Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
INDEX
1) Understanding Signalling Channel Coding
a) Channel Coding of Speech Signal
b) Interleaving
c) Silence Descriptor (SID Frame)
d) Full and Sub Values (Rx Qual, BER, FERDTX Downlink Rate)
2) Starting TEMS Investigation GSM
a) User Interface
b) Connecting External Equipments
c) Recording Functions
d) Loading Maps
e) Presentation Windows
i. Radio Parameters
ii. Current Channel
f) Signalling Window
g) System Information (Type 1 – Type 8)
h) Call Assignment
Mobile Originating Call / Mobile Terminating Call
Location Update
Disconnect
Handovers
3) Analysis of Drive Test data
a) Export Logfile
b) Setup Settings
c) Map Info Conversion
d) Create Thematic Map
Additional
Signaling
a) Signaling Layer 3
1) Connection Management sub layer
i. Call Control
ii. Short Message Service Support
iii. Supplementary Services Support
2) Mobility Management sub layer
i. Registration messages
ii. Security messages
iii. Connection Management messages
3) Radio Resource Management
b) Signaling Layer 2
c) Signaling Layer 1
Signaling Channel Coding
Channel coding of Speech signal
1) First speech is sampled and segmented into blocks of 20 ms
2) Then it is compressed in speech coder to consist 260 bits.
3) 260 bits divided into three different classes
a) Very Important bits (50 bits)
b) Important bits (132 bits)
c) Not so important bits (78 bits)
Channel coding (Full Rate Traffic Speech Signal)
After Channel coder, 456 Output bits are Interleaved and segmented into Bursts, these are send
over air Interface.
At receiver end Channel decoder will transform 456 bits to 260 bits, these will pass through
speech decoder and output of 20ms speech signal will be retrieved
Channel Coder Æ 456 Output bits Æ(Interleaved and segmented into Bursts)
Air Interface (456 Bits)
20 ms Speech Å Speech Decoder Å 260 Bits Å Channel Decoder
Channel Coding (Signalling): All Information bits are protected by FIRE code
for error detection and all information bits are convolution coded.
Channel coding of signaling on Control channels
1) Now both speech and signaling frames are in 456 bits / frame.
2) 456 bits are split into 8 parts = 57 bits each
456 bits
57 57 57 57 57 57 57 57
Burst: Data Stream transmitted in one time slot
A normal burst can contain 2 Blocks of 57 bits
TAIL(3) DATA(57) FACCH TSC(26) FACCH DATA(57) TAIL(3) GUARD
FLAG(1) FLAG(1) (8.25)
Interleaving
Speech is interleaved over 8 half bursts; SACHCH is interleaved over 4 whole bursts.
E.g. a to z is speech frames and ‘A’ is a SACCH block as shown in the figure
Half part of ‘a’ speech frame is transmitted over previous SACCH multiframe
‘z’ frame will be finished on next SACCH frame.
a a a a b b b b c c c c A d d d d e e e e f f f f I
b b b b c c c c d d d d A e e e e f f f f g g g g I
g g g g h h h h i i i i A j j j j k k k k l L l l I
h h h h i i i i j j j j A k k k k l l l l m m m m I
m m m m n n n n o o o o A p p p p q q q q r R r r I
n n n n o o o o p p p p A q q q q r r r r s s s s I
s s s s t t t t u u u u A v v v v x x x x y y y y I
t t t t u u u u v v v v A x x x x y y y y z z z z I
SPEECH FRAME Mapping on SACCH (4 x 26 TCH multi Frame) fig: (SF1)
Four SACCH time slot = SACCH Block (contains system information BS Æ MS,
measurement report on Uplink channel)
IDLE time slots used for searching SCH (synchronization channel) burst on
Neighboring cells holding the timing and BSIC value of the cell
.
Now each burst lasts 0.577 ms (exactly 15/26 ms) and thus eight bursts last 4.615 ms
0.577 ms 4.615 ms
1 Time slot 8 time Slots for 8 users
1 SACCH period = 4.615 x 104 bursts (4X26 =104 BURSTS)
= 480 ms
Silence Descriptor (SID frame): as shown in the figure n half bursts are silence
descriptor frame
It is used when DTX (Discontinuous Transmission) is active and it
contains parameters representing background noise on the microphone.
VAD (voice activity detector) continuously monitor each speech frame
containing 20 ms of speech.
