Mr.

Bayer
AP European History

LATE IN THE WAR

Yalta (Feb 1945)
Eastern Europe

Reality of military situation

Desire of US and GB self-determination
Desire of USSR creation of buffer against possible future

aggression
Approval of Declaration on Liberated Europe
Freely elected but pro-soviet govt. in Eastern Europe

Seeking of Soviet help against Japan

Creation of United Nations
Treatment of Germany to be disarmed and de-

Nazified

*Red Army already had Poland, Bulgaria, Romania, Hungary,

and parts of Czechoslovakia and Yugoslavia

 During WWII - - 3 allies against the common enemy but

with the end of the war came the return of mistrusts:

Outside intervention in the Russian Civil War

No Soviet participation in Versailles peace talks or League of

Nations
Fear of spread of international communism
Failure of the West to aid in the Spanish Civil War
Soviets not a part of the Munich Conference appeasement
was only to direct German aggression to the east
Nazi-Soviet Pact, Annexation of Poland
Russo Finish War lowered Western regard for the Soviets
Stalin wanted a strong 2nd front yesterday not impressed
with Italian and North African Campagins
D-Day invasion satisfied Stalin, but only after many
Russian casualties

 Growing Soviet distrust and suspicions

U.S. termination of Lend-Lease aid before WWII ended
U.S. failure to respond to Soviet request for $6 billion

reconstruction loan b/c of refusal to hold free elections

in Eastern Europe
Soviets view was that the West wanted to keep the USSR
weak

 As Russian troops

entered Berlin in 1945

Hitler, his mistress, and
his top aides committed
suicide.
German Generals
quickly surrendered.
May8, 1945. VE Day.

Growing US distrust and

suspicions
US feared losing all of Eastern
Europe
Failure of USSR to uphold
promise of free elections
Romania - Soviet coup led

to pro communist govt

under Petra Groza called
Little Stalin
Poland arrested the pro
Western London Poles
and put the pro-Soviet
Lublin Poles in power

Potsdam (July 1945)

New president (Harry S.

The New Big Three: Attlee, Truman, & Stalin

Truman) and new prime minister

(Clement Attlee)
Agreement to punish Nazi war
criminals
Arrival of word of atomic bomb
and Americas demand for free
elections
Stalins refusal for free elections
Germany 4 zones
Only war would remove USSR
(Patton)

 Descent of iron curtain

Conflict of ideologies
US feared worldwide communist revolution
USSR feared economic imperialism

Threat of nuclear war

Churchills speech (March 1946)

Cold War - A state of political tension and

military rivalry between nations that
stops short of full-scale war, especially
that which existed between the United
States and Soviet Union following World
War II until 1991.

 Argument that Allied victory saved the best of

Western civilization from the worst of Western

civilizationBUT
Discredit appeasement balance between giving in to

dictators and drifting toward all-out war?

Discredit totalitarian fascism but justified totalitarian
communism
Defeat of authoritarianism, cult of personality,
militarism, uncritical nationalism in the West but
werent these were a means to victory in the East?

 Two different approaches by two Georges to oppose

Communist Russia:
General George Patton allies to attack Soviets as they

converged on Berlin
George C. Marshall assistance to war torn countries as
a bulwark against communism
Sets up a sequel to WWII: Cold War
Two Camps: Capitalist/democratic & Communist
Waged via propaganda, diplomacy, intelligence

gathering, materials, bullets

 Devastation to cities, industrial capacity, farmland,

infrastructure, economies, currencies (Europe, China,

Japan)
30-50 M refugees (Displaced Persons)
Former prisoners, concentration camp victims, Axis soldiers
Germans expelled from East Prussia, Sudatenland
Jewish refugees to Palestine/America
Breakdown of local governments w/ breakdown of

defeated regimes
Eastern Europe? Agreed to Declaration on Liberated

Europe (self determination & free elections)

Germany? 4 zones
Nazi war Crimes: Nuremberg

 Unprecedented: leaders of a sovereign nation put on trial for actions

by international community
BUT justified b/c of heinous, blatant, widespread nature
October 1945 22 top Nazis put on trial for crimes against humanity
(deliberate instigation of wars, genocide, murder, enslavement and
mistreatment of political opponents, religious groups, prisoners of
war, inhabitants of occupied countries)
Hitler, Heidrich, Geobbels, Himmler Dead
Albert Speer Ordnung ist Ordnung
Most defendants sentenced to hang

