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  • Section 1.1 and 1.2

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    Karim Hakim
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    Introduction to Linear Algebra

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    Introduction to Linear Algebra

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    5 Ansichten14 Seiten

    Section 1.1 and 1.2

    Hochgeladen von

    Karim Hakim
    Introduction to Linear Algebra

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Als PDF herunterladen oder online auf Scribd lesen
    Markieren Sie unangemessene Inhalte
    von 14
    » Chapter 4 Systems of Unear © quatens Vt. Zatroduchion Gor B Uhe central problems tn Linear algebra u bo solve a system of Linear equations By near equations, we mean an equation te form Oi ch Oy ye ey = = OD) where Ehe cacPPiev'enb ay, a, 5.14% and b are veal or complex mambbers, We geaiy hat @. ts a Vaear equation tn Ye variables x); %q The most sateitive example af a binenr equation 1s th? equabron of = Woe gn aagysbe R system & near equations & nathing buta callechon of one er more Linea, equahisns. de will beqin the couse wilh a very simple system oP Linear equations to motivabe the course - Consider “the Rollowing system } ac ty, = 2 two equations -%+ By 23 Two Unknow ns There are three aifPecent oieys be leck at tha problem. @ One equation at a time Miele faterprebshon) Tr is clear Peomm We graph Ehak these bes \ineo intersect at exactly one polot, se (3,2) 6 We say What the point (3,3) cs the solution to our system | Wrear equation, M rmally, & Solutio th i \isl (5,5, 5, 4 uation » More forma 4 olution of the system ts a Wl (5,559 of numbers that make each equation a true cf we Bm Sp Sg yoy Sn for 1 %n y eespechvely, The seb oP all posable solstions ts called the solution sets Phin Me Mow, what iP we get bwe Lines that do act snbensect to asingle point ? | Say, for Vastance we obbaia parallel Vines or line that coincide » What Con we say abo Ehe solution of such systems? Led us take a closer look at Yhe Following exam plea! oF = Rye mk “Ae Qyed } G-keso 23 “Se ore pretty much done as we hue obbaned 2 by ited. Nu / we jh har te back-substitake and solve Borg ane Her for x. f Ae DD Adleoideg os 24 -Bhet , oJ ‘oO 282 L3 os Yale > x*-32+320 Ks +2QY Thea five, we har a unique solubin ¢ (24 16,3), ser, ane plane akersech eh point, Mate the second approach, we ask the fellow queshont do we have a linear comboraabon 4 the three column vee bors thot protice Uf 3) Crphita Te le cei e & ee Ie akin misono dru) na’ e 1 [-2 1 ° ee ela Big (4 Ale fe | : ~4 s 4 =A From solving the sydlm above jor even by graphical taspechioy, The combbharhon that wields ‘| & tad +r. (ol(2) + Beal (Qa * a : Ps a moatlee uf fact, Linear vom binah srs af there vechors on te RHS can he oblained Jo produce the yechor Elon fhe RHS) Ts look at the task Mppmnch or sakeprebahion ¢ # sydeins f Wreae 24 Mc, ing it suffies be ante doon the coefBeren: wmbia ca Awe Bard Ran! oot apeptgte’ , oa ] > Thao, BEL vs given by: Tn the previous Sechion, we have seen an example Where we solved ® system oP Unese equations Using some familiar opernbons such ao adding, a wma \Niple of ene equa bon te anetter one, and mulbely tg ~ & mongers tonslank, Sama tims, we ynd. also tale Pe