EllenCampbell

Steve
Chemistry
26February2015

ExtractingaPreciseAmountofCopperfromaReactionofCopper(II)SulfateandIronLab

PreLabQuestions
1. Inscenario1asinglereplacementreactionistakingplace.
2. Thesymbolsintheequationsare(aq)and(s).The(aq)standsforaqueous,meaning
thatthesubstanceisdissolvedinwater.The(s)standsforsolid.Bothequationsin
scenario1usethesymbols(aq)and(s)forthesubstances.Thefirstequationandthe
secondequationbothhavereactantsofsolidiron(Fe)andanaqueousofcopper
sulfate(CuSO
).Ontheproductssideofbothequationsthereisanaqueousofiron
4
sulfateandasolidofcopper.
3. Thechemicalequationinscenario1isbalancedbecausethereisoneatomofironon
boththereactantsandproductsoftheequation.Thereisoneatomofcopperandone
moleculeofsulfate(onesulfuratomand4oxygenatoms)onboththereactantsand
productssideoftheequation.
4. Ironisreplacing/displacingcopperinthisequationbecauseofoxidation.Copperhas
twopositivelychargedions,cationsthatbondswiththesulfatethathastwonegatively
chargedions.Ironalsohastwocationsthatbondwiththeelectronsfromthesulfate.
Duringthechemicalreactionthecoppersulfatebondbreaksandtheironrebondswith
thetwoelectronsfromthesulfateinatwototworatio.
5.

5gFe 1molFe 1molCuSO4 160gCuSO4

6.
=14.3gCu
1 * 56gFe * 1molFe * 1molCuSO4
1gCu 1molCu 1molCuSO4 156.6gCuSO4
7. a) 1 * 63.5gCu
* 1molCu * 1molCuSO4
=2.46g/molCuSO
4
2.46gCuSO4
1molCuSO
55.84gCuSO4
1molFe
b)
* 156.6gCuSO4 4 * 1molCuSO
*
=0.87g/molFe

1
1molFe
4

Figure1:SubstancesMeasuredinGramsandLabObservations
AssignedTheoreticalYieldofCopper(Cu)

0.5g

FinalmassofCopperandthefilterpaper

1.13g

MassofFilterPaper

0.6g

MassofCopperrecovered

0.53g

MassofIron(Fe)

0.45g

PercentYield

106%

Volumeofbeaker

140ml

Massofbeaker

6.87g

Observationsofreactionsduringlab

Colorchanges,formationofa
solid

PostLabQuestions
1. Achemicalequationtookplacebecausetherewascolorchangeandaprecipitate
formed.Thecolorofthecoppersulfatechangedwhentheironpowderwasadded,
fromatranslucentbluetoaopaquegreenishcolor.Whentheprecipitateformed,
whichbecamecopper,itwasabrightorangeandredcolor.
2. a)Yes,thisscenariowouldchangetheamountofcopperbyincreasingit.Anyliquid
leftonthefilterpaperoronthecopperwouldaddmasswhenmeasuringthecopper.If
theliquidhadnotfullyevaporatedthentherewouldbesomeleftonthecopperand
measuringthecoppersmasswiththefilterpaperwouldbeinaccuratebecausethe
liquidhasmasstoo.
b)Yes,thisscenariowouldwouldchangetheamountofcopperbyincreasingit.
Ifyouweretoonlyfilterthecopperandironsulfateoncethentherewouldbeiron
sulfate
residueonthecoppersolid.Rinsingandfilteringtheironsulfateoffthecopper
removes
anyexcessliquidthatwouldaddmasswhenweighingthecopper.
c)Yes,thisscenariowouldwouldchangetheamountofcopperbydecreasingit.Ifyou
weretoletthereactiononlyoccurfor3minutesinsteadof10thenthecoppersulfate
and
ironpowderwouldnothaveenoughtimetoreactandtherewouldbesome
coppersulfateleftaswellasironthathadnotreactedyet.The10minutetimeallows
for
thefullamountofcoppersulfateandironpowdertoreactproperlyandtoitsfullest
extent.
d)Yes,thisscenariowouldwouldchangetheamountofcopperbyincreasingit.By

