baR yng yTMHRT SnlC bYT YzC

fd azz
1.0.

mGb>

yz>H UT $ baR ytng aNM yng yTMHRT qmS

SnlCN [bYT YzC QrB nW## SlTMHRT$ Sl t$ Sl mMHR
wzt. :brsb lWN aStyT btlmT yMRMR SLC$ btlYM
ba>NtR`>W bmuYQ (questionnaire)$ u |C b> kW UT R
ln=R bsB yMNX as aDRg? nbR## ngR GN bTMHRT UT(MRMR)
AkL b?tm+hF WSU bTMHRT-uqS gC Y lmjm llt
G ytdrg LL yaStyT (yattitude) UC b>M$ y:brsbN
aStyT u aLtgoM## b ya>T} yTMHRT mI'?T WSUM bz>H
RAsngR Y ASN ytm mUF ylM## YHNN Lk b wdW UT
M##
bmjm YHNN wrqT ANT ANzj LgR## lT 20 GDM
mT A As? kmSK kL L {l aC ysbsBcWN$
kdBrs> lt dr T/b?T qrBklT mM C m\rT mMHR
F ktc ysbsbLON$ A s? ktc byg>z?W gocWN$
ASN bA AJ ygo SnlCN$ bzRF bzR klsFcW## bKLsW
ANdyW lz>H UT m\rT yT SnlC 108 GUC (mNC)$ 39
qLC$ 122 yangR fl>C$ 82 SC cW## b[bYT YzC RAC
SscW

dG

99

bTMHRT

(bUQl)

Y$

111

bStR

btW Y$ 25 bft Y$ 9 bmR bStR dT Y$ 53

bt Y$ A 54 bTMHRT [YnC Y ytng cW## bANNcW SR
N[N KFlC al## lz>H mUF SL ymrmRcW SnlC BT 351
nW## Anz>HN l bZRZR Ayuqs Az>H mtNtN GL## Slz>H [b>Y
td

nW

gocWN

yTMHRTN

yStRN

s>NSs

ygoTN SnlC$ kyzR UqT Ml?CN B bmUqS$ lmtNtN

AKl## ln= ANr yT lT lTMHRT llW aN
amlkT cW SnlCM aL aL mUqs? aYqRM##

baR yng yTMHRT SnlC bYT YzC

2.

MRMN n [b>Y PBl?M

b:brsb WSU$ bL L a$ SlTMHRT yng L L

aStyC al## bkFt dr ytrW mY yycWN aStyT
YsnZl## bhgCN ybzT dG dL Lut cW## yltM wgC
B$ ST MT kg>z? wd g>z? k:brsb ylt$ ya> yL
dC R mlwu aYqRM## ynq yTMHRT tmC SlhgcW
yTMHRT kFt AQD wYM l>s> kWcW bT bL TT
kucW [bYT gC mhL y"ZB aStyT SC YgocL##
aND

"ZB

Slhg

yTMHRT

PBl?M

lWN

aStyT

ymoWN ymL lWU bmuYQ A ba>NtR`>W UT bBz hgC

ytlmd nW## kF B ANdgl+kT Nq tmC ANH YntN MRMR
ktly {zN dGmW k>l## ba>T} WSU YHNN YnT MRMR
ytlmd aYmSLM## YbLU QR ysoW dG b"Zb {l
WYYT

WSU

l?

ykstTN

almgocW nW##

TMHRT-qmS

SnlC

bTT

s>u

bGUM$ bqLD$ bQ+L SM bangR zYb? A

Anz>HN bmsl QRC ysnz C Bz g>z? kSNs (censorship) n

cW## b &YL& wYM b &tl& ksW sW$ kzmN zmN$ Sltl
lmuYQ la>NtR`>W ksuT MC ytl aN GL+nT A nnT
cW YmSL## YH TKKL kn$ bz>H mLK ysnz C TKKl A
AWnt wdlW aStyT yqrb lmN blt mNgC ksbsbT
aStyC ytl ADL acW lT yL YmSL## Anz>HN SnlC
lrEM mT sSB yyT y:brsB aT SlcW bmhkcW
Slk>T

KNC

byg>z?W

aStycWN

ANdsnZ$

btlY k1960c jM$ TNV n B StL bmjm nW## TMHRT

k:brs KNC aN MLTM l:b lG LT W
KN

Sln

bTMHRT-qmS

SnlC

aYnT

yTMHRTN

mktL mmRmR ySgnZbNN qMngR LB lT YuQL##

fd azz

1991

baR yng yTMHRT SnlC bYT YzC

SlTMHRT bUQl$ Sl mMHR$ Sl t$ A Sl ft ytngT

SnlC s?L L$ GN dG kFt cW$ MNC yfLq$
auN yTMHRT dT bb> btuW aStyT ygmG cW
lT YL## kz>H aQ ysnzT MKC$ G?C$ aDC A
l?lC aStyC yStR ymR dtN lL UrT s>drG aBrW
l> ygcW KBdT yns$ btlY bA AN bmsl hgC dG$
&"Z& l>l yCl GMgC wYM MzC cW## bz>H +F aQb>
aStyT
bANd

ydmu
Ynt

hgR

ytnt

AN

kl?lC

cL

yl

MzC

aYdlM##

yMz

zC

kgoW

y:b

aStyT mr ns (MLTM ytl) mr ygoW bHl WSU \R

kgoW zll ({lT b{l) "YwT YN YqL@
ysbsBcWN TMHRT-qmS SnlC yMtnTnW YHNN m\r
b>R (framework) baAM Ye nW## YHNNM dRG$ aNND yYwq
ngC b> lmLkT$ bTMHRT lC$ tmC bl|LC
:l> WSU lT mSC aNNcN lmKfT AKR ANdn AN bz>H
wQT dr yw mdMd lmSuT aLM## bz>H mNdRdR
wd Ut bqU Agl##
3.