Net results of trials:

5,000 convicted (800 death 500 carried out)
Thousands of Nazis to Latin/South America/US
Useful: military training, administrative competence, opposed communism

Genocide Convention of 1948 international crime

Western zones anti-Nazi propaganda campaign
Luxembourg Agreement 1952 West German Government aid to

Israel and reparations/restitution to Holocaust victims

 Soviets are seeking encourage/support violent overthrow of

democratic/capitalist regimes
Designs on the European continent
Idea that Red Army could invade tempered by US sole

possession of the atomic bomb until 1949

International nature of communism evidence in 1949

China
Marshall Plan 1947 - $13 B to Western Europe
a symbol of generosity
Political/economic strategy:
Open revitalized European markets to US goods
Propped up economies on the brink less susceptible to communist
revolution/conquest

 Marshall Plan of 1947

Capitalist imperialism
A plot to make Western Europe an economically dependent

colony of the US (by 1980 US 80% of worlds trade, 50% of

the worlds production capacity!!!)

Stalin initially supported coalition governments in Eastern

Europe but cracked down in 1947-1948

Czechoslovakia (authorized coup in 1948)

Hungary & Poland expressed interest in Marshall Plan funds

World domination not a primary goal but to have a buffer

of friendly powers against the West

The Cold War as a defensive posturing against US
aggression
COMECON (Council for Mutual Economic Assistance) a
response (production specialization by Soviet Satelites)

 Greece 1947 US/Britain support authoritarian Greek

monarchy against popular communist uprising supported

by the Soviets --- Truman

Doctrine

Conflict in Greece
and Turkey leads to
Truman Doctrine
pledges to provide
US economic and
military assistance
to any nation
threatened by
communism.

 George Kennan and containment

Development of Internal Cold War fighting agencies in the NSC, CIA (US)

KGB (USSR)
Soviets dismantle and remove factories (E. Germany) but

 Germany 1947-1949
May 1947 US, British, later French zones fused into an

economic union Bizonia w/ common currency

US pushed for a West Germany firmly allied to US
instead of non-aligned united Germany
Divided Germany not seen as permanent

June 1947 Marshall Plan (aka European Recovery

Program)

Marshall Plan provided

massive amounts of
aid to rebuild
Europe from WWII.
*Soviet view

 Marshall Plan 1947-1957 creation of a Western

European market
Ambitions social welfare programs after 1945 social
market economic order combined capitalist market
mechanisms with commitment to social welfare
France nationalization measures capitalist planned

economy
Britain Labour govt modern welfare state
established w/in five years

 Berlin (1948-9)
March 1948 talks in

London about the

formation of a West
German state *boycotted by
Soviets*
June 1948 West Germanys
formation is announced (w/
new currency)
Soviet seizure of German
factories
Re-establishment of
German Communist Party
in Soviet zone
Economic merging of
western German zones and
Berlin Blockade

Berlin Air Lift

Soviets close off access to West Berlin
Berlin Airlift 8,000 tons of provisions in 324 days
Dilemma of Western powers
Soviet desire to avoid war & lifting of blockade

 Formalization of

the division of
Germany

West - Federal Republic of

Germany May 1949
East - German Democratic
Republic October 1949

 Military alliances form

1949 NATO is formed (CENTO, SEATO)
1949 Soviets develop the Atomic Bomb
1955 Warsaw Pact is formed in response to NATOs decision to rearm

West Germany

Early 1950s both sides have hydrogen bombs / air forces

British/French nuclear arsenals in 1950s
China 1960s
ICBMs in late 1950s
Use of one nuclear weapon massive retaliation
Mutually Assured Destruction (MAD)
Build up of weapons neither side could use
Trend toward fighting by proxy converting the third world to eachs

way of life
1960s Kennedy/Khrushchev ban on testing nuclear weapons nonproliferation treaties

Soviet Union detonates its first atomic bomb, 1949

Soviet forces occupied all of Eastern

Europe
Pro-Soviet Governments all over
Eastern Europe Bulgaria, Romania
in 1945, Poland in January 1947,
Hungary in Summer of 1947, Soviet
supported a coup in Czechoslovakia
in February 1948

China
Nationalists led by Chiang Kai
Shek
Supported by US.