Comypelabiom nvalvedle ene equabon (ater Chanye base’ equahons to Fads Pr ia thé sochon, we are gory te desembe an alger\hm Yhak will make our lif much easier Ca soleiay ae 4 skem ef linear equations ag wel we aassering the queshon regaedlas th cpirtence P a solukon to the ssh BE us ath cevisit cur Gist 2x2 example bo explore tis nohion 4 alimmalon » mz — 442-1 =e+ Be To solar YAO system algebrarcally , we eliminate Yr frst variable UT in Ha second equalion Yo obtain Nyt and Pan Wace subshhde He velee of gts te Sich equahion to get More SoemaNy, New old eae Add 2) b= | -t 4 By 23 4 The news equalion gives ve aubornabveally ; Mu value of 4 adhere hence, Ha one Por + more speaf, yah > m-a@s-) sy x ad~ Mole Hat Ma original 5s hao Fhe same carsthinn ao He secouth one afegmptebebh-ay say leat bah 4 lemasace This procem ends ashen ens oblains ay upper Wrianguler oy ahem a the ove abort. ase call thi algees Hom the Gass o\imiankor: Achually, we can apply the same alyorr Ran beaay mental fame tes oles Fah Fo emg malin bE se consider the aug mentel mabnig of tho sefkeon and perform rhe same operahion on (ky vow be see how ib works, - Upper : on Regt Rowtid4 Rowe) IN a | # Vevang ule ste Pe ie ft gS med oid he. hey fa Hhes eNmiteahae ih Jo decide sohich pera: oan. wall ase to mah tla elimrnabara, Once Hy ia Ackeemined, we hare be mace sae hak the frat ealey ia Yi row non zee, whith we call Pa pivot. ] Feetasbamce 2 2th he fia com wh We Geach mbit ca Ha tush, | To Sally undlersband Lhe elininerhion Uren axa, Procery we nee by sole linear x ‘¢ We will solve a syslem o§ Vinca equohan with & eq Sn % aaknasms. C teh yg med Aa aty-3428 2x Bg ks Fea AS we will ester this syshm usin as well ao the new one, gg eliminahian we Nearned fs high school namely the "augmented mabey’ approach « Slepli “Debtermine the Peak pivot Cs fist mange ca the com Hab gloes the iu e Menieeto, ey Dixy vy 2 Oh 5 2 ey 4y - 32-2? or y 4 ~S--+# = 38 SE hie: 1 ~Ax - Ay Fa. 10 GealsTs obluin on upper triangular s shea matrix where He pivety Ire on te Avadonal of Ha teiangle after elimination: Te reoch Hes goal, we will Pict geb cid of Ka “4a” cn second tqualien_ohd the “yen the & teenlny oo IR malin nolabton Te de so, we will moaltiply Hee forsh equalhen | ene hy Rand odd it to te second eqrabey | cos. =) Qa shy a2 wD 4 ey) 4 =R) Z]eflowt + Row?) Yael ov 0 1 ty& a BR wByeFeclo -2 32 !Io Twill skill use “ee og mm fT prvel jain T wank be eliminate te G1) -tn ja We mabig. ty > Te Thy Rese (ple eg3) 2 4-2) 2) Rows 4Rows) 4 4 ae4 or Lx 1 vy e * $542 12 o t fhe Gee more sktp and we will oblan our upper Iriengul te med iy gel rid gf ey" (8,2)-enbry. er sq ahem | malin, ro Hee Hhitd quahion andl (hee fromm ths, at f 4 44 oF 4 (dete e435) oe xp ® [ =o Uppree Ceiwagular mabrin. 9) tabcies below He aieg onal are 0. ody a pablem, we proceed im the same manne the Gasssine eliminahon process Fee an Te suimmarige ety: Use ha Piet equahon/ com tw creak Zeros wal below He fash pivots step2! Use the second equahon/ com to cree Zeros under 0k second ; piuels step @-) ¢ Use Ike 15 quater Jeow lo creabe geras below We. (0-1) piveh, In the previous Luo examples, ra have seen whak happen when we have S centstent system of Unear equalfans wilh erectly ont scluhon, Mow, how claw bhe mecgmented mabrian look Whe when we hae a von le nt sy them wilh in Prittly