SlTMHRT bUQl ytng SnlC

S 01%

lm\rT b?T lTMHRT {WqT (ylM)##

S 02%

Lt aWq$ Lm=wt aY=Dq##

S 03%

Y mtRM$ Ybu gM (ylM% aYLM)

S 04%

s mT kmdNR sT mT mR##

S 05%

kmuMuM mR YQdM##

S 06%

kYM rM ytr ag? YL##

S 07%

Ltr aYMRM$ Ltwqr adQM##

kz>H bY k1-7 ytuqsT SnlC (S) SlTMHRT baNnT

ktngT mhL ytws cW## yT l mcWN kQRcW$ HcW
(kwcW) mgmT YL## btxM yT lT mZgb T bL L

fd azz

1991

baR yng yTMHRT SnlC bYT YzC

yMl? angC SBSC WSU t+fW Ygl## Anz>H AnRsN ymslT

yzmcW

yTMHRT

&l>s>&

tdRgW

l>

YCl##

ANNcWN

lBT mkR g>z? SlfJ bUQl mgRN LMrU yktlWN

LbL##

Anz>HN

angC

TMHRT

ysW

LCN

aStsB

ANds$

atcWN ANddRG$ TMHRT y"YwT y{WqT m\rT

ANdn Ygl## btlY ymxrW angR$ TMHRT sC atY
ANcW$ ksB{cW WSU XN (aW XN) qSbqS Aymnxq
wL$

YqNL%

R:;?N$

THTN$

mkbRN

lsB{cW

+L%

y\TN | ya\cWN |RT BL yL Bu? nW## uY

yaStsB ya\R yaR yHRY lWU ANcW kdRgT ngC
aN

TMHRT

ANdtuqsW

mN
wF

ytuqsT

bdNB

Ml?C

ktwqr

mlKl##

tGN

bwg

b7W

kwN

Ml?

YCL##

dQL$ LL AN gRdF gRdF aDR wYM vRkT vRkT aDR

aYtWM## TMHRT bwg ktM ygoW {WqT b|$ baStsB
bHRY Y ySkTlW {WqT kFt mN UQs YuqL## Anz>H
Az>H

LuqScW

tmY

SnlC

SlTMHRT

m\r

uq

ytsnz aN &l>s>C& cW lT YL## kAnz>H b ymuT

dG knz>H t yn B ST s>Stb Ygl##

S 08%

aH mC tX
AGz> bl TMHRT m

S 09%

TMHRT klT nqR

a?DS klT bV (WN)

S 10%

TMHRTN lfur UYT

bRN go gnT

S 11%

TMHRTM ANd T
V alfbT

S 12%

TMHRT y nW
dBtR ykl> nW

S 13%

TMHRT y nW
NGD nW

fd azz

1991

baR yng yTMHRT SnlC bYT YzC

bnz>H SDST SnlC dG TMHRT al bn mNgD tS_L##

Anz>H wd A zmN yqRb mcW akKRM## a?DS$ bR$ VN
y T almcW YwL## Bzc bNGGR WSU alFRT
ANdLB

mGT

aYqRM##

mlmD

yjmT

btlY

lT

25

mT

YN

bnz>H mT lW ytsuW aKBTM AVll yd

YmSL## qUR 08 A 09 TMHRTN kmQsFT knqR kmquR aLfW

mDT kl?lW bV ka?DS R n+L## qUR 10 dG lTMHRT
aC UYTN lbR aC dG gnTN YmL## aND t dN
bMNXnT

uQ

ANlCW

&

g>z?

mLbS

bBz

wC

zND

yqRnT wYM kg>z?W R aB almmDN ybSR MLKT L##

ANM TMHRT V lfbT S nW YlL&## qUR 11M YHN nW
ygR## bqUR 12 ymjm SNO m\rT dG mR yO (yqL) |
tdR

tS_L##

bltW

SNO

dG

dBtR

wdKFLM

YN

wdTMHRT mD ANdz> yO ngR Sltur kvKM tmD_L##

(UqT yYl y`RSt tC wY AcWN$ wY dG qX
wrqT kjRcW U aDRgW AKFL s>gb yMyW lz>H YN@)##
{WqT GoT kFt LT albT## TMHRT dG aDK aDK
bq wrT aSgO lT AylmdbT YmSL## lmR yUrW k&k&
(kO)

tU

ytlW

yBz

mT

Wr

kTRF

YN

kk>

Sltur nW## lz>H nW wd NGD | ysW sW &a& (BLU)

ytlW## yRs | TRF s>SgO btxX YL$ YLM## bz>H Y
bQRb Aygnn ymW yNGD YnT L &QLUF& (&L WNBD& yNbT
g>z?M

b:brsb

WSU

bBT

YwL)

SfLgL

SlL

wd

NGD

ygW &a& b>L aSgRMM## bz>H YnT S A KB (social image)

ytrdW TMHRT bktlT ytM m sC s>L AglN##

S 14%

t t lMN TC$
ytT l yT s>wDq aC##

S 15%

kzm TMHRT | aU kfW$

YL l>ST yuW##

fd azz

1991

baR yng yTMHRT SnlC bYT YzC

S 16%

r TMHRT TMHRT TMHRT MNDnW@

A yMmoW J mDN nW##

S 17%

ASk aN BnGD kmN t$

AN nbR tR yv>H BR ##

S 18%

aS lT xR qX klT
nG aTR mmSrT##

TMHRT bz>H KFL mjm Y ANduqSnW m qR y| aU

F tS_L## ANd yTMHRT aX ytwsdW dG NGD nW##
bSnlc

WSU

lmngD

mR

aSfLGM

yL

YmSL##

b:brsb WSU dG$ kFt TMHRT lNGD SfLL yL B ybr

aYdlM##

Slz>HM &xR TMHRT b?T aT& ylM YmSL## btlY

bzmn dRG y&ayR yR& NGD mST yscM bFUnT mKbR lTMHRT
yWlWN g>z? ANdkn U zN ytS YmSL## bTMHRT rEM g>z?
(12 mT) klF nG l b?tsB mm|rT SfLL yL BM
alcW##