Communists led by Mao Tse Tung

China Civil War from 1927 1937 and 1946 - 1949

1949 Communists led

by Mao Zedong
came to power in
China, the
Nationalists led by
Chiang Kai-shek fled
to Taiwan. The
United States
supports Taiwan.

Winner:

 Chiang Kai-shek (1887-1975)

Mao Zedong (1893-1976)
Victory in 1948

Chiang Kai-shek goes to the Island of Taiwan

Collectivization of all farmland and most industry

and commerce nationalized, 1955

Great Leap Forward, 1958
Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution, 1966-1976
Red Guards

 1950-1953 Korean

War: North Korea

invades South Korea.
US and the United
Nations come to the
aid of South Korea
while Communist
China comes to the
aid of North Korea.

1954 The French leave

Vietnam and the
Geneva Accords
divide the country
into North and
South.

 1955 US announces

the policy of Massive

Retaliation. It
threatens full scale
nuclear attack on the
Soviet Union in
response to
communist aggression
anywhere in the

world.

 In 1945 Soviet Union occupied all of the Balkans

Communist governments were under the control of the

Soviet Union
Albania and Yugoslavia were the exceptions
Albania had a Stalinist type regime, but became more and more

independent
Josip Broz, Tito, control Yugoslavia
Eastern European countries

followed the Soviet pattern

Five year plans
Farm collectivization

 The Soviet Union: From Stalin to Khrushchev

Stalins method for the recovery of the Soviet Union
By 1947 The Soviet Union had attained pre-war levels
Very few consumer goods produced
Stalin continued his iron rule until his death in 1953 new
round of purges planned just before Stalins death

Nikita Khrushchev (1894-1971)

Execution of the head of secret police (Lavrenti Beria)
Ends the forced labor camps
Condemns Stalinist programs
Stalin: cult of personality acknowledgement of crimes of the
Stalin era
There seems to be a loosening of restraint
Encourages rebellion in satellite nations
Agricultural setbacks
Industrial decline
Ouster in 1964

 1953 Soviet troops

sent to East
Germany to stop
protests in the
streets

 Khrushchevs Rule
Khrushchev interferes less with the satellite countries
Rebellion in Poland
Wladyslaw Gomulka , 1956, elected first secretary
Poland follows its own socialist plan

 This time dissent was directed at communism as well

Dissatisfaction and economic problems creates tense situation
Imry Nagy (1896-1958) declares Hungary free, November 1, 1956

freed political prisoners attempted to liberalize economy and

political system
Promises free elections
Withdraws Hungary from Warsaw Pact declares neutrality

 Soviet Union attacks Budapest, November

100,000 dead, 200,000 displaced

Janos Kadar (1912-1989) replaced Nagy

 -reformer Alexander
Dubcek pledges
democratic reforms
socialism with a
human face
-Soviets send in
650,000 troops to stop
the popular
democratic reforms
-U.S. refused to help
because they feared a
war with the USSR

1957 Soviets
launched first
ICBM and first
satellite called
Sputnik.

 US launches first

ICBM and forms

NASA in 1958.

 1954-1963

Eisenhower,
Kennedy, and
Johnson send
military advisors
to South Vietnam
to stop a
communist
rebellion.

1960 U-2 spy

plane pilot
Francis Gary
Powers is shot
down over the
USSR.

 Nikita Khrushchev (1894-1971), leader of Soviet Union

Berlin was like the testicles of the West: every time I want
to make the West scream, I squeeze on Berlin
Berlin Crisis poverty stricken East Germans fleeing to West
Berlin
1958 threaten to shut down access routes to West Berlin
President John F. Kennedy (1917-1963)
1961 Summit meeting in Vienna: Khrushchev threatens to shut
the access routes again, but backs down

1961 Berlin
Wall was built
by East
Germany and
the USSR
leader
Khrushchev.

1959 Fidel Castro

overthrows Batista and

comes to power in
Cuba.

1961 Bay of

Pigs invasion
fails.

 Fidel Castro Overthrows

Fulgencio Batista, 1959

Established a communist regime

Failed Bay of Pigs invasion, 1961

Discovery by US of missile bases being built
President John F. Kennedy orders a blockade of Cuba
Khrushchev agrees to turn back ships carrying missiles in

return for Kennedys promise not to invade Cuba, and

removal of missiles from Turkey

Atomic bombs in 1945 were 20 kilotons which

equals 20,000 tons of TNT.