addingtwiceasmorecoppertothecoppersulfatesolutionyouwouldbechangingthe
chemicalcompositionofthesolutionandtheratioofcoppersulfatetoironwouldbe
altered.Thereactionwouldbeunbalancedandtheamountofcopperwouldincrease.
Theironwouldbondwiththesulfateanditwouldleavetwiceasmuchcopperasit
wouldnormally.
3. Basedonthedatathatwereceivedfromourlabworkandourmathcalculationswe
recoveredabout0.03gramsmorecopperthanthetheoreticalyieldofcopper.This
extraamountofcoppercouldresultfromerrorsmadeduringthelab.Errorsthatcould
haveaffectedthemassinsuchwayinclude,notfilteringthecopperfromtheiron
sulfateproperly,filteringthecopperfromtheironsulfatetoolittleoftimes,andadding
justslightlytoomuchcoppertocreatecoppersulfate.Anuncertaintythatcouldhave
affectedthedatawasthefluctuationofthescalesthatourcopper,iron,andfilterwere
measuredon.
4.

0.53gCu
0.5gCu *100=106%

5. Yesbasedonourlabwork,106%ofyieldedcoppershowsthat6%morecopperwas
recoveredthanintended.Thiscouldbecauseoferrorsthattookplaceduringthelab.
Therecouldhavebeen0.03moregramsofcoppersulfateaddedtotheheated
distilledwaterthatcouldaccountfortheextra6%yield.
6. Itshouldbeimpossibletohaveatruepercentyieldgreaterthan100%becauseno
extracoppercouldbeaddedifyoustartedwiththe100%yieldofcoppersulfate.For
example,ifyoustartedwith1gramofcoppersulfate,attheendoftheexperimentyou
shouldbeleftwith1gramofcopper,100%yield.Errorsintheexperimentincluding
havingaddedcoppertothesolutionwouldaffectthepercentyield.

FormulaofaHydrateLab

PreLabQuestions
1.

5gCuSO4
1

5H2O
1

1molCuSO

* 5gCuSO4*5H42O *

159.6g/molCuSO4
1molCuSO4

5molH O

2
* 159.6g/molCuSO
*
4

90.05g/molH2O
5molH2O

=90.05g/molCuSO
4
Inthesecalculationsweseparatedthecoppersulfateandthe5moleculesofwatertofindthe
anhydrouscoppersulfate.
2.Thebreakingofchemicalbondsisexothermicbecausetheenergyisbeingreleasedand
notabsorbed.Sinceexothermicreactionsarereleasingenergyheatisalsobeingreleased
makingthechemicalreactionfeelwarmorhot.Whenheatingupthehydratesalttoremove
thewaterthereisanexothermicreactionbecauseenergyisbeingreleasedwhenthebonds
arebeingbrokenandthewaterisheating,makingitevaporate.
3.Ifanequalamountofwaterwastobeaddedtodehydratedsaltthenthesaltwouldbe
rehydratedinanendothermicreaction.Therewouldbeasolidwithcrystallineshape.The
dehydratedsaltwouldabsorbenergyfromthewater,rehydratingthesaltandreshapingitinto
acrystallineshape.
4.
1)Preheatthehotplatethatwillbeused.Cautionitwillbecomeextremelyhot!Be
sureto
usethepropermaterialstohandletheheatingbowlandsalt.
2)Put2gramsofthesaltintoheatingbowl.Calculatethemassofthebowlandsalt
together.Recordthedata.
3)Placetheheatingbowlwiththesaltontothehotplate.Beawarethatthematerials
beingusedareextremelyhotandproceedwithcaution.Observeandnotethe
reaction.
4)Onceallsignsofareactionhasstoppedremovetheheatingbowlwiththesaltwith
safematerialsandplaceinanareatocool.
5)Aftertheheatingbowlwiththesalthasbeencooledcompletelycalculatethemass
of
theheatingbowlwiththesalt.Besurethattheheatingbowlhascooledanduse
caution
ortongsifthebowlisstillwarm.Recordthedata.
6)Replacetheheatingbowlwithsaltbackontotheheatingplate.Thiswillcontinueto
removeanyexcesswater.Repeatsteps4and5.
7)Ifthemassnumberisthesamefortheheatingbowlwiththesaltbothtimesthe
mass

iscalculatedthenthewaterhasbeensuccessfullyandfullyremoved.Ifnotrepeat
steps
4and5again.
8)Oncethecalculatedmassisthesametwotimesinarow,thesalthasbeen
dehydrated.
9)Usingconversionfactorscalculatetheamountofwaterthatwasdehydratedfrom
the
salt.
10)recordalldata,includingtimesandmass.