If VAD finds a silent frame, it analyzes background noise in speech
frame and creates a SID frame which will replace the original silent
speech frame.
As long as VAD does not detect any speech, one SID frame per SACCH
multiframe will be sent.
FULL and SUB values
FULL values are based on all frames on SACCH multiframe whether they are transmitted from
BS or not
If DTX is used on DL the FULL value is invalid in that period and will give high BER,
because they include bit error measurements in that period where nothing has been sent.
SUB value is based on mandatory frames (always must be transmitted) on SACCH
multiframe. “SACCH Block ‘A’ bursts, and SID frame ‘n’ bursts” as shown in fig SF1
RX Qual:
Value: 0 to 7
Each value corresponds to estimated number of bit errors in number of bursts.
RX Qual BER (Bit error rate)
qua 0 (BER < 0.2%)
qua 1 (BER 0.2 ‐ 0.4%)
qua 2 (BER 0.4 ‐ 0.8%)
qua 3 (BER 0.8 ‐ 1.6%)
qua 4 (BER 1.6 ‐ 3.2%)
qua 5 (BER 3.2 ‐ 6.4%)
qua 6 (BER 6.4 ‐ 12.8%)
qua 7 (BER >12.8%0)
BER is calculated over four 26 Multiframes (1 SACCH Multiframe), on each TCH block
(8/2 = 4 TCH bursts) and on SACCH block (4 SACCH bursts).
For each TCH block 378 class1 bits are used
(50(Most Imp bits) + 3 (CRC) + 132 Important bits + 4 tail bits) x (coded @ 1/2)
SACCH block 456 bits are used.
If TCH block is replaced by FACCH message, instead of 378, 456 bits are used
Number of TCH bits= (No of 26 Multiframes) x (No of TCH blocks per 26 Multiframes) x
(No of bits per TCH blocks)
= (4 x 6 x 378)
i.e. (4 x 6 x 378) + 456) = 9528 bits on each SACCH multiframe if TCH channel
and 3 x 456 = 1368 bits if SDCCH channel
BER (Bit Error Rate): ‐ After Channel decoder decoded 456 bit block, it is coded again and
compare with 456 bits Input and the number of bits that differ in comparing both blocks
results in BER.
(Bit errors are accumulated in BER sum for each SACCH Multiframe; this bit error SUM is
divided total number of bits per SACCH Multiframe and classified (0‐7)).
FER (Frame Erasure Rate) {0 to 100%}: ‐
FER is based on number of blocks that have been discarded due to error in CRC (Cyclic
redundancy check: ‐ (Protects 50 most important bits))
FER(%) = (No. of Blocks with incorrect CRC / Total No of Blocks) x 100
FER Full
Total number of blocks on full rate TCH channel = 24 TCH + 1 SACCH = 25 Blocks
FER Full (%) = (No of blocks with incorrect CRC / 25) x 100
a a a a b b b b c c c
c A d d d d e e e e f f f f I
b b b b c c c c d d d
d A e e e e f f f f g g g g I
g g g g h h h h i i i
i A j j j j k k k k l L l l I
h h h h i i i i j j j
j A k k k k l l l l m m m m I
m m m m n n n n o o oo A p p p p q q q q r R r r I
n n n n o o o o p p p
p A q q q q r r r r s s s s I
s s s s t t t t u u uu A v v v v x x x x y y y y I
t t t t u u u u v v v
v A x x x x y y y y z z z z I
E.g. FER 1
As shown in fig ‘f’, ‘i’, ‘k’ frames have incorrect CRC.
FER Full (%) = (3 / 25) x 100 = 12%
a a a a b b b b c c c c A d d d d e e e e f f f f I
b b b b c c c c d d d d A e e e e f f f f g g g g I
g g g g h h h h i i i i A j j j j k k k k l L l l I
h h h h i i i i j j j j A k k k k l l l l m m m m I
m m m m n n n n o o o o A p p p p q q q q r R r r I
n n n n o o o o p p p p A q q q q r r r r s s s s I
s s s s t t t t u u u u A v v v v x x x x y y y y I
t t t t u u u u v v v v A x x x x y y y y z z z z I
E.g. FER 2
If ‘f’, ‘i’, ‘k’ and ‘A’ frames have incorrect CRC
FER Full = (4 / 25) x 100 = 16%
FER SUB
Total number of mandatory blocks on full rate TCH Channel = 1TCH + 1 SACCH = 2
Blocks
In e.g. FER 2. as shown in the figure If ‘f’, ‘i’, ‘k’ and ‘A’ frames have incorrect CRC
FER SUB only counts SACCH (‘A’) and SID (‘n’) frames. So there is an error in ‘A’ but
there is no error in ‘n’
FER SUB = (1 / 2) x 100 = 50%
DTX Downlink Rate: This Indicates that how many TCH frames were not sent to MS during
last SACCH multiframe, this vary from 0 to 96%
Can never be 100% because frame containing SID information must be sent for each SACCH
multiframe.