mR

mjmR

lTM$

MLT

TR

mZ$

LC

mWlD$ b?T m|T$ mk> mGT lT l>N YCL## yg>z?W

TkrT YH YmSL## lz>HM YL lTMHRT mrnT ysu
GCN PlCN yNk>k>s SnlC bBT yng##

S 19%

kaSR G
aND Gs

S 20%

klT G
aND

S 21%

kaSR a?M a?
aND a?M N

S 22%

kqVM Pl &AGz?R YSULO& YL##

tM bn kmmrQ NGD WTDR ANd nW Snlc

yuqT##

ymruT

yNGD

YnC

dG

lkFt

yhgR

LT

aSt+ dRl ylT Y$ N AJ wd l?W$ mNdR lmNdR

ydrgT yTNV {C LWWC cW## ymrubTM MKNT

fd azz

1991

baR yng yTMHRT SnlC bYT YzC

lv GlsB ySgoT {l ygNzB UQM nW AN lhgR q

mNf LT ydRgT aSt+ S aYdlM## bl? angR$ ax
s XR g>z? tvQl bl l{l ydRS AN lzq "YwT
LT bb RAY(vision) Y nur aYdlM lT nW## YH dG$
b:brsb "YwT WSU by{lt kT AWn ymnx nW##
aND l? tx nUB aNSc bz>H KFL ynWN B##
TMHRT y"YwT alO ANdnbR y UqT SnlCN uQsN aBRtN
nbR## ly Avt bzfnW aND zfN WSU YHN bgL= SNC
ANH tBl nbR#tR L! tR L!
zmD wJ ylO hBT ylOM b##
b1967 ka? Yl Ss? mNG|T kFt lSLT mhkL 60c bdRG
s>gdl GU ll? LGUM mfuR QR Yz m\rT n ANH
tl$

S 23%

u L! u L!
gNzB uqM lNM aLbj$
aN bz>H sN 60 sW aSfj##

UqT Y dG%

S 24%

RJ L! RJ L!
zmD wJ gNzB
MNM ylO b!

aT

bhgt

ANdMWqW

yTMHRT

yaC

tGR

yL tfur##
tS

ycWM

yru

YmSL##

yrb?T

lBz

LC

g>z?

tGtW

ANu mMkR brT nbR## bGU WSU ytuqsW aT GN L

bft wQT ANXbrBR ANsRQ nW ymKrW## YH bTMHRT
asu$ baft$ baStd buQ am AMnT kT ym$
tS yru GylV DM+ nW## RK yvmTbT$ Aytr ft
ylFbT Aygnn Ay s>D YT YL$ LN bl?W ywNjL
mNgD$ lTM bg$ kKFL AKFL lF ytnW aT YHNN YntN
MKR lL s>lGS ysW##
fd azz

1991

baR yng yTMHRT SnlC bYT YzC

bQRb dG bz> ly bzFnW zfN GUM Y ytmsrt l? GUM

tfUL##

S 25%

ZfN L! AU L!
mR mmmR lNM aLbj##

yhgt zC s?T tM AyqcW$ U gNzB ANdgo bsW

yngrWN

CN$

btlYM

Yl?

gBrss?$

lT

mT

bgoT VLT mLM gNzB GocW nW lGU mn ynW##

MLTM bacW lfcW zC A C b ylT bTMHRT Bz
LgM Y YL## lz>H nW GU bW ANLFlT yflg sW
MRWN TMHRT kdRG YLQ zfNN b>dRG ANdlW
ANdqblWM yuqmW##
4.

SlmMHR ytng SnlC

bSBSb WSU SlStR SlmMHR ytng SnlC bqUR

kFtc ANd bz>H +F mjm Y ktuqsT aC mgNzB

YL## SltlW$ SltqW A KB SlwrdW mMHR ytgT Bz
cW## TR s>$ wJ s>$ ws>B s>$ LJ mWlD s> Nk>k?sL##

kARs

ywdR

:brs

KBR

LnbcW

Yq

s>UlT Ygl## bdz ZQtnT YHM bSkTlW N yvnF

TGl YgUbL##

blSnt

ywqW$

baqnt

baStO

gb>W

YkbR

lTR YmrU ynbrW mMHR aN k{rg wR nW ytlW##

S 26%

by g uJ YNRR$
b g aUNT YqRqR##

S 27%

aND dL yngrHN ANd aTH$

lT yngrHN ANdfH aKBrW##

S 28%

vW TRNbl? m BR lW$
aMWN sUL aMW g nW$
YxMRLL mcM dG nW##

fd azz

1991

baR yng yTMHRT SnlC bYT YzC

Anz>HN bmsl mNC mMH s>wdS Bz zmN YL## ykbR

yAWqT MNX tdR nbR yyW## YT aUq bn ab>M kf
R

bDFrT

s>nR

YL##

bgb>WM

b>N

yQ

aLnbrM##

kTl> (l>b>) ytmls wdC UrW ymuTN gNzB ksbW bY

wu SlnbR mMHNM bgNzB awcW knRs R bwQt Sltmsl$
ANdnRs TRNbl? Aytl Yu nbR## btlY kzmn dRG bT$ bKrMT
wT TMHRT b?C s>zg yguR mMHN aS abN YwRT nbR lT
YL##

ktW

bkFlT

l?