Figure2:SubstancesMeasuredinGrams
MassofHydratedMgSO
*nH
O
4
2

2g

MassofDehydratedMgSO
4

1.5g

MassofH
O,watermolecules
2

0.5g

MolarMassofH
O
2

18g

MolarMassofMgSO
4

120.3g

MolesofH
O
2

0.027mols

MolesofMgSO
4

0.0124mols

Observations

sizzlingsounds,gasbeingreleased(steam)

PostLabQuestions
*TheseresultsandresponsescomefromLaceyAndersensdata.ThedatathatWillandI
collectedduringthisexperimentwasinvalidbecauseofafluctuationofabout5.ginthescale,
aswellasunusefuldata.Whenthesaltwasheatedthemasswasincreasinginsteadof
decreasingasitwaslosingwater.Althoughtheexperimentfollowedthewrittenprocedure
correctlythedatawasstillunusableanddidnotyieldhelpfulresults.
1.

1.5gMgSO4 1molMgSO4
* 120.3MgSO4
=0.0124molsMgSO
4
1
0.5gH2O 1molH2O
* 18gH2O
=0.027molsH
O
2
1

0.027/0.0124=2.177
1molMgSO
:2molH
O
4
2
1:2ratio

Ifoundtheamountofmolesinthemagnesiumsulfateandinthewater.Ithenused
those
numberstocalculatetheratioofmagnesiumsulfatetowater.
2.

126gH2O
51.14%H2O
x
= 2gMgSO

=
1.02gH
O=0.98ganhydrous
2
246.37gMgSO4*7H2O =
100%
4H20

MgSO
4
1.02gofwateriswhatLaceyshouldhavegotten.0.9gofmagnesiumsulfideiswhat
Laceyshouldhavebeenleftwith.
3. (

1.5gMgSO40.98gMgSO4
)
*100=53.06%Error
0.98gMgSO4

4. Thepercenterrorthatwasfoundwasapositivepercentagemeaningthattherewas
53%moreanhydroussaltthantheretheoreticallyshouldhavebeen.Ifthelabwent
perfectlythepercenterrorwouldbezero.Ifthepercenterrorwasanegative
percentagethentherewasthatmuchlessanhydroussaltthanthetheoreticalvalue.
Errorsthatcouldhavecontributedtoa53%errorincludethatthehotplatethatthe
heatingcupwiththesaltinitwasnothotenoughforallofthewatertoevaporateand
notcheckingthemassmultipletimestoseeifallofthewaterhadevaporated.Ifthe
hotplatewasnotheatedtoatemperaturewherethesaltcouldbecompletely
dehydratedinthetimegiven,thentherecouldstillbewaterinthesalttocreatethe
53%error.Alsoifthemassofthemagnesiumsulfatewasnotcheckedmultipletimes
overaperiodoftime,thenthemeasurementscouldbewrongandtherecouldbe
waterstillinthesalt.Iwroteinmyprocedureforthislab,tocalculatethemassafew
timestogatherasmuchinformationaspossibleandthatifthemassisthesametwo
timesinarowthenitismostlikelythatthesalthasbeencompletelydehydrated.
5. Todecreasethemagnitudeofourpercenterror(53%)measurementscouldhave
beenmademoreoftentogathermoredatainordertobemorepreciseonremovingall
thewater.Alsousingamoreaccuratescaleormakingsurethescaleisproperly
zeroedcouldeliminatesomeerror.Ifthefluctuationinthescalewasremovedandthe
measurementswerecompletelyaccuratethencalculatingwhenthesaltwasfully
dehydratedandthemassoftheanhydrousmagnesiumsulfatewoulddecreasethe
magnitudeoferror.
6. AlthoughIwasunabletoobservetherehydrationoftheanhydroussalt,Iwasable
hypothesizeandgathertheknowledgetoknowthereactionthattookplace.Whenthe
waterwasaddedtothedehydratedsaltaexothermicreactiontookplaceasthewater
rebondedwiththesalt.Thisreactionwasexothermicbecauseanenergywas
released.Mypeersreportthattheyobservedthereactionandthattheyheardfizzing.