DTX DL Rate (%) = (No of silent blocks / total No of Blocks) x 100
Each SACCH Multiframe has 24 TCH frames, so total No of blocks = 24
It is an Indication whether DTX DL is used in GSM Networks as there is no parameter in GSM to
tell mobile if DTX DL is used or not
If DTX rate is very high for whole period of time during a call there could be a silent call
problem in the network
Any problem with silent call located before the voice activity detector (VAD) in the Transcoder
unit (TRAU) in Base station subsystem (BSS) can be found using DTX DL rate information
element.
STARTING TEMS INVESTIGATION
TEMS Investigation is an air interface test tool for real‐time diagnostics.
You can monitor voice channels as well as data transfer over GPRS, circuits witched (CSD) or
high‐speed circuit‐switched (HSCSD) connections.
Starting TEMS Investigation
Choose Start −> Programs −> TEMS Products −> TEMS Investigation GSM.
User Interface
Workspace and Worksheets
This will store window settings in your working session
Toolbars
To access the central Functions
Navigator
To open presentation windows, Threshold values there presentation colors can
be changed from here
Menu
Status
This will display symbols and short messages which indicate the current status
of the application
Connecting External Equipments
Semi‐Automatic Enabling: Using the Identify Equipment Function
Connect the TEMS mobile station to a COM port.
Identify Equipment: application starts to scan the selected COM ports for
external devices
For TEMS mobiles, TEMS and DATA cables are detected as separate units
The TEMS cable will be designated by “MSn” and the DATA cable by “DCn”,
where “n” is always identical for the two cables connected to the same mobile.
Scanners are named “MSn” and GPS units “PSn”.
The detected devices are automatically enabled, but not connected; this state is
indicated by a red‐light symbol to the left of each device
Manual Enabling: Adding One Device at a Time
Select Add Equipment
Disconnect Connection
RECORDING LOGFILES
Start recording
Recording functions
File marks are text strings which can be inserted manually in a logfile to mention the special
event noticed during drive Test and that can be easily find out while replaying the Log Files.
LOADING MAPS IN TEMS
1. Open the MAP window and click OPEN MAP
2. Select the Map Info File from the respective location.
3. Select MapInfo site and cell file
4. Select layer control for making changes in visibility of the selected MapInfo files.
Presentation Window
We can select many more windows like AMR parameter windows, MAP on GSM window
according to our need and convenience.
Serving + Neighbors
Current Channel
Line Chart
Radio Parameters
Serving + Neighbors: ‐
Shows BSIC, ARFCN and RxLev for the serving cell and its neighboring cells, with the
serving cell at the top and the neighbors below it, sorted by signal strength in descending
order.
DEDICATED MODE
Cell Name : Cell site Describes in cell file.
ARFCN: (Allocated radio frequency channel)
BSIC : Base Station Identification code.
RxLev : Receiving Level in dBm.
C1 & C2 : Cell path loss parameter and cell reselection parameter. (In idle mode).
C31 & C32 : GPRS signal strength threshold and GPRS cell ranking criterion. Valid
in both packet idle and packet dedicated mode.
IDLE MODE
C1: PATHLOSS PARAMETER
Radio Criteria C1 = (A ‐ Max (B, 0))
A = Received Level Average ‐ p1
B = p2 ‐ Maximum RF Power of the Mobile Station
p1 = rxLevelAccessMin
p2 = msTxPowerMaxCCH
C2: CELL RESELECTION PARAMETER
C2 = C1 + cellReselectOffset ‐ temporaryOffset x H(penaltyTime‐T) when penaltyTime≠640
Or
C2 = C1 ‐ cellReselectOffset when penaltyTime=640
H(x) =1 when x>=0
H(x) =0 when x<0
RADIO PARAMETERS
Gives the status of the radio link (current BCCH, signal strength, FER(Frame Erasure Rate), BER (Bit
Error Rate), SQI (speech quality Index), DTX (Discontinuous Transmission), TA (Timing Advance).