Some nuclear weapons today are 20

megatons which is equal to 20,000,000 tons
of TNT. This is 1,000 times more powerful
than 1945.

How far is Batavia from downtown Chicago?

What would happen if a 20 megaton blast hit
downtown Chicago?

In less than one millionth of a second

the temperature rises to 150,000,000
degrees, which is 4 times the
temperature of the sun.
A roar follows but no
one is alive to hear it.

Chicago has disappeared. The crater is 600

feet deep, 1 miles in diameter. Within a 5
mile radius, skyscrapers, apartment
buildings, roads, bridges, trains, subways,
planes, hospitals, ambulances, automobiles,
gas mains, trees, animals, and people have
vanished. For inner city people it was
instant, painless death, occurring before the
firestorm or the shock wave began to move
out.

The fireball is brighter than 5 thousand suns.

The firestorm roars out in all directions,
absorbing all available oxygen. Thereby
suffocating or incinerating all the living in
its path. Before it burns out it will devastate
1.4 million acres and most of the people on
them.

The firestorm is followed by the shock wave

which travels close to the speed of sound.
Then the mushroom cloud which reaches
20 miles in height and will begin the lethal
radioactive fallout.

If the prevailing wind is from the west, 50%

of the residents of Kalamazoo, Mi., 100
miles away, will be dead in 15 hours. All of
the residents will be dead in 24 hours.
Detroit is 230 miles away. 50% of the
Detroit residents will die within 3 weeks.
Within one year all of the residents will be
dead.

Estimates from a 20 megaton blast in

Chicago:
1. All property within 4 miles of the burst
will be reduced to rubble.
2. Immediate death to all people within 10
miles.
3. Life expectancy for those 10-20 miles away
will be less than 4 minutes.

4. A 10% survival rate for those 20-30 miles

away.
5. Within 150 miles of Chicago, all will
eventually die of radiation.
6. Within 300 miles, 90% will eventually die
from radiation.

How many 20 megaton blasts would you

need to destroy the US?
How many nuclear weapons do you
think the US and Soviet Union
possessed?

Number of nuclear weapons

1991 US had 2,250 missiles and 12,720
warheads. USSR had 2,250 missiles and
10,780 warheads.

Assured aD
Mutually

M.A.D.?
-Mutual Assured Destruction
-Neither country would start a full scale
nuclear war since the other country would
return with their own nuclear attack. As a
result, both countries would be obliterated.

THE THIRD WORLD AS A BATTLE GROUND FOR THE

COLD WAR, BUT
Unable to stand in the way of independence movements
Enlisted help from colonial people in the War w/ promises
of liberation
Western education of colonial leaders: freedom, equality,
human rights, national self-determination
Communism/nationalization of resources also attractive
Examples:
1947 GB withdraws from India
1960s most British colonies had achieved independence but

remained part of the Commonwealth of UK

French/Dutch tried to hold onto their colonies led to
bloody insurrections in Vietnam, Algiers, Indonesia, New
Guinea in late 1940s, 1950s, 1960s

Decolonization (cont.)
Violence in third world inspired by:
Resentment of colonial power
Old tribal loyalties resurfacing
Conflict between democrats/communists

Examples:
US/Australia take over for French in Vietnam, Laos, Cambodia

American policy guided by containment:

Oppose revolution, nationalist movements, democracy

(socialism/communism)
1950s-1960s US backs ruthless murderous dictators if noncommunist
CIA/KGB proxy fights in South America, Middle East, Africa
End of British Empire failure to retake Suez Canal from

Egypt in 1956-1957

 Africa: The Struggle for Independence

Kwame Nkrumah; Convention Peoples Party
Jomo Kenyatta; Kenya African National Union
French in North Africa
Granted full independence to Morocco and Tunisia in 1956
Guerrilla war in Algeria

 South Africa
African National Congress
Apartheid
Nelson Mandela
Ghana was the first to gain independence, 1957
Portuguese gave up Angola and Mozambique, 1975

 Thousands of Jews flee Europe in the hope of starting

a Jewish state.

Emergence of new independent states

Arab League, 1945
Zionists wanted Palestine for a homeland
After World War II sympathy grew for the Jews
President Truman approves the idea of an independent Jewish
state within Palestine
Israel proclaimed a state, May 14, 1948

 The United Nations

proposes a plan to divide

Palestine into Muslim and
Jewish states.
The Jews are thrilled with
the plan but the Muslims
reject it.