gNzB

"YwT

lnRsM

nbR
n

ygoW##

ldcW

btlY

ls?t

aC

ll?lC

sC

blSnT

bBzT ytn &GNLBS& yL SM wUcW ANdnbR ywq nW##

AWnTM$ AnRs s>mu$ lsq$ lbb?t$ laLb?RW$ l>STW$ &y
Bu?W&(lo) wzt. l nbR yLFlT lT YL## bBT bkt
WSU msxcWN lmGl+M &KrMT aGb>& yL SMM wUcW nbR##
btxM#-

S 29%

aSt ND`R/wN SR/ g>Rg>S b> /yYgbbT ylM##

bl angc Ydnq Ymsg nbR##

S 30%

tfg> SlnbM#-

y V k! k!
wsdV aSt!! Aytl YguMcW nbR##

AdR GN btlY k20 A 25 mT wH$ k:brsb yfLq

Ml? NGGC$ LGUC$ qLc SC lStR llW
YsU ynbrW aKBT aDT AVll ANdd mlKl## y1966
aB ANQSs? GB Slnbr Bz UqC kyaQW bGBnT
Ysnz nbR## yANQSs?W mC cWM bnz>H UqC aStyC
bGBnT

ym

nb##

Slz>H

bymSk$

LL

cW

sC

ltWN$ a>WN# TMHRTN btmlkt ytl CN MKCN

bGBnT Aylgs BW ylcN YN go WC tws$
l>s>C trqq aC w## bz>H mkL bz>HM MKNT b:brsb
WSU Bz yAs?T(yvalue) mT mUL## TMHRTM bBz mNgD bGB

fd azz

1991

baR yng yTMHRT SnlC bYT YzC

10

WC mt yqrlT aYmSLM## Lslu mMHN bmMHRnT

| mmdB$ yTMHRT mC AUrT$ ySt mHFT azgjT
DKmT byg>z?W mlwU$ yTMHRT KFlC mbB ymMHN dZ
A mjmW Y TMHRT b?C ytl ylt bDC m
mcW% bM DW YKtR$ DW mMHR$ DW spRYzR
DW t LkdT yTMHRT b?tsC R Bz g>z? WSU WSuN
mcW Sm% Anz>H l?lC PBl?C tdMrW yTMHRTN
ymMHNN UT yrvcW YmSL##
TMHRT MN HL ANdtNss kz>H bY tmLKtL## kz>H qUlN
ymMHN A fN ANlN## k 111 SnlC WSU Az>H qRB yMClW
AJG UqcN mN aNM SgNzB tgb> YmSlL##

S 31%

m lT m s>w frS$
bm tvu ysW asS##

bzmn dRG ymjm mT TMHRTN lXqC bST bhgt

WSU lrS bL mR" ytmruW aN mNgD &yD mMHN&N
bBT mQuR nbr ## aS lt KFL lxrs$ MNM l? LMD ll?cW
wC y SLu Ysu$ b100 BR dZ Ayqu byguR TMHRT
b?C scW nbR## Anz>H wC GN W yuYqWN G bTKKL
l>l aLlM nbR## btlY kz>H g>z? jM LL SnlC kW R
tYzW bBT mFlQ yjm YmSlL## ymMHRnT M & yO&
YL YjML## ymMH q m| b?TM &UNB aN& mL yjmrW
bz> ab> YmSlL## bS 31 WSU &ysW asS& ytlWM yDW
mMHR m nW##

S 32%

b b>u b$
| b>u D

ytlWM YHN Zqt drWN

lgT nW## tqW As N aN m b> ygbT mN nW

ygL=W##

fd azz

1991

11

baR yng yTMHRT SnlC bYT YzC

&gRL& Al StR ynbrbTN &jRL& Al St ytngrlTM

Y,W yD mMHR nW## qL lT &`REC& (versions) alT##

lg>z?W

aNN kz>H bC AuQl##

S 33%

yD mMH ANGl>Z AStr l a>NSpKtR

l>gmGmW YgL##
mMHR#-

&jRL!&

tC#-

&jRL!&

mMHR#-

&jRL!&

tC#-

&jRL!& NDnT##

NDnT##

yTMHRT KFl g>z?W aL kKFL s>wu a>NSpKt$ &lMN

*jRL* ALK StMlH@& YlL## AWX bmST
yTMHRtN aD Ys ynbr nR mMHR ya>NSpKtN
Uq &D bm BR dmwZ &gRL& Bl l>StMR L@&
Bl tVqD YmLL##
ND bkL dz Sns aW mU TMHRT StML lT l>N
s>CL% bl? bkL dG S MN aW bTKKL StML$ yDW
mMHR AWqt Bt YrW nW* yStMR lTM l>N YCL##
kltM FcC yMNgnzbW m u$ Lslu sCN bZQt dZ
qU ANStM DrG yTMHRTN UT Tj bn mNgD mZqU
ANjMR ymjmWN ARM mWsD mjmN nW## kz>H ab> jM
ngC Aytwsb yTMHRT gYM Aytmsql yd YmSL## ymMHN
SM KBR yql SnlC bBT mFlQ YjMl##