System Information
Information about the network which MS need to communicate with the network.
System information messages are continuously sent on the BCCH and SACCH by the
BTS to all idle (BCCH) and active (SACCH) mobiles in a cell.
System Information
1. Cell channel description
RACH control parameters
2. Neighbor cells description
NCC permitted
RACH control parameters
Abis. Neighbor cells description (extension)
RACH control parameters
Ater. Additional multiband information
Neighbor cells description (other bands)
3. Location area identification
Cell identity
Control channel description
Cell options
Cell selection parameters
RACH control parameters
SI 3 rest octets
4. Location area identification
Cell selection parameters
RACH control parameters
CBCH channel description
CBCH mobile allocation
SI 4 rest octets
5. Neighbor cells description
Abis Neighbor cells description (extension)
Ater Additional multiband information
Neighbor cells description (other bands)
6. Location area identification
Cell identity
Cell options
NCC permitted
7. SI 7 rest octets
8. SI 8 rest octets
9. Packet data information
1) System Information Type 1
In frequency hopping MS needs to know which frequency band to use and which
frequencies within the band to be use during hopping. This information is provided in the cell
channel description information element sent in system information type 1.
Information about how the MS should perform to access the system is also provided.
Cell Channel Description
MS is informed about frequencies that are used in the cell.
GSM 900: ‐ “bit map 0” format is used Information element is divided into two
parts:
CA NO: ‐ Cell allocation number shows which band is used.
CA‐NO = 0; GM 900
CA‐NO = 1; E‐GSM
CA‐NO = 2; GSM 1800.
CA ARFCN: ‐ Absolute radio frequency channel number for all
frequencies used in the cell.
A 124 bits bit map is used. A bit set to 1 indicates that the frequency with
that number is used in the cell.
GSM 1800 and GSM 1900: ‐ Several different formats can be used, Information
element is divided into two parts
FORMAT ID: ‐ Indicates format of the information element.
Second part of the information element represents the frequencies
through special encoding schemes
RACH Control Parameters
2) System Information Type 2
List of BCCH frequencies used in the neighboring cells.
The MS needs this information because it must listen to the system information in the
neighboring cells occasionally.
The MS also uses this list of frequencies when measuring the signal strength of
neighboring cells.
The MS is also informed which PLMN Network Color Codes (NCC) it may monitor.
Neighbor Cells Description: ‐ Denote frequencies of the BCCH carriers to be monitored
by the MSs in the cell.
3) System Information Type 3
The MS must know the current location area’s identity because a change in location area means
that the MS must update the network.
In order to calculate its paging group, the MS needs specific parameters contained in the control
channel description. The description also informs the MS about periodic registration and it
informs MS if it should inform the system when it is about to enter the idle mode.
When the MS is in idle mode, it decides by itself which cells to camp on.
Information needed by the MS for cell selection and reselection is also broadcast in system
information type 3.
4) System Information Type 4
(Cell broadcast Function: Allows broadcasting short messages to all MSs in one or more cells).
In system information type 4, MSs are informed if the cell broadcast function is used in this cell
and on what frequency the CBCH is found.
The LAI, the cell selection parameters, the RACH control parameters and rest octets also included
in type 4 message.
5) System Information Type 5
When MS in busy mode, SACCH is activated.
On the uplink, the MS sends measurement reports, and on the downlink the network sends
output power and TA for the MS to use. Also MS receives information about the frequencies used
as BCCH carriers in neighboring cells on SACCH. Signal strength of these frequencies are
monitored and reported in the measurement report for handover purposes.
Frequencies in the neighbor cells description given here may differ from those sent in system
information type 2.
Active mode: MS measures on a reduced number of BCCH frequencies in order to improve the
accuracy of the measurements. In
Idle mode: MS measures on a greater number of frequencies to reduce the time required to
establish contact with the network after power on. This time reduction occurs only if the idle BA
list was stored at the previous power off.
6) System Information Type 6
In active mode, MS needs to know if the LAI changes If LAI changes the MS has to do location
updating when the call is released.
If MS changes between cells (within the location area) where RLINKT or DTX conditions differ
the new cell options must be reported to the MS.
LMN permitted is also included in the system information type 6.
7) System Information Type 7
System information type 7 is optionally sent on BCCH extended if system information type 4
does not contain all information needed for cell reselection.
