate ln lt l -3 v 0. Trong file ny th chng l -8 v -7.
Render n v bn s c hnh nh bn di. Hy nh rng tc tnh ton l rt nhanh,
nhng cht lng bng v s chiu sng li thp. Hnh nh thng b ct v khng sc
nt.
Min Rate: s iu chnh mu ti thiu cho mi pixel. Gi tr 0 c ngha l 1 pixel c xem nh
1 mu. Gi tr -1 ngha l 2 pixel c xem nh 1 mu. Gi tr -2 ngha l 4 pixel c xem
nh 1 mu Gi tr cng nh th c cng c t mu c ly t vt th, v vy cht lng
render ca bng , s phn quang v khc x khng c tt lm. Gi tr cng ln th kt
qu c cht lng cao hn nhng thi gian render lu hn.
Max Rate: iu chnh mu ti a cho mi pixel. Gi tr 0 ngha l 1 pixel s dng 1 mu. 1
ngha l 1 pixel s dng 4 mu. 2 ngha l 1 pixel s dng 8 mu Gi tr cng nh th tng
s mu c s dng tnh ton nh sng cng t. Gi tr cng ln th kt qu c cht lng
cao hn nhng thi gian render lu hn.

Khi lm vic vi nhng hnh nh phc tp, ngoi vic iu chnh Min v Max Rate, ta cn phi
lm nhiu th khc na. S chia nh (Subdivisions) l phng php tip theo ca vic iu
chnh cht lng vi Irradiance Map. Cng chia nh th cht lng cng cao. Nu chia nh
nhiu th ta cn phi thm nhiu mu. Trong hai v d di y, c hai hnh u c tnh
ton vi cng mt gi tr Min/Max Rate, Subdivisions c tng t 50 ln 100, v mu c
tng t 20 ln 40. Nhn s sp xp cc im bc x (nhng im trng nh) bn s thy hnh
th hai trng mn hn.
Cng c chnh: Quasi Monte-Carlo
Quasi Monte-Carlo l phng php chnh xc nht tnh ton nh sng trong VRay.
N hu dng nht i vi cc cnh c nhiu chi tit nh. Nhc im ca phng php ny l
thi gian render b ko di ra ng k. S tnh ton ny khng c chia lm cc chng v vic
ny c lm ng thi vi vic hnh nh c render.
QMC thng thng cho kt qu hi ct. Mt trong nhng cch bn c th ci thin iu ny
l s dng mt hnh nh khc lm mu. M mc Image Sampler trong Render Options v i
Sampler t Adaptive Subdivision thnh Adaptive QMC. Mc d Adaptive Subdivision cho kt
qu nhanh hn v c th on trc c nhng Adaptive QMC c tc dng rt tt khi ta s
dng QMC cho phn x chnh. By gi thay Max Subdivisions vi mt gi tr ln hn nh 50.
N s gip gim ct trong hnh nh.
Cng c th cp (Secondary Engine): Light Cache (Lu Tr nh Sng)
Light Cache c s dng cho Cng c th cp (Secondary Engine) tnh ton s phn b
nh sng trong cnh vt. N tnh ton rt ging vi Photon Mapping. Vi Photon Mapping,
vic tnh ton bt u t ngun sng v thu thp nng lng nh sng dc ng. Cn Light
Cache th bt u t camera. Mt vi thun li ca vic s dng Light Cache l khng cn
iu chnh qu nhiu ci t v thi gian render cng kh nhanh.
Hnh bn tri c render kt hp gia Irradiance Map v QMC. Hnh bn phi c render
kt hp gia Irradiance Map v Light Cache. Hnh bn phi hi sng hn mt t. l v Light
Cache tnh ton v s cc phn x th cp cn QMC ch tnh mt s lng phn x nh
trc. Mc d mi phn x khi ng ring l th khng c nh hng ln lm nhng khi thm
cc tc ng vo chng s lm tng sng ca hnh nh.
S chia nh (Subdivs) l yu t quan trng nht ca Light Cache. Subdivs c s dng
quyt nh xem c bao nhiu nh sng c s dng t camera tnh ton s
phn b nh sng. S lng thc ca cc tia sng l bnh phng gi tr ca Subdiivs. Ly
v d gi tr mc nh ca Subdivs l 1,000 th s lng thc ca tia sng s l 1,000,000.
Lu rng Light Cache khong thch hp s dng cho phn x chnh v n khng cho kt
qu mn hoc chi tit r rng. N ch c s dng cho phn x chnh khi dng minh ha
s khc bit do cc kch thc mu khc nhau mang li.
Thang o trong Light Cache
xc nh kch thc cho mi mu, Light Cache s dng mt thang o ring. Ci t mc
nh ca thang o ny l Screen, c ngha l mi mu s l mt t l nh ca hnh nh. Gi tr
mc nh l 0.02 (hoc 2%), c ngha l kch thc ca mi mu xp x 2% ca ton hnh nh.
Ta cng c th s dng mnh (scene units) xc nh kch thc cho mu. Mun vy ta
phi thay thang o thnh World, v kch thc mu s bng cc mnh (scene units). Thun
li ca vic s dng screen units thay v world units l vi screen units, nhiu mu hn s
c thm vo cc vt th nm cn cnh. Vi world units, nhiu mu s c thm vo cc
vt th xa, cn cc vt th gn camera hn s c t mu hn. Do bn nn thang o
mc nh l screen.

4.7 DMC sampler : kh ht trong scene

- Adaptive amount : kim sot mc m s lng mu ph thuc vo tm quan trng ca gi

tr m. n cng kim sot s lng ti thiu ca cc muny s c thc hin
- noise threshold : ngng x l
- min samples : xc nh s lng ti thiu ca mu phi c thc hin trc khi cc thut
ton chm dt sm c s dng. gi tr cao hn slm chm vic xung nhng s lm
cho cc thut ton chm dtsm ng tin cy hn
- subdivs mult : iu ny s tng subdivs tt c cc gi tr khp mi ni trong thi
gian thc. bn c th s dng nhanh chng tng / gim cht lng ly mu khp mi ni

4.8 Color mapping : nh x mu sc

Chc nng ca nh x mu sc
Color Mapping c s dng iu chnh s th hin mu sc thc t trn mt hnh nh
cho sn. Khi V-Ray xc nh mt gi tr mu sc cho mt pixel cho sn th gi tr ny sau s
c th hin da trn loi nh x c s dng. Vic ny rt hu ch ti thiu ha s
lng hnh nh khng th hin th trn mn hnh.
nh X Mu Sc (Color Mapping)
Cc loi nh x mu sc
M Color Mapping trong mc Options, mc nh ca V-Ray trong mc Type l Linear Multiply.
Linear Multiply hiu n gin l mu sc khng thay i t gi tr pht sinh n gi tr th
hin.
Hm s m (Exponential) s dng cng mu sc iu khin sng v ngn nga
tnh trng bc mu, nhng mu HSV Exponential v Exponential ca vt th rt ging nhau.
Tng v cng ca mu sc s c gi nguyn, nh hnh bn tri di.

Intensity Exponential c th gi nguyn t l RGB v ch nh hng n cng mu sc,

nh hnh bn phi di.

5 Thc hnh render ni ngoi tht 1 ngi nh