S 34%

aSt CR u

S 35%

yaSt dZ kLd ASk

S 36%

yaSt NBrT T NU nW##

S 37%

bb? b>sU aStC

aWPN kmWsD aYmlsM

S 38%

fd azz

yaSt TR$ s?T ylT wR ArFt

1991

12

baR yng yTMHRT SnlC bYT YzC

GNLv dg mMHR CR u YL YjML## ydzM AD

ST qN B YL## BDR$ b?$ L mT ysBAW g+C
Aytdrg

Ywsl##

ADlN

go

aWPNM

ANdbdR

tuQ

YgUbL## bSM &S 39% ANd aSt dZ mD DRGH& yL

ARGN YwbL## ysB ClWN AWqtNM yUl &S 40%
abKrW mcW kaStCM qMngR aYuM&N ymsl angC
aL aL YsnzbL## &yAWqT aT& tBl YkbR ynbrW% ANdW
bLG YN kLB &ytr YGdlO!& bL angR AWqt YdnQ ynbrW
mMHR nW YH A ydrsW## Azqzq ydW S KB &S 41%
mMHR kmN$ YL mlmN& N ASqdm% &S 42% aSt kGT
mQrT&N% &S 43% yA V TbL A! wsT aSt&N% A &S
44% lmMHR kmWlD YL SwrDN& ymslTN ASktl b:b

"YwtM

ytg

lMNM

ytgll
TCT

dRgW
b

YgL##
XMR

bBz

Aytng

qLCM$

aNNc

sBAWN

WN

dqscL## UqcN laBnT uQv? tnG yLQ yYmSlON ymMHR

qmS-SnL Stwq B##

S 45%

uq # -

mMHN ANd hk>M nX N ylBsT

lMNDnW@

mV#-

S 46%

yscWN q lmvfN##

lT dC kaND `Rst$ kaND yTMHRT KFL

tmRqW aN ayR mNgD$ l?W TMHRT StR
Ymdl##
ytmdbW

klT

mT

TMHRT

StR

s>go$

ayR

ytmdbWN$

mNgD
&AN!

MNDnW@ ASN | agoHM AN@& alW YL##

YW$ ayR mNgW ymMHN albS gU mL aStWl
ytgrW m nW## yqL M$ tmY A yMSKR wrqT
cW z?C btl ymNGST mS b?C$ aN kF l?W ZQ l
dZ mqucWN$ yS yKFN almmuN muM mtcT
nW##

fd azz

1991

baR yng yTMHRT SnlC bYT YzC

S 47%

13

TMHRT b btlFbT g>z? yW mMHR Sl L

L yBR C s>StMR YY$ lKFl mMHR &AK
mMHR! ym BR Wu ltc cW!& YL##
ng G ygW mMHR$ bLb$ &ym BR T@ WM
b28@& YL% ltc dG qLuF YL$ yWN
mMHR angR ASmsl$ &tC! Ab?C STgb
aC ym BR T ANC uYq!& YcL##
aN fN t$ &tcR! y aTM aSt nW A!&
al YL##

LVV s>L AN mvV ANLl$ W ynW ft b:brs

W WSU B ytwsn YN AStMRbT KFL WSUM ANdktlW
ANgnzlN## mMH GN N lT ylWN l s>dRG YL##
yktlW qLD YHNN YuqL##

S 48%

kmMHN sLu tmR AguR mmdB ytlmd nW##

kMQ mMHN mhkL s?CM Sl wNC kAnRs R
lmmdB

CN

ml##

yltN

dZ

aM L l mR nW## D$ QDm WN
lmcT yflg MQ$ qLb rfTN MQ mMHRT
mZ alm_N lrgU$ &mcM x nW$ R RV
(404V) nW@& aT YL##
mMH$ 404 btlW ymk> L SR tvV yTR Sl
Drg nW## kqW ylt dZ DMR 404 (202+202)

BR SlN

ytl Yl lT nW## YHNN Ynt UrT adrjT &G bz&M

YL## MKNtM ylt dZ DMR bg>z?W knbrW klG dZ R
SlqrB nW##
L L sC s?T a b?T ldR btl g>z?T dW bR
s>Nk btscW mLSM mMH K s>L YL##

fd azz

1991

14

baR yng yTMHRT SnlC bYT YzC

S 49%

ANG#-

! ! !

s?T a#- aNt nH@

ANG#-

A GBR

s?T a#- G$ y N##

ANG#-

! ! !

s?T a#- aNt nH@

ANG#-

W LT

s?T a#- G$ yA AT##

ANG#-

! ! !

s?T a#- aNt nH

ANG#-

A l>ST

s?T a#- G b##

ANG#-

! ! !

s?T a#- aNt nH@

ANG#-

aSt

s?t a#- R bL kd$ aNT CR u##

lBR$ ng M a##
b:brsB aT aStyT b| uY ytn ZQ tdR
yMTgMtW s?T a UllC## YBS ygRmW Zqt gb> alW
tBl btlM lgmtW$ ll>ST ysuCWN HL KBR STsuW
almgo nW##

S 50% tW kKFL qR bGSt YmL##

mMHR#-

TNt lMN qrH@

t#-

s U SLdrq nW tcR

bGSt ANdg qR bqUlW qN YmL##

mMHR#-

fd azz

TNT dG lMN qrH@

1991

15

baR yng yTMHRT SnlC bYT YzC

t - wd TMHRT b?T Sm yARS s U

tsQl Sy nW tcR!##
bmjmW

qN

yqrW

tW

mlw

Sll?lW

s>N$

bltW qN dG yqrW mMH mlw aYrWM Bl m nW##

bz>H YnT$ tW mMHN ydFRbT bmMH yqLDbT l
&yTMHRt UT drS bMN SnSRT YubL@& Bl muyQ SfLL##
ARGU kz>H ys$ ySnSRT gDlTN ySl SnlC al## bngCN Y
ymMHN MGR mT y mcWNM muM tgb> nW##

S 51%

aND mMHR ymBR l>bO yL## Aytzwr

byhWLt

Slc

ytTN

+C

s>nB%

mjm$ &PsR Agl? btwl baMST mcW

t& yL UmL## ALF ANl dG$ &KtR
Agl? btwl baT mcW t& yL nL## G
YgW$ wduqW $ &aND sW PsR kn
ANT baMST mt t YL@& Bl YuYqL##
CG ygW uqWM$ &yfW* dH ybT
zmN