8) System Information Type 8
System information type 8 is optionally sent on BCCH extended if system information type 4
does not contain all information needed for cell reselection.
Call Assignment
Call assignment takes place when a Mobile Station makes a call (Mobile Originating Call) or
receives a call (Mobile Terminating Call).
1) Mobile Originating Call
Mobile Originating a Call
Mobile Terminating a Call
Mobile Originating a Call
2) Location Update
The MSC needs to know under which location area the Mobile Station can be reached
and Location Area Information is needed for the paging made by the BTS.
3) Disconnect
When the Mobile Station or the Network want to finish a call for some reason
a) Network Initiated
b) Mobile Station Initiated
4) Handovers
Different protocols are for different handover processes, e.g. in synchronized
handover, no timing advance information is needed. This decreases the protocol
so that no physical information needs to be sent.
a) Synchronized Handover
b) Non‐Synchronized Handover
c) Handover Failure
Analysis of the Drive Test Data
1. EXPORT LOGFILES: Export the Log Files to and conversion to .tab format
Select the Format of the file as Map info Tab-file; as shown in the figure
2) Change the Setup Settings for MapInfo Tab‐file
Select the Information Elements from the available Information Elements in the desired Technology
(GSM) e.g. ARFCN‐BCCH, Rx Lev Full, Rx Lev Sub, Rx Qual Full Rx Qual Sub, Speech Quality Index
(SQI)
You can also save the Selected Information Elements settings (.mex format).
Now select the Input files (you can select more then one files all together)
Select the Output directory where you want to save the Output
Name of the Output file will be from Prefix and Suffix
Now Start the procedure for exporting the Log file
As the Export is done successfully the export Results will be displayed as shown in the fig
3) Open the Map‐Info Converted Log Files into Map Info Tool
Create Thematic Map:
Select Map ‐ > Create Thematic Map
You can select different types according to your requirement
E.g. Ranges, Bar Chart, Pie Charts, Graduated, Dot Density, Individual,
Grids.
E.g. if we have selected Rages in this Example for Rx Level
E.g. Field: RxLev Sub
You can modify the Rages, Style and Legends according to your requirement, as shown in the
figure the Ranges and Style are modified
Customizing Range and Style
Rx Level SUB (defined as Range)
Similarly according to the requirement the Thematic Map can be drawn, E.g. for ARFCN (BCCH),
we have to take the Individual Values not the Ranges as we have taken for RxLev
ARFCN (BCCH) (defined as Individual)
REPORT GENERATION IN TEMS INVESTIGATION
Go to
Log File ‐ > Report Generator
Or select
Report Wizard will get open
Add the Log files from there respective locations
Select the Output directory
You can change the Report Properties as per your requirements, as shown in the figure for Call
Events and Threshold Values
Select Finish for completing the Task
The Statistics Report will be generated in the Output directory defined
Open the index File from Statistics Report Directory as shown in the figure.
TEMS™ Investigation GSM 4.1.1
Report No ___________________
Date 2007‐04‐06 Time 12:56 Prepared by ___________________
Logfile information
#[Index] Log files HW[MS1] HW[MS2] GPS
1 idle8.log T68i R1F ‐ YES
2 idle9.log T68i R1F ‐ YES
3 mo_mt_sms_1.log T68i R1F ‐ YES
4 mo_mt_sms_2.log T68i R1F ‐ YES
5 mo_mt_sms_3.log T68i R1F ‐ YES
6 ded.log T68i R1F ‐ YES
7 ded1.log T68i R1F ‐ YES
8 ded2.log T68i R1F ‐ YES
9 ded3.log T68i R1F ‐ YES
10 ded4.log T68i R1F ‐ YES
11 ded5.log T68i R1F ‐ YES
12 ded6.log T68i R1F ‐ YES
13 ho.log T68i R1F ‐ YES
14 ho_1.log T68i R1F ‐ YES
15 idle.log T68i R1F ‐ YES
16 idle1.log T68i R1F ‐ YES
17 idle2.log T68i R1F ‐ YES
18 idle3.log T68i R1F ‐ YES
19 idle4.log T68i R1F ‐ YES
20 idle5.log T68i R1F ‐ YES
21 idle6.log T68i R1F ‐ YES
22 idle7.log T68i R1F ‐ YES
Total duration: 01:08:27.67
Active MS
MS1
DC1
MS2
DC2
Thresholds
Average
Information % of #[no.