 Arabs attack!
Israel defeated the

Palestinians,
Egypt,
TransJordan, Iraq,
Syria, and Lebanon
Israel gains large
amounts of land.

 Palestitians aspirations for a state - denied

PLO led by Yasser Arafat turns to terrorism

using assassinations, bombings, and

hijackings.

 Israel defeated Syria,

Iraq, Jordan, and Egypt

in a preemptive war.

Egypt and Syria invade

Israel but lose in a 20
day war.

 Price of a gallon

of gas went
from 30 cents to
one dollar.
Barrel of oil
goes from 3 to
12 dollars.

 Decolonization in

the Middle East

 US grant Philippines independence, 1946

British grant independence to Ceylon (Sri Lanka) and Burma

(Myanmar)

 British colony of India: Muslims and Hindus

Divided between Hindu India and Muslim Pakistan

 Amritsar Massacre 1919

Mahatma Gandhi
non-violent resistance/protest

India
Divided between Hindu India and Muslim Pakistan

Assassination of Mahatma Gandhi, January 30, 1948

 Pakistan vs India
Wars 1947, 1965, 1971, 1999
Countless skirmishes

 Central Treaty Organization (CENTO) was adopted in

1955 by Iran, Iraq, Pakistan, Turkey, and the United Kingdom

(later US). It was dissolved in 1979.
Modeled after the North Atlantic Treaty Organization

(NATO), CENTO committed to mutual cooperation and

protection. Its goal was to contain the USSR by having a line
of strong states along the USSR's southwestern frontier to
prevent Soviet expansion into the Middle East

 SEATO signed 1954 as part of the American Truman Doctrine

of creating defense treaties to contain communist power.

A mid-1950s combination of anti-communist nations France,
the UK, the US, Australia, Thailand, the Philippines, and
New Zealand.

2003 Wadsworth, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Thomson Learning is a trademark used herein under license.

 Europe recovered rapidly from World War II

Marshall Plan money was important to the recovery

 France: The Domination of De Gaulle

Charles de Gaulle (1890-1970)
Feels he has mission to reestablish the greatness of France
Algerian crisis
Divided public opinion over Algerian
colonial independence
Defeat in Indochina
Fifth Republic, 1958
Powers of the President enhanced
Invested heavily in the nuclear arms race
Economic growth
Student riots, May 1968
Resignation of de Gaulle, April 1969

 West Germany: A New Nation?

Konrad Adenauer (1876-1967)

Reconciliation with France
Resurrection of the economy
Adenauer succeed by Ludwig
Erhard.

 Great Britain: The Welfare State

Clement Atlee (1883-1967)
British Welfare State
Meant dismantling of the British Empire

Continued economic problems

 European Coal and Steel Community 1951

European Economic Community (Common

Market) 1957

 European Union 1993

 Influence of the New Deal

New Deal influence continued by Truman, Kennedy, and

Johnson
Prosperity of the 1950s
McCarthyism and the Red Scare

Great Society
War on Poverty
Job Corps
Department of Housing and Urban Development
Civil Rights Act, 1964
Voting Rights Act, 1965
Martin Luther King, Jr. (1929-1968)
Southern Christian Leadership Conference
Assassinated, 1968

Malcolm X
Summer of 1965
Antiwar protests
Kent State University, 1970

 The Structure of European Society

Middle class joined by new group of white collar workers
Further urbanization
Rising income
Mass tourism

 Participation in the workforce declines until end of 1950s

Baby boom
Birth control
Increased employment in the 1960s
Feminist Movement: The Quest for Liberation
Right to vote
Simone de Beauvoir (1908-1986)
The Second Sex, 1949

 Permissive Society
Sexual revolution
Breakdown of the traditional family
Drug culture

 Education and Student Revolt

Higher education becoming more widespread
Problems

Overcrowding
Professors who paid too little attention to students
Authoritative administrators
Seemingly irrelevant education

Student strikes in France, 1968

Protest Western society and the war in Vietnam

 Culture as a Commodity
Mass consumer society

 Americanization of the World

Movies, music, advertising, and television
British Broadcasting Corporation
Rock-and-roll
Beatles
Elvis Presley

 What was the reasoning behind the ending of colonial

holdings?
What changes in the Eastern European countries took place
under Khrushchev?
Why would France not become the third super power that De
Gaulle wanted?
What societal changes, especially in the US, took place in the
1970s?