AN

ktwl

jM

lW

aYdlM&

Bl

YmLSlL## aNM YS YdgR$ &aN A mMHR

nO! ng BT MN tBl l>F nW@& YlL## uqWM$
&mMHR Agl? ANdtwl t tBl YL& alW
YL##
kz>H bY SlmMH btngT al SnlC Y tRkT ngR
lnN B$ &A mMHN tbDlL!& llT fLg? aYdlM## NN
mgR Sflg bl? mDrK YngL AN bMRMR g WSU twV
aYDbsbSM## qdM B ANduMkT$ kSBSc aBc bmMHN Y
aTkrW$ ANdg aBc ymMHN mdS mQ yws Sl nW
AnsN akT mUqs?## YN$ ymMHN dZ btxmr g>z? YHN
aSmLK ytng UqT SnlC bSBSb WSU mcWN gL laBnT
HL yktlTN SfR mLM YL##

fd azz

1991

baR yng yTMHRT SnlC bYT YzC

S 52%

16

Qb? t
gE#- ASt kz>HW Sx>O!!!... sL@
X#- aN!... SNT k>l@
gE#- rNv>*t!!!... aND n! ... yaSt ST
msLkV*N@!

S 53%

uq#uq# dmwZ txmr al## SNT nC@

mV#- SMNT m sN
uq # - YH MN dmwZ nW!@ ...byw AqB AytqbLN
nW blO AN!

5.

Slt ft ytng SnlC

Sl t ktngT SnlC gLtW yT LL HRY l

GlsC ytsu SC$ tM MNM yr qMngR Y SLdrsW TWLD

A Sl ft ytsnzT cW## bz>H +F ktM m sC A kft
R ktzT UqT ANmlklN##

S 54%

tMrN nbr ASk aS lt%

nN qrN AN yqN \t##

S 55%

tM nbr ASk SMNt%

ST AMb> alO aR Lt##

S 56%

tMrN nbr ASk aSlt%

nN qrN AN ybC Ar##

S 57%

tMrN nbr ASk aSlt%

nN qrN AN ymlk> ##

S 58% tMrN tMrN | goN%

r MN ANN f aND blN##

S 59% AT at bSNQ aScG

MN AkFL YN S aLZ A

S 60%

ANdb bmR lFtN

wY sRtN aLbN wY gR aLRN

fd azz

1991

baR yng yTMHRT SnlC bYT YzC

S 61%

17

ytr$ lF qr##

S 62% tMrN nbr ASk aSlT

zO nN qrN byarqW b?T

S 63% tMrN nbr ASk aSlt%

nN qrN AN ybC Ar##
ybC ArS wM gL$
y mR ANW kl YBL##
kz>H bY sfRcW zuO SnlC tW agl Bl ymoW
(what he aspires) yuBqW | y dr yHLM QeT ANdbT
l##

ytr

sW

ymNG|T

b>

tq$

vM$

l>KtR$

R$

a>NnR$ -YlT$ L wzt. lmN AN yqN \t$ ybC Ar$

ymuU b?T aZ lmN aYmOM## kF BlN buqScW GUC GN
AWnW sbW bM YRL## kaS lt KFL b$ xR | aU
mNglLM ANl SNc Yuql## bz>H ytuW t B YN
:brsbM YHNN aO YtL##

S 64%

aRM ANYb A lsls

nG ANYb gbW rks
ANGH t lqW drs

S 65%

tMrW tMrW kxrs bY

nW Yql ysfR aWdLY

tM A$ AmNgD Y A bAysq dF bfssW wT aNdbT

b:brsb aNdbT SltW bz>H YnT yngT SnlC Bz cW##
D$ qUcW b SBSB WSU Bz YNM

aNND mFT'? ysnZ

SnlCM al##

S 66%

AJH YLmD QUq GBR

qlM r aM##

fd azz

1991

18

baR yng yTMHRT SnlC bYT YzC

YHNN bz>H ANg tW SlTMHRT lWN aStyT Slft

bgrW bkL bUqt ANSlN##

S 67%

TK qbl? yslTN aWQM##

YH aL$ btlY bzmn dRG$ qbl? WSU glgl sC$ Bz g>z?$

Ywql$ s>kM Yksl% agLglcWM tgb>W aYsuWM kL
GMT tnS$ yTK

ftM bdNB aUNtW lFtW b>sM ygcWN

Wu?T ltfc aYsUM nW ylW ## tfo lgoW Zqt Wu?T

ywQsW

ftWN

nW##

Slz>H

ftWN

bmlkT

tfc

ytmbT aStyT ANcW GU YuqL lT YL## ftWN

bDF YtC AN ymt nUb GN MN ANdn bWL aYwQM##

S 68%

lmR KFL mGT$

lmrJ T mBT##

S 69%

lmR KFL mGT$

llF T mBT##

Anz>H

lT

ytl

`REC

(versions)

aND

nUB

nW

ytkT## m\r zlq {WqT lGoT yfLg TMHRT b?T

dW$

AKFL

l?