Range duration #Cell #Log
Element meas. of]
(hh:mm:ss)
DTX Rate DL > 80 9.4 101 00:00:01.94 ‐ 3 ,4 ,5 ,6 ,7 ,8 ,9 ,10 ,11 ,12 ,14
DTX Rate DL > 1 20.4 260 00:00:01.59 ‐ 3 ,4 ,5 ,6 ,7 ,8 ,9 ,10 ,11 ,12 ,13 ,14
FER Actual
> 8 7.7 125 00:00:01.09 ‐ 6 ,7 ,8 ,9 ,10 ,11 ,12 ,13 ,14
(%)
FER Actual
> 4 9.0 140 00:00:01.12 ‐ 6 ,7 ,8 ,9 ,10 ,11 ,12 ,13 ,14
(%)
FER Full (%) > 8 18.7 211 00:00:01.73 ‐ 3 ,4 ,5 ,6 ,7 ,8 ,9 ,10 ,11 ,12 ,14
FER Full (%) > 4 21.2 260 00:00:01.60 ‐ 3 ,4 ,5 ,6 ,7 ,8 ,9 ,10 ,11 ,12 ,13 ,14
FER Sub (%) > 51 1.8 37 00:00:00.86 ‐ 6 ,8 ,9 ,11
FER Sub (%) > 1 5.9 131 00:00:00.80 ‐ 6 ,7 ,8 ,9 ,10 ,11 ,12 ,13 ,14
MS Power
> 10 ‐ 0 ‐ ‐ ‐
Control Level
MS Power
> 20 ‐ 0 ‐ ‐ ‐
Control Level
RxLev Full
< ‐95 3.5 47 00:00:01.96 ‐ 5 ,6 ,8 ,9 ,10 ,11 ,12 ,13 ,15
(dBm)
RxLev Full
< ‐105 0.1 5 00:00:00.79 ‐ 9 ,11
(dBm)
RxQual Full > 5 27.6 293 00:00:02.38 ‐ 1 ,3 ,4 ,5 ,6 ,7 ,8 ,9 ,10 ,11 ,12 ,13 ,14 ,15 ,20 ,21 ,22
1 ,3 ,4 ,5 ,6 ,7 ,8 ,9 ,10 ,11 ,12 ,13 ,14 ,15 ,18 ,19 ,20 ,
RxQual Full > 2 42.6 401 00:00:02.61 ‐
21 ,22
RxQual Sub > 5 8.6 211 00:00:01.24 ‐ 1 ,3 ,4 ,5 ,6 ,7 ,8 ,9 ,10 ,11 ,12 ,14 ,15 ,19 ,20 ,22
RxQual Sub > 2 19.5 343 00:00:01.52 ‐ 1 ,3 ,4 ,5 ,6 ,7 ,8 ,9 ,10 ,11 ,12 ,14 ,15 ,19 ,20 ,22
SQI < 4 9.9 53 00:00:03.08 ‐ 6 ,7 ,8 ,9 ,10 ,11 ,12
SQI < 16 24.7 84 00:00:04.84 ‐ 6 ,7 ,8 ,9 ,10 ,11 ,12 ,13 ,14
TA > 50 ‐ 0 ‐ ‐ ‐
TA > 38 ‐ 0 ‐ ‐ ‐
Events
Event #[no.of] Relationship #Cell #Log
Blocked Call 91 ‐ ‐ 3 ,4 ,5 ,6 ,21
Call Attempt 96 ‐ ‐ 3 ,4 ,5 ,6 ,8 ,21
Call Setup 93 ‐ ‐ 3 ,4 ,5 ,8 ,9 ,10 ,12 ,13 ,21
Dropped Call 1 ‐ ‐ 6
GPRS Attach Failure 0 ‐ ‐ ‐
GPRS PDP Context
0 ‐ ‐ ‐
Activation
GPRS PDP Context
0 ‐ ‐ ‐
Activation Failure
GPRS Authentication
0 ‐ ‐ ‐
Failure
GPRS Routing Area
0 ‐ ‐ ‐
Update
GPRS Routing Area
0 ‐ ‐ ‐
Update Failure
Handover (Intracell) 28 ‐ ‐ 6 ,8 ,9 ,10 ,11
Handover 56 ‐ ‐ 6 ,7 ,8 ,9 ,10 ,11 ,12 ,13 ,14
Handover Failure 3 ‐ ‐ 6 ,9
Ping Timeout 0 ‐ ‐ ‐
RAS Error 0 ‐ ‐ ‐
Session Error 0 ‐ ‐ ‐
As shown in the above Stats we can easily find out that which are the Log Files where particular
Even had have happened.