rang ccubions or am caconsiskedt syskern. Fam now sa, we will perfor all cow opershan on moheices (and omit Bolvong ELL sy dem using equabinng, Exarn ples © Ssive Woe Falling syste’ He - kage 8 24132), a4,5 1 8% ~ Yaye Iagsl The augmented matrix e& qian ee “deccnaw aoe. F ea 2 4 P a Bi ee a Ginkergiean : Twhergranse RL by @2) : aes a a _ a aes 5S -F Fit ae | Weal onsite ac, eee ae Rat I Is ‘ a] a RoR —~pfo DM -5 ta) efaa me sae Stead” [Ne ee ‘ ie z fii Crh de ng far Yer, The Neck cous twroi of Zensen “Bow do we ead off ome sauhen? Rx, 32 4 2xze) « 2 -UAzgee #- =s_})) Thi sche dnneromlleden Atéia neck eqvel Ss fake olrreat hed ee yeolern ab oldpin lms We wn read off our solubon from this rrabex dra tly me my sh ee te ae ii rere ates 9g wx e @ She the sgatew Wa -% 20 my 3% =-1 Hes =] ° tol to , , \ ooo) es ee oR OE - @ dA al ie st & © jt A og at a ay i ° i le 1 o =3;-1 as ,-|Sokee a Ff of Fa] Ss oF athe o ’ t L 3 3 4 A o oO o#6 Thao, He spttam Asscciulal sastem of equahom G, % =3m, =I agit oO O 20 ce Always bre Te cepecient this Sqheon, we obser that The Yrict Tow | equalion 13 wneecsiary, Conseuen\y, ve SAR Regt with 26g. sul these unknowing. Thus, we mast express toss variables in Lerom of tha thied one. ule we that Shahan, a, = hy a Since ty By fun be expetmaed om Leeme of Xy oe will bohe xy Ye be Me Gc” vecsmble andl eepeesent rt by Ye pararater b. Be hee b flee by ang ceal nur ber Thin, He solution be He ae NB guiven ys my = Bey ( mee, a8 fee ele P67 d lotta, S4iver. MI Ehe mateitts obtained tr Ha lah shep of Hs elominahin procen are said te be tm row echelon Roem TBs: ihn ecorss — eu¥. awe. sa lig, goisg Erbe oaberestee ca emswwernag qacshon We dl bw, regrrdoag © systeen of lintue equaions ushoe conskany bee Te alumgs O. Hore specPorally, a satin of the Pocan Hy 4 hag Mee oe a Mn nse OR Oy Mee ee tO Mh ee eee Mile coll Vhis sg steno hemegen sous $4 shen of \ineae equabions, Clearly % homogeneous system must wove at least one solubion bhatt when all Whe vercalles are O- we call Hus the teiyial solutran. The question Wed we usually ask i ahethes the homogeneous system Lill have @ non brivval solution Exaump Ve: Bae Sm -beg20 ~d% -27%y 4 bag = 0 Gm + Ay -Base 0 - : = pegs \ 3 & -t 18) pee |? = bio e208, 4, 4 jo | (oo = a t., (a 2-3 Plofs fo 3% ojo “1 at be 6 bk ato Aen se Pega hay BR AR: ’ a eg ala eh The 94 stem of cpurhons correqondig [-0- .g —a—f« fh pares Gt Bt, aS; oe, 2 Use wget, then the solution seb es Dm = 3x, = haz => my = Mn ay o a. En ether words, x2 He Now, what Con we. tes about ao homofenesus $ystem f Urew equatrens that hat move variables Lhen equabons? fae ee 5 | eal | UM age have Fhe trvial solubon only? Se a eo feask aumber of solwhoar? + Gauss. Jordan elimninahon methad Ths method tno iPPeance Prom the Gausnan elrmbahion, except Hat use wll cedace ha matrin Partbar tem wave sckulabion slept) te ceed QB Re soluhon to Ha system Prom Ta wahee gattae Hen gorry Goce te the Loreespondig sy shorn: i Exarnpleg * Consider Re previouly solved gysterns o. a a ott Hee * agit “TaBy23 Following ; 2 | ae can ao Four HRar jane: malin ta echelon ie « * A ypate all “pivots 15 aed all at Th aon sSethresers Gi. ata \ Il -6., 3 , ao (| From here, ae can ante oneshelly vead off the sclubion a AW 223 and y= Q- NThis is aasd bo be

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