Aytgo

AN%

ft

llF

sRtk?T

lGoT yv dG lmrJ anU yyT ClcWN lrgU T

ANbl ymK cW##
bmMHRnT

ytsnW

ANdMWqW

qUcW

UqT

yYL tC m+hF dBtcWN l>u qR bwgM s>Y_cW

aYM## aNND BUSV wrqT As ARcW WSU vguW Am
KFL b?tmHFT s>gbM Yl## lTMHRT cWN FQR bTMHRT
AglN BlW tS ydRgTN ngR l by{lt yT &TMHRT
xrs& ylT wNDcW kWScW aUcW dN yl?V
tS-b>S drcW YmSL## bz>H bl?lC MKNC tgFtW YL

fd azz

1991

baR yng yTMHRT SnlC bYT YzC

19

tG kmR YLQ tG yft l SLCN AmFuR Y s>tk

ygoT##
YH TkrT#-

S 70%

kzlM UT
ND qN YN UT N

S 71%

mT kUT
uW mQT N

S 72%

bY yts
yLb drs N

S 73%

mftN GCN b>N

mrJ GN Ks> mBCN nW N

S 74%

l?N t AN tft alM N

bmslT mfK

cW angC yjb nW##

kz>H bY k351 SBSC 74t XR TNtC R qRbL##
kl?lC$ TMHRT-uqS :brs aStyCN (social attitudes to or perceptions
of education)

bl?

z(method)

ku

|C

An=

(compare

Adrg) A Al= (contrast Adrg) UtN bR SfLL## bz>H

wrqT MKNT SnL LL :brs KNCN (lT TMHRTN$
u?N$ ARN$ FTHN$ ltN$ "YwTN uY) bywQt ANdgL+$
ANdwDS$

ANdtC

UC

MNX

aNBN

mN

ktgnzb$

ltmC

wrqt
ySgNzB

SnL
GbN

ltmY
ANdm

AUrl## aNb>c$ bytsCbT | yUCN SnlC

yngCN sW$ ysCbTN qN$ ytngrbTN MKNT xMC
uC qUR lmmZgB ywsCM n sC C dG dS
DRB

YL##

fd azz

yTMHRT

MRMR

dC

(mNGST$

yGL

DRJC

1991

20

baR yng yTMHRT SnlC bYT YzC

mNGS L DRJC) YH PjKT kR dR baR bANGl>Z

T bhgR WSU khgR WX l tmC aNb>C ANrS
b>dRg dG u YmSlL## lg>z?W$ bz>H wrqT WSU kSnlc
ymnX l? mdMd lQrB aLKRM## +N kmdMd bT GN
bVGGR mNGSt yTMHRT ySLu l>s> (1986) Y A &ba>T}
yTMHRT tmC :bR mtd dNB&(1990) WSU StLkTN
aND b>Y KFtT bTHT AgLl##

auY

&yTMHRT

aN

yTMHRT
"RY

ySLu

m\r

l>s>W

AWqT

&mGl&

bSxbU$

WSU

bGlsBM

b:BrtsB yCGR fcnT aQMN$ ClN HLN LbT nW& YL

&yhgCN

TMHRT

bGT

bdT

ANM

bWu?T

s>Y

tC

tgb>WN TMHRT qSmW yCGR fcnT HRYN ClN ANlBT /Sic/

aSClacL llT aSdFRM& s>L YtL## X ynbrW yTMHRT
Bz DKmC ANdnbT gL yDKmc MNC |Rt TMHRt$
yTMHRT asU aqrb$ lTMHRT LT ySfLgT LL wx>C
almT l?lC WSBSB CGCN lmFT ySCL l>s> almR
mcWN YzrZL## bA yGL MLkM n$ bsbsBcW TMHRT-qmS
SnlC WSU yWN TMHRTN A yStR N yNSs :brs
aStyCN yDKmT MNC aDR bGL+ bL TkrT asFRM ##
b:brsCN WSU lTMHRT$ lt$ lmMHR YsU ynbrW aKBT
lMN AVll m@ bmMHRnT lmsLuN ymuT sC AWqT
uQ

Cl

wd

HKM$

MHNDS$

"G

wdmslT

kT R s>n=R AMN dr Y YgL@ wdnz>H C bggT

kRT wdTMHRT ynT {WqT uQ Cl ns kn YH
lMN n@ W bz>H kqul Anz>H &sLUnW& dW yStMcW
tC MN YnT Yl@ yUqc sNslT tzRG yLQ YnT
aYdlM## aND aSc azT WSU ygN YmSlL## lTMHRT UT
dr

VLL

aN

[b>Y

MKNT

TMHRT

yTMHRT

lW

bmNG|T m| b?C A kz>M b:brsb WSU AytscW ymW

Zqt l bl>s>W WSU YH [b>Y nUB bL TkrT GLULU
Bl s>ngR ymFT'? BM s>uMbT aYYM## yTMHRT N

fd azz

1991

21

baR yng yTMHRT SnlC bYT YzC

lL

y:brsbN$

ytWN$

ymMHN

ykFt

lSLTN

atY aN bn mNgD mlwU SfLG YmSlL##

&ba>T}

yTMHRT

tmC

:bR

mtd

dNB& WSU aMST [bYT C sFrL## c &TMHRT kzm

YNS tKl R& ANmD$ &lB'? ADgT GN& TMHRT
lW wO ANukR$ &aNgBb> yTMHRT CGC& Y MRMR
Aytdrg

&lhgt

l>s>

AQD

aStI&

ANdrG$

yMRMR

HL

yaT y {WqT ANB$ kl?lC hgR aqF a>NtRVL y

:bT

LMD

mlwU

ba+NT

mlKl##

ANR

ymtd

dNb

ytlWN
Anz>H

UrT

aMST

ANddRG

AWSu

btzrzT 10 tGT ANdkwM bGL+ aSFL## y:b C

tGT s> bM YRl$ YSl## nbcW l btGR tf+mW
lyT

YmL

tGT

unT

aSl##

yM

y:b

aT

mLN

btzrzT

kmmoT

yybkcWNM

aStI kDrG l? yubQcW Bz l aYmSlOM##

YN AN$ bmtd dNb &mGb>&$ &C& A b&tGC& WSU

bwWL N bGL+ bTlT l>ngR yg ymSlO [b>Y nUB

kF B kTMHRT l>s>W R aYe yuqST nW## btz mNgD
xR aLtnM llT aLdFRM## ngR GN$ nUbN luNkR SL TNV
lyT

ANDdGmW

YfqDLO$

bTMHRT

lTM

bmMHRnT$ btnT$ baStdR A bMRMR ytsN sC byg>z?W

SNwY

yMnWN

yWN

SM

(a>J)

badY

mRkS

ylWNM SM (a>J) y dr mrD kF B ANdgl+kT FNTW

tBl ANND [b>Y PBl?M aLtuqsM## yW tm ( SL

G b>L ng lt nW!!!!)$ YHNN PBl?M aUN nW "Brtsb

&tgb>WN

GNb?