E.g.
Blocked Call: log file 3, 4, 5, 6 and 21
Dropped Call: log file 6
We can replay these Log files and can find out the reason for the same by studying the Radio
Parameters at that particular event.
Distribution graphs of all log files
Additional
SIGNALING
Radio Interface Protocol Structure
SIGNALING LAYER 3
Layer 3 provides the Mobile Network Signaling (MNS) service to the user application.
It Includes
Functions to establish, maintain and terminate circuit switched connections across a
GSM PLMN and other networks to which the PLMN is connected.
Supporting functions for supplementary services and short message service control.
Functions for mobility management and radio resource management.
Protocol control entities exist in the three sub layers:
• Connection Management (CM) sub layer
• Mobility Management (MM) sub layer
• Radio Resource management (RR) sub layer
The RR functions reside mainly in the BSC, although some RR functions may reside in the MSC.
In the BTS, most of the RR messages are handled as transparent messages.
Um layer 3, distribution of signaling functions
CONNECTION MANAGEMENT
CM sub layer contains functions for:
Call Control and call related supplementary services management (CC).
Short Message Service (SMS).
Non call related Supplementary Services management (SS).
Call Control
Call Control signaling procedures are described as:
Call establishment procedures
Procedures during the active state
Call clearing
Miscellaneous procedures
Short Message Service Support (SMS): It comprises of
Short Message Control (SMC)
Short Message Control Protocol (SMCP): Peer control for transfer short
messages between MS and MSC
Supplementary Services support (SS)
Not related to a specific call. E.g. registration of call forwarding on no reply or call
waiting.
MOBILITY MANAGEMENT
Registration messages:
IMSI detach indication
Location updating accept
Location updating reject
Location updating request
Security messages:
Authentication reject
Authentication request
Authentication response
Identity request
Identity response
TMSI reallocation command
TMSI reallocation complete
Connection management messages:
CM service accept
CM service reject
CM service abort
CM service request
CM reestablishment request
Abort
Miscellaneous message:
MM status
RADIO RESOURCE MANAGEMENT
The RR sublayer receives service from layer 2 and gives service to the MM sublayer. In addition,
RR communicates directly with layer 1 for exchange of information related to measurement
control and channel management.
The general purpose of the RR procedures is to establish, maintain and release a RR connection
between the MS and the network. This includes handover procedures, cell selection at power on
and in idle mode, recovery from lack of coverage in idle mode as well as cell re‐selection in busy
mode.
Channel establishment messages:
Ciphering messages:
Handover messages:
Channel release messages:
Paging messages:
System information messages:
Miscellaneous messages:
SIGNALING LAYER 2
Link Access Procedures on the Dm channel (LAPDm) is the layer 2 protocol used to convey
signaling information between layer 3 entities across the radio interface, using the Dm channel.
Dm channel refers to the control channels. Includes broadcast, common or dedicated control
channels.
LAPDm is a protocol that operates at the data link layer of the OSI structure. Its purpose is to
provide a reliable signaling link. It receives services from the physical layer and provides
services to layer 3.
LAPDm is based on the ISDN protocol LAPD, which is used on the Abis interface.
Two types of operation on the data link are supported by LAPDm.
1. Unacknowledged operation
2. Acknowledged (or multiple frame) operation
UNACKNOWLEDGED OPERATION
Messages that need not be acknowledged are sent in Unnumbered Information (UI)
frames. This means that there is no flow control or error recovery mechanism defined.
ACKNOWLEDGED (MULTIPLE FRAME) OPERATION
When an answer or acceptance is required, operation in acknowledged mode is
applied. Acknowledged mode is applicable on dedicated control channels only.
Layer 3 messages are sent in numbered I frames. In this case, a number of consecutive I
frames (a window) can be sent before an acknowledgment is required. However, for
LAPDm the size of the window is one, which means that each frame must be
acknowledged before the next one is sent.
SIGNALING LAYER 1
The signaling layer 1, also called the physical layer, represents the functions required to transfer
the bits over the physical channels, on the radio medium.
In addition to signaling layer 2, layer 1 interfaces other functional units, such as speech coder and
terminal adapters, for the support of traffic channels.