ANgO&

mR

lbT##

mNG|TM

yubQbTN

aSfg>WN aStd ARM% mg BzNM yWN ylWN

kFt

KBR

ywQ

ARM

ANwS

bUT

tm|R

YmSlL dG SrT A mwTwTM lbT## bA aStyT YHNN

fd azz

1991

22

baR yng yTMHRT SnlC bYT YzC

PBl?M lmFT ASN ktdrgW yq UrT ScY Ltdrg BzcN

y:bN

tGC

b|

mtRM

AJG

YkBL##

ARGU$

WN lWN aSmLK kz>H bY ytuqsT aSk aZC

Ayts dW$ bg hgCN WSU$ bAWqCN nS B$ zm QO
tgEC C ANNN yyClCNN HL SB mf=M yTMHRT
tmC gY B YN yhgt Nq z?C bl nW##
bmxrM$ YHNN wrqT + yTMHRT tmC "bR zjW
NfrNS qrBkT b$ &Quality Education in Ethiopia- Visions for the 21st century
yL ba NfrNS Y yqrb yUT +C SBSB WSU k UT R
bqU ytgo ngR SfLG goT YHNN +F BT tgb> YmSlL##
bPs>Ng (Proceedings) WSU TMHRTN$ mMHNN$ tN A TMHRTqmS PBl?CN bmlkT :brsCN lWN aStyT ba>NtR`>WM
n

bmuYQ

(questionnaire)$

wYM

bltM

mNgC

mUF

agoM## YN AN aW NGGR (Keynote speech) drgT sC mhkL

aN$ yaS ab `Rs>t Pz>NT KtR (aN PsR) gs? av$
ktgT kz>H +F R bqU yZ nUB al## yRcW aW NGGR
kTMHRT PBl?C aWWN agL uq$ YH PBl?M Ltdmu
ys CGR WSU ANdMNgM amLKL YHN L bL uQv? abl%

Another issue that is closely linked to the attainment of quality, effectiveness

and efficiency is the importance of recognition by all concerned to give the
teaching profession its appropriate and respectful plae in the society. It is
very dismaying to notice that the days that the teacher was a respected
member of a soceity have gone into history. Qualified and experienced
teachers are constantly looking for other better-paying jobs. The bitter fact is
that most are not proud of their profession. We cannot think of improving
educational quality if most of our teachers are disinterested in their jobs. I
personally am very much scared when I notice that graduating students in
teacher education program are not keen enough to be teachers and would
rather get other jobs. In addition to creating good working environments for
teachers that gives[sic] them a feeling of satisfaction and that makes[sic] them
believe that they are somehow contributing to the development of their
country, making teaching a better-paying profession is a point that should not

fd azz

1991

baR yng yTMHRT SnlC bYT YzC

23

be overlooked. Investing in the future of our country is best achieved

by investing in the education of the young generation.
Introducing and maintaining quality, thus, requires a multi-faceted
approach. This will definitely, make education more expensive for the user or
the provider or for both. I remember a poster I read sometimes ago. IF
YOU THINK EDUCATION IS EXPENSIVE, TRY IGNORANCE. I
wish we could have other alternatives. (Mogessie,1998:9. Emphasis mine)
________________________
YH mUF$ b Non-formal Education in Ethiopia: An Overview of the Current
Situation. WSU TL## mzRZW mr yktlW nW## (Proceedings of
the National Conference on the Situation of Non-Formal Education in Ethiopia, 12-13 March
1999, School of Graduate Studies Hall, Addis Ababa.). Edited by Habtamu Wondimu,
Habtegiorgis Berhane, and Wanna Leka. Printed by AAU Printing Press, Addis Ababa,
Ethiopia, 1999.

fd azz

1991

baR yng yTMHRT SnlC bYT YzC

24

UQS ( Reference) -bzmN QdM tktL

ba>T} yVGGR mNGST yuQY STR I/b?T$ y:b aStdR
gY zRF$ n's? 1985$ auY yTMHRT SLu rqQ l>s>
B$ UZ lT$ aS ab$ bT.m...D. ytm##
ya>T} yVGGR mNG|T$ mb>T 1986$ auY yTMHRT y|Lu
l>s>$ aS ab$ bT.m...D. ytm##

Transitional Government of Ethiopia, Septemebr 1994, Education Sector Strategy. Addis

Ababa: EMPDA.

Transitional Government of Ethiopia, 1994, Education and Training Policy. Addis Ababa:
EMPDA.

ba>T}

yTMHRT

tmC

HbR

/a>Tt/

mtd

dNB$

:| 1990$ aS ab## 15 g+## bStNSL tqR yt##

Mogessie Ashenafi, A University Perspective on Quality Education (a Keynote speech), in

Amare Asgedom et.al. (eds), 1998. Quality of Education in Ethiopia: Visions for the 21st
century. Proceedings of National conference Held in Awassa College of Teacher
Education 12-18 July 1998. Addis Ababa: Addis Ababa Univeristy Press.

fd azz

1991